Educational Use of Mobile Phones in Schools in Panama

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Educational Use of Mobile Phones in Schools in Panama EXPLORING APPLICATION, INTERACTION AND INTERFACE DESIGN FOR EDUCATIONAL USE OF MOBILE PHONES IN SCHOOLS IN PANAMA Von der Fakultät für Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Abhandlung vorgelegt von ELBA DEL CARMEN VALDERRAMA BAHAMÓNDEZ aus Panama Stadt Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Albrecht Schmidt Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Jonna Häkkilä Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.07.2014 Institut für Visualisierung und Interaktive Systeme der Universität Stuttgart 2014 i Abstract Mobile phones have become the most ubiqutious computing devices worldwide. In developing countries, mobile phones have been adopted much faster than conventional desktop computers and in some regions mobile phones are the only kind of computer available. In fact, current mobile phones have well integrated multimedia capabailities, are equipped with multiple sensors, offer a wide range network capabilities, and many offer a good usability. These features, together with the ubiquity of mobile phones makes these devices a versitile and powerful tool to be used for supporting education in developing countries. Over the last decade researchers have explored the potential of using mobile phones for learning in school in developing countries around the world. So far, most research focused on the use of customized applications that were designed to support specific tasks within a single school subject or to support a particular learning task. The research reported in this dissertation followed a human- centered design approach. In contrasts to previous research the approach taken was more holisitic than previous studies, included longitudinal studies, and investigated how ordinary off-the-shelf mobile phones can be used as a tool to assist teaching and self-directed learning across different classes in elementary schools in Panama. The first and exploratory research steps incluced an analysis of the current accesiblity, atittude and use of computers and mobile phones by teachers and students in elementary schools in Panama. Following a participatory design process with the teachers, potential scenarios and use cases where mobile phones might be beneficial for education were identified. This dissertation includes a set of field studies in elementary public schools in the countryside of Panama. Teachers identified relevant use cases for their situation, and were free to integrate and use mobile phones in whatever way they considered best to support the pupils they were teaching at that moment. To automate the long term data collection a screenshot logger mobile application was developed. This applications runs in the background and provides textual and visual data of the use and interaction across the different applications and function of the mobile phones and was used during the field studies. Using this tool these studies provided a rich dataset. An analysis of the data provided a comprehensive understanding on the usage of mobile phones by children both at school and at home. ii One area that was investigated in depth was how technologies impact drawing and writing skills. It was studied how children of different ages wrote words by hand and how they drew simple shapes on paper and different touchscreen phones. The research conducted and presented in this dissertation, provides evidence that there is a strong potential for educational use of mobile phones in elementary schools in Panama. This dissertation presents a set of recommendations on how mobile applications and more general phone user interface should be improved to better support a variety of individual teaching approaches and learning styles. iii Zusammenfassung Mobiltelefone sind weltweit zu den am meistgenutzten digitalen Kommunikationsgeräten geworden. In Entwicklungsländern wurden Mobiltelefone viel schneller eingeführt als klassische PCs und in manchen Regionen sind sie das einzige verfügbare digitale Kommunikationsgerät. In der Tat besitzen die aktuellsten Mobiltelefone vielfältige Multimedia-Eigenschaften, sind mit einer Vielzahl von Sensoren ausgestattet, verfügen über große Netzwerkkapazitäten und erlauben eine einfache Bedienung. Diese Funktionen, zusammengenommen mit der Verfügbarkeit der Mobiltelefone, lassen diese Geräte zu einem vielseitigen und mächtigen Arbeitsgerät werden, das das Unterrichten in Entwicklungsländern unterstützen kann. Im letzten Jahrzehnt haben Forscher aus verschiedenen Ländern das Potential vom Gebrauch von Mobiltelefonen zum Lernen an Schulen in Entwicklungsländern untersucht. Bisher konzentrierten sich die meisten Untersuchungen auf den Gebrauch von maßgeschneiderten Anwendungen, die speziell für bestimmte Aufgaben innerhalb eines einzelnen Schulfachs oder zur Unterstützung einzelner Lernaufgaben konzipiert wurden. Die Untersuchungen, die in dieser Doktorarbeit präsentiert werden folgten dem Konzept des Human Centered Designs. Jedoch sind diese ganzheitlicher als vorherige Studien, beinhalten Langzeitstudien und untersuchten wie gebräuchliche Mobiltelefone als Hilfsmittel zum Unterrichten und zum Selbststudium in verschiedenen Fächern in Panamas Grundschulen eingesetzt werden können. Die ersten Forschungsuntersuchungen starteten mit einer Analyse der aktuellen Zugänglichkeit, der Einstellung zum Einsatz von PCs und Mobiltelefonen und deren Verwendung von Lehrern und Schülern in Grundschulen in Panama. Unter Mitwirkung der Lehrer wurden im Gestaltungsprozess potenzielle Szenarien und Fallbeispiele aufgestellt, bei denen Mobiltelefone zum Lernen benutzt werden könnten. Diese Doktorarbeit beinhaltet eine Reihe von Feldstudien in öffentlichen Grundschulen in den ländlichen Regionen von Panama. Die Lehrer erarbeiteten relevante Anwendungsfälle und konnten die Art und Weise des Gebrauchs und der Integration der Mobiltelefone frei wählen, damit mit ihrer Wahl der grösste Nutzen aus dem Einsatz im Unterricht in den jeweiligen Klassen gezogen werden konnte. Um die automatische Sammlung der Nutzerdaten während den Studien zu ermöglichen, wurde eine mobile Anwendung entwickelt, die im iv Hintergrund läuft und die textuellen und visuellen Daten der Nutzung und der Interaktion mit verschiedenen Anwendungen und Fuktionen der Mobiltelefone aufzeichnet. Mit Hilfe der Anwendung konnte eine große Datenmenge aufgezeichnet werden. Durch die Analyse der Daten konnte ein umfassendes Verständnis des Gebrauchs von Mobiltelefonen durch die Kinder sowohl in der Schule als auch Zuhause gewonnen wird. Ein Fokus lag dabei auf der Frage inwieweit die Technologie die Fähigkeiten des Zeichnens und Schreibens beeinflusst. Es wurde untersucht, welche Unterschiede sich ergeben wenn Kinder verschiedener Altersgruppen auf Papier und auf verschiedenen Telefonen mit Touchscreen Wörter von Hand schreiben und einfache Formen zeichnen. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen, die in dieser Doktorarbeit präsentiert werden, liefern Beweise, dass es ein großes Potential für die Verwendung von Mobiltelefonen für pädagogische Zwecke in Grundschulen in Panama gibt. Diese Doktorarbeit spricht zusätzlich eine Reihe von Empfehlungen aus, wie man mobile Anwendungen und die allgemeine Benutzeroberfläche von Mobiltelfonen verbessern sollte, um eine Vielfalt von individuellen Lehrmethoden und Lernstilen besser unterstützen zu können. v Acknowledgements Thank you very much to all the people that in different ways supported me in the realization of my doctoral studies. My apologies if I forget to mention someone. First of all, I want to thank God, who always guides of me, who opened me the doors that should be opened and closed the doors should be closed, which finally conducted me to pursue a Ph.D. in Germany. I am very thankfull about Him, for introducing me to such wonderful people, who always made me feel like home. I want to give my deepest gratitude to Albrecht Schmidt who I met since the time I was studying in Bonn. Thanks Albrecht for introducing me to the exciting HCI research world, accepted me to join your research group and supported me in the realization of this work during all these four years. Thank you very much for always finding the time for valuable discussions and feedback despite your busy agenda. Thank you Jonna Häkkilä for the nice time, the interesting discussions and collaboration during our visit to Oulu and your visit to Stuttgart. Thanks to Heidi Schelhowe for the invitation to Bremen and your valuable feedbacks. I also thank Jarmo Kauko for your feedback and collaboration while visiting us in Essen. Thank you Susan Dray for all the nice and valuable discussions about my work. To my dear Nicole Recksing and Anja Mebus thank you very much for the nice talks, the advices when I needed them and for your help in dealing with the burocracy part. A very big thank you to all my former colleagues from Essen and Stuttgart: Dagmar Kern, Tanja Döring, Bastian Pfleging, Alireza Sahami, Florian Alt, Stefan Schneegass, Niels Heinze, Thomas Kubitza, Tilman Dingler, Norman Pohl and Markus Funk, for the interesting discussions and your support when I needed it. I would like to thanks Christian Winkler, and the former undergraduate students Martin Hermes, Johannes Nolte and David Pachula who contributed to this work. Thanks to Elena Schindele for English proof reading this thesis. Thanks to the SENACYT that financed my stay in Germany during my doctorate studies. I am also very grateful for Nokia that finances our research, particularly for providing us with the mobile phones in order to conduct
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