Chinese Indonesians and Regime Change Chinese Overseas History, Literature, and Society Chief Editor Wang Gungwu Subject Editors Evelyn Hu-DeHart, David Der-wei Wang, Wong Siu-lun Editorial Board Ien Ang, Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Liu Hong, Frank Pieke, Elizabeth Sinn, Jing Tsu VOLUME 4 Chinese Indonesians and Regime Change Edited by Marleen Dieleman, Juliette Koning, and Peter Post LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 Cover Image: The Board of Directors of the Oei Tiong Ham Concern, 1952. This picture was taken on August 20, 1952, in the ballroom of Hotel des Indes ( Jakarta) during a cocktail party to celebrate Tan Tek Peng’s 35th anniversary with Kian Gwan Co. (Indonesia) Ltd. N.V. Standing from left to right: Yap Kie Ling, Mrs. Oei Ing Swie, Oei Ing Swie, Mrs. L. Tan Tek Peng-Souw, Tan Tek Peng, Mrs. M.L. Oei Tjong Tjay-Blanc, Oei Tjong Tjay, Tjoa Soe Tjong. Courtesy Mrs. Lieke Oei Tiang Han. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dieleman, Marleen. Chinese Indonesians and regime change / by Marleen Dieleman, Juliette Koning, and Peter Post. p. cm. — (Chinese overseas ; v. 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-19121-1 (hardback) 1. Chinese—Indonesia—History. 2. Chinese—Indonesia—Politics and government. 3. Indonesia—Politics and government—20th century. 4. Regime change—Indonesia— History—20th century. 5. Indonesia—Ethnic relations. I. Koning, Juliette. II. Post, Peter, 1953– III. Title. IV. Series. DS632.3.C5D54 2010 959.8’004951—dc22 2010029370 ISSN 1876-3847 ISBN 978 90 04 19121 1 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................... vii Abbreviations .............................................................................. ix Glossary ....................................................................................... xi Contributors ................................................................................ xiii PART I INTRODUCTION Chapter One Chinese Indonesians and Regime Change: Alternative Perspectives ......................................................... 3 Marleen Dieleman, Juliette Koning, and Peter Post PART II POLICY AND DIGNITY: CHINESENESS DURING AND AFTER THE NEW ORDER Chapter Two Business, Belief, and Belonging: Small Business Owners and Conversion to Charismatic Christianity .......... 23 Juliette Koning Chapter Three Assimilation, Differentiation, and Depoliticization: Chinese Indonesians and the Ministry of Home Affairs in Suharto’s Indonesia .................................... 47 Nobuhiro Aizawa Chapter Four Diversity in Compliance: Yogyakarta Chinese and the New Order Assimilation Policy ............................... 65 Andreas Susanto vi contents PART III JUSTICE AND REPRESENTATION: THE CHINESE IN THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES Chapter Five The Chinese Connection: Rewriting Journalism and Social Categories in Indonesian History ....................... 93 Nobuto Yamamoto Chapter Six The Loa Joe Djin-Case: A Trigger to Change ... 117 Patricia Tjiook-Liem PART IV SURVIVAL AND CREATIVITY: CHINESE BUSINESS RESPONSES TO REGIME CHANGE Chapter Seven Crisis Management and Creative Adjustment: Margo-Redjo in the 1930s .................................................... 141 Alexander Claver Chapter Eight The Oei Tiong Ham Concern and the Change of Regimes in Indonesia, 1931–1950 ..................... 169 Peter Post Chapter Nine Continuous and Discontinuous Change in Ethnic Chinese Business Networks: The Case of the Salim Group .......................................................................... 201 Marleen Dieleman Index ........................................................................................... 227 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume emerged out of a series of monthly seminars held at the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD) in Amsterdam from 2006 to 2007, as well as the international workshop Indonesian Chinese Studies at the Crossroads? Challenges and Prospects—Dutch and Japanese Explorations, held in Amsterdam on February 12–13, 2007, and jointly organized by the Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS, Kyoto University), NIOD, ASiA (University of Amsterdam), and Leiden Uni- versity. A selection of original papers presented at the seminars and the workshop have been included in the volume. They have been revised and edited for this publication. We wish to thank the hosting institu- tions as well as all participants of the seminars and workshops for their contributions and comments. Special thanks are due to Kosuke Mizuno (CSEAS) and Sikko Visscher (then at ASiA, University of Amsterdam) for their support in organizing these events. Marleen Dieleman Juliette Koning Peter Post ABBREVIATIONS ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia BAKIN Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara National Intelligence Coordinating Agency BAKOM PKB Badan Komunikasi Penghayatan Kesatuan Bangsa Com- munication Body of Organizing Natio nal Unity BAPERKI Badan Permusyawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia Consultative Body for Indonesian Citizenship (organization representing Chinese Indonesians in the 1950s) BCA Bank Central Asia BKMC Badan Koordinasi Masalah Cina Coordinating Agency on the Chinese Problem BPKB Badan Pembina Kesatuan Bangsa Body of Promoting National Unity CFB Chinese Family Business Term for ethnic Chinese family firms CHH Chung Hwa Hui Chinese Association DEPDAGRI Department Dalam Negeri Ministry of Home Affairs DEPDIKBUD Department Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Department of Education and Culture Direktorat Directorat Kesatuan Bangsa Directorate of National KESBANG Unity Dirjen SOSPOL Directorat Jenderal Sosial dan Politik Directorate General of Social and Political Affairs DKI Jakarta Daerah Khusus Istimewah Jakarta Special Capital District of Jakarta FGBMFI Full Gospel Business Men Fellowship International G30S Gerakan 30 September 1965 September 30th Movement GBI Gereja Bethel Indonesia Indonesian Bethel Church Gerindo Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia Indonesian People’s Movement GPdI Gereja Pantekosta di Indonesia Pentecostal Church of Indonesia x abbreviations KOPKAMTIB Komando Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertibaan Opera- tional Command for the Restoration of Security and Order KTP Kartu Tanda Penduduk National Identity Card LPKB Lembaga Pembina Kesatuan Bangsa Institute for the Pro- motion of National Unity MNC Multi-National Company Large firm operating in differ- ent countries NA Nationaal Archief National Archives, The Hague OTHC Oei Tiong Ham Concern PID Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst Political Intelligence Service PITI Perhimpunan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia Association of Indonesian Muslim Chinese PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia Indonesian Communist Party PRC People’s Republic of China PTI Partai Tionghoa Indonesia Indonesian Chinese Party RT Rukun Tetangga Neighborhood Association RW Rukun Warga Administrative Units consisting of several RT SARA Suku, Agama, Ras dan Antar Golongan Acronym for ethnic, religious, racial and group identities Sarpoci Sarikat Pegawai Oei Tiong Ham Concern Indonesia Union of Employees of the Oei Tiong Ham Concern Indonesia SBKRI Surat Bukti Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Citizenship Certificate SCUT Staf Chusus Urusan Tjina Special Staff for Chinese Affairs SESKOAD Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Darat Army Staff and Command College SNPC Sekolah Nasional Projek Chusus Special Project National Schools THKK Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan Chinese Association TVRI TV Republik Indonesia National Television of Republic of Indonesia WNA Warga Negara Asing Foreign Citizen WNI Warga Negara Indonesia Indonesian Citizen YSB Yokohama Speciebank GLOSSARY Ahli Asimilasi assimilation expert Arisan neighborhood savings club, rotating credit association Asimilasi assimilation Baba see peranakan Cap Go Meh celebration of the 15th night of the New Year festival Cina Official term for Chinese and China under the New Order, considered insulting by Chinese Indonesians Crisisinvoerordonnantie Crisis Import Ordinance Djaksa native prosecutor Doenia pers journalistic world Dwi fungsi dual function, double role of the armed forces in the military and in politics Gerakan 30 September September 30th movement Gotong royong community self-help, mutual cooperation Guanxi Chinese concept denoting networks or connec- tions Imlek Hokkien term for Chinese New Year Integrasi integration Kampung village or small urban area Kakyo Sokai ( Jap.) Chinese Association Kasno (bekas Cino) “former Chinese” Kenpeitai Japanese military police Kirno (mungkir Cino) “deny Chinese” Masalah Cina “the Chinese problem” Non-Pribumi non-native, non-indigenous (until the late 1990s including Chinese Indonesians) Orde Baru New Order (regime president Suharto 1965– 1998) Pamrih reward Pancasila five basic principles of the Indonesian state