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Coastal Damage and Coastal Protection in NSW

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Coastal Damage and Coastal Protection in NSW Coastal Damage and Coastal Protection in NSW James Carley Senior Coastal Engineer Water Research Laboratory University of New South Wales Indigenous coastal engineering Aboriginal fish traps Arrawarra NSW, circa 1000 AD Also at Point Plomer, (near Crescent Head) Chronology: Pre 1900 • Circa 1000 AD: Rock fish traps were constructed at Arrawarra near Coffs Harbour by indigenous inhabitants. • 1818-1846: “Macquarie Pier” at Hunter River mouth, Newcastle – a breakwater/training wall. • 1854: Australia’s first reported breakwater was constructed at Port Elliot (SA), with a paper on this structure presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers in London in 1858 – the first for an Australian civil engineering project (Gourlay, 2000). • 1877 and 1885: Visit to Australia by Sir John Coode, engineer in chief for the British Admiralty. • 1890s: First seawalls commenced on Sydney beaches (eg Manly). • 1890 to 1910: Construction of numerous breakwaters/training walls on the NSW coast. Coffs Harbour (1914) First stone breakwater 1914 (SLNSW) Coffs Harbour (1916) There are now approximately 70 breakwaters (/training walls) in NSW The north coast railway in 1910s reduced the reliance on coastal shipping Manly 1870s MANLY 1870s (ENGRAVING) Manly 1895 Manly 1912 MANLY, MAY 1913 Newcastle Beach c1900 Chronology: 1900s . 1938: The work of Spanish engineer Iribarren (1938), “A formula for the Calculation of Rock-Fill Dykes” published in Spanish, which was translated to English by the US Beach Erosion Board in 1949. This related the size of rock armour required to the incident wave height. 1953: The work of Hudson (1953), “Wave Forces on Breakwaters”. This related the size of rock armour required to the incident wave height. 1957: US Army Corps of Engineers/ US Beach Erosion Board “Shore Protection, Planning and Design, Technical Report Number 4”, with revised editions in 1957, 1961 and 1966. 1973: Publication of the US Army Corps of Engineers “Shore Protection Manual”, with revisions in 1975, 1977 and 1984. 1984: BS 6349 – 1984, “British Code of Practice for Maritime Structures”. 1990: First IPCC report on climate change. 1991: Publication of the CIRIA Rock Manual, which was revised in 2007. 1998: Oliver et al (1998), “Condition and Performance Rating Procedures for Rubble Breakwaters and Jetties”. Sydney’s sea defences (Gordon, 1989) SYDNEY’S 23 km of open coast sandy foreshore • Seawalls 5.6 km • Rubble revetments 1.4 km • Dunes (artificial) 13.5 km • Featureless 2.6 km • Most seawalls built 1880s to 1930s • Typical seawall toe level +2 m AHD • Toe level range 0.0 to 4.7 m AHD • Crest level range 2 to 7 m AHD Seabee seawall, Cronulla (constructed 1980s) Sandstone seawall and promenade - Manly Stockton Groynes and Nourishment Lady Robinsons Beach Documented damage and failures • CIRIA (1991) found that 36% of seawall failures (1980s) in the UK were due directly to erosion of the toe and a further 14% were partly due to it (50% in total) • Blumberg and Rhodes (1995), PBP (1995) identified nine episodes of damage to portions of the Manly seawall over 108 years – once every 12 years on average (typical ~200 m) • Blain Bremner Williams (1985): • >40 NSW houses lost to coastal hazards in last 100 yrs. • Emergency management has saved more than 200 structures. • Many structures have been removed from active zone. North Steyne, Manly 1950 Belongil, Byron Bay 13/07/1972 c1999 2001 SEPTEMBER 1977 Freshwater SLSC 1974 Near miss for surf club - Sewer lines lost Bilgola 1974 Sheltering Palms/North Beach 1975 1976 1977:17 houses abandoned Beachfront house collapse Wamberal 1978 Dee Why 1998 Old Bar 2008 - 2009 Northern breakwater, Coffs Harbour COFFS HARBOUR MAY 9:30 am 24 May 1999 Fairy Bower, Manly 27/06/2003 Chronology: 2000s . Numerous PIANC synthesis documents. 2006: Publication of “The Coastal Engineering Manual” coastal structures chapter. 2007: ISO 21650:2007, “Actions from waves and currents on coastal structures”, from the International Standards Organisation. 2007: EurOtop overtopping manual . Upgrade of toe of historic seawalls. Rebuilding of damaged structures. Temporary and trial structures from sand filled geotextiles. (Outside of NSW) Sand as protection. Upgrade of toe Cronulla - Damaged gabions (14/08/1986) and repair (2008) Upgrade of toe: South Curl Curl South Curl Curl, 2006 August 1976 July 2002 North Steyne, Manly upgrade of toe 2010 1974 Replacement: Dee Why (1998 – 2000s) Collaroy-Narrabeen 1920 (early “geobags”) Stockton SLSC: First modern geobag structure NSW 1996 1999 2001 2009 Temporary groynes and seawall Maroochydore QLD early 2000s Trial geocontainer offshore breakwater (early 2000s SA) Kirra 1936 and 2004 With sand bypassing/nourishment Summary and chronology • Low impact pre colonial structures (eg fish traps). • Breakwaters, training walls and ports. • Seawalls for promenades. • Hard seawalls for protection. • Repairs or replacement of old seawalls. • Temporary and trial geotextile structures. • Sand as protection. Discussion.
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