REPRESENTATIONS of WOMEN and MINORITIES GROUPS in COMICS a Thesis Presented to the Facility of the Department of Anthropology S
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REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES GROUPS IN COMICS A Thesis Presented to The Facility of the Department of Anthropology San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Laticia Marshall December 2019 © 2019 Laticia Marshall All Rights Reserved The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN AND MINORITY GROUPS IN COMICS by Laticia Marshall APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY December 2019 Roberto Gonzalez, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology Jan English-Lueck, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology Marco Meniketti, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology ABSTRACT REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES GROUPS IN COMICS by Laticia Marshall The focus of this research is to examine the representation of women and minority groups within comic books. Comic books are a cultural product that involves many actors when it comes to changing the representations of women and minorities. Therefore, this research focused on examining not only literary works but also the actions and contributions of producers and consumers throughout the publication of American comics. In the chapters, I examined the various representations of women, African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asians in comic books. To conduct my research on changing cultural productions, I used the method of textual analysis and the concept of intersectionality to examine the cultural and historical aspects within character representations in comic books. Throughout this research, I found that the actions of cultural actors determined the directions that these various representations in comic books would take. I came to understand that the representations of women and minority groups in comic books are based on concepts of the cultural norms, expectations, and even the stereotypes surrounding how these groups are regarded in American society throughout time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The thesis presented here is thanks to the efforts of many professors, friends, family and my cohort who supported me. First, I would like to give thanks to Professor Roberto Gonzalez for being my chair and helping me put my thoughts into a concise form through many meetings. I would also like to thank Professor Jan English-Lueck for helping me to progress beyond my original thoughts and expand my focus to make the research more relevant and expansive. Additionally, I would like to thank Professor Marco Meniketti for being a part of my committee for this thesis. Finally, thank you to my mother, father, and sister for supporting me through this process and helping me through two years of doubts, anxiety, and stress; I truly would not have been able to do this without your support. Finally, thank you to Marvel Comics for granting me permission to use images of your characters. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ........................................................................................................................ ix Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 5 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 13 Creators and the Influences of their Art ...................................................................... 17 Chapter 1: Lois Lane and Wonder Woman: Presenting Changes in Gender .................... 21 The Creation of Comic Book Icons ............................................................................ 23 Lois Lane and Wonder Woman in the 1940s: Removing Restraints .......................... 27 Lois Lane and Wonder Woman in the 1950s and 1960s ............................................ 33 Wonder Woman in Modern Comics: A Body showing the Shift in Gender .............. 44 Conclusion: Gender Shifting Throughout Time ......................................................... 47 Chapter 2: African American Representation in Comics: Changing Representations of Race................................................................................................................................... 49 Early Representation of African Americans: Transformations in Early Representations of Race .............................................................................................. 51 The Rise of the First African American Superhero and Blaxploitation...................... 57 Reinventing for the Modern Age ................................................................................ 71 Gender Changes within African American Representations ...................................... 73 Conclusion: Changing What it Means to be African American ................................. 77 Chapter 3: From Zorro to a Latino Spider-Man: The Advancement of Latino Characters in Comics .......................................................................................................................... 79 Zorro: Changing Representation through History ...................................................... 80 Blue Beetle: The Latino Superhero Presenting the “Other.” ...................................... 85 Jessica Cruz: A Modern Representation of Mental Illness ......................................... 86 Miles Morales: The Latino Spider-Man ..................................................................... 89 La Borinquena: The Hero of Puerto Rico ................................................................... 96 Conclusion: Changes in Representations of Race Moving Away from “Other” ...... 100 Chapter 4: Native Americans in Comics: Representations Stuck in the Past ................. 102 Tonto: Sidekick, Indian Lawyer, and a Representation of the Past .......................... 104 Firehair, Talisman, and the Future of Native American Heroes ............................... 107 Themes of Native Americans Within American Comics and a Classic Evolved ..... 110 Native Americans Creating Native Representations in Comics ............................... 115 Conclusion: Moving Beyond the Past....................................................................... 119 Chapter 5: Asian Representations in Comics: Fanged Monsters to Heroic Scientists ... 121 Asian Representations in World War II: Fanged Monsters and Propaganda ........... 123 vi Bruce Lee and the Asian Stereotype of the Martial Artist ........................................ 129 Ryan Choi: The All-New Atom ................................................................................ 133 Japanese Manga and Representations of Gender ...................................................... 137 Moving Beyond Martial Artists, Beasts, and Restricting Gender ............................ 143 Conclusions: Gender and Race Changing Through Contexts, History, and People ....... 146 References ....................................................................................................................... 157 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Changes in Women’s Representations in Comics Timeline ............................... 23 Table 2. Changes in African Americans Representations in Comics Timeline ................ 50 Table 3. Changing Representations of Latinos in Comics Timeline ................................ 80 Table 4. Changing Representations of Native Americans in Comics Timeline ............. 103 Table 5. Changing Representations of Asians in Comics Timeline ............................... 122 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Pre-comics African Americans in cartoons showing the horrors of slavery.. ... 51 Figure 2. Musical Mose focuses on an African American man hiding his race.. ............. 54 Figure 3. Hints of racism in Luke Cage when the prison guards refer to Cage as “boy.”. 62 Figure 4. The cover of Luke Cage’s has aspects of the blaxploitation genre depicted. .... 66 Figure 5. The first novel featuring Zorro .......................................................................... 81 Figure 6. The typical representation of Asians, especially the Japanese, during WWII. 125 Figure 7. The villain Yellow Claw presented fears of communism in the 1950s………127 ix Introduction This thesis aims to examine the historical changes in the representations of women and minority groups within the comic book medium. These changes were greatly influenced by the actions of both creators and consumers of comic books. Therefore, the representation of women and minorities in comics changed according to the changes in the preferences of the producers and consumers of comics as well. Through this research, I aimed to comprehend these varying representations and present a broad understanding of how the comic book medium exhibits prevailing cultural views of women and minority groups in the United States, which then affects the modern depictions of these groups within media. In order to achieve my research objectives, I attempted to answer the following research questions in the study: What events have occurred that have caused representations of women and minority groups in graphic novels to change? How do these representations reflect the culture and historical period they were created in? How do representations of women in graphic novels differ from that of men? Finally, how do representations of minority