Medicinal Plants in Folk Tradition
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Forest Farming
Forest Farming Ken Mudge CY ROSE N NA Many sections of the Northeast have been reforested over the past century. Extensive forest cover is seen in this view from Wachu- sett Mountain in central Massachusetts. armers harvest crops from their fields, and agroforestry—a multidisciplinary approach to loggers harvest trees from their forests, agricultural production that achieves diverse, Fbut what do forest farmers harvest? The profitable, sustainable land use by integrating answer is an eclectic collection of non-timber trees with non-timber forest crops. forest crops like maple syrup, medicinal herbs, While some other agroforestry practices begin fruits, gourmet mushrooms, and nuts. with planting young trees that take years to Forest farming is an approach to forest man- mature, forest farming involves planting non- agement that combines some of the manage- timber forest crops beneath the canopy of an ment practices of conventional forestry with established forest. In other words, other agro- those of farming or gardening to achieve forestry practices bring the forest to the crops, an environmentally and economically sus- whereas forest farming brings the crops to the tainable land-use system. It is one of several forest. In this regard it is helpful to consider related practices that fall under the domain of the role of forest farming in overall forest man- Forest Farming 27 agement. A forest farm should be designed to bearing trees including walnuts and peaches, emulate as much as possible a natural forest. but there is no evidence of deliberate culti- This includes characteristics of a healthy forest vation of useful crops beneath the canopy of ecosystem such as species diversity, resilience established forest. -
Diabetes and Medicinal Plants: a Literature Review
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUNDS FROM BRACHYLAENA DISCOLOR DC Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science By Sabeen Abdalbagi Elameen Adam School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Supervisor: Professor Fanie R. van Heerden August 2017 ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus, which is a metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency or diminished effectiveness of the action of insulin or their combination, is recognized as a major threat to human life. Using drugs on a long term to control glucose can increase the hazards of cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new, safe, and effective antidiabetic drugs. Traditionally, there are several plants that are used to treat/control diabetes by South African traditional healers such as Brachylaena discolor. This study aimed to isolate and identify antidiabetic compounds from B. discolor. The plant materials of B. discolor was collected from University of KwaZulu-Natal botanical garden. Plant materials were dried under the fume hood for two weeks and ground to a fine powder. The powder was extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (1:1). To investigate the antidiabetic activity, the prepared extract was tested in vitro for glucose utilization in a muscle cell line. The results revealed that blood glucose levels greater than 20 mmol/L, which measured after 24 and 48 hours of the experimental period, three fractions had positive (*p<0.05) antidiabetic activity compared to the control. The DCM:MeOH (1:1) extract of B. discolor leaves was subjected to column chromatography, yielding five fractions (A, B, C, D, and E). -
Field Release of the Leaf-Feeding Moth, Hypena Opulenta (Christoph)
United States Department of Field release of the leaf-feeding Agriculture moth, Hypena opulenta Marketing and Regulatory (Christoph) (Lepidoptera: Programs Noctuidae), for classical Animal and Plant Health Inspection biological control of swallow- Service worts, Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich (Gentianales: Apocynaceae), in the contiguous United States. Final Environmental Assessment, August 2017 Field release of the leaf-feeding moth, Hypena opulenta (Christoph) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), for classical biological control of swallow-worts, Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich (Gentianales: Apocynaceae), in the contiguous United States. Final Environmental Assessment, August 2017 Agency Contact: Colin D. Stewart, Assistant Director Pests, Pathogens, and Biocontrol Permits Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 4700 River Rd., Unit 133 Riverdale, MD 20737 Non-Discrimination Policy The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.) To File an Employment Complaint If you wish to file an employment complaint, you must contact your agency's EEO Counselor (PDF) within 45 days of the date of the alleged discriminatory act, event, or in the case of a personnel action. -
Brachylaena Elliptica and B. Ilicifolia (Asteraceae): a Comparative Analysis of Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2020, 10, 223-229 223 Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia (Asteraceae): A Comparative Analysis of their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Alfred Maroyi* Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa Abstract: Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia are shrubs or small trees widely used as traditional medicines in southern Africa. There is need to evaluate the existence of any correlation between the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the two species. Therefore, in this review, analyses of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are presented. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. The articles published between 1941 and 2020 were used in this study. The leaves and roots of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are mainly used as a mouthwash and ethnoveterinary medicines, and traditional medicines for backache, hysteria, ulcers of the mouth, diabetes, gastro-intestinal and respiratory problems. This study showed that sesquiterpene lactones, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, flavonols, phenols, proanthocyanidins, saponins and tannins have been identified from aerial parts and leaves of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. The leaf extracts and compounds isolated from the species exhibited antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. There is a need for extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of crude extracts and compounds isolated from B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. -
Congressional Record—Senate S527
January 26, 1996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S527 Fayetteville. He was awarded the mas- their efforts. I ask that the letter from vision of Wildlife and Marine Resources ter of arts degree in history and polit- Paul Alan Cox, Ph.D., chairman of the under your leadership has made important ical science from the University of Ar- board of Seacology Foundation to Gov- progress in evaluating and protecting the wildlife of American Samoa. Coastal Zone kansas at Fayetteville and the juris ernor Lutali be printed in the RECORD. The letter follows: Management has flourished under your lead- doctor degree from George Washington ership. But perhaps most important has been University in Washington, DC. THE SEACOLOGY FOUNDATION, your quiet personal example. You quietly led A well-respected executive in the na- Springville, UT. October 24, 1995. an effort to re-introduce the rare Samoa tional electric cooperative community, Gov. A.P. LUTALI, toloa or duck to your home island of Annu’u. Carl also has worked tirelessly in nu- Office of the Governor, American Samoa Gov- The crack of dawn has frequently found you merous civic and community affairs ernment, Pago Pago, American Samoa. on your hands and knees weeding the garden positions in our State and our region. DEAR GOVERNOR LUTALI: On behalf of the plot in front of the territorial offices. Many Board of Directors and the Scientific Advi- Mr. President, wherever Carl have seen you picking up rubbish and doing sory Board of the Seacology Foundation, it your own part as private citizen to beautify Whillock has lived and worked gives me great pleasure to inform you that throughout our State, his support for the exquisite islands of American Samoa. -
Biodiversity: the Orw Ld of Life Charles H
Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® DLPS Faculty Publications Library Public Services 5-2001 Biodiversity: The orW ld of Life Charles H. Smith Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/dlps_fac_pub Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Charles H. Smith, "Biodiversity: The orldW of Life" (May 2001). Choice 38(9): 1565-1580. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in DLPS Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY The World of Life: Biodiversity Studies BY CHARLES SMITH multifarious ecosystems of the world. The key to effective analysis ofbio the literature on the former, concerned as diversity is the precise definition of it is with the basic description of millions Introduction each level oforganization when it is of species of animals and plants-not to being addressed. mention suborganismallevels of organiza tion and communities, ecosystems, and Wbat i.J bioiJiverJity? This definition may strike some ob the biosphere as a whole-would exist ( and servers as being just the slightest bit vague, did exist) independent of the recent bio or some 15 years the public at least to the extent that it fails to explain diversity movement. Practically every state has witnessed a sustained world how the concept is related to the various in the nation is represented by at least one Fwide movement that concerns natural studies that make it up, and that monographic study of its resident mam itself with understanding the in fact have existed as independently con mals, as are many individual species of mam natural diversity oflife, and how such di ceived lines of research for more than a mals (and even particular mammals from versity can be conserved. -
Docket No. Fda–2011–N–0921
DOCKET NO. FDA–2011–N–0921 BEFORE THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION COMMENTS OF THE AMERICAN HERBAL PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION ON PROPOSED RULE for STANDARDS FOR THE GROWING, HARVESTING, PACKING, AND HOLDING OF PRODUCE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION November 22, 2013 Docket No. FDA–2011–N–0921 November 22, 2013 Prefatory remarks ................................................................................................................................ 1 1. The broad and deep impact of the new regulations necessitates regulatory restraint ...................... 2 2. The same controls are neither necessary nor appropriate for non‐RTE foods as for RTE foods ......... 3 3. Wherever possible, food processors rather than farmers should ensure the biological safety of food ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Wherever possible, FDA should avoid burdening farmers and should rely on food processors rather than farmers to ensure biological safety ................................................................................ 7 3.2 Farmers are generally ill‐equipped to comply with either Part 112 or 117 ................................. 7 3.3 Food processors are the appropriate entity to ensure the biological safety of food wherever possible ........................................................................................................................................... -
Pharmacognosy 1
PHARMACOGNOSY 1 Dr. Dima MUHAMMAD 0 References: 1. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, William C. Evans, Saunders Elsevier, 2009, sixteenth ed., ISBN 978-0 -7020 -2934 9 2. textbook of pharmacognosy & phytochemistry, Biren Shah & A.K. Seth, Elsevier, 2010, 1st ed, ISBN: 978-81-312-2298-0 3. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. Paul M Dewick, John Wiley & Sons, 2009,3rd Edition, ISBN 978-0-470-74168-9. 4. Martins, A., Vieira, H., Gaspar, H., & Santos, S. (2014). Marketed Marine Natural Products in the Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical Industries: Tips for Success. Marine Drugs, 12(2) 1 1. MEANING OF PHARMACOGNOSY Pharmacognosy, known initially as materia medica, may be defined as the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals and mineral kingdom and their constituents. There is a historical misinformation about who created the term pharmacognosy. According to some sources, it was C. A. Seydler, a medical student at Halle, Germany, in 1815; he wrote his doctoral thesis titled Analectica Pharmacognostica. However, recent historical research has found an earlier usage of this term. The physician J. A. Schmidt (Vienna) used that one in his Lehrbuch der materia medica in 1811, to describe the study of medicinal plants and their properties. The word pharmacognosy is derived from two Latin words pharmakon, ‘a drug,’ and gignoso, ‘to acquire knowledge of’. It means ‘knowledge or science of drugs. Crude drugs are plants or animals, or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse or longitudinal slices or peeling them in some cases. Most of the crude drugs used in medicine are obtained from plants, and only a small number comes from animal and mineral kingdoms. -
Multi-Class Determination of 64 Illicit Compounds in Dietary Supplements Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
molecules Article Multi-Class Determination of 64 Illicit Compounds in Dietary Supplements Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Dasom Shin, Hui-Seung Kang *, Hyungsoo Kim and Guiim Moon New Hazardous Substances Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Korea; [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (G.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 August 2020; Accepted: 17 September 2020; Published: 24 September 2020 Abstract: In this work, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for screening and confirmation of 64 illicit compounds in dietary supplements. The target compounds were illegally used pharmaceutical drugs, prohibited compounds, and not authorized ingredients for different therapeutics (sexual enhancement, weight loss, muscular strengthening, and relaxing products). The validation procedure was performed to evaluate selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists guidelines. The linearity was >0.98 in the range of 1 1 0.5–200 µg L− . The LOQs were in the range 1–10 µg kg− for all target compounds. The accuracy (expressed as recovery) was 78.5–114%. The precision (expressed as the relative standard deviation) was below 9.15%. The developed method was applied for the determination of illicit compounds in dietary supplements collected from websites. As a result, the total detection rate was 13.5% (27 samples detected in 200 samples). The concentrations of detected samples ranged from 0.51 1 to 226 mg g− . -
APPENDIX a Plant Species List of Boschhoek Mountain Estate Trees
APPENDIX A Plant species list of Boschhoek Mountain Estate Trees 52 Shrubs 36 Dwarf shrubs 25 Forbs 81 Grasses 78 Geophytes 4 Succulents 6 Parasites 7 Sedges 9 Ferns 5 Aliens 19 Total 322 Trees Acacia burkei swartapiesdoring black monkey-thorn Acacia caffra gewone haakdoring common hook-thorn Acacia karroo soetdoring sweet thorn Acacia robusta enkeldoring, brakdoring ankle thorn, brack thorn Albizia tanganyicensis papierbasvalsdoring paperbark false thorn Berchemia zeyheri rooi-ivoor red ivory Brachylaena rotundata bergvaalbos mountain silver oak Burkea africana wilde sering, rooisering wild seringa, red syringa Celtisa africana witstinkhout white stinkwood Combretum apiculatum rooibos red bushwillow Combretum molle fluweelboswilg velvet bushwillow Combretum zeyheri raasblaar large-fruited bushwillow Commiphora mollis fluweelkanniedood velvet corkwood Croton gratissimus laventelkoorsbessie lavender fever-berry Cussonia paniculata Hoëveldse kiepersol Highveld cabbage tree Cussonia spicata gewone kiepersol common cabbage tree Cussonia transvaalensis Transvaalse kiepersol Transvaal cabbage tree Diplorrhynchus condylocarpum horingpeulbos horn-pod tree Dombeya rotundifolia drolpeer, wilde peer wild pear Dovyalis caffra Keiappel Kei-apple Dovyalis zeyheri wilde-appelkoos wild apricot Englerophytum magalismontanum stamvrug Transvaal milkplum Erythrina lysistemon gewone koraalboom common coral tree Euclea crispa blougwarrie blue ghwarri Faurea saligna Transvaalboekenhout Transvaal beech 93 Ficus abutilifolia grootblaarrotsvy large-leaved rock -
Réglementation De La Pharmacie
R E C U E I L D E T E X T E S S U R L A P H A R M A C I E Mis à jour le 13 février 2017 par l’Inspection de la pharmacie P R É A M B U L E La réglementation relative à la pharmacie en vigueur en Nouvelle-Calédonie résulte de la coexistence des dispositions adoptées par la Nouvelle-Calédonie au titre de ses compétences en matières d’hygiène publique, de santé et de professions de la pharmacie1, et de celles adoptées par l’Etat au titre de ses compétences en matières de garanties des libertés publiques, de droit civil et de droit commercial2. Sur le contenu du recueil En 1954, la Nouvelle-Calédonie s’est vue étendre les articles L. 511 à L. 520 et L. 549 à L. 665 de l’ancien Livre V relatif à la Pharmacie du code de la santé publique métropolitain par la loi n° 54-418 du 15 avril 1954 étendant aux territoires d'outre-mer, au Togo et au Cameroun certaines dispositions du Code de la santé publique relatives à l'exercice de la pharmacie3, dont les modalités d’application ont été fixées par le décret modifié n° 55-1122 du 16 août 1955 fixant les modalités d'application de la loi n° 54-418 du 15 avril 1954 étendant aux territoires d'outre-mer, au Togo et au Cameroun certaines dispositions du code de la santé publique relatives à l'exercice de la pharmacie4. Depuis sont intervenues la loi- cadre Defferre5, la loi référendaire de 19886 et la loi organique n° 99-209 du 19 mars 1999 dont les apports ont eu pour résultat le transfert de ces articles de la compétence de l’Etat à la compétence de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, permettant à celle-ci de s’en approprier et de les modifier à sa guise par des délibérations du congrès de la Nouvelle-Calédonie7. -
Drimia Edwardsii (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a New Urgineoid Species from the Mkhomazi River Valley of Eastern South Africa
Phytotaxa 195 (2): 135–144 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.195.2.2 Drimia edwardsii (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new urgineoid species from the Mkhomazi River Valley of eastern South Africa NEIL R. CROUCH1,2* & MARIO MARTÍNEZ-AZORÍN3,4 1Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Assessment, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 52099, Berea Road 4007, South Africa; Email: [email protected] 2School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa 3Institute of Plant Science, NAWI Graz, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria. 4CIBIO (Instituto Universitario de la Biodiversidad) & dCARN, Universidad de Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] *author for correspondence Abstract A new species endemic to South Africa, Drimia edwardsii, is described and illustrated, with data provided on its morphol- ogy, ecology and distribution. The species appears to be closely related to Drimia delagoensis and Urginea lydenburgensis, and whereas all are synanthous and produce small, pale-brownish campanulate flowers, several leaf and bulb features clearly distinguish the new species. Key words: Drimia, Hyacinthaceae, Sekanama, South Africa, taxonomy, Urginea, Urgineoideae Introduction Hyacinthaceae sensu APG (2003) comprises ca. 700–1000 species of bulbous plants mostly occurring in Africa, Europe and Asia, with a single genus, Oziroë Rafinesque (1837: 53), present in South America (Speta 1998a, b, APG 2003, Martínez-Azorín et al. 2014). Four subfamilies are accepted in Hyacinthaceae (Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogaloideae, Oziroëoideae and Urgineoideae) corresponding to monophyletic clades (Speta 1998b, Pfosser & Speta 1999, Manning et al.