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1.GAP ANALYSIS REPORT Flood Disaster17july2017 GAP ANALYSIS REPORT: FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Makmom Abdullah 7/17/2017 Faculty of Environmntal Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia GAP ANALYSIS REPORT: FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA Gap Analysis Report: Flood Disaster Management In Malaysia Contents 1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 2 2 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 2 3 OCCURRENCE OF FLOOD EVENTS .................................................................. 3 4 FLOOD MANAGEMENT MEASURES ................................................................. 5 4.1 Flood Control Measures .......................................................................................... 5 4.2 Flood Mitigation Measures ..................................................................................... 7 4.3 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) ....................................................... 11 4.4 Flood Forecasting And Warning System .............................................................. 13 5 PERMANENT FLOOD CONTROL COMMISSION ......................................... 16 6 FLOOD DISASTER RELIEF MACHINERY ...................................................... 17 7 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN DISASTER MANGEMENT ........................ 21 8 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES .................................................................................... 25 9 CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................ 26 10 SWOT ANALYSIS RESULTS ............................................................................ 29 11 GAP ANALYSIS TABLE ..................................................................................... 32 12 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 32 APPENDIX 1 – GAP ANALYSIS TABLES .............................................................. 34 References .................................................................................................................... 38 Malaysia Country Water Partnership – Malaysia Water Partnership 1 GAP ANALYSIS REPORT: FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA 1 SCOPE The scope of the assessment is a gap analysis related to flood or drought management, hence the scope includes determining of the important and urgent issues in the country; whether flood or drought. Subsequently, data which link to climate change Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the water security strategy in National Development Plans (NDPs), National Action Plans (NAPs), and other global initiatives will be collected. The focus of assessment is to find out the most reliable link which can be used to support issues of flood management and/or drought management in Malaysia, review data, and conduct discussion in local and/or regional levels, then compose the gaps analysis based on all data which have been reviewed and discussed. 2 BACKGROUND Malaysia is a country rich in water resources, receiving an abundant amount of rain every year, has an equatorial climate with constant high temperatures and a high relative humidity. The average annual rainfall is 2,400 mm for Peninsular Malaysia, 3,800 mm for Sarawak and 2,600 mm for Sabah with heavier precipitation recorded in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and the coastal regions of Sabah and Sarawak. The climate is influenced by the northeast and southwest monsoons. The former, prevailing between November and February, brings heavy rainfall (as much as 600 mm in 24 hours in extreme cases) predominantly to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and to Sabah and Sarawak. Rain bearing winds also come with the southwest monsoon from April to September though rainfalls during these periods are generally less than during the northeast monsoon. There are, in addition, two transitional periods between the monsoons (inter monsoon) when convectional thunderstorms are common. Even though Malaysia is not directly affected by serious disasters like earthquake, hurricanes, typhoon, tornadoes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions, there are some water-related problems which have raised concerns among water engineers and the public. The problems are not about having too little water to satisfy our needs, as in some water-scarce countries in the world, or too much to Malaysia Country Water Partnership – Malaysia Water Partnership 2 GAP ANALYSIS REPORT: FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA cope with, rather, it is a problem of not managing water effectively to achieve our desired objectives. In some river basins, there is already the problem of water shortage especially during periods of prolong droughts, and conversely, the problem of excessive water and floods during the wet season. The country is experienced serious challenges relating to flood in 2014 and drought management years before and in 2015 in several part of the country, as we move towards the year 2020 the challenges are magnified. Per capita availability of water will greatly decrease as a result of a growing population and greater per capita use of water for a better quality of life, urbanization and industrialization. Other potential problems include increased severity and frequency of flash floods, prolong droughts especially during El-Nino years, water and land use conflicts, decreasing crop yields and increasing water demand for food production, pollution control, outbreak of water- borne diseases, declining aquatic biodiversity, deforestation, and uncontrolled erosion and sedimentation. In general, there are two major water-related problems affecting this country, i.e. excess water (floods) and water shortage (droughts). These problems have disrupted the quality of life and economic growth in the country and can result in severe damage and loss of properties, and occasionally loss of human lives as can be seen in the recent December 2006 and January 2007 floods in Johor as well as the 1998 prolong water rationing widespread in the Klang Valley area, 2014 massive floods in Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang. 3 OCCURRENCE OF FLOOD EVENTS There are 189 river basins throughout Malaysia, including Sabah and Sarawak in which the rivers and their corridors of flood plains fulfill a variety of functions both for human use and for the natural ecosystem, i.e. they are fundamental parts of the natural, economic, and social system wherever they occur and 89 of them prone to become recurrent flooding. At the same time, rivers might be the largest threat to entire corridor areas when access of water causing flood. Flooding is the most significant natural hazard in Malaysia in terms of population affected, frequency, area extent, flood duration and social economic damage. Since 1920, the country has experienced major floods in the years of 1926, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1979, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2007 (Shakirah et al., 2016; Chan, 2012) and most recently massive flood in December 2014 which occurred in Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang. Historically, Muar River Basin has Malaysia Country Water Partnership – Malaysia Water Partnership 3 GAP ANALYSIS REPORT: FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA experienced frequent flooding over the years, there had been series of heavy rainfall events that had resulted in flooding within the Muar River Basin catchments. The recorded floods are shown from December 1926 to January 1927, February to April 1967, November 1967 to January 1968, December 1970 to January 1971 and November 1979 respectively. From 1980 to 2010, a total of 29 flood events have been recorded (Diya et al., 2014). Kedah and Perlis also experienced flood in 2010 and also the recent flood in 2014. Sabah and Sarawak experienced high intensity rainfall in January 2015 caused major flooding across several parts of Sarawak and Sabah affecting around 13,878 people had been evacuated with one teenage girl became the only casualty. The January 1971 flood that hit Kuala Lumpur and many other states had resulted in a loss of more than RM 200 million then and the death of 61 persons. In fact, during the recent Johor 2006-07 flood due to a couple of “abnormally” heavy rainfall events which caused massive floods, the estimated total cost of these flood disasters is RM 1.5 billion, considered as the most costly flood events in Malaysian history. Recent urbanization amplifies the cost of damage in infrastructures, bridges, roads, agriculture and private commercial and residential properties. At the peak of that recent Johor flood, around 110,000 people were evacuated and sheltering in relief centers and the death toll was 18 persons. The massive flood in 2014 affected more than 200,000 in Malaysia especially in Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang and sadly 21 people killed. The damages cause by the flood in peninsular estimated over 1 billion ringgit with the major types of damage are schools and homes. The basic cause of river flooding is the incidence of heavy rainfall (monsoon or convective) and the resultant large concentration of runoff, which exceeds river capacity. However, in recent years, rapid development within river catchment has resulted in higher runoff and deteriorated river capacity; this has in turn resulted in an increase in the flood frequency and magnitude. With 60% of the Malaysian population now residing in urban areas, flash flooding in urban areas are perceived to be the most critical flood type (surpassing
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