Samhällsförändring På Väg Perspektiv På Den Svenska Bilismens Utveckling Mellan 1950 Och 2007

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Samhällsförändring På Väg Perspektiv På Den Svenska Bilismens Utveckling Mellan 1950 Och 2007 Samhällsförändring på väg Perspektiv på den svenska bilismens utveckling mellan 1950 och 2007 Eva Lindgren Institutionen för ekonomisk historia 901 87 Umeå Umeå 2010 Avhandlingen ingår i serien Umeå Studies of Economic History Copyright©Eva Lindgren ISBN: 978-91-7264-988-0 ISSN: 0347-254-X Tryck: Print & Media Umeå, Sverige 2010 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to give a perspective on the development of the Swedish automobility, and the automobility’s role for economic historical development between 1950 and 2007 by studying the interaction between the diffusion of the private car on national and regional level, the households’ preferences and the government’s regulations of car ownership. The first paper compares car diffusion in Norway and Sweden in order to find explanations for the national and regional patterns. We ask whether the Norwegian time lag and the diffusion process can be explained with national differences in income, institutions, infrastructure and population settlements; or if regional differences in income and population density have affected the outcome? The conclusion is that car diffusion in Norway and Sweden displays two sides of the same coin; the national levels converged, but the process did not follow the same regional pattern. The second paper examines whether the diffusion of private cars followed the over-all socio-economic and geographical changes in Sweden from 1960 to 1975. In particular, it asks if ownership per capita followed changes in incomes or changes in population density (urbanisation). The analysis is based on Swedish parish-scale census material that includes all car owners for the years 1960, 1970 and 1975. Our conclusion is that income levels were more important than other explanations for the diffusion of private cars in Sweden between 1960 and 1975. The third paper contributes with new knowledge on how and why the Swedish government has organised traffic safety in certain ways since the 1950s. The emphasis is on the establishment and closing down of the National Road Safety Office (TSV) and how the changing forms of organizations before, during and after TSV have been reflected in the road plans from 1958, 1970 and 1990. The conclusion is that the motives for both establishment and closing down of the TSV were the same; to create a more efficient organisation. These changes have been reflected in the road plans where an increased control over the infrastructure can be recognised, especially during the last two decades. The fourth paper examines whether improved technical performance with respect to fuel consumption have been counterbalanced through increasing engine power and weight, how such properties are valued by the consumers, and in what way political instruments has affected this development. The analysis is based on historical data covering all car models within the 50 percentile. The conclusion is that a vehicle purchase rebound effect can be identified since the fuel consumption has decreased over time, while at the same time the number of horsepower has increased. The Swedish car fleet has developed in a setting of political instruments and regulations working in favour of larger and more fuel consuming cars. Keywords: automobility, car ownership, car diffusion, economic history, fuel efficiency, Norway, Rebound effect, Sweden, traffic safety, transport policy i ii Förord Lite längre tid än beräknat tog det, men nu har jag nått slutdestinationen. Det har varit en på många sätt utmanande resa som nog bäst kan sammanfattas med ”varför köra i hög hastighet på en rak motorväg när man kan köra sakta efter krokiga grusvägar”. Som tur är har jag alltid haft sällskap i bilen. Några har åkt med hela vägen, medan andra bara kortare sträckor. Det är mina medpassagerare som jag nu vill tacka. Först av allt vill jag rikta ett varmt, uppriktigt och innerligt tack till min huvudhandledare, doktor Thomas Pettersson, som har följt mig under de här åren. På samma sätt vill jag också tacka min biträdande handledare, professor Lena Andersson-Skog. Utan er hade inte det här varit möjligt. Ni har med uppmuntran och goda råd fått mig att växa med uppgiften. Under hela resan har även docent Magnus Lindmark och adjungerad professor Jan Ottosson haft värdefulla synpunkter på mitt arbete. Stort tack till er båda. Jag vill också rikta ett tack till mina nuvarande och tidigare kollegor som under åren gett mig feedback. Särskilt tack till er som med väldigt kort varsel ställde upp och läste hela, eller delar av, mitt slutmanus. Era kommentarer har varit till stor hjälp. Med tanke på all den tid man spenderar på jobbet som doktorand så är det viktigt att ha kollegor som man trivs med, och jag tycker verkligen att vi har varit ett bra doktorandgäng som har både peppat och pushat varandra. Det hade verkligen inte varit detsamma utan er. Utanför institutionen finns också ett antal personer som jag särskilt vill tacka. Professor Hans Westlund och professor Nils-Gustaf Lundgren, som opponerade på min licentiatuppsats respektive mitt föropponeringsmanus, är två av dessa. Era kommentarer har bidragit till att lyfta avhandlingen. Stort tack även till professor Urban Lindgren som är medförfattare till den andra artikeln och den som tagit fram dom fina kartorna. Tack också till Erik Brockwell som i elfte timmen tog på sig att språkgranska den fjärde artikeln. Utan släkt och vänner vore livet så mycket tråkigare. Jag känner mig lyckligt lottad som har er. Det gäller oavsett om vi hörs dagligen eller bara någon gång vartannat år. Tack för att ni finns. Sist av allt vill jag tacka min familj för att ni tror på mig och för att ni alltid finns i min närhet, trots att jag kanske inte alltid förtjänar det. Mamma, pappa och mormor hemma i Överboda. Annika, Emil, Adam och William nere i Stockholm. Ni är ändå viktigast! Umeå, april 2010. /Eva Lindgren iii iv Bifogade artiklar Denna avhandling innehåller följande fyra artiklar: I. Lindgren, Eva & Pettersson, Thomas (2009), Two Sides of the Same Coin? Car ownership in Sweden and Norway since 1950, Scandinavian Economic History Review, Vol. 57, No. 2, ss. 172- 190. II. Lindgren, Eva, Lindgren, Urban & Pettersson, Thomas (forth- coming), Driving from the Centre to the Periphery?: The Diffusion of Private Cars in Sweden 1960-1975, Journal of Transport History, Vol. 31, No. 2. III. Lindgren, Eva, “En ledande och samordnande funktion”: Om trafiksäkerhetens reglering och organisering i Sverige 1950- 2007. IV. Lindgren, Eva, A Dark Side of Car Ownership: Perspectives on the Rebound Effect in Sweden 1950-2007 (En tidig version presenterades på the Sixth International Conference on the History of Transport, Traffic and Mobility (T2M), Ottawa, Canada, 18-21 september 2008) v vi Innehåll Abstract i Förord iii Bifogade artiklar v Innehåll vii 1. Inledning 1 1.1 Övergripande syfte och frågeställningar 5 1.2 Avgränsningar och centrala begrepp 5 1.2.1 Bilism, bilägande och bilen som hushållsteknik 6 1.2.2 Periodisering: från massbilismens genombrott i Sverige fram till ett fullt utvecklat bilsamhälle 1950-2007 8 1.2.3 Bilägandet i en nationell och regional jämförelse 10 1.2.4 Politiska styrmedel 10 1.3 Disposition 11 2. Analytiska utgångspunkter 13 2.1 Teknikspridning och samhällsutveckling utifrån ett hushållsperspektiv 14 2.1.1 Bilen som lyxvara, nödvändighet och hushållsteknik 17 2.2 Bilismens spridningsmönster i USA och Europa; Sveriges roll 19 2.2.1 Bilägande, bosättningsmönster och urbaniseringsgrad 23 2.3 Bilägandets ekonomiska villkor 25 2.4 Politiska styrmedels påverkan på bilismens framväxt och förändring 27 3. Metodologiska utgångspunkter 29 3.1 Historisk tid och modelltid 29 3.2 Källor och källkritik 32 4. Sammanfattning av artiklarna 37 4.1 Two Sides of the same Coin?: Private car ownership in Sweden and Norway since 1950 37 4.2 Driving from the Centre to the Periphery?: The diffusion of private cars in Sweden 1960-1975 39 4.3 ”En ledande och en samordnande funktion”: Om trafiksäkerhetens reglering och organisation i Sverige 1950-2007 41 4.4 A Dark Side of Car Ownership: Perspectives on the rebound effect in Sweden 1950-2007 42 5. Avslutande diskussion 45 Summary 47 Käll- och litteraturförteckning 51 Tryckta källor 51 Webbaserade källor 51 Litteratur 52 vii Figurförteckning Figur 1: De svenska hushållens årliga konsumtionsutgifter och konsumtion av bilar 1950-2007, Mkr fasta priser (2007) ................................................................. 9 Figur 2: Spridningstakten hos olika hushållstekniker i USA................................ 16 Figur 3: Antal personbilar per 1000 invånare i Norge, Sverige och USA 1900-2007 ................................................................................................................. 22 Figur 4a och 4b: Det totala antalet personbilar per 1000 invånare i Sverige och USA 1900-2007, historisk tid (4a, till vänster) och modelltid (4b, till höger) .............. 30 Tabellförteckning Tabell 1: Det svenska personbilsägandet fördelat på hushåll och företag 1950- 2007, i procent.............................................................................................. 7 Tabell 2: Översikt över artiklarnas huvudsakliga källor ..................................... 33 viii 1. Inledning I Nutidssamhällets utvecklingstendenser från 1939 konstaterade Eli F. Heckscher att ”[…] automobilerna jämförda med järnvägen i alla hänseenden beteckna en övergång till mindre fast kapitalbildning, mindre både tekniska och ekonomiska enheter och större böjlighet efter i tid och rum växlande omständigheter”.1 Det är särskilt det sistnämnda
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