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1 (Pro-) Socially Conscious Hip (Pro-) Socially conscious hip hop: Empathy and attitude, prosocial effects of hip hop Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Todd Cameron Haery Graduate Program in Communication The Ohio State University 2020 Thesis Committee: Dr. Osei Appiah, Advisor Dr. Lanier Holt 1 Copyrighted by Todd Cameron Haery 2020 2 Abstract The scope of this thesis addresses the widening cultural, racial, and social divide in the U.S. today and the potential in which hip hop music can serve as a remedy to these social divides. It has been said that race relations are at a 20-year low, hate crimes against gays (and the LGBT community) are prevalent, and attitudes towards the homeless seem to be in perpetual decline (Dann, 2017). Here I discuss the current social disharmony between the dominant in-group and socially stigmatized outgroups while exploring potential remedies for such intergroup discord. One such potential remedy in particular is socially conscious hip hop. Being that hip hop music’s origins are rooted in providing a platform and a voice for marginalized members of society who otherwise would go unheard, this form of entertainment media may possess unique and novel capacity to affect prosocial outcomes. By re-conceptualizing the nature of hip hop culture, highlighting the significance of understanding its complex history, and emphasizing the socio-political forces driving rap music’s foundation, several potential pro-social impacts—commonly understated within literature concerning the effects of consuming rap music—begin to surface. A mediated intergroup contact approach is used to establish conceptual framework that views rap as lyrical narratives that influence perception and mold social identity. Mediated intergroup contact, also closely related to parasocial contact theory, ascribes that individuals’ perceptions of social outgroup i members can be enhanced via media and/or other forms of indirect contact with outgroup members. Socially conscious hip hop is discussed as informative, entertainment media capable of positively influencing attitudes towards socially stigmatized outgroup members and provoking deep-seated emotional responses (e.g., perspective, self- reflection, and other eudemonic feelings) similarly described in extant literature on media effects by serving as an effective conduit of indirect contact between groups. Identifying empathetic affects and perspective-taking as mechanisms activated by lyrical narratives, I argue that rap music can improve intergroup relations by enhancing attitudes and reducing stereotypes. ii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to Teresa Price, Cyrus Haery, and Jennifer Pena. Thank you for everything. iii Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge Dr. Osei Appiah for his mentorship, patience, and wisdom. I am forever grateful for your support. Thank you. iv Vita Todd Cameron Haery Education 2004-2006 Columbus State Community College, AA 2006-2009 Ohio State University, BA Fields of Study Major Field: Communication v Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i Dedication .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ iv Vita .................................................................................................................................v List of Figures ................................................................................................................x Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 Social tension and mounting hatred toward outgroups ..................................................1 Potential remedy- Socially conscious hip hop ..............................................................2 Hip hop music- A brief history ......................................................................................5 Hip hop early on- light hearted, feel-good vibes ...........................................................5 Contributing factors driving socially-conscious hip hop...............................................7 A “bad rap”- Two common misconceptions lending to negative attitudes about hip hop: .............................................................................................................................8 Gangsta Rap ............................................................................................................8 vi “An invasive, cultural outsider”- Rap perceived in a cultural vacuum ................... 10 Socially conscious rap- .............................................................................................. 13 Tumultuous state of intergroup relations ................................................................... 18 Gays/LGBT- Rejected and stigmatized ....................................................................... 18 Normalization of racist expression: Recent racism and socially conscious hip hop’s response .................................................................................................................... 22 Homeless in despair- stereotypes, attitude and policy ................................................ 26 Theory .......................................................................................................................... 31 Perspective-taking ..................................................................................................... 31 Empathic perspective-taking and socially conscious hip hop .................................. 31 Intergroup Contact .................................................................................................... 34 Similarities between Parasocial Contact and Intergroup Contact .......................... 34 “Lyrical exposure” and parasocial interaction with outgroup members .................... 35 Socially conscious hip hop and social identity ............................................................ 36 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 42 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................... 44 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 46 Participants ............................................................................................................... 46 Design ....................................................................................................................... 46 vii Stimulus Materials ..................................................................................................... 46 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 47 Measures ................................................................................................................... 49 Results .......................................................................................................................... 51 Gays- ......................................................................................................................... 51 Attitude towards gays ............................................................................................. 51 Identification with gays .......................................................................................... 52 Empathy towards gays ........................................................................................... 54 Blacks-....................................................................................................................... 55 Attitudes towards Blacks ........................................................................................ 55 Empathy towards Blacks ........................................................................................ 56 Identification with Blacks ....................................................................................... 56 The Homeless- ........................................................................................................... 58 Attitudes towards homeless .................................................................................... 58 Empathy towards homeless .................................................................................... 58 Identification with homeless ................................................................................... 58 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 59 Results Summary ....................................................................................................... 59 What we learned ........................................................................................................ 60 viii Theoretical implications ............................................................................................ 60 Practical implications ................................................................................................ 62 Limitations................................................................................................................
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