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Site Location Modeling and Prehistoric Rock Shelter Selection on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee Lucinda M

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Site Location Modeling and Prehistoric Rock Shelter Selection on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee Lucinda M East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2013 Site Location Modeling and Prehistoric Rock Shelter Selection on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee Lucinda M. Langston East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Geographic Information Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Langston, Lucinda M., "Site Location Modeling and Prehistoric Rock Shelter Selection on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1157. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1157 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Site Location Modeling and Prehistoric Rock Shelter Selection on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee _________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Geosciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Geosciences _________________ by Lucinda M. Langston May 2013 _________________ Jim Mead, Ph.D., Chair Jay Franklin, Ph.D., Co-Chair Eileen G. Ernenwein, Ph.D., Co-Chair Ingrid Luffman, M.S. Keywords: Predictive Modeling, GIS, Prehistory, Rock Shelters, Spatial Logistic Regression 1 ABSTRACT Site Location Modeling and Prehistoric Rock Shelter Selection on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee by Lucinda M. Langston Using data collected from 2 archaeological surveys of the Upper Cumberland Plateau (UCP), Pogue Creek Gorge and East Obey, a site location model was developed for prehistoric rock shelter occupation in the region. Further, the UCP model was used to explore factors related to differential site selection of rock shelters. Different from traditional approaches such as those that use (aspatial) logistic regression, the UCP model was developed using spatial logistic regression. However, models were also generated using other regression-based approaches in an effort to demonstrate the need for a spatial approach to archaeological site location modeling. Based on the UCP model, proximity to the vegetation zones of Southern Red Oak and Hickory were the most influential factors in prehistoric site selection of rock shelters on the UCP. 2 Copyright 2013 by Lucinda M. Langston All Rights Reserved 3 DEDICATION To Archer, because without you I would not have made it this far and because of you, I have the will and motivation to do so much more. You are my everything and my saving grace. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The development and fruition of this thesis project are due in large part to the contribution of many people both on a personal and professional level. This list is in no way exhaustive as there are many people to whom I owe thanks. For most of you, a simple acknowledgement here is not nearly enough to thank you for your contribution, support and guidance. So please know that I am grateful for all that each of you (and many others too numerous to name) have done for me. First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis committee as a whole for their support, tutelage, and patience: Jim Mead, Jay Franklin, Eileen Ernenwein, and Ingrid Luffman. I would like to acknowledge Jim Mead for his dedication to the Department of Geosciences and to his students. I am exceedingly grateful for the opportunity to have worked with and learned from him. In the last two years, Jim has played an integral role in my growth as a scholar, a teacher, and a researcher. I can honestly say that my experience as a graduate student has been a remarkable one and I owe much of that to Jim. Next, I have to extend a multitude of thanks and my sincere gratitude to Jay Franklin. Not only did he directly contribute to this project by allowing me to work with data that he has dedicated 10 years of his career to collecting, but over the last seven years he has also served as a mentor and a friend--and now I hope that he is proud to call me a colleague. I would like to thank him for all of the opportunities and advice he afforded me as well as all of the knowledge and insight that he has bestowed upon me. I would also like to thank Eileen Ernenwein for taking my initial thesis project idea and turning it into a multi-faceted project. Eileen introduced me to the concepts of archaeological site location modeling and taught me how to combine my knowledge of GIS and archaeology and 5 use it to generate and address meaningful research questions in a more advanced way than I ever had before. Also, Eileen has become a great friend and mentor in the past two years and I consider myself lucky to have been her student. The final member of my thesis committee, Ingrid Luffman, also deserves my greatest appreciation for sharing with me her vast knowledge of statistics, predictive modeling, and spatial analysis. Ingrid introduced me to spatial logistic regression and taught me how to use the statistical program R. By way of her knowledge and instruction, I was able to improve my overall methodology and produced a thesis that is truly interdisciplinary. Ingrid is a wonderful educator and I am very grateful for all the time she dedicated to making me a better scholar, writer, and individual. I would also like to thank the ETSU Honors College, the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, and the Department of Geosciences for their ongoing financial support during both my undergraduate and graduate careers. Additionally, the Tennessee Historical Commission provided funding for the Pogue Creek State Natural Area archaeological survey by way of survey and planning grants. Further, I owe many thanks to the Tennessee Division of Archaeology, especially Mark Norton and Suzanne Hoyal, for providing the archaeological survey and testing permits and for processing all of the state site numbers. I would especially like to thank the Estate of Bruno Gernt, Inc., and particularly Jerry Gernt, for allowing archaeological investigations on their landholdings and for their continued interest, encouragement, and support. Similarly, I would like to acknowledge the individuals at East Fork Stables for their hospitality and generosity. Without the graciousness of the above individuals, the archaeological visibility of the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee would be far less than it is today and this project would not have been possible. 6 I would also like to acknowledge Tennessee State Parks and Forests and, more specifically, Pickett State Park for providing the opportunity to conduct archaeological survey in Pogue Creek State Natural Area and thus gather a portion of the data needed for this project. On a more personal note, I have to thank Alan Wasik, Pickett State Park manager, for providing the resources needed to conduct the Pogue Creek archaeological survey and for his continued generosity and support. I would also like to thank Tennessee State Park employees Travis Bow, Brandon Taylor, and John Froeschauer for their assistance in conducting archaeological survey in and around Pogue Creek. Additionally, numerous others helped with the survey and thus deserve many thanks as well: Alan Cressler, Conor and Miller Franklin, Sierra Bow, Meagan Dennison, Jeff Navel, Jacob Wall, Andrew Dye, Andrew Hyder, Jessica Dalton, Carrie Welch, Sara Warfield, Michael Royston and Mathew Boehm. I owe countless thanks to my friends who have supported me in this endeavor— especially Heather Davis, Meagan Dennison, Sierra and Travis Bow, and Christina Bolte. I am very grateful for the friendship that each of these individuals has blessed me with. And finally, but most importantly, I have to thank my family for all of their love, financial and moral support, encouragement, and tolerance over the past several years. Without the support system that my immediate family has provided, I would not have been able to get through these past few years with much success. My parents, Michael and Tammy, and my two sisters, Suzanna and Rebekah, are perhaps more to thank than anyone else. And lastly, I have to thank my little one, Archer. Although it will be several years before he can read and understand this, I would like to thank him for giving me big hugs, wet kisses, and a million reasons to smile. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 2 DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 13 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 14 LIST OF EQUATIONS ................................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 17 Research
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