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Floods in Malaysia FLOODS IN MALAYSIA Floods in Malaysia Floods by Keizrul bin Abdullah Jan Director General 2004 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia 21 January 2004 WATERWATER HAZARDHAZARD Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Too Much Water Hazard Floods in Malaysia Floods Too Little Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Water Hazard Floods in Malaysia Floods Too Little Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Water Crisis Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Too Much Water Hazard Floods in Malaysia Floods Too Little Jan 2004 Too Much Water Hazard Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 CONTENTSCONTENTS • The flooding problem in Malaysia • Causes of flooding • Strategies to overcome the problem Floods in Malaysia Floods • Curative measures • Preventive measures Jan 2004 JAPAN MALAYSIA Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 MALAYSIA Floods in Malaysia Floods Equator Jan Located in Humid Tropics 2004 Annual Rainfall of 3,000 mm Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Typhoon Greg, Sabah Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 FloodFlood ImpactsImpacts • Flooded area - 29,720 km² • 9 % of the total land area of Malaysia Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Flood Prone Areas in Peninsular Malaysia PERLIS Kangar THAILAND PULAU LANGKAWI S.Kelantan Alor Setar KEDAH Kota Bharu S.Muda George Town PULAU S.Terengganu PINANG Kuala Terengganu KELANTAN TERENGGANU PERAK S.Dungun Ipoh S.Cukai S.Perak PAHANG S.Bernam Kuantan S.Kuantan S.Pahang SELANGOR Floods in Malaysia Floods Shah Alam Kuala S.Klang Lumpur NEGERI SEMBILAN S.Rompin S.Endau Seremban S.Linggi MELAKA S.Melaka Melaka S.Muar JOHOR S.Batu Pahat Johor Jan S.Benut Bahru 2004 S.Johor SINGAPORE FloodFLOOD Prone PRONE Areas AREA (EAST in Sabah MALAYSIA) & Sarawak Kot a Ki na ba l u S. K ina batangan SABAH LA B UA N S. B a ram Floods in Malaysia Floods SARAWAK S. R ejang S. Sa rawak Kuc i ng S.Sa dong Jan 2004 FloodFlood ImpactsImpacts • Flooded Area - 29,720 km² • 9 % of the total land area of Malaysia • 4.9 million (20 %) people affected Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 FloodFlood ImpactsImpacts • Flooded Area - 29,720 km² • 9 % of the total land area of Malaysia • 4.9 million (20 %) people affected Floods in Malaysia Floods • Average annual flood damage for country is estimated at RM 1 billion Jan (US$ 263 million) 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Natural Phenomenon Human Activities Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Natural Phenomenon Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Kuala Lumpur in 1926 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Selangor Club Padang, Kuala Lumpur in 1949 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Muda River 1949 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Kuala Lumpur 1971 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Natural Phenomenon - Heavy Rainfall Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 26 April 2001 Location of Rainfall Rainfall Return Rainfall Station Duration Intensity Period Floods in Malaysia Floods JPS Ampang 1 hour 103mm 50 years Jan 2004 Pahang - December 2001 Location of Rainfall Rainfall Return Rainfall Station Duration Intensity Period Ulu Tekai 1 day 321 mm 100 years Floods in Malaysia Floods Kuantan 2 days 528 mm 50 years Jan 2004 Rainfall at JPS station (KOMTUR, Kuantan) 350 341 mm 308 mm 300 250 220 mm 200 150 Floods in Malaysia Floods 100 50 0 Jan 2004 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 December 2001 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Isohyet – 3 - 5 October 2003 SUMMARY OF RAINFALL AND RETURN PERIOD (mm) October 2003 No Rainfall Station District 2/10 3/10 4/10 5/10 Total 3 Days Return (2–5 Okt) Rainfall Period (Maximum) 3 Days (Maximum) 1 Ladang Victoria Seberang Perai Utara 38 122 177 64 401 363 >100 2 Pinang Tunggal Seberang Perai Utara 58 149 195 127 529 471 >100 3 Bumbong Lima Seberang Perai Utara 93 138 110 72 413 341 100 4 Ara Kuda Sebarang Perai Tengah 95 105 293 114 607 512 >100 5 Simpang Ampat Seberang Perai Tengah 127 108 139 49 423 374 >100 6 Pulai Baling 28 29 101 22 180 150 normal 7 Kuala Pegang Baling 43 56 120 27 246 219 50 8 Jam. Syed Omar Kuala Muda 32 79 148 57 316 284 >100 9 Kedah Peak Kuala Muda 147 238 252 128 765 637 >100 10 Sg. Petani Kuala Muda 47 124 177 68 416 369 >100 11 Pendang Kota Setar 34 72 41 15 162 147 normal 12 Alor Setar Kota Setar 33 60 33 26 151 125 normal 13 Sik Sik 96 80 220 85 480 396 >100 14 Jeniang Klinik Sik 71 90 115 96 372 301 >100 15 Kulim Kulim 12 74 242 77 403 392 >100 Arithmetic Average 69 103 148 71 390 Catchment Rainfall Flood Occurrences by Heavy Rainfall Date Location Rainfall Monthly average Intensity Rainfall 26/04/01 JPS Ampang 103 mm/1 hr 288 mm 17/09/95 Butterworth 350 mm/day 338 mm Floods in Malaysia Floods 04/09/99 Bayan Lepas 288 mm/day 339 mm 22/12/95 Petaling Jaya 169 mm/day 263 mm Jan 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Natural Phenomenon - Rainfall - High Tides Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Port Kelang October 1999 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Natural Phenomenon Human Activities Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Human Activities - Change in Land Use ! Tekam River Experimental Basin Study (1977-86) Floods in Malaysia Floods ! Studied effects of landuse changes on hydrological regimes, soil fertility and water quality ! Jungle → Land clearing → Plantation Jan 2004 Some Results of Tekam River Study StreamflowStreamflow TransitionTransition CropCrop establishment establishment ↑ WaterWater yield yield ↑↑ 157157 % % declined declined but but > > pre-clearancepre-clearance stage stage ↑ PeakPeak flow flow ↑↑ 185185 % % - - ditto ditto - - Floods in Malaysia Floods ↓ ↓ TimeTime to to peak peak ↓↓ 6767 % % ↓ ↓ byby 2 2 hrs hrs RiverRiver sediment sediment sedimentsediment load load declined declined to to Jan 44 times times greater greater pre-clearance pre-clearance level level 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Rapid and Uncontrolled Development Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Uncontrolled Land Clearing Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Human Activities - Change in land use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 MajorMajor FloodsFloods inin KualaKuala LumpurLumpur • 1926, 1971 • 1982, 1986, 1988 • 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997 • 30 April 2000 Floods in Malaysia Floods • 26 April & 29 Oktober 2001 • 11 Jun 2002 Jan • 10 Jun 2003 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Agricultural Area Urbanised Effect of Urbanisation Runoff Quantity Increase In Development Q Increase 190 % Area Velocity Floods in Malaysia Floods 0 - 40 % V Increase 2x Tc 50 % decrease Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Flow Flow Characteristics Rural and Urbanised Catchment Urbanised Developed Floods in Malaysia Floods Rural Undeveloped Jan 2004 Time Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 TEPU BINA 1988 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 TEPU BINA 1998 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 IncreasingIncreasing TrendTrend ofof AnnualAnnual FloodFlood DischargeDischarge atat SulaimanSulaiman BridgeBridge 3 116 43 0 KLA NG RIVER AT SULAIMA N BR IDGE TEST FOR STATIONAR ITY OF SER IES OF AN NU AL MAXIMU M DISCH AR GES 16 ,0 00 Annual flood flows 14 ,0 00 of Klang River at 12 ,0 00 Sulaiman Bridge has increased from 10 ,0 00 148 to 440 cumecs 8,000 (3X) (m3/s) Floods in Malaysia Floods 6,000 Mean annual flood = 440 m3/s 4,000 Mean annual flood = 148 2,000 m3/s CUMULATIVE MASS OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM DISCHARGE DISCHARGE MAXIMUM OF ANNUAL MASS CUMULATIVE NOVJan 0 2004 19 10 19 15 19 20 19 25 19 30 19 35 19 40 19 52 19 57 19 63 19 68 19 74 19 79 19 86 19 91 19 96 YEA R CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation Floods in Malaysia Floods - Inadequate Drainage Facilities Jan 2004 Inadequate Drainage Infrastructure Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation Floods in Malaysia Floods - Inadequate Drainage Facilities - Obstructions in Rivers Jan 2004 LRT Floods in Malaysia Floods LRT Columns in Jan River Berm 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Construction of Piers in the river causing obstruction to the Jan flow 2004 Construction works constricting river channel Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Water level of river on 29 Oct 2001 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Low soffit of Bridge causing obstruction to flow CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation Floods in Malaysia Floods - Inadequate Drainage Facilities - Obstructions in Rivers - Solid Waste and Debris Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Solid wastes being removed from river Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia Floods Jan 2004 CausesCauses ofof FloodingFlooding Human Activities - Uncontrolled development - Effect of Urbanisation - Inadequate Drainage Infrastructure Floods in Malaysia Floods - Obstructions in the river - Solid Waste and garbage - Development in Flood Plains Jan 2004 Floods in Malaysia
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