Index of Keywords

A Acidiﬁcation, 361, 1804, 1891, 1892, 1914, Aammiq wetland, 1156 1916, 1917, 1963 Aapa mire, 261, 1541 drainage basin, 1409 peat layer, 284 lakes, 139 vs. raised bog, 283 ocean, 12, 82, 451, 456–458, 502 Abay in Ethiopia, 1247 Acinonyx jubatus, 1303, 1372 Aberdare Range, 1389 Acioa deweverei, 207 Abies, 938 Acipenser A. pindrow, 1608 A. baerii, 1444, 1455, 1474, 1480, 1481 A. sibirica, 1537 A. baerii baicalensis, 1481 Abramis brama, 939, 953, 1443 A. brevirostrum, 633 Abu Dhabi Gulf coast, 1175 A. fulvescens, 428 Abutilon A. gueldenstaedtii, 900, 918, 939, 953 A. longicuspe, 206 A. medirostris, 569 A. mauritanum, 206 A. nudiventris, 905, 918, 939, 953 Acacia, 207, 1302 A. oxyrinchus, 633 A. caven, 816 A. persicus, 940 A. dealbata, 1313 A. ruthenus, 900, 905, 940, 953, 1480 A. ﬁstula, 1294 A. schrenckii, 1513 A. mearnsii, 1313 A. sinensis, 1569 A. mellifera, 1385 A. stellatus, 900, 918, 939, 953, 1629, 1630 A. nubica, 1272 A. sturio, 928, 1131 A. polyacantha, 1236 A. transmontanus, 569, 642 A. seyal, 206, 1262, 1272, 1293, Aconitum spicatum, 1609 1294, 1302 Acrocephalus A. sieberiana, 206, 1236, 1294, 1302 A. arundinaceus, 1621, 1708 A. stenophylla, 1901 A. familiaris, 2020 A. thailandica, 208 A. griseldis, 1688 A. tortilis, 1353, 1368, 1385, 1386 A. melanopogon, 1621 A. xanthophloea, 201, 1236, 1357, 1386 A. rufescens, 192 Acacia savanna, 1236 A. scirpaceus, 1337 Acanthobrama hulensis, 1161, 1169 A. tangorum, 1788 Accipter brevipes, 1255 Acrochordus granulatus, 1955 Accretion, 162, 167, 411, 709, 714, 840, 969, Acronychia pedunculata, 1815 1019, 1102, 1109, 1120, 1258, 1749 Acrostichum, 1823 Acer, 938 A. aureum, 96, 750, 765 A. negundo, 817 Acrotelm, 234, 296, 309 A. rubrum, 177, 581, 672, 673 Actitis hypoleucos, 1336, 1385 A. saccharinum, 525 Active blanket bog, 290

# Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2018 2027 C. M. Finlayson et al. (eds.), The Wetland Book, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4001-3 2028 Index of Keywords

Active raised bog, 290 Agathis dammara, 239 Adaptive management, 351, 720, 1906, 1907 Agave cundinamarcensis, 777 Kakagon, 434 Agelaius phoeniceus, 612 Lake Chilika, 397–402 Ageneiosus caucanus, 763 Lake Fuquene, 781 Aggressive urbanization, 1146 Addax nasomaculatus, 1303 Agmon restoration project, 1171 Adenostemma lavenia, 1746 Agriculture, 12, 31, 58, 61, 62, 89, 135, Aechmophorus occidentalis, 597 138, 146, 152, 1156, 1163, Aegialitis rotundifolia, 1737 1193–1194, 1254 Aegiceras corniculatum, 1728 Azraq Oasis wetland, 462, 466, 467 Aegopis, 339 Congo Basin, 1209 Aeluropus Danube Delta, 890, 891, 917, 919–921 A. lagopoides, 1728 Ebro Delta, 119, 1114, 1118 A. littoralis, 916, 1117 food recession, 118, 1229, 1239 Aepyceros Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plains, 1713, 1716, A. melampus, 1358, 1405 1720, 1721 A. melampus rendilis, 1385 Indus Basin, 1699, 1701, 1702 Aerial roots, 94, 100, 217 karst wetland, 316, 325, 326, 328 Aeschynomene, 194 Kilombero Valley Floodplain, 1345–1347 A. indica, 205 Lake Seyfe, 1108, 1193–1194 A. pfundii, 1353, 1354 Lake Wular, 1706, 1709 Aeshna New Zealand, 114 A. isosceles, 1030 Nile Delta, 1254–1257 A. sitchensis, 571 Nile River Basin, 1248, 1249 A. subarctica, 571 peatlands for, 237, 238, 240, 938 Africa, 9, 11, 28, 29, 59, 81, 96, 113, 116, 131, pocosin, 675 145, 146, 150, 171, 175, 176, 1156, Prairie Pothole Region, 685, 686 1160 Rhine River Basin, 927, 928 Bahr el Ghazal, 1270, 1274 Rhone River Delta, 1102, 1103, 1106, 1109 Bijagós archipelago, 1334 rice, 407, 584, 587, 1114 Congo River Basin, 1200, 1206, 1210–1212 Rugezi Marsh, 1309, 1310, 1316 Cyperus papyrus swamps, 204, 205 on San Pablo Bay, 644, 647 Itezhi-Tezhi dam, 1230 Volga River Basin, 934, 940, 942 Kilombero ﬂoodplain, 1342, 1343 wetland conversion, 362–364, 366, 534 Lake Turkana, 1362 Zambezi River Basin, 1222, 1225, 1227, Mimosa pigra, 385 1229 Nile Delta, 1254 Agropyron pungens, 964 Nile River Basin, 1244, 1249 Agropyrum spp., 851 Papyrus marshes, 184–186, 190–193, 195 Agrostis peatland, 229, 232, 1413–1421 A. mongolica, 1537, 1538 Rift Valley soda lakes, 153 A. stolonifera, 916, 964, 1130 salt lakes, 147 Ailanthus altissima, 1640 Sudd, 1300, 1302 Ailurus fulgens, 1608, 1609 tropical freshwater wetlands, 202 Air Hitam Laut River, 1832, 1836, 1837 wetland loss, 372, 373 Aix sponsa, 583 Zambezi Delta, 1234 Akysis Zambezi River Basin, 1222 A. ﬁlifer, 1806 African buffalo, 1227, 1236, 1237, 1240 A. fuscus, 1845 Afro-Syrian rift valley, 1168 Alaria esculenta, 626 Agabus, 660, 661 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation A. labiatus, 1071 Act, 548, 562 Agamia agami, 750 Alaskan boreal zone, 519, 522, 527, 529, 531, Agarum cribrosum, 626 532, 537, 539 Index of Keywords 2029

Alas lake, 1446, 1467 Hydrilla verticillata, 1746, 1859 Alauda Hymenachne amplexicaulis, 1957 A. alauda, 965 impact assessment, 387 A. arvensis, 1083, 1084 Impatiens glandulifera, 164 Al Bahr al-Azraq in Sudan, 1247 Ipomoea spp., 194 Alberta Provincial Lands, 553 invasion methods, 386–387 Albizia Juncus acutus, 64, 1116, 1117 A. amara, 1272 Lasimorpha senegalensis, 1210 A. inundata, 816 Lyngbya wollei, 603 Albúferas, 827 Lythrum salicaria, 432, 597, 613, 915 Alburnoides bipunctatus thessalicus, 1143 Mimosa pigra, 137, 206, 220, 366, 385, Alburnus chalcoides, 939 386, 1773, 1798, 1859, 1952 Alca torda, 1094 Myriophyllum spicatum, 480, 613, Alcedo 914, 952, 1105, 1106, 1117, 1460, A. atthis, 905 1524 A. cristata, 1345 Phalaris arundinacea, 432, 613 A. euryzona, 1825 Phragmites australis, 58, 67, 149, 159, 163, A. semitorquata, 1345 164, 170, 385, 386, 431–432, 471, Alcelaphus 603, 612, 914, 915, 949, 965, 1105, A. buselaphus, 1282 1116, 1117, 1140, 1156, 1171, 1190, A. lichtensteinii, 1227, 1236 1237, 1398, 1416, 1427, 1524, 1619, Alces alces, 532, 553, 561, 1444 1639, 1642, 1649, 1650, 1653, 1666, Alcolapia grahami, 1386–1388 1686, 1689, 1900 Aldan and Amga rivers, 1449, 1472, 1473 Phragmites karka, 204, 1272, 1302, Alder and Willow communities, 560 1746, 1748 Aldrichetta forsteri, 1912 Pistia stratiotes, 218, 220, 713, 765, 1210, Alectoria, 279 1237, 1353, 1746, 1815 Alestes stuhlmanni, 1344 population growth and migration, 384–385 Aleuropus littoralis, 916, 1117 Potomageton crispus, 613, 914 Al-Hammar, 1686, 1688–1691, 1693 risk assessment, 387 Al-Hawizeh, 1686, 1688, 1693, 1694 Salix cinerea, 915, 1029, 1986 bird counts, 1691 Salvinia molesta, 218, 220, 384, 1237, drained portion, 1692 1357, 1409, 1952 ecological diversity indices for fish, 1690 Spartina alterniflora, 58, 384, 969, 988 water buffalo feeding, 1689 Tamarix, 64, 1140, 1666, 1669, 1730 Alien plants in wetlands Typha angustifolia, 163, 428, 613, 777, 914, Aeschynomene sp., 194 915, 952, 1190, 1639, 1654, 1655, Azolla filiculoides, 1133, 1140, 1237 1679, 1680, 1746 Butomus umbellatus, 603, 952 Typha domingensis, 190, 713, 1156, 1171, control methods, 388 1221, 1265, 1272, 1302, 1353, Cyperus papyrus, 170, 177, 184, 190, 204, 1354, 1900 205, 209–211, 1156, 1168–1169, Typha species, 26, 159, 163, 189, 204, 385, 1210, 1237, 1244, 1265, 1272, 1302, 386, 612, 712, 715, 851, 915, 1117, 1313, 1350, 1357, 1398, 1427 1255, 1642 definitions, 384 Urochloa mutica, 765, 1952 Egeria densa, 385, 777 Alien species, 179, 193, 220, 324, 327, Eichhornia crassipes, 117, 134, 137, 189, 384–387, 470, 638, 818, 1798, 1905, 209, 218, 220, 384, 385, 713, 765, 1945, 2014, 2017, 2020 777, 779, 790, 809, 1210, 1237, Alisma 1249, 1255, 1272, 1301, 1305, 1357, A. orientale, 1524 1368, 1720, 1746, 1773, 1859, 1948 A. plantago-aquatica, 949, 1556, 1639 Elodea canadensis, 384, 914 Alkaline, 146, 518, 706, 709, 1362, 1382, Halophila stipulacea,81 1384–1386, 1426, 1582, 1961 2030 Index of Keywords

Alkaline (cont.) fauna, 735–736 lakes, 1365, 1382, 1445, 1486 flora, 733–735 swamps, 1386 future challenges and developments, Alkaliphilic bacteria, 1389 739–741 Alligator mississippiensis, 675 interfluvial wetlands, 732 Alligator weed, 1710 large-river floodplains, 729–731 Allium location, 728 A. angulosum, 951 pollution, 740 A. chamaemoly, 1106 river damming for hydropower generation, Allotropic riverine lake, 1365 217, 739–740 Alluvial fan, 698, 1395, 1401, unsustainable use of resources, 740 1649, 1650 wetland types and extent, 204–207, Alluvial terrace, 1453 729–733 Alnus, 525, 545, 560, 1043 Ambystoma, 658 A. acuminata, 1313 A. jeffersonianum, 658 A. glutinosa, 915 A. laterale, 658 A. incana, 612 A. maculatum, 658 A. japonica, 1598 A. opacum, 658 A. rubra, 571 A. tigrinum, 612 Alocasia macrorrhiza, 2009 A. tigrinum tigrinum, 658 Alopecurus turczaninovii, 1539 A. tremblayi, 658 Alosa Ameiurus melas, 1133 A. fallax, 165 Amietophrynus reesi, 1344 A. kessleri, 939, 953 Ammannia, 1117 A. kessleri volgensis, 953 Ammodramus bairdii, 683 A. pontica, 918 Ammophila arenaria, 1104 A. sapidissima, 165, 629 Amoria fragifera, 951 Alpine fens, 1420 Amorpha fruticosa, 915, 918, 1107 Alpine wetlands, 130, 297, 888, 1414, Amphibacillus 1445, 1535, 1553, 1699–1701 A. fermentum, 1388 Alstonia A. tropicus, 1388 A. pneumatophora, 1823, 1834 Amphibians, 100, 101, 113, 149, 165, 176, 191, A. scholaris, 208 192, 214, 236, 323, 352, 377, 584, A. spathulata, 1815, 1816 611, 612, 656, 657, 660, 662, 682, Alternanthera 692, 735, 736, 750, 805, 817, 824, A. philoxeroides, 816, 1710 828, 830, 831, 852, 899, 918, 1067, A. sessilis, 1639 1105, 1107, 1118, 1119, 1142, 1228, Althaea officinalis, 951 1238, 1315, 1368, 1406, 1469, 1474, Althea rosea, 916 1502, 1513, 1516, 1561, 1584, 1679, Althenia filiformis, 1104 1700, 1737, 1859, 1981 Amazonian large-river floodplains, 729–731, in Doñana wetlands, 1128, 1131 733, 737 egg clutches, 471 Amazonian white-sand savannas, 730, 732, in Kakadu National Park, 1953 734, 738 Lake Fúquene biodiversity, 776, 777 Amazon of Europe, see Danube River; Drava in Lake Seyfe, 1190 River; Mura River in Mekong River Basin, 1773, 1778 Amazon River Basin in papyrus wetlands, 193 biodiversity, 733–736 Sanjiang Plain, 1514 coastal wetlands, 733 in Tasek Bera, 1859 conservation status, 737 in tropical freshwater swamps, 212 deforestation, 219, 739 in turloughs, 1071 ecosystem degradation, 739 in vernal pools, 652–654, 658–659 ecosystem services, 738–739 in Volga Basin, 939 Index of Keywords 2031

Amphibolis A. cyanoptera borreroi, 776 A. antarctica,75 A. discors, 597, 777 A. griffithii,75 A. falcata, 1444, 1474, 1481, 1525 Amphiroa fragilissima, 1880 A. formosa, 1444, 1474, 1612 Amplifier lake, 1363 A. georgica niceforoi, 776 Amur, 280, 1486–1489, 1496, 1497, 1502, A. gibberfrons, 1997 1509–1520 A. gracilis, 1912, 1926 Amur-Heilong River Basin, 13, 1510, 1514 A. laysanensis, 2020 corridors and regions, 1495 A. penelope, 978, 1003, 1029, 1083, 1092, Daurian steppe wetlands, 1499–1507 1481, 1610, 1640 distribution of wetlands, 1489 A. platalea, 859 dyke construction and reinforcement, 1496 A. platyrhynchos, 570, 597, 965, 1073, freshwater ecoregions, 1486 1095, 1559, 1610, 1621, 1628, 1640, future challenges and developments, 1641, 1643, 1708 1496–1497 A. querquedula, 472, 1796 Ramsar sites, 1486, 1488 A. rubripes, 629 regions, 1494 A. strepera, 472, 1031, 1448, 1469, 1610, Russian-Chinese Strategy for 1628, 1641 Development, 1497 A. superciliosa, 1985 threats, 1496 A. zonorhyncha, 1559 transboundary floodplain in China, Anastomus 1496, 1497 A. lamelligerus, 213, 1227, 1238, 1345 types, 1488 A. oscitans, 1796 wetland-dominated regions, 1487, 1490 Anaxyrus Zeya River headwaters, 1494 A. americanus, 658 Amur River Basin, 1486–1489, 1496, A. fowleri, 658 1509–1520 Anchoa Amyda cartilaginea, 1845, 1860 A. hepsetus, 763 Anabaena, 1936 A. marinii, 850 A. circinalis, 1936 A. parva, 763 A. flos-aquae, 1273 A. trinitatis, 763 Anabaenopsis, 1385, 1387 Anchovia clupeoides, 763 A. arnoldii, 1385 Andean wetlands, 781, 825, 827–829, 834 A. magna, 1386 Andes, 130, 728, 731, 736, 774, 786, 798, Anacardium excelsum, 765 799, 825, 827, 828, 874, 876, Anadara 877, 879, 880 A. grandis, 752 Andromeda, 517 A. senilis, 1325 Andropogon A. similis, 752 A. angustatus, 206 A. tuberculosa, 752 A. canaliculatus, 205 Anadia bogotensis, 777 Angelica Anarhichas A. lucida, 570 A. lupus, 633 A. tenuifolia, 1538 A. minor, 633 Angiosperm, 398, 1584, 1934, 1980, 1992, Anas, 1636, 1981 2012 A. acuta, 570, 682, 702, 989, 1016, 1481, salt tolerant, 149 1610, 1621, 1640, 1641 submerged, 1357, 1876 A. americana, 570 Angitis River, 1150, 1153 A. clypeata, 166, 472, 583, 1029, 1610, Anguilla, 1982 1641 A. anguilla, 118, 980, 989, 1002, 1104, A. crecca, 472, 570, 978, 1029, 1083, 1190, 1107, 1131 1481, 1610, 1640, 1641, 1643, 1796 A. reinhardtii, 1946 A. cyanoptera, 777 A. rostrata, 633 2032 Index of Keywords

Anguillicola crassus, 1107 Anthropogenic activities, 8, 82, 193, 1358 Anhinga Gokyo wetlands, 1612 A. melanogaster, 213, 1729, 1787, 1796, Kakagon Sloughs, 428, 434 1816, 1946 Kenyan Soda lakes, 1389 A. rufa, 1274, 1354 Lake Turkana, 1375 Anillo de Cenotes, 323 Magdalena River, 762 Aniseia martinicensis, 205 papyrus marsh, 193 Anisolepsis undulatus, 817 Volga River Basin, 940 Ankistrodesmus, 1385 wetlands in Chile, 832 Annona glabra, 719 Anthropogenic change, 362 Annual precipitation intertidal zone, 1868 Amazon Basin, 728 water level management, 365 in blanket mire regions, 298 Anthropogenic disturbances, 12 in Boreal wetlands, 530 high altitude wetlands, Nepal, 1612 in Copper River, 559 Lake Superior, 606 Dinder and Rahad River basins, 1290 Myall Lake, 1937 Lake Parishan, 1649, 1651 seagrass habitat, 1595 Maputaland Coastal Plain, 1424 seagrass meadow, 1973–1974 Mekong River Basin, 1782 Anthropogenic effects/impacts, 8–9, 12, 83, in Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 579 623, 1327, 1414, 1421, 1484, in Mongolia, 1532, 1544 1906, 1969 in Patagonian Andes, 876 Anthus, 1084 pocosin, 671 A. pratensis, 965 prairies, 681 A. richardi, 1448, 1469 Rugezi Marsh, 1308 A. spragueii, 683 ShadeganWetland, 1676, 1678 Antilope cervecapra, 1730 Yangtze River Basin, 1553 Anzali Mordab Complex, 12 Anogeissus schimperii, 1294 biodiversity, 1619–1621 Anomalocardia brasiliana, 844 climate, 1616 Anoplolepis gracilipes, 220, 2017 conservation measures, 1621–1623 Anous stolidus, 2022 ecosystem services and land use, 1621 Anser, 1636 future challenges and developments, A. albifrons, 547, 552, 966, 1030, 1190, 1623–1624 1480, 1628, 1640 hydrology, 1616–1618 A. albifrons elgasi, 702 location, 1616 A. albifrons ﬂavirostris, 1044 threats, 1623 A. anser, 236, 472, 1091, 1443, 1515, 1640, wetland ecosystem, 1618–1621 1653 Aonyx, 192 A. brachyrhynchus, 980, 1015, 1016, 1029 A. capensis, 1238, 1315, 1337 A. caerulescens, 552 A. cinerea, 1777, 1779, 1816, 1825, 1860 A. cygnoides, 1481, 1502, 1525, 1569, 1584 Apera spica-venti, 916, 917 A. erythropus, 953, 1480, 1569, 1584, 1621, Aphanius 1629, 1641, 1642 A. baeticus, 1131 A. fabalis, 1480 A. chantra, 1190 A. fabalis middendorfﬁi, 1444, 1474 A. fasciatus, 1142 A. indicus, 1610, 1715 A. iberus, 1116 Anseranas semipalmata, 1946, 1955 A. sirhani, 1161 Anseriformes, 1454 Aphanizomenon, 478, 479 Antelopes, 192, 211, 948, 1225, 1228, 1236, Apis 1237, 1240 A. ligustica, 809 Nile Basin, 1270 A. mellifera, 809 Rugezi Marsh, 1315 A. scutellata, 809 Sudd region, 1302 Aplocheliches, 1354 Index of Keywords 2033

Aponogeton natans, 1746 distribution and diversity, 277–279 Aquaculture, 38, 49, 53, 62, 66, 89, 96, 102, drained depressions, 284 105, 107, 116, 119, 135, 136, paludified shallow, 279 153, 177, 326, 370, 398, 454, 476, patterned string fen, 283–284 477, 780, 1359, 1595, 1600, peat plateau and palsa mires, 280–283 1739, 1748, 1768, 1806, 1808, polygon landscapes, 279–280 1827, 1947, 2010 riparian mires, 285 channel catfish, 587 thermokarst kettle hole peatlands, 284 Ebro Delta, 1118 Arctictis binturong, 1836 kelp, 83, 88 Arctic wetlands, 284, 391–392 for marine plants, 634 colonial birds, 392 pond, 103, 580, 583–584 contaminant biotransport, 392–393 shrimp, 85, 103, 364 distribution and diversity, 278 Aquatic diversity, Sudd region, 1249, 1305 nutrient biotransport, 392–393 Aquatic estuarine communities, 1002 Arctophila fulva, 546 Aquatic invertebrates, 191, 342, 581, 584, Arctophylla, 560 641, 656, 659–661, 717, 735, Arctosa, 1082 1903, 1952, 1981 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 1045 Aquatic macroinvertebrates, 652, 656, 692, Ardea, 1274, 1796 727, 1131 A. alba, 583, 751, 1354, Aquifer, 120, 316, 320, 322–324, 337, 1525, 1955 346–348, 351, 463, 643, 690–692, A. cinerea, 192, 905, 1238, 1385, 694, 825, 827, 836, 861, 1070, 1525, 1559 1073, 1124, 1129, 1133, 1150, A. cocoi, 751 1389, 1426, 1518, 1650, 1651, A. goliath, 1354 1664, 1717, 1729, 1947, 1949, A. herodias, 583, 612 1961, 1965 A. herodias fannini, 568 freshwater aquifer, 364, 1664 A. ibis, 1902, 1955 Mississippi River Valley, 588 A. intermedia, 1902 Prairie wetlands, 683 A. modesta, 1902 Aquila A. monicae, 1326 A. adalberti, 1130 A. pacifica, 1902 A. chrysaetos, 1047, 1621 A. picata, 1955 A. clanga, 953, 1141, 1142, 1188, 1621, A. purpurea, 1525 1629, 1641, 1796, 1816 A. sumatrana, 1824 A. heliaca, 953, 1188, 1621, 1641 Ardeola ralloides, 1131, 1141, 1238, 1338, A. nipalensis, 1255 1354, 1691 A. rapax, 1385 Aremons, 1701 Aquilaria spp., 1862 Arenaria Arabian Gulf, 1173–1182 A. interpres, 547 Aramides ypecaha, 817 A. melanocephala, 547 Aratus Arenicola marina, 569, 988, 1002 A. penii, 763 Argenteohyla siemersi, 817 A. pisonii, 763 Argentina, 29, 150, 160, 211, 814, Araucaria, 828 829, 830 A. patagioenas, 830 Paraná-Paraguay Corridor, 785–794 Arawai Kakariki programme, 1988 Patagonian peatland, 873–881 Archidendron clypearia, 1757, 1834 Rio de la Plata system, 847–854 Archontophoenix alexandrae, 208 Tierra del Fuego, 268, 301, 307 Arctanthemum hultenii, 285 Argusianus argus, 1845 Arctic peatlands, 10–13, 276–277 Argyrosomus challenges, 286–287 A. hololepidotus, 1912 coastal wetlands, 285 A. regius, 1325 2034 Index of Keywords

Arid, 6, 56, 61, 119, 131, 132, 144, 146, 147, Atherina boyeri, 1104, 1131 152, 217, 319, 337, 350, 351, 372, Atherinops affinis affinis, 642 462, 516, 759, 766, 824, 1156, 1159, Atherinosoma microstoma, 1915 1172, 1174, 1248, 1323, 1353, 1362, Athyrium filix-femina, 560 1363, 1468, 1486, 1502, 1534, 1535, Atlantoraja castelnaui, 850 1577, 1581, 1582, 1616, 1699, 1700, Atolls 1725–1731, 1900, 1922 biodiversity, 2006 Aristichthys nobilis, 477 description, 2002 Aristida distribution, 2004, 2006 A. plumosa, 1294 ecosystem conservation, 2019–2022 A. setifolia, 206 ecosystem diversity, 2007–2010 Arius proops, 763 ecosystem goods and services, 2013, 2014 Armeria maritima, 279, 964 genetic diversity, 2013 Artemia, 149, 153, 1104, 1666 global distribution, 2006 A. salina, 2010 habitat diversity, 2007–2010 A. urmiana, 1664 species and taxonomic diversity, Artemisia, 938 2010–2012 A. adamsii, 1538 threats and future challenges, 2013–2018 A. laciniata, 1538 tropical pacific ocean, 10, 2001–2023 A. santonicum, 916 Atractaspis microlepidota, 1274 A. sericea, 1538 Atractus, 777 Artesian spring mire/fen, 254, 256 Atriplex, 61, 963 Arthrocnemum, 1117, 1140 A. calotheca, 951 A. macrostachyum, 1105, 1117, 1130 A. portulacoides, 1082, 1085 Arthrospira fusiformis, 1384–1387 A. tatarica, 956 Artificial wetlands, 29, 375, 395, 1117–1119, Aulacomnium, 1545 1556, 1577, 1578, 1583, 1640 Aurelia aurita, 153 Artiodactyla, 939 Australia, 13 Artisanal fishery, 74, 767, 852, 1226 Atoll, 2002 Congo Basin, 1208 Burdekin Falls Dam, 128 seagrass, 437–443 Coorong, 1909–1918 Artocarpus Fraser Island, 247, 260, 262 A. altilis, 2009 Great Barrier Reef, 447–458 A. mariannensis, 2009 groundwater dependent ecosystems, Arvicola 347, 350, 352 A. amphibius, 1047 Kakadu National Park, 1951–1957 A. sapidus, 1131 karst wetlands, 327 A. terrestris, 1443, 1469, 1474 Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, 1921–1926 Ascophyllum,48 Lake Eyre, 130, 145, 1921–1926 A. nodosum, 626 Macquarie Marsh, 1897–1907 Asio flammeus, 570, 1031, 1045, 1084, 1621 mangrove, 94, 96, 98, 99 Asplenium, 1815 Murray–Darling Basin, 1887–1895 A. confusum, 1816 Myall Lakes, 1929–1938 Astagobius, 340 salt lake, 147, 149, 151, 152 Astelia, 878, 879 seagrass, 77, 81–83 A. pumila, 833, 876 subterranean fauna, 336, 337 Astelia–Donatia cushion bogs, 878, 879 tropical floodplain wetlands, 201, 202 Aster Australian wet tropics A. douglasii, 570 biodiversity, 1945–1946 A. tripolium, 963, 1082 climate, 1942 A. tripolium ssp. pannonicus, 482 conservation status, 1947 Astronium graveolens, 206 ecosystem services and values, 1947 Atbara River, 1248 geographical location, 1942, 1943 Index of Keywords 2035

hydrology, 1942 B landscape, 1942 Ba Be National Park, 325 natural and human-influenced processes, Babolsar, 1636, 1638 1944 Baccaurea, 1823, 1834 threats, 1948–1949 Baccharis halimifolia, 1107, 1109 wetland ecosystems, 1944–1945 Bacopa caroliniana, 717 Avellara fistulosa, 1130 Badanloch Bogs, eastern Sutherland, 1045 Aviceda jerdoni, 1835 Bahía Lomas, Chile, 834, 835 Avicennia future challenges and developments, 870 A. africana, 1322, 1323 location, 866 A. alba, 1728, 1823 management plan, 869–870 A. germinans, 750, 764, 766, 1336 shorebirds, 867–868 A. marina, 1174, 1180, 1182, 1237, 1701, studies and monitoring programs, 868–869 1728, 1823 threats, 870 A. officinalis, 1728 Bahr el Ghazal, 12, 185, 1246, 1247, 1300 Axios, Aliakmon and Gallikos Delta complex, biodiversity, 1271–1274 northern Greece conservation status, 1274 conservation status, 1143–1145 ecosystem services, 1274 ecosystem services, 1145–1146 future challenges and developments, fauna, 1141–1143 1275–1276 history, 1139–1140 grazing range, 1275 hydrology, 1139–1140 hydrology, 1270 location, 1138, 1139 oil exploration and production operations, threats and challenges, 1146 1276 vegetation types, 1140–1141 produced water, 1275 Axis waste management practices, 1276 A. axis, 220, 818 wetland ecosystems, 1270 A. porcinus, 1737, 1779 Baikal lake, see Lake(s), Baikal Axonopus, 205 Balaeniceps rex, 192, 1265, 1274, 1302, 1304 A. aureus, 206 Balaenoptera Aythya, 642 B. acutorostrata, 569, 629, 851 A. affinis, 583, 777 B. borealis, 629 A. americana, 597 B. musculus, 851 A. baeri, 1525, 1584, B. physalis, 629 1612, 1776 B. physalus, 633, 851 A. ferina, 1610, 1621, 1641, 1642 Balanites aegyptiaca, 206, 1262, 1272, 1293, A. fuligula, 472, 1094, 1610, 1641 1294, 1302, 1385 A. nyroca, 1141, 1628, 1641, Balantiocheilos melanopterus, 1860 1653, 1665, 1708 Balanus improvisus, 850, 918 A. valisineria, 643 Baldellia ranunculoides, 1130 Azima tetracantha, 206 Balearica Aznalcóllar mine spill disaster, 1129 B. pavonina, 213, 1274, 1304 Azolla, 191, 1134, 1623 B. regulorum, 192, 1222, 1227, 1238, 1315 A. caroliniana, 914 Balkans peatlands, 1156 A. filiculoides, 1133, 1140, 1237 Balneotherapeutic treatment, 1153 A. nilotica, 1272, 1301, 1353 Banc d’Arguin, 12 A. pinnata, 1353, 1746 coastal and marine biodiversity, 1324–1328 Azraq Oasis, 9, 12, 364, 462 coastal and marine ecosystems, 1323 Highland Water Forum, 466 coastal shoals, 1320 location, 462 conservation status, 1328 management, 463–466 ecosystem services, 1328–1329 Water Resource Management Plan, 466 future challenges and developments, Azraq wetland, 346, 462, 1163 1329–1330 2036 Index of Keywords

Banc d’Arguin (cont.) Ganga-Brahmaputra, 13, 1711–1721 hydrology, 1322–1323 Indus River, 13, 1697–1702 Mauritanian coastal zone, 1321 infilled, 263–264 offshore oil prospecting, 1322 Kalahari sand, 1395, 1399 threats and future challenges, 1329–1330 Lake Turkana, 1361–1378 Bandar Kiashahr Lagoon, 1626–1628, 1631 Lake Uromiyeh, 1659–1673 Bangladesh Sundarbans, 1736, 1737, 1739 Lena River, 13, 1439–1449, 1457–1460, Bangladesh Water Act, 1719 1463–1470 Bangweulu grassy swamps, 1201, 1203 local, 552 Banni Grasslands Reserve, 1730 Mekong River, 1763–1783, 1785–1791, Baradla-Domica Cave System, 321 1813–1817 Bar-built estuaries, 39, 998, 1000 Middle Aldan River, 13, 1471–1476 Barbus Murray-Darling River, 1887–1895, B. amphigramma, 1358 1897–1907, 1909–1918 B. brachycephalus caspicus, 953 Nile River, 12, 184, 1243–1249, B. intermedius australis, 1354, 1355 1269–1276, 1280–1286 B. lineomaculatus, 1354 Okavango drainage, 1396, 1397 B. neumayeri, 192 perched, 551, 552 B. sharpeyi, 1690 plan, 1892, 1893, 1906 Baro-Akobo Basin raised bog, 265–266 extent and character, 1262–1263 Rhine River, 887, 923–930 location, 1262 steep-sided, 252, 266, 310 lowland wetlands, 1265–1266 Upper Paraguay, 798, 799 threats, 1266 Volga River, 887, 933–942 uses and beneficiaries, 1263 wetlands, 1219–1221 wetlands challenges, 1266–1267 Yangtze River, 1551–1562, Baro-Akobo River, 1247, 1248 1565–1572 Baro Akobo Sobat sub-basin (BAS), Yenisei River, 13, 1477–1484 1280–1282, 1284 Yueguzonglie, 1576–1587 Baro-Akobo system, 1262 Zambezi River, 12, 1217–1230, 1240 Barotse floodplain, 1220, 1222, 1229 Batagur Barren land, 1701 B. baska, 1718, 1737 Barrier Island, 56, 559, 595, 984, 986, 993, B. borneoensis, 1825, 1835 1000, 1012, 1013 Batis,61 Barrier-protected, 593–595, 608, 614 B. maritima, 58, 766 Barringtonia, 200, 208, 1774 Batrachium B. acutangula, 205–208, 1773 B. baudotii, 482, 977 B. racemosa, 1237, 1433, 1834 B. divaricatum, 1538 Basin Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 1946 Amazon, 130, 201, 214, 221, 727–741, Batrachostomus javensis, 1825 792, 817 Batrachyla antartandica, 831 Amur-Heilong River, 13, 1485–1497, Bauhinia cunninghamii, 208 1499–1507, 1510–1520 Bay of Fundy, 10, 39, 41, 45, 47–50, 999 Anzali River, 1619 Avon River estuary, 52 Arguin, 1322 biodiversity, 625–629 Baro-Akobo River, 12, 1247, 1261–1267 conservation status, 632–633 Baro-Akobo-Sobat, 1280, 1282, 1283 future challenges and developments, catchment, 779, 1922 634–635 Congo River, 12, 1199–1212, 1214 marshes and tidal flats, 629–632 Danube River, 11, 885–895, 898, 900, 908 origin, 622 Dinder and Rahad, 12, 1287–1298 physical characteristics, 622–625 Drama, 1150–1152 regions and tidal ranges, 623 fen, 229, 518 threats, 634 Index of Keywords 2037

Beach rock reefs, 840, 843 Bijagós Archipelago, 12, 1334 Becheropsis uniseta, 1294 conservation status, 1338 Beckmannia syzigachne, 1538 ecosystem services, 1338 Bed of the Vixen Goddess, 777 future challenges and developments, Beetles, 149, 165, 336–340, 342, 656, 1339–1340 660–662, 1031, 1047, 1071, 1073, hydrology, 1335–1336 1082, 1085, 1690, 1981 threats, 1339–1340 Bekambeushi marsh, 1600 wetland ecosystem, 1336–1337 Belgrandiella, 340 Biodiversity Bellis annua, 1105 Amazon River Basin, 733–736 Bengal tiger, 1719, 1737, 1738 amphibians, 1190 Benthos, 44, 46, 78, 159, 988, 1092, 1324, Anzali Wetland, 1619–1621 1460, 1466 atoll encompasses, 2006 Bahr el Ghazal, 1273 Australian wet tropics, 1945–1946 Banc d’Arguin, 1324–1325 Bandar Kiashahr Lagoon, 1628 Danish waters, 1092 BAS, 1281–1286 macrofauna, 1324 Bay of Fundy, 625–629 Tipperne Reserve, 977–978 benthos, 977–978, 1273 Wadden Sea, 988 Berbak National Park, 1835–1836 Berbak National Park, 1820–1823, Bijagos Archipelago, 1337 1825, 1826, 1828 birds, 978–980, 1190–1192 biodiversity, 1835–1836 breeding birds, 989 conservation status, 1836 British estuaries, 1001–1004 ecosystem services, 1836 Camargue, Rhône River Delta, 1106–1107 future challenges and developments, coastal and marine, 1324–1328 1836–1837 Colombian mangrove wetlands, 750–751 hydrology, 1832 Conchalí Lagoon, 859–861 location, 1833 Congo River Basin, 1205–1207 potential acid sulphate soils, conservation, 455, 998, 1034, 1118, 1119, 1837, 1838 1237, 1240, 1294, 1296, 1329, 1557, threats, 1836–1837 1584, 1894, 2018, 2019 wetland ecosystems, 1834 cool spots, 2002, 2011, 2019, 2023 Berenicornis comatus, 1825 Copper River Delta, 561–562 Berga mire, 1420 corridor, 792 Bergia, 1117 Danube Delta, 917–918 Berlinia grandiflora, 207 Danube River Basin, 889–890 Berosus signaticollis, 1071 Daurian Steppe Wetlands, 1502 Berula erecta, 1171 Doñana wetlands, 1130–1132 Best management practices (BMP), 457, 538, dry phase, 1072–1073 662, 712 DSNP, 1844–1845 Betta Ebro Delta, 1115–1117 B. enisae, 1845 estuaries, 44–48 B. pinguis, 1845 Europe’s coastal saltmarshes, 961–966 B. splendens, 1775 fauna, 1140–1143, 1609–1610 Betula, 518, 524, 1043 Fereydoon Kenar, 1640–1642 B. fusca, 1541 fish, 817, 977–978, 988–989, 1190, 1273 B. nana, 280, 1045 flooded phase, 1071 B. papyrifera, 545 floodplain, 1344–1345 B. platyphylla, 1537 flora, 1140, 1189–1190, 1609 B. rotundata, 1538 Fluvial Corridor, 792 Bidens, 163 habitats, 1027–1030, 1189 B. laevis, 159 Hula Wetland, 1171–1172 Bidyanus bidyanus, 1903, 1912 Indus basin’s wetland, 1700–1701 2038 Index of Keywords

Biodiversity (cont.) tropical freshwater swamps, 210–213 insects, 1272 U Minh Peat Swamp Forest, 1816 intertidal habitats, 1870–1871 vegetation, 750, 1140 Kakadu National Park, 1952–1955 Volga River Basin, 939–940, 949–953 Lake Baringo, 1353–1355 Wash and North Norfolk Coast, 1015–1017 Lake Fúquene, 776–777 of water birds, 471–473 Lake Naivasha, 1357–1358 wetland ecosystems, 1140 Lake Seyfe, 1189–1192 wildlife, 817, 1273–1274 Lake Turkana, 1371–1372 Wular Lake, 1708 Lena River Basin, 1443–1444, 1454 Yangtze River Basin, 1558–1560 Lower Danube’s ﬂoodplains, 898–899 Yellow River Basin, 1584 Mahanadi Delta, 1747 Yenisei River Basin, 1480 mammals, 1192 Yukon and Kuskokwim, 547 marine, 440 Zambezi Delta, 1237–1238 Marshes, 1901–1903 Zhalong Wetlands, 1525–1526 MAV, 584–585 Biofuels, 363, 598, 1174, 1181 mayas wetlands, 1293–1294 Biological invasions, 139, 1133 Mekong River, 1805–1806 Biological productivity, 131, 624, 869, 1400, Mekong River Basin, 1773–1779 1403, 1410, 1500, 1503, 1925 Mesopotamian marshes, 1688–1691 Biomagniﬁcation, 392, 393 middle Aldan Basin, 1474–1475 Biosphere Reserve, 317, 480, 494, 907, 954, migratory birds, 989–992 967, 1295, 1296, 1334, 1335, 1338 Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 584–585 Biosphere Reserve concept, 907, 1295, Nidjili Lake, 1459–1460 1296, 1334 Nile Delta, 1254–1255 Biota, 6, 31, 50, 52, 217, 286, 341, 360, 392, Nile River Basin, 1244, 1249 395, 476, 482, 502, 532, 613, 653, Okavango Delta, 1406–1408 655, 656, 663, 739, 804, 810, 853, Pantanal, 804–806 1244, 1294, 1382, 1386, 1388, 1390, in papyrus marshes, 190–192 1404, 1405, 1502, 1504, 1693, 1726, patterns, 849–852 1737, 1740, 1890, 1891, 1894, 1942, Peace-Athabasca Delta, 552 1948, 1960, 1965, 1978, 1984, 2011 peatlands of Mediterranean, 1159–1162 in freshwater lakes, 133–135 plankton, 1273 in freshwater swamps and marshes, plants and benthos, 988 173–177, 180 playa wetlands, 692 mangrove, 100–101 pocosins, 674–675 peatlands, 235–236 Poyang Lake, 1568–1569 salt lakes, 148–151, 153 prairie pothole, 682–683 seagrass, 85, 90 reptiles, 1190, 1337 Biotransport, arctic wetlands river basins, 112–115 of contaminants and effects, 393–395 Rugezi Marsh, 1313–1315 of nutrients and effects, 392–393, 395 saline wetlands of Kachchh, 1728–1729 Bird(s) San Francisco Bay Estuary, 641–643 bird area, 325, 480, 482, 490, 572, 595, 599, Sembilang National Park, 1824–1826 645, 994, 1118, 1186, 1354, 1371, species, 1030–1032 1386, 1502, 1631, 1643, 1648, 1669, submerged vegetation, 977 1676, 1700, 1787, 1807, 1816, 1824 Sudd, 1302–1303 breeding, 926, 969, 981, 989, 994, 1031, Sundarban mangroves harbor, 1736–1737 1032, 1040, 1049, 1134, 1326, swamps, 1271–1272 1525, 1621, 1652, 1653, 1679, 1681, Taiga, 1443, 1468–1469 1691, 1980 threats of, 1209–1211 fauna, 1386, 1502, 1824 Tonle Sap Lake, 1787–1788 in Golfe d’Arguin, 1326–1328 Tram Chim National Park, 1796 marine biodiversity, 1326–1328 Index of Keywords 2039

Mekong Delta, 1806 Blue crab, see Callinectes sapidus Ringkøbing Fjord, 978–980 Blue-green algae, 86, 483, 629, 712, 1273, seabird colonies, 391–395 1353, 1371 shorebirds, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 64, 133, 150, Blue Nile, 186, 1244, 1247–1248, 1270 377–380, 407–410, 533, 544, 547, Blue Nile Basin, 1287–1298 552, 561, 562, 568–571, 583–585, Bog butter, 247 630, 631, 633, 641, 642, 645, 647, Bogs, 21, 230, 290, 291, 300, 310, 419, 692, 693, 805, 867–868, 870, 965, 516–519, 573, 827, 828, 880, 966, 970, 980, 1002, 1320, 1324, 1044–1047, 1156, 1544, 1979 1328, 1480, 1481, 1561, 1569, 1628, Astelia–Donatia cushion, 876, 878, 879 1643, 1867, 1870, 1925, 1955 boreal wetlands, 523, 524 wading birds, 64, 86, 717, 718, 805, 1388, Burns, 568, 571, 573 1796, 1916, 1917, 1985 Empodisma minus, 1994 waterbirds (see Waterbirds) Empodisma robustum, 1994 Bird Island Nature Reserve, 1579 lake, 1044, 1446, 1466, 1467 Birdlife International, 1444, 1631, 1640, 1643, ombrotrophic mires, 264, 1159, 1978 1787, 1867, 1872, 2020, 2022 pocosin, 667–676 Birgus latro, 2016 restiad, 1991–1999 Bison bison athabascae, 552 Sphagnum, 247, 291, 877, 879, 1598, 1992 Bistorta alopecuroides, 1538 Sporadanthus ferrugineus, 1994–1995, Bitis arietans, 1274 1998 Black Buck, 1730 Sporadanthus traversii, 1995–1996 Blackwater, 731, 735, 1203, 1207, 1755–1758, treed domed, 229 1828, 1832, 1834, 1835, 1837, 1844, valley bog, 254–256 (see also Blanket bog; 1848, 1849 Raised bog) Black-water rivers, 207, 729, 731, 732, Boiga 1822, 1825 B. dendrophila, 1825, 1835 Blanket bog(s), 21, 230, 267, 269–271, 1043, B. irregularis, 2017 1045, 1054, 1159, 1446, 1544, 1545, Bolama Bijagós Archipelago Biosphere 1997, 1998 Reserve, 1335, 1338 active, 290 Bolax caespitosa, 876 deﬁnition, 297, 304 Bolboschoenus maritimus, 951, 1105, distinctive features, 304 1130, 1140 Isle of Lewis, Scotland, 304 Bolitoglossa yucatana, 323 mesotopes, 305–308 Boloria spp., 612 ombrotrophic, 304, 305, 867 Bombina bombina, 918 open-water pool complex, 307 Boraras micros, 1776 surface-water seepage, characteristic Borassus aethiopum, 1236 patterns, 306 Borassus palm savanna, 1236 watershed plateau, 307 Boreal wetlands, 10, 12, 231, 264, 277, Blanket mires, 258, 264, 268–270, 296–297, 283, 519 306, 415, 421 basin fens, 518 alpine and sub-alpine zones, 297 beavers, 527, 531 of Caithness and Sutherland, 1039–1054 best management practices, 538 landscapes, 296–301, 304, 305, 417–420, bogs, 523 422, 423 climate change, 530, 536 patterned “ladder” fen, 261 damming and water redistribution, 534 Blastocerus dichotomus, 817 direct loss, 534 Blechnum indicum, 205 diversity, 527–531 Blepharocalyx, 829 ecosystem services, 531–533 B. cruckshanksii, 825 of Eurasia, 239 B. salicifolius, 816 federal, provincial and territorial Blue carbon, 74, 88, 502, 754, 1869 policies, 539 2040 Index of Keywords

Boreal wetlands (cont.) Brachionus, 1357 fens, 523 B. baylyi, 1936 fragmentation, 534 B. plicatilis, 149, 1385 glaciers, 529 Brachydesmus spp., 339 humans, 531 Brachymystax lenok, 1448, 1502 location, 522, 523 Brachypodium sylvaticum, 1106 major and minor classes, 527 Brachyramphus marmoratus, 1444 marshes, 525 Brackish marsh(es), 30, 56–59, 61, 167, 278, mineral wetlands, 529 323, 546, 851, 1019, 1116, 1117, North America, 516, 522 1486, 1627 Permafrost, 530, 536 Bradypterus protected area, 537 B. carpalis, 1315 resource development, 539 B. graueri, 1314 restoration/reclamation, 538 Branta shallow open waters, 525 B. bernicla, 570 soil compaction, 534 B. bernicla bernicla, 966, 980, 990, 1003, surficial geology, 529 1015, 1016, 1083 swamps, 525 B. bernicla hrota, 990, 1003 topography, 529 B. bernicla nigricans, 547 water contamination, 535 B. canadensis, 552, 612 water removal, 535 B. canadensis leucopareia, 702 water yield, 536 B. canadensis occidentalis, 562 Borneo, 113, 201 B. hutchinsii, 547 Danau Sentarum, 201, 1846 B. leucopsis, 966, 980, 990, 1003 DSNP’s birdlife, 1845 B. ruficollis, 889, 899, 918, 953, 1480, karst wetlands, 326 1641, 1642 potential acid sulfate soil, 1838 Brasenia schreberi, 612 seagrass, 1876 Brazil Shorea balangeran swamp forests, aerial view of floodplain swamp and marsh 203, 219 vegetation, 172 tropical peatswamp forest, 374, 1754, Amazon Basin, 732, 737, 740, 741 1757, 1758 Amazon State of, 739 Bos freshwater lakes and reservoirs, 131 B. gaurus, 1737 mangroves, 96, 98 B. javanicus, 1860 Pantanal, 23, 26, 798, 799, 801, 802, 810 B. taurus, 1955 Paraná-Paraguay Corridor, 786 Boscia senegalensis, 1272 peatlands, 232 Boswellia papyrifera, 1272 plans, 740 Botaurus seagrasses, 12, 839–846 B. lentiginosus, 612, 683 tidal marsh, 58 B. poiciloptilus, 327, 1902, 1981, 1997 tropical floodplain wetlands, 201, 202, 210, B. stellaris, 1030 213 Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, 603 Breeding birds, 926, 969, 981, 989, 994, 1031, Botia macracanthus, 1845 1032, 1040, 1049, 1134, 1326, 1525, Botriochloa ischaemum, 916 1621, 1652, 1653, 1679, 1681, 1691, Botryococcus braunii, 1371 1980 Bottomland hardwood forests, 177 Brevoortia,46 Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 580–583 B. aurea, 850, 852 restoration in Grand Prairie region, 586 Breynia rhamnoides, 208 Boundary bay, 567–572 Bridelia cambodiana, 205 Bowdleria punctata vealeae, 1997 Britain, 267, 304, 418, 966, 998, 1000, 1001, Brachiaria mutica, 1948 1003, 1004, 1019, 1027, 1047, 1049 Brachiodontes darwinianus, 850 See also Great Britain Index of Keywords 2041

British blanket mires, 299 Butomus umbellatus, 603, 915, 952 British Estuaries, 371, 997–1008 Butorides striatus, 1338 Broadland rivers catchment area, 1026 Bythotrephes cederstroemi, 603 Bromopsis inermis, 1538 Bromus, 1106 B. catharticus, 816 C Brosme brosme, 633 Cabomba furcata, 1859 Brownlowia Cacajao spp., 736 B. paludosa, 205 Cadaba farinosa, 206 B. tersa, 1737 Caddisﬂies, 612, 657, 660 Brown mosses, 518, 523, 524 Caenis spp., 612 Bruguiera CAFF approach, 278 B. cylindrica, 1823 Caiman crocodilus, 735 B. gymnorhiza, 1237, 1729, 1823 Cairina scutulata, 1774, 1835 Brycinus Caithness, 11, 297, 298 B. ferox, 1371 animal life, 1047 B. minutus, 1371 climate, 1041–1043 Bryophyte species, 236, 1313 drought-sensitive pool, 1046 Bryum, 285 landforms, 1043 Bubalus land-use pattern, 1047–1048 B. arnee, 1715 locations and features, 1041 B. bubalis, 809, 1737, 1952 mire development, 1043 Bubulcus ibis, 213, 1107 Pool, ridge, and hummock system, 1045 Bucephala range of climatic conditions, 1043 B. clangula, 472, 1083, 1092, 1448, 1460, scale and signiﬁcance, 1049 1475, 1610 Caithness and Sutherland, northern Scotland, B. islandica, 633 11, 297, 1039–1054 Buffer zone management, 1797 Calamagrostis, 545, 552 Bufo, 939 C. canadensis, 560 B. bufo, 918, 1047 C. deschampsioides, 285, 546 B. calamita, 1017, 1128 C. epigeios, 951 B. chappuisi, 1372 C. macilenta, 1539 B. marinus, 220, 1953 C. neglecta, 285 B. turkanae, 1372 C. purpurea, 1537 B. viridis, 918 Calamus Bugeranus carunculatus, 1222, 1225, 1407 C. leptospadix, 207 Bugs, water, 656, 660–662 C. tenuis, 207 Bujagh National Park, 12 Calandrella brachydactyla, 1141 biodiversity, 1628–1630 Calcarius conservation status, 1631 C. lapponicus, 1084 ecosystem services, 1630–1631 C. ornatus, 683 future challenges and developments, 1632 Calcium, 133, 148, 162, 290, 517, 654, 690, hydrology, 1627 712, 1070, 1402, 1848, 1853, location, 1626 1860, 1964 threats, 1632 Calidris wetland ecosystems, 1627–1628 C. acuminata, 410, 1870, 1912 Burhinus oedicnemus, 1665 C. alba, 410, 1015, 1016 Burns bog, 568, 571–573 C. alpina, 410, 547, 562, 570, 630, 642, Bursera simaruba, 719 980, 989, 1003, 1016, 1030, Busanga wetland, 1220, 1223, 1224, 1228 1044, 1073 Buteo C. alpina schinzii, 965, 980 B. buteo, 418, 1255 C. canutus, 630, 990, 1003, 1015, 1328, B. lagopus, 570 1337, 1870, 1981 2042 Index of Keywords

Calidris (cont.) hydrology, 1102 C. canutus islandica, 1003, 1016, 1017 location, 1102 C. canutus rufa, 867–869 Mediterranean coastal lagoons, 1104 C. ferruginea, 1337, 1481, 1912 riparian forests, 1106 C. fuscicollis, 867 salt marshes, 1105 C. mauri, 547, 562, 569, 642 temporarily flooded marshes, 1105 C. minuta, 1337 threats, 1109–1110 C. minutilla, 630 wetland ecosystems, 1104–1106 C. pusilla, 45, 630 Campanian Province, 1152 C. ruficollis, 1870, 1912 Campephilus principalis, 584 C. subminuta, 1444, 1870 Camphorosma C. temminckii, 1448, 1469, 1481 C. annua, 916 C. tenuirostris, 410 C. monspeliaca, 1189 California, 10, 51, 64, 81, 150, 152, 638, Campnosperma, 207 641–643, 652, 671, 683, 702 C. brevipetiolata, 208 California’s Central Valley, 10, 638 C. coriaceum, 1848 future challenges and developments, 702 C. panamensis, 750 historic and current extent of wetlands, Campylopus 698–700 C. acuminatus var. kirkii, 1995 hydrologic modifier, 700 C. atrovirens, 1046 hydrology, 698, 700 Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement (CBFA), location, 698 539 waterfowl use, 702 Canadian boreal zone, 519, 522, 527, 529–532, wetlands, 700 537, 539 Callianassa sp., 569 Canary current upwelling (CCU), 1320, Calliergon, 518, 1545 1322, 1323 C. giganteum, 1539 Canis, 1274 C. stramineum, 284 C. aureus, 1629, 1642, 1680 Calliergonella cuspidata, 1539 C. lupis occidentalis, 552 Callinectes, 763, 1336 C. lupus, 561, 1107, 1142, 1515, 1621 C. sapidus, 844 C. lupus chanco, 1609 Callitriche, 510, 561, 1105 C. mesomelas, 1294, 1372 C. obtusangula, 1130 C. rufus, 675 Calluna vulgaris, 255, 516, 1044, 1048 Capparis Calocephalus platycephalus, 205 C. decidua, 1730 Calophyllum, 208, 228, 290 C. erythrocarpos, 206 C. brasiliense, 207 C. micrantha, 205 Calophysus macropterus, 741 C. sepiaria, 206 Caltha Capreolus capreolus, 1047, 1515 C. dioneifolia, 833 Caquetaia krausii, 763 C. membranacea, 1524 Caracal caracal, 1274 Calycophyllum spruceanum, 207 Caraipa, 207 Calystegia sepium, 159, 916, 952 Carallia Camargue, Rhone River Delta, 1130 C. brachiata, 207, 208 biodiversity, 1106–1107 C. bracteata, 205 coastal dunes, 1104 Caranx hippos, 1336 conservation status, 1108 Carassius, 1690 ecosystem services, 1108 C. auratus, 477, 479, 603, 776 freshwater lagoons, 1106 C. carassius, 1104, 1448, 1459, 1469 future challenges and developments, Carbon, 6, 82, 99, 100, 126, 134, 233, 236, 241, 1109–1110 242, 249–250, 304, 1311, 1313, grasslands, 1105 1759, 1760, 1963, 1969, 1989, 1996 human populations, 1102 accumulation, 714, 752 Index of Keywords 2043

balance, 304, 414, 423 C. paniculata, 1029 emissions, 51, 232, 414, 1421 C. pauciflora, 1045 inorganic, 478 C. pseudocuraica, 1524 organic, 476, 684 C. ramenskii, 546 sequestration, 7, 49, 63, 213, 892, 900, 908, C. rariflora, 284, 511, 546 1162, 1294, 1408, 1759, 1760 C. reptabunda, 1538 sinks, 88, 210, 237, 516, 519 C. riparia, 915 stocks, 738, 741, 1823, 1824, 1847 C. rostrata, 1537, 1540 storage, 62, 74, 88, 102, 167, 189, 190, 213, C. rotundata, 284 230, 232, 237, 249–250, 272, 293, C. saxatilis, 511, 1543, 1545 300, 516, 519, 532, 534, 536, 714, C. schmidtii, 1537, 1543 752, 880, 1053, 1316, 1823–1824, C. secta, 1979 1847, 1869, 1997 C. sitchensis, 560 targets and environmental impacts, 413–423 C. stans,511 Carbonate, 81, 133, 148, 314, 315, 318, 320, C. subspathacea, 285, 510, 546 324, 690, 1070, 1323, 1960 C. utriculata, 546 Cardamine hirsuta, 1105 Carica papaya, 2009 Cardisoma guanhumi, 763 Caridina nilotica, 1273, 1303 Carduelis Carix C. cannabina, 1083 C. aquatilis, 518 C. flammea, 1029 C. lasiocarpa, 518 Caretta caretta, 324, 453, 584 Carolina bays, 668, 669 Carettochelys insculpta, 211, 1955 Caropsis verticillato-inundata, 1130 Carex, 26, 61, 234, 510, 517, 524, 552, 612, Carpha alpina, 876 828, 915, 1072, 1152, 1159, 1556, Carpinus betulus, 1639 1980 Carr, 21, 290, 480, 1027, 1029, 1072 C. acuta, 951 Carya spp., 581, 1272 C. acutiformis, 915, 952, 1029 Caspian sea, 110, 118, 129, 145–149, 151, C. aquatilis, 284, 518, 545, 546 152, 934, 936–939, 946–949, 952, C. atherodes, 552, 1538 954–957, 1616, 1618, 1619, C. atrofusca, 1539, 1545 1627–1630, 1632, 1638 C. brunnescens, 1538, 1543 Cassia, 206 C. cespitosa, 1537, 1538 Cassis cornuta, 442 C. cinerea, 1538 Castilla elastica, 750 C. colchicum, 916 Castor C. coriophora, 1538 C. canadensis, 166, 527, 554, 561, C. curaica, 1538 612, 831 C. delicata, 1538 C. fiber, 482, 889, 905, C. duriuscula, 1525, 1538 926, 1443 C. elata, 915 Casuarina cunninghamiana, 207, 208 C. enervis, 1538, 1539 Catharus minimus, 547 C. flacca, 1072 Cathorops spixii, 763 C. glareosa, 285 Catlocarpio siamensis, 1778 C. globularis, 1537 Catopuma C. hostiana, 1072 C. badia, 1845 C. juncella, 1540 C. temminckii, 1825 C. kirganica, 1524 Catotelm, 234 C. lasiocarpa, 1537 Catreus wallichii, 1610 C. limosa, 1046, 1537, 1540 Cattails, 432, 525, 612, 777, 1117 C. lyngbyei, 560, 561, 569 Cattle ranching, 214, 738, 739, 793, C. meyeriana, 1524 802, 807, 808 C. microglochin,511 Caulerpa, 86, 1323, 1336 C. panicea, 1072 Cavanilesia okantifolia, 765 2044 Index of Keywords

Caves, 20, 110, 253, 314, 316, 317, 319–327, Chaimarrornis leucocephalus, 1610 332–343, 347, 1058, 1059, Chamaecyparis thyoides, 177, 669 1061–1063, 1960 Chamaedaphne calyculata, 1601 Cavia pamparum, 852 Channa micropeltes, 1846 Cebus albifrons, 751 Chanos chanos, 2010 Cedrela odorata, 741 Chara, 952, 1105 Cedrus deodara, 1706 C. fibrosa, 1931, 1934 Ceiba pentandra, 741, 750 C. intermedia, 1027 Celtis Charadriiformes, 1454, 1468 C. laevigata, 581 Charadrius C. wrightii, 206 C. alexandrinus, 1084, 1141, 1142 Cenotes, 322–324 C. alexandrinus dealbatus, 1835 Centaurea C. dubius, 1629 C. arenaria, 916, 917 C. falklandicus, 867 C. pergamacea, 1189 C. hiaticula, 965, 1016, 1337 Central Anatolia, 1188 C. melodus, 584, 633 Central Highlands, 1718 C. melodus melodus, 633 Central valley, see California’s Central Valley C. modestus, 833 Central Volga Basin, 938 C. mongolus, 410 Central Yakutian lowland, 1442, 1446, 1458, C. pallidus, 1388 1463–1470 C. peronii, 1796 Centrolene buckleyi, 777 C. ruficapillus, 1915 Centropomus C. semipalmatus, 630 C. latus, 763 C. veredus, 1825 C. undecimalis, 763 Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Cephalanthus occidentalis, 164, 581 Reserve, 1730 Cerambyx cerdo, 1142 Charonia tritonis, 2018 Cerastoderma edule, 988, 1002 Charophytes, 1106, 1931, 1934–1937, 1960 Ceratophyllum, 1301, 1639 Chasmagnathus granulata, 851 C. demersum, 612, 914, 952, 1272, 1353, Chauna chavaria, 764 1354, 1368, 1689, 1746 Cheilinus undulatus, 2018 Ceratotherium Chelodina rugosa, 1955 C. simum, 1408 Chelonia C. simum cottoni, 1386 C. midas, 843 Cerbera odollam, 1823, 1834 C. mydas, 86, 324, 448, 1325, 1337, 1718, Cercopithecus pygerythrus, 1385 1737, 1969 Cereopsis novaehollandiae, 1912 Chelon labrosus, 965 Ceriops Chelus fimbriatus, 735 C. decandra, 1720, 1737, 1738 Chelydra serpentina, 612 C. tagal, 1237, 1729 Chemistry, water, 119, 230, 256, 360, 608, 614, Ceritium atratum, 843 652, 654, 657, 660, 683, 739, 1129, Cervus 1248, 1410, 1612, 1961, 1963 C. axis, 1737 Chen C. elaphus, 1047, 1107, 1515 C. caerulescens, 547, 562, 1444 C. nippon, 1601 C. caerulescens caerulescens, C. timorensis, 220 569–570 C. unicolor, 1826 C. canagica, 547 Ceryle rudis, 192, 1345, 1779 Chenopodium rubrum, 956 Cetengraulis edentulous, 763 Cherax, 1945 Cetraria, 279 C. quadricarinatus, 1949 Ceyx pictus, 1345 C. quinquecarinatus, 1961 Chaetomorpha, 842 Chile, 29, 268, 385, 874, 879 C. linum, 1104 Andean wetlands, 827–829 Index of Keywords 2045

coastal forest, 829–830 environmental impact, conservation and coastal wetlands, 829–830 management, 766–767 Conchalí Lagoon, 857–864 environmental setting, 759–761 disturbances and threats, 836 ﬁshes, 763–764 locations, 10 future challenges and developments, national inventory and environmental track, 768–769 832–836 invertebrates, 762–763 peatlands, 830–832, 873–881 location of, 758, 759 Ramsar sites in, 834–835, 866–870 plankton, 762 wetland types, 825–829 threats and challenges, 768–769 Chilia (Kilia) branch, Danube River, 912 vegetation, 764–766 Chilika Development Authority (CDA), 400 water quality characteristics, 761–762 China’s water tower, 1580 Cinclodes oustaleti, 833 Chiridotea coeca, 630 Cinclus Chironomids, 165, 1460 C. cinclus, 1610 Chitala lopis, 1846 C. pallasii, 1610 Chitra chitra, 1860 Circaetus gallicus, 1255 Chlidonias Circus C. hybridus, 1619, 1708 C. aeruginosus, 1030, 1084, C. leucopterus, 1274 1621, 1629 C. niger, 683, 1338 C. bofoni, 852 Chloris C. cyaneus, 166, 418, 570, 1045, 1084 C. gayana, 1386 C. macrourus, 1354 C. virgata, 1385 Cirsium Chloropeta gracilostris, 192 C. esculentum, 1539 Cholephaga picta, 831 C. ﬂavisquamatum, 1609 Chondrus,86 Cissus, 207 C. crispus, 626 C. hastata, 1773 Chroicocephalus C. hexangularis, 205 C. cirrocephalus, 1338 C. ibuensis, 1272 C. genei, 1338 Cisticola carunthesi, 192 C. ridibundus, 472, 1073 Cistothorus apolinari, 777 Chroococcus, 1936 Citharinus congicus, 1344 Chrysemys picta, 612 Cladium, 1116, 1418 Chrysomus icterocephalus, 777 C. jamaicense, 715 Chthonius, 339 C. mariscus, 163, 1074, 1116, 1117, Cichla ocellaris, 809 1152, 1427 Cicindela, 1082 Cladonia, 279 Ciconia C. rangiferina, 571 C. boyciana, 1515, 1525, 1569, Cladophora, 478, 842, 1584, 1599 1773 C. ciconia, 482, 918, 1127, 1188, Cladophoropsis, 842 1254, 1274 Cladorhynchus leucocephalus, 150, C. episcopus, 1779 1915, 1925 C. episcopus stormi, 1845 Clanga pomarina, 1255 C. nigra, 889, 905, 1254, 1481 Clangula hyemalis, 1083, 1094 C. stormi, 1758, 1835 Clarias, 192, 1273 Cicuta, 612 C. gariepinus, 1254, 1354, 1355 C. virosa, 915 “Class II” lake, 1365 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), 749, Clear-water rivers, 729–731, 751, 752, 754 1849 birds, reptiles, mammals, 764 Cleistanthus sumatranus, 208 ecosystems services, 767–768 Clematis vitalba, 916 2046 Index of Keywords

Climate change, 6, 7, 12, 49, 62, 64, 67, 82, 105, Coastal protection, 49, 101, 115, 116, 968 106, 118, 119, 137, 138, 151, 153, 167, Coastal squeeze, 68, 969, 1004, 1006, 1019 179, 180, 193, 194, 202, 220–221, Coastal wetlands, 5, 7, 8, 21, 22, 27, 29, 56, 59, 237, 241, 242, 277, 286, 327, 343, 349, 62, 68, 105, 285, 322, 348, 361, 370, 367, 434, 451, 454, 456–458, 466, 372–375, 377, 380, 409, 428, 431, 432, 492, 501, 503, 519, 531, 532, 536, 537, 456, 558, 563, 593–594, 825, 827, 829, 585, 613, 614, 632, 634, 646–648, 830, 833, 984, 1086, 1320, 1553, 1559, 714, 715, 754, 755, 774, 780–782, 1577, 1583, 1584, 1678, 1713, 1746, 864, 880, 890, 900, 902, 929, 930, 969, 1768, 1783, 1806, 1867–1869, 1947, 1032, 1034, 1035, 1053, 1109, 1110, 1952, 1981, 1982, 1989 1120, 1133, 1146, 1163, 1172, 1211, Amazon River Basin, 733 1212, 1230, 1249, 1258, 1323, 1330, characteristic types of, 748 1358, 1359, 1375, 1378, 1382, 1389, Conchali Lagoon, 858–864 1390, 1500, 1503–1504, 1507, 1533, distribution of, 607 1547, 1561–1562, 1577, 1590, 1593, ecosystems, 7 1595, 1611–1613, 1651, 1655, 1672, ecotypes, 827 1678, 1700, 1710, 1730, 1731, 1740, Lake Superior’s South Shore, 605–617 1749, 1782–1783, 1808, 1810, 1862, Laurentian Great Lakes, 606 1868, 1872, 1889, 1891, 1893, 1905, Manitoba’s Great Lakes, 591–603 1918, 1949, 1957, 1963, 1974, 1986, wetlands of Chile, 829–830 1988, 1989, 2013, 2014 Coccoceras anisopodum, 208 boreal wetlands, 530 Cocconeis,86 Congo River, 1211 Cochlearia officinalis, 964 effect on estuarine marsh, 62 Coconut-dominated agroforests, 2009 freshwater swamps, 220–221 Cocos nucifera, 2013 impacts, 754, 1330, 1613, 1891, 1893 Coenobita, 2016 Volga River Basin, 935–936 Cold deserts, 1726 Climate driven desertification, 1532, 1547 Coleanthus subtilis, 480 Cloud forest, 231, 269, 272, 300, 301, 308, 420 Coleataenia prionitis, 791, 816 Clupea, 46, 1083 Collapse lake, 1465, 1466 C. harengus, 629, 980 Colocasia esculenta, 1263, 2009 C. pallasii, 641 Colombia, 29, 206, 732, 740, 767 Clupeonella cultriventris, 939 central Caribbean coast, 758 Clymenella torquata, 630 Lake Fuquene, 774–782 Coastal change, 96 locations of wetlands, 10 Coastal dunes, 1104, 1239, 1255, 1434 mangroves of, 748–755 Coastal Eurasian tundra, 285 Colombian law, 762 Coastal fishery, 1912 Colombian mangrove-associated fauna, 750 Coastal habitat, 502, 547, 607, 1445, 1627, Colombian mangrove ecosystems 1628, 1827, 1882, 2019 climate, 749 Coastal herbaceous communities, 546 conservation status and management, Coastal lagoon, 39, 364, 398, 733, 766, 815, 752–754 836, 859, 974, 1001, 1102, control and management, 755 1104–1105, 1116–1118, 1120, 1144, distribution, 749 1322, 1627, 1628, 1746, 1881, 1910, ecosystem services, 751–752 1914 temperature, 748 Coastal peatlands, 1156, 1856 threats and challenges, 754–755 Coastal plains, 12, 38, 58, 65, 171, 200, 280, tropical climate, 748 544, 545, 585, 668, 669, 673, 675, vegetation, 750 758, 840, 848, 998, 1000, 1230, Comarum palustre, 285 1414, 1433, 1434, 1636, 1744, 1746, Combretum, 1294, 1385 1820, 1832, 1952, 1960 C. fragans, 1344 MCP, 1424–1434 C. glutinosum, 1272 Index of Keywords 2047

C. hartmannianum, 1294 Connochaetes C. trifoliatum, 208 C. gnou, 1222 Comephorus C. taurinus, 1358, 1405 C. baicalensis, 1481 Conocarpus erectus, 750, 764, 1336 C. dybowskii, 1481 Conservation, 14, 28, 51, 53, 90, 112, 115, 117, Commelina, 191 153, 195, 240, 249, 287, 328, 377, Committee on the Status of Endangered 438, 440, 441, 473, 582, 588, 622, Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), 653, 654, 700, 766, 801, 802, 834, 632, 633 845, 859, 864, 868–870, 921, 955, Common goldeneye, 1083, 1092–1094, 1448, 969, 1026, 1031, 1034, 1052, 1054, 1460, 1475, 1610 1069, 1071, 1102, 1109, 1118–1120, Common Saltmarsh Grass, 963, 964 1129, 1146, 1161, 1171, 1172, 1182, Community Based Organizations (CBOs), 465, 1212, 1226, 1229, 1237, 1240, 1264, 493, 1240 1284, 1290, 1291, 1294, 1316, 1325, Community institutions, 1264–1265 1329, 1334, 1338, 1346, 1409, Community succession, 194, 519 1444–1445, 1448–1449, 1487, Conchalí Lagoon 1489–1493, 1496, 1497, 1502, 1507, aerial view, 858 1513, 1546, 1555, 1586, 1587, biodiversity, 859–861 1598–1601, 1611–1613, 1629, 1642, future challenges and developments, 864 1717, 1718, 1769, 1776, 1779, 1796, landscape process, 862–863 1807, 1809, 1816, 1837, 1861, 1863, locations of wetlands, 10 1867, 1870, 1872, 1882, 1888, 1889, physical process, 861–862 1891–1895, 1898, 1912, 1913, 1917, threats and future challenges, 864 1942, 1949, 1956, 1971, 1979, 1988, Condensation, 230, 271, 1384 1989, 1998–1999, 2002, 2012 Conepatus chinga, 852 atoll biodiversity, 2003 Conﬂict resolution, 400 atoll ecosystems, 2019–2022 Conger orbignyanus, 850 biodiversity, 1295, 1296 Congo River Basin, 1552 challenges, 1239 biodiversity, 1205–1207 designations, 571–572, 1187 climate change, 1211 ecological restoration and adaptive conservation and management management, 397–402 priorities, 1212 freshwater habitats, 121, 1207, 1208 conservation priorities, 1212 global biodiversity, 1526 Cuvette Centrale, 1204 global concerns, 675–676, 764, 1237 dams, 1210 grasslands, 685–686 deforestation, 1209 Great Barrier Reef, 454, 455 ecosystem services, 1207–1209 habitats and species, 342 forest conversion, 1209–1210 initiatives, 993–994 freshwater ecoregions, 1201, 1202 inland waters, 120 geographical map, 1201 issues, 4, 409, 522, 652, 1051, 1560–1561 habitat disturbance, 1210 Lake Parishan, 1654, 1655 location, 1200 Lake Uromiyeh and Satellite Wetlands, Malebo Pool, 1205 1668–1669, 1678 management priorities, 1212 Makgadikgadi wetlands, 487–494 migration, 1211 management, 117, 480–482, 511–512, mining, 1209 752–754, 769, 779–781, 901–902, overﬁshing, 1211 906–908, 1118–1119, 1375, pollution, 1210 1491–1493, 1518, 1700, 1710, 1730, Conifer, 299, 300, 528, 1040, 1049, 1051, 1738–1739, 1807–1808, 1826, 1888 1052, 1480, 1608, 1980 measures, 1621–1623 Coniferous forests, 238, 480, 525, Migraory Species, 1626, 1637 685, 1536 peatlands, 241, 1164 2048 Index of Keywords

Conservation (cont.) location, 1910 peatland use, 879–880 and Lower Murray Lakes Wetland complex, Ramsar wetland, 2017 1910 Shadegan Wetland, 1682 wetland change, 1913–1916 status, 4, 480–482, 511–512, 537–539, The Coorong, and Lakes Alexandrina & Albert 547–548, 553, 562–563, 585–586, Wetland, 1911 632–633, 638, 645–646, 684–686, Copernicia 692–693, 737, 752–754, 768, C. alba, 206 779–781, 792, 806–807, 818, 830, C. australis, 206 901–902, 906–908, 918–919, 954, Copper River Delta 966–968, 981, 1004, 1017–1018, future challenges and developments, 563 1032, 1049–1051, 1058–1059, 1075, hydrology, 559 1086, 1094, 1108, 1118–1119, 1132, land cover, 560 1143–1144, 1187–1188, 1206, 1238, succession, 561 1274, 1294, 1303, 1328, 1338, 1346, tectonics, 559 1375, 1386, 1454, 1460, 1469, 1472, threats, 563 1475, 1482, 1517–1518, 1526, 1570, wetlands, 560 1610, 1631, 1643–1644, 1654, Coprosma, 1980 1668–1669, 1681, 1700–1701, 1710, Corallus 1730, 1738–1739, 1787, 1797, C. cropanii, 764 1807–1808, 1816, 1826–1827, 1836, C. hortulanus, 764 1846, 1867, 1904, 1947, 1955–1956, Corals, 78, 79, 86, 326, 377, 440, 442, 456, 2003 457, 1881, 2011, 2012 for sustainable use, 833 reefs, 27, 79, 82, 85, 87, 322, 439–443, 448, threat, 694, 768, 845–846 451, 458, 754, 825, 845, 1867, 1869, transboundary, 1519–1520 1876, 1968, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2013, values or uniqueness, 317 2017–2021, 4450 vernal pools, 662–664 Sea, 2003, 2021 wetland, 7, 180, 409, 684–685, 741, 1557, Coral Triangle, in Southeast Asia, 440 1719, 1982 Corbicula wetland biodiversity, 957, 998, 1584 C. ﬂuminea, 854 Yukon River, 547–549 C. langilleri, 854 Conservation of Iranian Wetlands Project Cordyla Africana, 1236 (CIWP), 1654, 1656, 1662, 1671, Cordyline australis, 1980 1677–1680, 1682 Coregonus Conservation Reserve Program’s Continuous C. autumnalis, 1447 Signup, 694 C. lavaretus, 476, 980, 1448, 1475 Conspicuous invertebrate animals, 149 C. migratorius, 1443, 1483 Contaminant, 12, 43, 49, 391–395, 535, 554, C. muksun, 1447, 1454 683, 853, 1561, 1942, 1949 C. oxyrhynchus, 989 Conus,86 C. peled, 476, 1447 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 120, C. sardinella, 1447 121, 287, 443, 1295, 1867, 1892 C. tugun, 1448, 1475 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Cornus, 525 Species of Wild Animals (CMS), C. mas, 916 443, 1641, 1643 C. sanguinea, 916 Convolvulus Corophium, 630 C. cantabrica, 916 C. volutator, 630, 977, 988 C. persicus, 916, 917 Corosium insidiosum, 851 Cooper Creek, 1923–1925 Corylus avellana, 916 Coorong, 1888, 1891, 1926 Cotton grass, 26, 228, 290, 1048, 1544, 1545 future challenges and developments, Coturnicops noveboracensis, 633 1916–1918 Coturnix coturnix, 1084 Index of Keywords 2049

Cover moss, 304 1082, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1228, 1324, Cracking, 278, 279, 354, 421, 1964 1337, 1387, 1717, 1737, 1848, Craspedacusta sowerbyi, 603 1869–1871, 1879, 1925, 1942, 1947, Crassocephalum, 1313 1949, 1952, 1963, 2018, 2020 Crassostrea fairy shrimp, 654, 656, 659–661 C. gigas, 995 Cryo-arid conditions, 1464 C. rhizophorae, 763 Cryolithozone, 1442, 1464, 1472 Crataegus monogyna, 916, 1106 Crypsis Crataeva C. aculeata, 951 C. nurvala, 208 C. schoenoides, 951 C. roxburghii, 208 Cryptocoryne purpurea, 1859 Craterocephalus Ctenomys talarum, 852 C. eyresii, 1925 Ctenopharyngodon C. marianae,211 C. idella, 476 Cratoxylum spp., 228, 290 C. idellus, 1254 Crepis spp., 1105 Ctenopoma muriei, 192 Cressa,61 Cuculus canorus, 1030 C. cretica, 1728 Culex, 338 Crex crex, 1628 Cultivation, 102, 103, 239, 443, 1014, 1103, Cricetulus migratorius, 1192, 1443, 1483 1104, 1117–1119, 1145, 1151, 1153, Critically endangered species, 633, 1472, 1584, 1174, 1176, 1180, 1181, 1193, 1806, 1870 1263–1265, 1309, 1310, 1316, 1347, Crocidura 1357, 1390, 1414, 1417, 1419, 1424, C. leucodon, 1142, 1621 1433, 1434, 1638, 1642, 1654–1656, C. suaveolens, 1142 1664, 1738, 1739, 1745, 1827, 1846, Crocodylus 1852, 1859, 1861, 1862, 2009 C. acutus, 324, 750, 764 Cultural ecosystem services, boreal C. johnstoni, 1946, 1955 wetlands, 532 C. moreletii, 324 Cultural eutrophication, 496 C. niloticus, 1238, 1274, 1354, 1368, 1369, Culturally-accelerated sediment 1371 accumulation, 693 C. porosus, 1739, 1747, 1825, 1835, 1845, Cuon alpinus, 1860 1946, 1955 Cuora C. raninus, 1845 C. amboinensis, 1776, 1860 C. siamensis, 1775, 1778, 1788 C. mouhotii, 1845 C. suchus, 1337 Cuscuta salina, 570 Crocuta Cuvette centrale, 1202–1204, 1207, C. crocuta, 1274 1208, 1211 C. crocuta fortis, 1294 Cyanocorax yucatanicus, 324 Crotalus adamanteus, 675 Cybister tripunctatus africanus, 1131 Croton Cyclarhis gujanensis, 851 C. cf. ensifolius, 205 Cyclemys dentata, 1825, 1835 C. krabas, 205 Cyclestheria hislopi, 1273, 1303 C. mekongensis, 205 Cyclonic storms, 1737, 1740 Crown of Thorns Starﬁsh (COTS), 451, Cyclosorus interruptus, 1997 456–458 Cygnus, 1559 Crucigenia, 1385 C. atratus, 1915, 1926, 1981 Crudia C. bewickii, 1481 C. amazonica, 207 C. buccinator, 562, 569 C. teysmannii, 208 C. columbianus, 547, 552, 1030, 1525 Crustaceans, 45, 50, 51, 86, 102, 149, 153, 165, C. columbianus bewickii, 1480 176, 337, 340, 569, 630, 654, 657, C. cygnus, 1515, 1525, 1628 659–661, 767, 843, 844, 917, 978, C. olor, 472, 978, 1091, 1642 2050 Index of Keywords

Cymodocea Czech Republic, fishponds, 470 C. angustata,75 biodiversity, 471–473 C. nodosa, 75, 1323 conservation status and management, 480 C. rotundata, 75, 84, 1876, 1970, 1971 ecosystem services, 473–476 C. serrulata, 75, 1876, 1971 history, 470 Cynocephalus variegatus, 1836 management, 476–477 Cynocion guatucupa, 853 threats, 483 Cynodon, 191 Tøeboò Basin Biosphere Reserve area, 471 C. dactylon,205,816,951,1130,1171,1385 vegetation management, 477–479 Cynogale bennettii, 1845, 1860 Cynorkis anacamptoides, 1313 Cynoscion guatucupa, 850, 853 D Cyornis rufigastra, 1825 Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, 1980 Cyperaceae, 187, 205, 510, 735, 876, 879, Dacryodes edulis, 207 1074, 1152, 1418, 1639, 1795, 1815 Dactylocladus stenostachys, 1757 Cyperus, 189, 204, 1316, 1945, 1980 Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 1385 C. articulatus, 205 Dactylorhiza hatagirea, 1609 C. cephalotes, 1746 Dalbergia C. digitatus, 1236, 1237 D. louisii, 207 C. dives, 191 D. pinnata, 205 C. exaltatus, 1236 Dama C. giganteus, 791, 816 D. dama, 220 C. haspan, 205, 206 D. mesopotamica, 1666 C. involucratus, 205 Damaliscus C. iria, 1746 D. korrigum, 1274, 1371 C. laevigatus, 1385 D. korrigum tiang, 1293 C. latifolius, 1248, 1262, 1313 D. lunatus, 1282, 1405 C. nitidus, 205 Dambos, 1219, 1221, 1229 C. papyrus, 6, 170, 177, 184, 190, 204, 205, Damgahs, 1636, 1638–1645 209–211, 1156, 1168–1169, 1210, Damplands, 350, 1960 1237, 1244, 1265, 1272, 1302, 1313, Dams, 12, 53, 65, 105, 117–119, 126–128, 131, 1350, 1357, 1398, 1427 132, 136, 146, 151, 179, 217, 466, C. platystylis, 1746 470, 531, 534, 551, 561, 583, 640, C. polystachyos, 205 702, 731, 737, 739, 740, 786, 808, C. prolixus, 205 818, 831, 887, 900, 904–906, 920, C. rotundus, 1639, 1642 924, 926, 939, 941, 1062, Cypraea,86 1208–1210, 1218, 1219, 1225, 1229, Cyprinids, 939 1240, 1249, 1266, 1284, 1377, 1409, Cyprinus 1410, 1445, 1483, 1518, 1571, 1627, C. carpio, 476, 597, 612, 776, 818, 850, 1638, 1673, 1677, 1683, 1687, 1692, 853, 939, 953, 1104, 1131, 1357, 1693, 1700, 1721, 1798, 1809, 1810, 1514, 1905 1893, 1899, 1900, 1945, 1947 C. carpio communis, 1708 Gibe, 1376, 1377 C. carpio haematoperus, 1586 hydroelectric, 51, 789, 1086 C. carpio specularis, 1708 hydropower, 131, 907, 930, 1230, 1375, C. linnaeus, 1443 1781, 1790 Cyrilla racemiflora, 672, 674 irrigation, 1781 Cyrtograpsus angulatus, 850, 851 Volga River Basin, 941 Cyrtopodion kachhense kachhensis, 1729 Damselflies, 176, 612, 660, 1859, 1860 Cyrtosperma chamissonis, 2009, 2013 Danau Sentarum, 13, 201, 203, 205, 208, 210, Cyrtostachys 212, 214, 216, 219 C. lakka, 1834 Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP) C. renda, 1757, 1834, 1835 biodiversity, 1844–1845 Index of Keywords 2051

black water, 1848 future challenges and developments, conservation status, 1846 892–895 ecosystem services, 1846–1847 hazardous substances, pollution by, 891 future challenges and developments, hydrology, 887 1847–1848 hydromorphological alterations, 891 geographical map, 1842 International Commission for the Protection hydrology, 1843 of the Danube River, 892, 893 land cover analysis, 1844 Joint Programme of Measures (JPM), 892 location, 1842 location, 886 threats, 1847–1848 lower basin, 887 wetland ecosystems, 1843–1844 Lower Danube Green Corridor, 893 Danish Cooperation for Environment and lower Danube wetlands, 888 Development (DANCED), 1852 middle basin, 887 Danish Wadden Sea morphological ﬂoodplain, 888 biodiversity, 988–993 organic pollution, 891 biological characteristics, 984 population, 890 conservation status, 993–994 transboundary Danube Delta, 888 ecosystem services, 993 upper basin, 887 habitat types, 984, 985 Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, 893 threats and future challenges, 994–995 values, 892 tidal ecosystem, 984–987 Daphnia spp., 478, 479, 612, 1357 Danthonia, 1701 Daqing River channel, 1583 Danube Delta, 886–888, 890 Darcy’s law, 233 biodiversity, 917–918 Darhad Kettle, 1541 challenges, 921 Dasyurus conservation status, 918–919 D. albopunctatus,211 ecosystem services, 919–920 D. spartacus,211 features, 889 Dauria steppe wetlands, 13 future challenges and developments, 921 biodiversity, 1502 hydrology, 912–914 climate, 1500–1501 location, 912 climate change and human impacts, 1503 threats, 920 cultural values, 1503 wetland ecosystems, 914–917 ecosystem services and human values, 1503 Danube River, 476, 893, 894, 901, 912, 913, location, 1500–1501 919, 921 principal wetlands, eastern Dauria, 1501 branches, 912, 913 principal wetlands of Argun and Ulz channelling, 906 basins, 1505 conservation status and management, transboundary wetland management, 906–908 1505–1507 ecosystem service, 908 Declines, 7, 46, 50, 52, 59, 60, 82, 89, 113, 354, location, 904 377, 385, 410, 432, 442, 451, 453, threats, 905 457, 472, 496, 500, 547, 645, 647, wetland types and diversity, 904–905 648, 654, 681, 682, 1003, 1019, 1032, Danube River Basin (DRB), 11, 900, 908 1052, 1091, 1384, 1511, 1515, 1528, assessment of restoration potential, 894 1561, 1595, 1665, 1666, 1681, 1710, biodiversity, 889 1790, 1867, 1871, 1880, 1905, 1915, biogeographical regions, 888 1918, 1925, 1946, 1963, 1965, 1973 climate, 887 Degradation, 5, 14, 32, 46, 66, 105, 115, 117, Danube River Basin Management Plans, 180, 214, 219, 241, 276, 286, 346, 890, 892, 894 366, 398, 411, 419, 441, 442, 457, delta features, 889 462, 490, 537, 538, 638, 647, 737, Drava-Mura wetlands, 889 752, 754, 817, 880, 900, 907, 1074, eutrophication, 891 1118, 1200, 1229, 1249, 1257, 1258, 2052 Index of Keywords

1389, 1390, 1419, 1469, 1532, 1546, Gangetic, 1712, 1713, 1718–1719, 1721 1547, 1612, 1721, 1810, 1835, 1871, Herbert, 1945 1879, 1963, 2002, 2014, 2017, 2018 Indus, 105, 172, 1700, 1701 diverse activity, 1316 Inner Niger, 217 ecosystem, 116, 466, 496, 739, 1516 Kerio/Turkwel, 1369 environmental, 64, 779, 1293 Lena River, 1445, 1449, 1452–1455 estuarine environments, 53 locations, 10–13, 26 estuary conditions, 49 Mahanadi, 1744–1749 by human activities, 148, 151 Marsh, 26, 595, 598–602 intertidal flats, 1871 Mekong River, 96, 365, 1771, 1773, 1777, lagoons, 1120 1779, 1782, 1783, 1793–1798, Lake Chilika, 364 1802–1810, 1813–1816 lake habitats, 135 Mississippi, 116, 160, 587, 588 land functions, 1586 Mkuze, 1426 marsh system, 1309 Neretva River, 1058, 1059 of organic matter, 46 Niger, 113, 217 of palsas, 283 Nile, 185, 1156, 1160, 1248, 1249, of peatlands, 237, 238, 241, 242, 1533, 1252–1258 1547 Okavango, 110, 176, 201, 211, 488, 490, quality of water, 217, 1853 1343, 1394–1410, 1414, 1415, 1418 river and floodplain areas, 908, 1781 Paraná River, 814–818, 848 riverine landscape, 907 Peace-Athabasca, 550–555 river systems, 1906 region, 789–790 seagrass, 438 Rhone River, 1102–1110, 1130 seagrass biodiversity, 85 Riparian mires, 285 soil, 1433 Rufiji, 1342 swamp forest, 1433, 1759, 1827 Sacramento-San Joaquin, 698, 700 of wetland, 8, 12, 117, 361, 362, 365, 370, Sefid Rud, 1626–1628, 1630, 1631 376, 956, 1264, 1265, 1583, 1710, Selenge River, 1481, 1482 1781 Sinú and Atrato River, 749 De la Plata River Basin, 786 Sundarban, 1735 Delphinus delphis, 918, 1747 Volga River, 934, 937, 938, 940, 946–957 Delta, 38, 56, 186, 218, 277, 285, 364, 398, wetlands, 160, 548, 554, 817, 920, 639, 642, 643, 758, 765, 786, 947, 957, 1583 (see also Omo Delta 789–792, 794, 840, 924, 929, 968, wetland) 976, 998, 1139, 1323, 1335, 1337, Yangtze River, 1553 1345, 1440, 1442–1446, 1486, 1523, Yellow River, 1583–1586 1529, 1623, 1699, 1700, 1734, 1764, Yukon-Kuskokwim, 160, 544–548 1765, 1767, 1780–1783 Zambezi, 1219, 1221, 1227, 1228, Amur River, 280 1234–1240 (see also Axios, archipelago, 1334 Aliakmon and Gallikos Delta Axios, Aliakmon, and Gallikos, 1137–1146 complex, northern Greece; Omo Axios–Loudias–Aliakmon, 1144 Delta wetland) Canadian Mackenzie, 280 Deltaic archipelago, 1334 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 749 Deltaic system, 1627 Copper River, 558–563 Delta Marsh, 26, 595, 598–602 Danube, 886–890, 893, 898–901, 911–921 Dendroaspis angusticeps, 1274 Dique canal, 749 Dendrobranchiata, 570 drowned rivers/river mouth, 608, 609 Dendrocygna Ebro, 1114–1120 D. arcuata, 1955 Egypt’s Nile, 1156 D. eytoni, 1955 Fraser River, 566–573 D. viduata, 1385 Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna rivers, 1734 Dendropsophus labialis, 777 Index of Keywords 2053

Denmark, 58, 83, 248, 967, 978, 981, 1000, Dinaric Karst, 319, 320, 336–342 1092, 1094, 1095 blind and pocket valleys, 1061 Ringkøbing Fjord, 974–975 conservation status, 1058–1059 tidal vegetated marshes, geographic future challenges and developments, distribution, 960 1063–1064 Wadden Sea, 984–995 lakes, 1062 Density fingering, 1402 location, 1058 Dependent communities, 1371, 1373–1374, water caves, 1062–1063 1717, 1749 Dinder and Rahad basins, 1291 Depressional wetlands, 680, 683, 684 Dinder National Park (DNP) Dermochelys coriacea, 324, 453 biodiversity, 1293–1294 Desalination, 118, 1175, 1400–1403, 1409, conservation status, 1294–1296 1410 ecosystem services, 1294 Deschampsia koelerioides, 1537 features, 1288 Desertification, 238, 462, 1504, 1532, 1546, location, 1289 1547, 1553, 1586 threats, 1296 Desert Lake, 1362–1378, 1700 topography, 1289 Desiccation, 148, 150, 152, 153, 200, 204, 209, Dinder National Park Project (DNPP), 1295 656, 661, 1130, 1316, 1433, 1547, Dinder River, 1288, 1290, 1292, 1294, 1297 1672, 1673, 1805, 1891 Dinka communities, Sudd region, 1274, 1281, Desmana moschato, 953 1282, 1304 Detritus, 441, 569, 632, 652, 657–658, 843, Dionaea muscipula, 674 1176, 1273, 1737 Dioscorea deltoidea, 1609 Dew, 265, 271, 298 Diospyros Deyeuxia angustifolia, 1525 D. areolata, 1834 Diadromous fish species, 7, 52, 165 D. cambodiana, 208, 1773 Dialium, 207 D. coriacea, 208 Dialulinopsis deltaicus, 918 D. lanceifola, 1834 Dialyanthera spp., 750 Dipsacus gmelinii, 952 Diamantina River, 1923 Disa stairsii, 1313 Dianthus pontederae, 916 Discharge regulation, Volga River Basin, 937, Diapensia lapponica, 279 939–941, 956 Diaphanosoma, 1357 Discopyge tschudii, 850 Diaptomus castor, 1071 Distichlis,61 Dicentrarchus labrax, 965, 1002, 1083, 1104 Distichodus spp., 1273 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 1836 Distribution, 5, 46, 47, 78, 85, 88, 89, 99, 100, Diceros bicornis, 1408 107, 127, 138, 187, 221, 228, 266, Dichilanthe borneensis, 208, 210, 1844 268, 277, 340, 342, 352–354, 384, Dichirotrichus gustavii, 1082 387, 453, 462, 483, 491, 510, 513, Dichrostachys 579, 648, 654, 656, 657, 668, 680, D. cinerea, 1294 686, 714, 777, 786, 789, 792, 803, D. glomerata, 1272 806, 817, 849, 851, 868, 874, 914, Dicoelia beccariana, 210–211, 1844 917, 980, 987, 998, 1002, 1003, Dicranoloma robustum, 1994 1116, 1117, 1125, 1140, 1156–1157, Dicranum elongatum, 282 1212, 1219, 1229, 1320, 1322, 1323, Dicrocephala, 1313 1344, 1366, 1472, 1546, 1553, 1559, Didelphys albiventris, 852 1560, 1587, 1728, 1734, 1748, 1765, Digital Chart of the World (DCW), 111 1768–1769, 1838, 1876, 1903, 1915, Digitaria, 204 1934, 1945, 1946, 1952, 1960, 2004, D. velutina, 1385 2006 Dillenia arctic peatland, 277–279 D. alata, 208 areas, 202–203 D. indica, 207 atoll countries and territories, 2004, 2006 2054 Index of Keywords

Distribution (cont.) spatial, 527, 663, 715, 1081, 1082, 1091, azonal patterns, 235 1132, 1249, 1258 benthic species, 988 swamps and marshes, 171–172 biodiversity, 1584 terrestrial taxa, 737 bioregion, 1769–1771 tidal freshwater wetlands, 160–161 boreal wetland, 539 tidal saltmarshes, 960–961 brackish water species, 1679 vascular plant species, 1071 coastal wetlands, 607 vegetation community and species, 1070 Danube River Basin, 888–889 vernal pools, 652–653 Estuarine Marsh, 58–60 vertical salinity, 40 ﬂooded areas, 1403 water and sediment discharge, 913 freshwater lakes and reservoirs, 130–131 wetland articles, 9–13 freshwater swamps, 202–203 wetlands, 888–889, 1489, 1553, 1554, geographic, 6, 58–60, 130–131, 133, 690, 1562, 1577–1580, 1744–1746, 1772, 960–961, 1093 1773 global, 7, 79–82, 94–98, 145–147, 149, 156, Wetlands of Mahanadi Delta, 1744–1746 230–233, 315 and wetland types, 20–32, habitat types, 1679 1445–1448, 1978 historic, 643, 1408 wintering, 1093, 1094 inland water systems, 171–172 Yangtze River Basin, 1554 landscape, 652–653 Yellow River Basin, 1578, 1584 Lena River Basin, 1445–1448 zonation of vegetation communities, 1071, location climate, 748–749 1073, 1075 managed seasonal and semipermanent zooplankton, 762 wetland areas, 701 Diurnal ﬂuctuations, 162, 655 mangroves, 95–98, 748–749 Diurnal tides, 42, 162, 1804, 1952 map, 1028 Diversity, 21, 46, 48, 74, 80, 101, 106, 107, Mediterranean drainage basin, 1156–1159 175, 191, 200–201, 228, 314, 337, Mekong wetlands, 1769–1771 387, 393, 442, 471, 473, 480, 483, Najas marina, 1934 544, 551, 553, 569, 585, 660, 693, New Zealand wetland, 1978 700, 721, 728, 733, 734, 767, 799, northeastern Australian seagrass 805, 817, 824, 825, 843, 845, 867, meadows, 1968 869, 915, 926, 1029, 1030, 1074, Papyrus, 186 1106, 1108, 1115, 1171, 1200, 1206, Pareto, 128 1207, 1223, 1237, 1249, 1255, 1271, Patagonian peatlands, 875 1273, 1302, 1303, 1315, 1338, 1345, peatlands, 230–233, 277–279, 531, 1382, 1386, 1387, 1414, 1418, 1421, 876–879, 1415–1417, 1472, 1480, 1501–1503, 1558, 1561, 1534–1535 1566, 1568, 1583, 1606, 1621, 1622, plant and animal species, 899 1642, 1666, 1678, 1687, 1690, 1691, playas, 690 1694, 1728, 1729, 1737, 1778, 1780, pocosin bogs and Carolina bays, 669 1797, 1859, 1860, 1863, 1903, 1917, pre-and post-construction, 1095 1925, 1952, 1955, 1972 primary production, 627 animal, 46, 1082–1084 raised bog, 265 aquatic, 1305 saline wetlands, 1728 aquatic macroinvertebrates, 1131 salinity gradients, 761 arctic peatland, 277–279 salt lakes, 145–147 biological, 210, 212, 326, 448, 818, 1161, saltmarsh area, 962 1309, 1942 seagrasses, 79–82, 840–842, 1591, 1595 of biota, 173 seasonal, 949 biotic, of peatlands, 6, 235–236, 335 Siberian salamander Salamandrella Boreal wetlands, 527–531 keyserlingii, 1599 British Estuaries, 998–1000 Index of Keywords 2055

Colombian Mangrove Associated Fauna, Doñana wetlands, 1133 750–751 biodiversity, 1130–1132 corals and reef, 451, 2012 conservation status, 1132 cultural, 326 distribution, 1125 Danube River Basin, 888–889 ecosystem services, 1132 Drava and Mura rivers, 904–905 hydrology, 1124–1130 ecosystem, 276, 319–320, 1104, 2002, location, 11, 1124 2006–2010 threats and challenges, 1133–1134 Europe vegetation, 159 Donatia, 878, 879 exotic species, 853 D. fascicularis, 265, 833, 876 faunal, 7, 165, 190, 571, 706, 939–940, Dongpinghu Lake, 1582 1124, 1747, 1757, 1758, 1763, 1768 Dosinia, 1336 fish, 192, 1630, 1788, 1844, 1946, 1947 D. isocardia, 1324 floral, 190, 191, 1747 Double lakes, 1579 freshwater swamps, 200 Dracophyllum, 1980, 1994 fresh water wetlands, 510–511 D. lessonianum, 1994 functional, 818 D. oliverii, 1995 genetic, 187, 2006 D. scoparium, 1995 global occurrence/genetic, 79 Dragonflies, 176, 249, 571, 612, 656, habitat, 597, 626, 629, 632, 642, 1736, 660, 661, 926, 1071, 2006–2010 1408, 1777, 1859, 1860 hydrologic, 1569 Drainage, 8, 12, 21, 22, 28, 38, 52, 62, 65, hydroperiods and vegetation types, 1129 111–113, 146, 153, 194, 228, 237, invertebrate, 236, 1076 238, 240, 241, 272, 284, 286, 299, Karst wetlands, 319–320 349, 363, 370, 395, 414, 418, macrophytes, 149 421–423, 470, 476, 480, 518, 519, mammalian species, 806 529, 531, 545, 567, 571, 578, 592, Mekong River, 1769–1771 594, 638, 643, 668, 671–673, 675, microbial, 193 681–685, 698, 709, 710, 712, 713, of mire, 1535–1546 717, 728, 739, 760, 779, 781, 786, in papyrus marshes, 190 789, 808, 828, 836, 876–878, 881, peatlands, 235 887, 917, 920, 924, 925, 934, 937, phytoplankton, 1371 938, 976, 994, 1026, 1031, 1043, plant, 60–61, 157, 165, 166, 176, 717, 1074, 1052, 1060, 1063, 1064, 1073, 1081–1082, 1773 1083, 1106, 1109, 1114, 1117, saline wetlands, 1728 1119, 1129, 1133, 1138, 1140, 1145, saltmarsh zone, 963 1150, 1152, 1153, 1156, 1162, 1163, seagrasses, 80–82, 85 1168–1171, 1180, 1192, 1204, 1209, taxonomic, 692, 2006, 2010–2011 1218, 1222, 1229, 1239, 1240, 1249, terrestrial ground beetle, 1073 1255–1257, 1263–1265, 1275, 1282, of tidal freshwater wetlands, 165 1283, 1291, 1293, 1315, 1363, 1364, tropical black water fish, 240 1384, 1389, 1396–1400, 1409, 1410, vegetation, 750, 1569 1419, 1421, 1428, 1433, 1442, 1464, vegetation communities, 716 1472, 1518, 1546, 1552, 1554, 1568, waterbird habitats, 1447 1576, 1581, 1666, 1668, 1672, 1677, wetlands, 833, 888–889, 1035, 1983 1678, 1687–1689, 1709, 1712, 1713, ecosystems, 1366–1371, 1895 1719, 1721, 1745, 1748, 1759, 1760, types, 4, 5, 12, 20, 510–511, 904–905, 1765, 1795, 1804–1805, 1822, 1823, 1736, 1786–1787, 1866–1867 1827, 1836–1838, 1856, 1933, 1948, Dolichopoda, 338 1949, 1961, 1978, 1980, 1984, 1985, Dolichopus nigripes, 1030 1998 Dolomedes plantarius, 1031 Drama Basin, 1150–1152 Doñana Biosphere Reserve, 1132 Drava-Mura wetlands, 889 2056 Index of Keywords

Drava River Dryobalanops abnormis, 208 channelling, 906 Dryomys nitedula, 1192 conservation status and management, Dryopteris 906–908 D. cristata, 1027 ecosystem service, 908 D. gongylodes, 1272 hydropower dams, 906 Dubravius ponds, 477 location, 904 Duck-trapping, 1636, 1645 threats, 905 Ducula bicolor, 1825 wetland types and diversity, 904–905 Dugong, 74, 80, 85–87, 448, 453, Drawdowns, 187, 353, 431, 477, 480, 482, 525, 457, 843, 1877, 1878, 526, 652, 655, 656, 660, 661, 700, 1955, 1969, 1970 701, 1797, 1964, 1965 Dugong dugon, 86, 448, 1969 Dreissena Duma florulenta, 1901 D. bugensis, 139 Dunaliella, 153, 1664 D. polymorpha, 139, 603 D. salina, 149, 482, 1174, 1180–1182, 1729 Drepanocladus, 285 Dune ponds, 1124, 1127–1130, 1133 Drimycarpus racemosa, 207 Dunlin, 410, 547, 562, 570, 571, 630, Drimys winteri, 878 642, 965, 980, 989, 1003, 1016, Drivers of change, 8, 68, 362–363, 385, 402, 1030, 1044, 1045, 1052, 1073 492, 1917 Duoshixia Valley, 1579 infrastructure, 364–365 Durio carinatus, 1757, 1834 land conversion, 363 Dwarf shrub, 94, 279, 280, 282, 284, 300, 510, pollution, 361, 366 545, 876, 1044, 1544, 1546 water level management, 365 Dwarf swamp forest, 203, 1843, 1844 water withdrawals, 363–364 Dyera polyphylla, 1834 Drosera Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment D. anglica, 428, 1537 Wetland Change Model, 68 D. binata, 1994 D. intermedia, 1046 D. rotundifolia, 571 E D. spatulata, 1994 Earthcover mapping project, 545 Drought, 65, 132, 173, 220, 221, 238, 286, East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), 350–352, 360, 462, 531, 532, 652, 410, 1444, 1502, 1517, 1557, 654, 655, 672, 674, 681, 682, 686, 1561, 1820, 1827, 1867, 1870, 702, 709, 710, 714, 719, 736, 789, 1872, 1981 799, 803–805, 900, 902, 930, 1027, Eastern Caprivi floodplain, 1222 1035, 1146, 1192–1195, 1207, 1218, Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office 1230, 1235, 1240, 1257, 1271, 1275, (ENTRO), 1284, 1296 1294, 1386, 1410, 1421, 1501–1504, Ebro Delta, 11 1507, 1547, 1562, 1569, 1571, 1650, biodiversity, 1115–1117 1651, 1654, 1655, 1664, 1678, 1682, conservation status and management, 1693, 1729, 1748, 1804, 1808, 1809, 1118–1119 1862, 1879, 1888, 1890, 1891, ecosystem services, 1117–1118 1913–1917, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1937, environmental crisis, 1119 1961, 2011, 2016 extension of tourism, 1120 Drought-sensitive pool, 1046, 1047 fragmentation, 1119 Drowned River estuaries, 39, 41 future challenges and developments, Dry climate, 876, 1180, 1532–1534 1119–1120 Drying, 12, 132, 136, 177, 179, 216, 221, habitats, 1116 239, 284, 352–354, 365, 419, location, 1114 421, 531, 536, 551, 655–661, river, 1114 682, 698, 710, 1170, 1176, 1390, sediment transport reduction, 1120 1446, 1467, 1500, 1533, 1547, wetland land use and habitats, 1115 1555, 1612, 1837, 1847, 1922, wetland types, 1115–1117 1924, 1926, 1963–1965 wetland use, 1117–1118 Index of Keywords 2057

Echinochloa, 177, 210, 580, 816, Danube Delta, 919–920 1117, 1302 Daurian Steppe Wetlands, 1503 E. colona, 1344 Dinder National Park, 1294, 1295 E. colonum, 204 Doñana wetlands, 1132–1133 E. haploclada, 1302 Ebro Delta, 1117–1118 E. polystachya, 210, 211, 213, 765 estuaries, 48–50 E. pyramidalis, 1236, 1265, 1302 Fereydoon Kenar, 1642 E. stagnina, 205 ﬁshponds, 473–476 Echinometra lucunter, 843 freshwater lakes, 135–137 Echinosorex gymnurus, 1825 freshwater marshes and swamps, Echis spp., 1274 177–178 Ecological diversity indices for ﬁsh, 1690 Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin, 1713 Ecological gradients, 874, 878, 879 high altitude wetlands, 1611 Ecological network, 906, 907, 1489, 1491, Indus Basin, 1701 1518 intertidal zone, 1869–1870 Ecoregion, 171, 173, 545, 585, 685, 694, 794, Kakadu National Park, 1956 898, 1201–1205, 1208–1211, 1235, Karst systems, 316–317, 319–320 1237, 1343, 1478, 1480, 1486–1493, Kilombero Valley Floodplain, 1345–1346 1500, 1510, 1608, 1702, 1765 Lake Fúquene, 777–778 Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA), 754, 755 Lake Parishan, 1654 Ecosystem degradation, 466, 496, 739 Lakes Baringo and Naivasha, 1355, 1358 Ecosystem services, 4, 7, 12, 52, 61–64, 74, 94, Lake Turkana, 1372–1373 107, 139, 145, 162, 166, 180, 250, Lake Uromiyeh, 1669–1671 300, 323, 325, 327, 328, 361, 438, Lena River Basin, 1443–1444, 1455 483, 492, 522, 534, 536, 537, 539, Macquarie Marshes, 1904 594, 613, 662, 728, 737, 741, 774, Mahanadi Delta, 1747 780–782, 799, 845, 854, 859, 890, mangrove wetlands, 101–102, 892, 900, 901, 905, 908, 957, 998, 751–752 1005, 1230, 1248, 1249, 1264, 1266, marshes, 190, 191 1267, 1275, 1282, 1290, 1375, 1378, Mekong River Delta, 1806–1807 1382, 1389, 1479, 1516, 1571, 1612, Messerya cattle herdsmen, 1274 1613, 1701, 1709, 1716, 1721, 1749, Middle Aldan Basin, 1475 1780, 1808, 1848, 1866, 1888, 1963, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 586–587 1988, 2013 Nidjili Lake, 1460 Amazonian wetlands, 738–739 Okavango Delta, 1408–1409 Anzali Mordab Complex, 1621 Pantanal, 807 arid areas, 1729 papyrus wetlands, 190–191 Axios, Aliakmon, and Gallikos Delta Paraná-Paraguay Fluvial Corridor, 793 Complex, 1144–1146 Peace-Athabasca Delta, 553–554 Banc d’Arguin, 1328–1329 peatlands, 237–240 Berbak National Park, 1836 peatlands of the Mediterranean, 1159–1162 Bijagos Archipelago, 1338–1339 Poyang Lake, 1570 boreal wetlands Prairie Pothole Region, 683–684 cultural, 532 Restiad peatlands, 1996–1998 provision, 532 Ringkøbing Fjord, 980–981 regulation, 531 Río de la Plata River, 852–853 supporting, 533 River basins, 115–117 valuation, 533 Rugezi Marsh, 1315–1316 Broads, 1034–1035 salt lakes, 153 Bujagh National Park, 1630–1631 salt marsh functioning and potential loss, Camargue, Rhône River Delta, 1084–1086 1108–1109 San Francisco Bay Estuary, 643–645 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 767 seagrasses, 85–88 Congo Basin, 1207–1211 Shadegan Wetland, 1681–1682 Danau Sentarum, 1846–1847 Sudd, 1304 2058 Index of Keywords

Ecosystem services (cont.) E. acutangula, 1236 Sundarban mangroves, 1737–1738 E. dulcis, 1236, 1746, 1795, 1796, 1815, Taiga-Alas Landscape, 1469 1956 tidal marshes, 61–64 E. minima, 205 Tonle Sap lake, 1789 E. multicaulis, 1045, 1130 Tram Chim, 1796–1797 E. palustris, 949, 1130, 1538 tropical peat swamps, 1759 E. plicarhachis, 205 U Minh peat swamps, 1816 Elephas Volga-Akhtuba ﬂoodplain, 955 E. maximus, 1715, 1860 Volga Delta, 955 E. maximus sumatranus, 1826 Wadden Sea, 993 Elﬁn forests, 232, 300 water levels, 208–209 Eling lake, 1579 water quality, 209 Eliomys quercinus, 1107 Wet Tropics, 1947 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 147, Wular lake, 1708 790, 1862, 1923 Zambezi Delta, 1239 Elodea Zhalong wetland, 1527 E. canadensis, 384, 914 Ecotourism, 62, 107, 191, 325, 326, 364, 365, E. densa, 779 462, 493, 595, 738, 807, 908, 1118, Elops saurus, 763 1120, 1133, 1164, 1171, 1239, 1372, El Rocío pilgrimage, 1133 1396, 1622, 1654, 1655, 1671, 1672, Elseya latisternum, 1946 1682, 1720 Elymus Edge effects, boreal wetlands, 534–535 E. athericus, 1082, 1084, 1085 EEC-Birds Directive, 994 E. giganteus, 916, 917 Eelgrass, see Zostera marina E. mollis, 570 Egeria densa, 385, 777 Elytrigia repens, 951, 964 Egna, 191 Embankments, 58, 285, 364, 365, 371, 398, Egretta, 1238, 1274, 1796 769, 905, 908, 1004, 1102, 1107, E. alba, 1824 1110, 1139, 1235, 1496, 1504, 1507, E. eulophotes, 1584, 1824, 1835 1709, 1721, 1740, 1745, 1748 E. garzetta, 1141, 1190, 1338, 1385, 1559, Emberiza schoeniclus, 965 1665, 1691, 1902, 1955 Emerita brasiliensis, 850 E. gularis, 1327, 1338 Emissions, 28, 63, 232, 237, 242, 286, 415, E. intermedia, 1955 457, 502, 503, 684, 754, 891, 893, E. novaehollandiae, 1915 894, 1181, 1182, 1868, 1937 E. thula, 859 carbon, 51, 414, 423, 1421 E. vinaceigula, 1407 greenhouse gas, 740, 1760 Egypt, 152, 184, 185, 193, 1102, 1160, 1248, methane, 213, 214, 532, 684 1275 Empetrum, 545, 876 Nile Delta, 1156, 1251–1258 E. hermaphroditum, 285 Eichhornia, 400, 816, 1748 E. nigrum, 280, 291 E. azurea, 790, 809 Emphanes, 1082 E. crassipes, 117, 134, 137, 189, 209, 218, Empodisma, 260, 1980, 1992–1994 220, 384, 385, 713, 765, 777, 779, E. minus, 26, 247, 259, 263, 1992–1995, 1998 790, 809, 1210, 1237, 1249, 1255, E. robustum, 1992–1994, 1996, 1998, 1999 1272, 1301, 1305, 1357, 1368, 1720, Emys orbicularis, 939, 1131, 1142, 1190 1746, 1773, 1859, 1948 Enallagma spp., 612 E. stratiotes, 1815 Endangered species, 213, 324, 364, 365, 480, Elaeocarpus, 1823, 1834 519, 638, 643, 648, 817, 905, 906, Elanus leucurus, 852 940, 952, 1116, 1303, 1316, 1344, Eleiodoxa conferta, 1834 1472, 1584, 1601, 1643, 1691, 1693, Eleocharis, 205, 210, 211, 612, 715, 717, 828, 1700, 1717, 1737, 1738, 1778, 1825, 851, 1815, 1901, 1945 1836, 1912 Index of Keywords 2059

Endemism, 6, 113, 135, 148, 317, 490, 739, rivers, 1726, 1728 824, 828, 1244, 1408, 1480, 1481, wetlands, 278, 350, 662, 683, 1069, 1745 1843, 1846, 1955, 1980, 1981, 1988, Ephippiorhynchus 2002, 2011 E. asiaticus, 1796, 1902, 1946 Endorheic freshwater, 1349–1359 E. senegalensis, 1354 Energy, 5, 6, 8, 21, 49–52, 81, 94, 100, 115, Ephydra, 149 116, 119, 149, 157, 184, 188, 333, Epilobium 336, 348, 367, 414, 415, 423, 448, E. angustifolium, 560 535, 554, 559, 581, 584, 608, 629, E. palustre, 285, 1537 631, 641, 663, 675, 694, 702, 740, Epinetrum villosum, 207 769, 793, 808, 818, 921, 926, 928, Equisetum, 552, 560, 612 941, 942, 969, 1005, 1035, 1200, E. arvense, 560 1282, 1324, 1369, 1372, 1376, 1382, E. fluviatile, 1537 1400, 1419, 1425, 1428, 1443, 1445, E. palustre, 915, 1537 1590, 1592, 1654, 1671, 1681, 1867, E. sylvaticum, 1639 1868, 1912, 1926, 1934, 1969 Equus alien plants, 384 E. burchelli, 1405 amphibians, 658 E. caballus, 1955 karst ecosystems, 327 E. grevyi, 1303, 1371 peatlands, 239 E. hemionus khur, 1729 production, 5, 49, 116, 119, 417, 423, 740, E. quagga, 1358 808, 941, 942 E. quagga burchellii, 1371 renewable energy, 634, 941 E. quagga crawshayi, 1238 River Rhine, 927 Eragrostis, 205, 1701 Volga Basin, 940 Eremias, 939 Energy development, 51, 554, 1868 Eremophilus mutisii, 776, 778, 779 Enhalus acoroides, 75, 82, 1876, 1877, 1970, Eretmochelys imbricata, 324, 2019 1971 Erica, 1130 Enhydris E. rugegensis, 1313 E. enhydris, 219 E. tetralix, 1044 E. longicauda, 1788 Erignathus barbatus, 1443 Enicurus leschenaulti, 1559 Erigone, 1082 Ensis, 1002 Erinaceus concolor, 1142 E. americanus, 1092 Eriocoelum microspermum, 207 Environmental flows, 120, 808, 1212, 1230, Eriophorum, 228, 290, 517, 545, 560 1240, 1376, 1490–1492, 1507, 1888, E. angustifolium, 256, 511, 546, 1044 1892–1893, 1895, 1906, 1917, 1949 E. humile, 1537 Environmental monitoring system, 832 E. polystachyon, 1537 Environmental planning, Congo River, 1212 E. scheuchzeri, 512 Environment-development framework E. triste,511 (EDF), 489 E. vaginatum, 256, 517, 1045, 1048 Eolian sand, 1124, 1322, 1447, 1459, 1888 Erodona mactroides, 850 dunes, 1447 Erosion, freshwater swamps, 218 Eophreatoicus,211 Erythrina, 208 Epacris E. crista-galli, 164, 816 E. pauciflora, 1995 Erythrocebus patas, 1294 E. pauciflorus, 1994 Erythrococca bongensis, 206 Ephedra distachya, 916 Erytroxylum cartagenense, 765 Ephemeral, 6, 173, 285, 372, 551, 655, 658, Eschrichtius robustus, 569 690, 733, 1105, 1414, 1727, 1782, Esox 1903, 1913, 1979 E. lucius, 476, 597, 612, 939, 953, 980, kettleholes, 1978 1459, 1469 lakes, 130–133, 136, 146, 1501 E. reichertii, 1502 2060 Index of Keywords

Estuarial sandbank island wetlands, 1557 Estuarine marsh, 5, 7, 49, 56, 57 Estuaries, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 22, 26, 37, 56, 60, 64, ecosystem services, 61–64 81, 101, 102, 106, 117, 156, 161, 162, formation, 58 165, 167, 174, 231, 348, 371, 406–408, Fraser River Delta, 569–570 623–625, 638, 641–644, 647, 675, geographic distribution and extent, 58–60 700, 701, 733, 749, 753, 786, 787, plant species diversity, 60–61 790–792, 794, 814–817, 824, 825, threats and challenges, 64–68 827, 829, 830, 836, 841, 848–853, 864, Estuarine raised bog, 265, 266 887, 888, 930, 960, 963, 965, 968–971, Estuarine vegetation, 74, 78, 81 986, 988, 1024, 1025, 1029, 1063, Ethiopia, 184–186, 202, 1247–1249, 1290, 1080, 1090, 1124, 1129, 1142, 1144, 1294, 1362, 1367, 1375, 1376, 1414, 1156, 1337, 1424, 1426, 1482, 1488, 1415 1554, 1557–1560, 1583, 1678–1700, Baro-Akobo system, 1262–1267 1718, 1731, 1734, 1738, 1746, 1747, Berga mire in, 1420 1809, 1838, 1866, 1879–1882, 1914, Lake Tana, 1244 1930, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1955, 1970, map of water systems, 1363 1980, 1984, 1985, 1998 Ethmalosa, 1336 barbuilt estuaries, 39 Ethnobiodiversity, 2006, 2012, 2015, 2018 British, 1007–1008 Euastacus, 1945 common names, 21 Eubalaena glacialis, 629, 633 definition, 38 Eubosmina coregoni, 603 dredging, 50 Eubranchipus spp., 659 drowned River estuaries, 39 Eucalyptus, 1433 dynamics, 41–44 E. camaldulensis, 208, 1901 ecosystem services, 48–50, 61–64, E. coolabah, 1901 643–645, 852–853, 1034–1035 E. gomphocephalus, 1961 fjords, 39 E. grandis, 1313 fresh part of, 157–158 E. largiflorens, 1901 of Great Britain, 997–1008 Eugeissona ambigua, 211, 1844 in healthy, 49 Eugenia, 1823, 1834 intertidal areas, 50 E. formosum, 207 macrotidal estuary, 41 Eugerres plumieri, 763 negative, 39 Euglena spp., 1385 nutrient enrichment, 50 Eulophia graminea, 1816 oceanic water movements, 38 Eunapius subterraneus, 341 plankton of, 44 Eunectes murinus, 735 population growth and associated socio- EUNIS habitat classification, 961, 963, 964 economic drivers, 52 Euodia lepta, 1815 positive, 39 Euonymus europaea, 916 productivity and biodiversity, 44–48 Eupatorium tremulum, 164 salt wedge estuary, 40, 41, 45, 46, 570–571, Euphagus carolinus, 547 849 Euphorbia shoreline modifications, 50 E. candelabrum, 1386 Sungai Pulai, 1881–1882 E. palustris, 951 tectonic estuaries, 39 E. peplis, 1104 threats and future challenges, 50–53 Euphrates River, 1686, 1688, 1694 tidal barriers/seawalls, 50 Euplectes jacksoni, 1387 vertically homogeneous estuary, 41 Europe, 9, 11, 22, 28, 29, 58, 59, 64, 113, 115, wash, 1011–1021 121, 150, 156, 159–161, 163–166, waste disposal, 50 175, 180, 184, 238, 240, 311, 317, Yangtze River, 1557–1558 319–322, 335, 337, 340, 370, Yellow River, 1583 (see also San Francisco 372–377, 380, 385, 476, 622, 629, Bay Estuary (SFBE)) 886, 888, 905, 912, 918, 920, 924, Index of Keywords 2061

935, 960–966, 968–970, 980, 987, nutrients, 711–713 1000, 1003, 1013, 1047, 1058, 1081, periphyton, 719 1094, 1107, 1124, 1131, 1133, 1134, ponds, 718 1140, 1142, 1143, 1156, 1161, 1163, sawgrass in, 706, 715 1164, 1171, 1200, 1209, 1254, 1302, sloughs, 716–718 1325, 1337, 1747 tree islands, 718 Amazon of, 904–908 vegetation and plant communities, 714–720 coastal saltmarsh, 960–961 wet prairies, 715 Danube River Basin, 887 Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), 706–708, Doñana, 1130 712, 713, 716 ﬁnest wetlands, 1032 Everglades National Park (ENP), 706, 707, peatlands in, countries, 1158 709–712, 714, 716, 717, 720 salt lakes distribution, 147 Excoecaria, 1736 temporal patterns of rates, 374 E. agallocha, 1823 Volga Delta, 946–947 Extent, 4–7, 20, 26–31, 43, 47, 51, 62, 64, 98, Volga River, 934 102, 111, 118, 121, 130, 136, 152, Zostera noltii,81 157, 161, 176, 177, 179, 180, 186, European alder, 1640 202, 231, 233, 246, 250, 264, 266, European Commission, 252, 263, 290 267, 347, 352–354, 363, 370, 372, European tidal saltmarshes, see Tidal 376, 384–387, 395, 418, 419, 423, saltmarshes 440, 451, 462, 472, 480, 498, 500, Euryale ferox, 1717 501, 510, 528, 530, 537, 552, 559, Eurycercus glacialis, 1071 593, 601, 606, 625, 654, 663, 668, Euryhaline species, 101, 139, 333, 850, 918 685, 699, 712, 714, 728, 732, 733, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, 410, 1806, 1870 755, 765, 779, 786, 793, 799, 802, Eustatic sea-level rise, 67 805, 862, 877, 879, 880, 887, 888, Euterpe oleracea, 206, 734, 750 894, 905, 970, 998, 1014, 1041, Eutrophication, 8, 66, 84, 89, 105, 139, 353, 1043, 1049, 1059, 1095, 1102, 1104, 361, 366, 496, 502, 587, 598, 600, 1106, 1129, 1159, 1162, 1210, 1212, 602, 684, 740, 766, 779, 830, 864, 1221, 1222, 1228, 1235, 1245, 1248, 891, 976–978, 981, 1027, 1085, 1271, 1283, 1300, 1310, 1311, 1343, 1091, 1107, 1109, 1119, 1133, 1134, 1404, 1418, 1426, 1441, 1442, 1482, 1145, 1153, 1162, 1240, 1258, 1297, 1504, 1570, 1608, 1660, 1679, 1683, 1377, 1390, 1409, 1459, 1595, 1619, 1708, 1760, 1764, 1767, 1780–1781, 1623, 1680, 1681, 1782, 1862, 1937, 1814, 1822, 1837, 1888, 1912, 1933, 1948, 1963, 1965, 1986, 1989 1944, 1945, 1948, 1957, 1964, 1965, ﬁshponds, 478, 480, 483 1978, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1998 of Lake Winnipeg., 603 Amazonian wetland types, 729–731 land-use change, 138 Baro-Akobo Basin, 1265 nutrient pollution, 891 boreal zone, 522–523 pollution, 218 of coastal sabkha, 1179 seagrasses in southeastern Brazil, 845 of coastal zone, 1178 Evan’s Line, 1175–1177 Congo River, 1200–1205 Everglades, 10, 26, 171, 174, 176, 362, 707, estuarine marshes, 58–60 708, 1687 freshwater swamps, 171 carbon storage and accumulation, 714 Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin, 1713 climate, 709–710 highland wetlands, 1262–1263 forest types, 718–719 intertidal zone of East and Southeast Asia, future challenges and developments, 1754, 1785 720–721 Lower Danube Green Corridor, 898 hydrology, 710–711 lowland wetlands, 1265 location, 706 mangroves, 95–96 mire/peatland, 709 Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, 1024–1027 2062 Index of Keywords

Extent (cont.) benthic, 977–978, 1336 saline wetlands, in Rajasthan, 1728 biodiversity of, high altitude wetlands, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 642 1609–1610 seagrass meadows, 450 Colombian mangrove wetlands, 750–751 subterranean space, 334 composition of subterranean, 336–337 Sundarban Delta, 1735–1736 diversity, 7, 939 tidal saltmarshes, 960 fish of, Danube Delta, 918 Tonle Sap lake, 1786 freshwater fish, 1981 water coverage of, 1665 invertebrate, 1945 wetland dysfunction, 384 of Macquarie Marshes, 1903 wind farms, 415–417 mammalian, 1629–1630 mangrove, 101 native wetland, 1981 F papyrus marshes diversity, 190 Faidherbia albida, 1272 peat swamp forest vegetation, 1756–1759 Fairy shrimp, 654, 656, 659–661 species of, 1514 Falcaria vulgaris, 916 subterranean wetlands, 331–343 Falco Tasek Bera Ramsar Site, 1859–1860 F. cherrug, 953, 1621 terrestrial vertebrate species, 735–736 F.columbarius, 1045, 1084, 1142, 1621, 1629 tidal freshwater wetlands diversity, 165–166 F. naumanni, 953, 1354 vertebrate, 1978 F. peregrinus, 980, 1047, 1084, 1142, Felis 1621, 1641 F. bengalensis, 1737, 1758, 1825 F. peregrinus anatum, 633 F. catus, 1680 F. tinnunculus, 1084, 1186 F. chaus, 1613, 1621, 1680, 1737 Falkland Islands, 298, 299 F. silvestris, 918 Farm Bill, 581, 685, 694 F. viverrina, 1737 Farmland habitat, 1638 Fens, 5, 20–22, 229, 230, 233–235, 240, Fauna, 20, 47, 66, 100, 119, 137, 148, 156, 159, 262–266, 278–280, 282, 290, 162, 191, 210, 211, 235, 316, 317, 296–298, 304, 327, 430, 432, 493, 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327, 350, 510–512, 516, 518, 528, 529, 534, 353, 354, 392, 395, 441, 442, 457, 536, 608, 609, 706, 708, 709, 715, 462, 498, 586, 587, 625, 626, 629, 717, 720, 827, 876, 877, 879, 880, 638, 642, 647, 657, 674, 684, 733, 938, 1014, 1025–1027, 1029–1032, 738, 750, 755, 762, 767, 803, 805, 1034, 1035, 1043, 1069, 1072, 1156, 808, 829, 833, 845, 858, 859, 880, 1158–1163, 1311, 1316, 1417–1420, 889, 914, 917, 926, 938, 940, 967, 1426–1428, 1434, 1445, 1486, 977, 978, 981, 1002, 1060, 1082, 1534–1541, 1598, 1606, 1978, 1980, 1092, 1107, 1115, 1118, 1119, 1124, 1994, 1997 1129, 1130, 1133, 1153, 1206, 1223, artesian spring mire, 256 1265, 1272–1274, 1281, 1288, 1315, blanket/sloping, 1544–1546 1336, 1344, 1358, 1386, 1387, 1395, boreal wetlands, 523–524 1443, 1482, 1502, 1503, 1513–1515, floodplain, 254, 256, 264–266, 270, 285, 1517, 1519, 1533, 1608, 1612, 1619, 310 1621, 1639, 1642, 1652, 1689, 1715, highland valley meadow, 1542–1543 1736, 1737, 1739, 1775, 1778, lagg, 309–311 1824–1826, 1835, 1843, 1845, 1891, management, 1032–1034 1905, 1915, 1948, 1952, 1961, 1963, Mfabeni sedge, 1428 1964, 1980, 1988 open-water transition, 252–254 aquatic invertebrate, 1981 patterned mires, 259, 260, 283–284 aquatic vertebrates, 735 percolation mire, 257–258 Axios, Aliakmon, and Gallikos Delta polygonal fens, 261 Complex, 1140–1143 Schwingmoor, 252, 254, 263, 264, 266 Index of Keywords 2063

sloping sedge, 1543–1544 Everglades, 715 snowmelt water flow, 261 factors influencing site management, 1862 surface-flow spring mire, 256–257 fishponds, 476 surface-water flow, 258–261 forest, 324, 768, 877, 1759, 1797, 1815, 1817 valley mire, 254–256, 258, 270, 938, 1159, peatlands, 1162 1540, 1542, 1547 tropical freshwater swamps, 219 Feral horses, 1126 First Nations, 548, 553 Fereydoon Kenar Ramsar Site, 12, 1626 Fishery, 5, 51, 53, 64, 85, 87, 116, 118, 119, biodiversity, 1640–1642 126, 136–138, 153, 177, 214, conservation status, 1643–1644 216–218, 328, 364, 365, 398, ecosystem services, 1642 400–402, 406, 407, 410, 428, 450, future challenges and developments, 452, 456, 476, 538, 553, 570, 585, 1644–1645 588, 597, 625, 628, 629, 634, 644, hydrology, 1636–1638 737, 738, 752, 764, 767, 779, 780, location, 1636 793, 829, 830, 844, 852, 853, 900, threats, 1644–1645 901, 918, 940–942, 1014, 1019, wetland ecosystems, 1638–1640 1095, 1118, 1208, 1211, 1222, 1226, Ferguson’s Gulf, Kenya, 1364–1366, 1370, 1227, 1229, 1239, 1248, 1249, 1256, 1377 1258, 1275, 1296, 1304, 1325, 1328, Festuca, 828, 938, 1701 1329, 1338, 1339, 1345, 1346, 1355, F. arenicola, 916 1364, 1377, 1443–1445, 1460, 1570, F. callieri, 916 1595, 1600, 1623, 1630, 1632, 1688, F. ovina, 279 1690, 1701, 1702, 1706, 1710, 1713, F. richardsonii, 285 1715, 1717–1719, 1737, 1738, 1740, F. rubra, 510, 964, 1082, 1084 1778, 1788, 1789, 1797, 1806, 1809, Ficopomatus enigmaticus, 340 1826, 1837, 1843, 1848, 1862, 1863, Ficus, 1385, 1418, 1823, 1834 1869, 1870, 1878, 1881, 1882, 1912, F. aurea, 719 1947, 1956, 1988, 2020 F. carica, 1106 Amazon Basin, 741 F. coronata, 207, 208 Anzali wetland, 1621 F. microcarpa, 1823, 1834 artisanal, 438–443 F. racemosa, 208 Cambodia, 1789 F. tinctoria, 2009 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 767 F. trichopoda, 1427 Dalai Lake, 1503 Filinia, 1357 Danube Delta, 919–920 Filipendula palmata, 1537 Lake Baikal, 1483 Fimbristylis, 205, 1609 Lake Tonlé Sap, 210 F. dichotoma, 205 Lake Turkana, 1370–1373 F. longiculmis, 1427 Lena Delta, 1452, 1455 Fine sediments, 45, 451, 622, 848, LMB yield, 1780 1781, 1914 management, 398, 400–401, 440, 441, 443, Fine-textured mineral sediments, 282 482, 642, 1375 Fire, 65, 203, 206–208, 221, 237, 310, 349, Nile Delta, 1254 352, 516, 517, 519, 581, 672–674, Saemangeum Estuarine System, 406, 410 711, 714, 718, 719, 721, 768, 791, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 645 792, 802, 803, 877, 938, 956, 1048, seagrass, 438–442 1049, 1163, 1240, 1271, 1275, 1297, Shadegan Wetland, 1682 1404, 1408, 1421, 1433, 1524, 1528, yield for Lake Turkana, 1373 1529, 1547, 1759, 1760, 1790, 1797, in Zhalong, 1527 1798, 1805, 1814–1817, 1827, 1834, Fishes, 50, 52, 86, 100, 101, 113–115, 166, 176, 1836, 1837, 1844, 1847, 1856, 1905, 337, 398, 652, 656, 682, 738, 750, 1952, 1957, 1963, 1984, 1993, 1998, 761, 776, 816, 817, 930, 1107, 1118, 2017 1119, 1207, 1254, 1273, 1323, 1325, 2064 Index of Keywords

1336, 1337, 1357, 1366, 1377, 1403, 732, 733, 735–737, 739, 760, 1405, 1406, 1447, 1469, 1474, 1626, 788–791, 802–804, 807, 808, 815, 1666, 1679, 1715, 1718, 1765, 816, 830, 831, 880, 890–893, 1774–1776, 1778, 1878, 1879, 1945, 905–908, 915, 920, 929, 951, 1026, 1946, 1948, 1952–1953 1031, 1032, 1034, 1060, 1064, 1070, annual yields, 477 1071, 1074, 1109, 1145, 1162, 1202, assemblage variation, 850 1208, 1218–1220, 1222, 1223, 1225, biodiversity, 977–978 1228–1230, 1239, 1246, 1263, 1265, British estuaries, 1002 1266, 1270, 1271, 1275, 1280–1283, British fish species, 1002 1294, 1300, 1302, 1305, 1316, 1366, Bujagh National Park, 1630 1370, 1373, 1376, 1418, 1426, 1428, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 763–764 1441, 1442, 1490, 1491, 1493, 1503, Congo Basin, 1206, 1208 1568–1571, 1579–1583, 1586, 1587, DanishWadden Sea, 988–989 1598, 1669, 1670, 1677, 1678, 1682, diverse and dynamic assemblage, 398, 1717 1683, 1710, 1713, 1717, 1721, 1729, fauna, 1642 1739, 1747, 1748, 1767, 1775, 1778, freshwater, 113 1780, 1781, 1789, 1804, 1805, 1807, Golfe d’Arguin, 1325 1809, 1843, 1847, 1862, 1868, 1879, harvesting, 478, 2010 1880, 1890, 1905, 1916, 1922–1924, Lake Seyfe, 1190 1942, 1952, 1955, 1973, 1989, Mekong Delta, 1805–1806 1996–1998, 2014 Mekong River, 1805–1806 Amazon River, 706, 729, 732–735 Nile River Basin, 1273 Amur River, 1496 Paraná-Paraguay River, 817 Bad River, 433 production management, 476–477, 900 Bay of Fundy, 622, 624, 625 sawfishes, 1339 bottomland hardwood forest, 581 stocks, 161 buffer, 1717 Fishing club, 1339 control, Zhalong marsh, 1527 Fishpond(s), 11, 103, 583, 740, 1528, 1559, forest, 1786 1571, 1718, 1827 freshwater swamps, 216–217 aquaculture, 476 Ganga River, 1716 biodiversity of water birds, 471–473 Great Barrier Reef, 452, 454, 457 conservation status and management, intertidal flat, 21 480–482 Kashmir valley, 1708, 1709 ecosystem services, 473–476 Kilombero Valley, 1342 fish production management, 476–477 Lake Eyre, 1925, 1926 future challenges and developments, 483 Lower Danube Green Corridor, 898–902 Lednice, 481 Mekong Basin, 1783, 1786 management, 472 mires, 1418 vegetation management, 477–479 Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 578, 580, Fjords, 38–40, 46, 48, 510, 829, 879, 974, 977, 583–585 980, 982, 998, 1000, 1090–1092 morphological floodplain, 888 Flacourtia rukam, 1823, 1834 Nen River, 1523, 1524 Flagship species, 928, 1086, 1229, 1472, 1644, Okavango River, 1398–1402 1747, 1779 Pantanal, 798, 799, 801 Floating reed beds, 888, 915 Peace River, 551 Floating roads, 421, 422 Poyang Lake, 1556 Flood/flooding, 39, 41, 43, 45, 62, 63, 102, prairie wetlands, 683 115–119, 126, 153, 161, 162, 178, prevention, 926, 927 201, 207, 215, 238, 246, 254, 265, reproductive adaptations, 204 277, 279, 316, 321, 325, 365, safety and nature development, 928 473–475, 533, 552, 578, 586, 594, salt marsh, 22 599, 601, 647, 652, 653, 706, 729, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 638, 643, 644 Index of Keywords 2065

savanna, 26, 174, 798 Lužnice River, 480 Sefid Rood, 1627, 1628 Macquarie Marshes, 1898–1901 Sefid Rud Delta, 1630 Mekong River Basin, 1765, 1767 tidal freshwater wetlands, 167 mires, 1428, 1431 Tonle Sap Lake, 1787 Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 578, 580, 587 Tram Chim, 1795 morphological, 888 wetland vegetation types, 1900 Odra River, 482 Yangtze River Basin, 1552 papyrus wetlands, 184–186 Zambezi River, 1235 Paraná River Delta, 814 Zhalong Marsh, 1527 productive systems, 210 Floodplain(s), 12, 21, 26, 27, 110, 114, 116, raised bog, 264–266 117, 120, 128, 130, 132, 135, 137, restoration, 895, 900–902 173, 174, 177, 178, 194, 200–203, River Mahanadi, 1744 205, 208, 209, 211, 214, 215, 219, River Murray, 1888–1893 246, 348, 350, 373, 385, 400, 481, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 647 546, 551, 560, 578, 580, 587, 653, Savanna Communities, 1236 698, 728, 734–739, 741, 750, 760, Sudd, 1300 786, 789, 790, 793, 794, 799, swamp and marsh vegetation, 171, 172 803–805, 810, 889–902, 906, 908, Tonle Sap Lake, 1786, 1787 920, 924, 927, 928, 937–940, 951, tropical wetlands, 201 1208, 1220–1222, 1225–1230, 1235, Volga Basin, 936, 951, 956–958 1238–1240, 1246, 1262, 1263, 1270, wetland, 1786, 1892, 1898, 1942–1949, 1281, 1282, 1298, 1303, 1305, 1398, 1956 (see also Australian wet 1400, 1402–1407, 1414, 1426, 1432, tropics) 1433, 1445–1448, 1453, 1454, 1473, Wet Tropics landscape, 1942 1475, 1482, 1486, 1488, 1489, 1491, woodland, 1302 1496, 1497, 1516, 1518–1520, 1554, Yukon River, 545 1578, 1699, 1700, 1713, 1716, 1717, Zambezi River Basin, 1219 1719, 1720, 1744, 1745, 1748, 1775, Flood pulse, 204, 365, 551, 729, 733, 734, 736, 1776, 1778, 1780–1782, 1789, 1904, 739, 788–790, 799, 801, 804, 816, 1905, 1923–1925, 1952, 1955, 1956, 888, 1398–1401, 1403, 1405–1406, 1960, 1978, 1988 1716, 1767, 1781, 1783, 1804, 1952 Argun River, 1501–1505, 1507 Flood switching, 1399–1401, 1403–1410 Bahr el Ghazal wetlands, 1274 Flora, 45, 66, 96, 156, 235, 317, 324, 326, 327, channels, 791 353, 392, 395, 462, 480, 518, 524, Congo River, 1201 586, 587, 626, 638, 642, 647, 684, Danau Sentarum National Park, 1842 731, 738, 761, 767, 776, 803, 804, Danube-Drava National Park, 905 808, 845, 858, 859, 889, 914, 926, Danube River Basin, 888–895 940, 967, 1002, 1060, 1081, 1129, fen, 254–256, 270, 285, 286, 310 1130, 1206, 1223, 1265, 1281, 1288, fisheries, 1208 1386, 1443, 1524, 1542, 1543, 1612, former, 888 1619, 1621, 1639, 1678, 1689, 1843, freshwater swamps in, 210 1952, 1963, 1964, 1985, 1988 grassland and swamp communities, Amazon River Basin, 733–735 1236–1237 Axios, Aliakmon and Gallikos Delta habitats, 698 Complex, 1140 Kilombero, 1341–1347 Berbak National Park, 1835 Lake Bolon, 1513 biodiversity, 1344 Lake Chilika, 398, 399 Central Yakutian region, 1468 lakes, 791 high altitude wetlands, Nepal, 1608, 1609 Lake Turkana, 1372 highland peatlands, 1533 large-river, 729–731 Lake Baikal, 1482 Lower Danube’s floodplains, 898 Lake Chilika, 398 2066 Index of Keywords

Flora (cont.) Kilombero River, 1342 Lake Elementeita, 1387 Lake Bogoria, 1384 Lake Khanka-Xingkaihu, 1517 Lake Eyre Basin, 1922–1926 Lake Naivasha, 1358 Lake Manitoba, 592 Lake Seyfe, 1189–1190 Lake Uromiyeh, 1662 middle Aldan Basin, 1474 management, 1949 Mongolian mires, 1546 Mekong River, 1765, 1767 New Zealand wetlands, 1978–1981 Nile Basin, 1248 Sundarban mangroves, 1736, 1737 Okavango River, 1398 Tasek Bera, 1856–1859 Omo River, 1377 tidal freshwater wetlands, 163 Paraná River Delta wetlands, 817 Volga Basin, 939 Rann of Kachchh, 1727, 1728 Flow, 5, 38, 39, 41–43, 51, 99–101, 110–112, regulation, 940, 949, 951, 1230 117–119, 131, 135, 138, 152, 157, Río de la Plata system, 848 158, 163, 167, 204, 209, 213, 214, River Murray, 1914 217, 233, 284–286, 314, 323, 325, Sudd, 1304 350, 351, 353, 360, 421–423, 431, through mires, 1426, 1429 433, 474, 519, 523, 524, 528–532, Tonle Sap River, 1786 534, 545, 551, 552, 554, 559, 568, Tram Chim National Park, 1794 572, 594, 598, 626, 628, 629, 634, Volga River, 937 640, 647, 694, 698, 710, 711, wet tropics landscape, 1942 719–721, 728, 738, 760, 761, 766, White Nile, 1246, 1247 777, 780, 786, 789–791, 793, 807, Yangtze River, 1552, 1560, 1566, 1568 808, 888, 891, 893, 924, 929, 940, Yenisei River Basin, 1480, 1484 949, 951, 986, 1014, 1062, 1070, Yukon River, 547 1074, 1080, 1114, 1133, 1140, 1205, Zhalong Marsh, 1523, 1524 1210, 1212, 1218, 1219, 1221–1223, Flow Country, northern Scotland, 261, 297, 1225, 1226, 1228–1230, 1239, 1249, 298, 300, 307, 1040–1054 1266, 1270, 1271, 1274, 1275, 1288, animal life, 1047 1297, 1302, 1305, 1310, 1315, 1376, bog systems, 1045 1397, 1399–1402, 1410, 1418, climate, 1041–1043 1426–1248, 1440, 1441, 1458, conservation status, 1049–1051 1490–1492, 1503, 1507, 1540, 1542, land-use pattern, 1047–1048 1571, 1577, 1581, 1586, 1587, 1651, location, 1040 1677, 1678, 1686, 1688, 1692, 1700, mire development, 1043 1735, 1739, 1744, 1755, 1759, 1783, physical setting, 1040–1041 1803–1806, 1809, 1868, 1900, 1905, surface patterns, 1043 1913, 1916–1918, 1948, 1949, 1952, threats, 1051–1054 1961 vegetation, 1043 annual of dinder river at Dinder station, Flush, 105, 258–259, 647, 709, 842, 1180, 1292 1433, 1568, 1702, 1734, 1781, 1932, Anzali Wetland, 1616 1948, 1980, 2013 Argun River, 1504 Fluvial wetlands, 728, 732, 786, 834 Baro-Akobo system, 1262 Fog, 298, 300, 304 Baro River, 1282 basin raised bog, 265 channeled surface-water, 258–261 blanket mire, 297 Conchalí Lagoon, 861 occult precipitation mires, 271 Danube River, 887 watershed blanket bog, 270 Dinder River, 1290–1292 Fontinalis antipyretica, 1539 of ﬂoodwaters, 254 Food and livelihood security, 2023 high-quality freshwater, 1692 Food chain, 46, 103, 393, 477, 631, 843, 1324, Indus Basin, 1699 1404, 1810 Kapuas River, 1843, 1847 Food quality, 657 Index of Keywords 2067

Food security, 7, 115, 177, 438, 440–441, 443, mangroves, 26, 93–107, 323, 326, 400, 440, 778, 779, 1229, 1240, 1258, 1338, 452, 750–754, 764–766, 768, 1221, 1373, 1433, 1749, 1780, 1806 1227, 1235, 1237, 1337, 1700, 1734, Foraminifera, 86, 1914 1736, 1738–1740, 1754, 1805, 1808, Fordia splendissima, 208 1809, 1822, 1945, 2007, 2008, 2019 Forest(s), 6, 21, 22, 58, 63, 85, 99, 138, 158, Melaleuca, 208, 219, 220, 1777, 1815–1817 166, 174, 193, 216–218, 220, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 585–588 231–233, 238, 241, 249, 260, 277, Mongolia, 1534–1540 285, 310, 323–326, 339, 340, 372, Nile Basin, 1270 374, 400, 401, 417, 480, 516, 523, nothofagus, 879 533, 534, 538, 539, 545, 559–561, peat swamp, 26, 230, 234, 239, 240, 265, 563, 578, 579, 615–617, 652, 1415, 1426, 1428–1432, 1434, 657–660, 663, 668, 670–674, 685, 1754–1760, 1768–1772, 1808, 733–740, 767, 777, 779, 780, 782, 1813–1817, 1820, 1822, 1823, 1826, 791, 801, 802, 804–807, 810, 816, 1827, 1832, 1834, 1836, 1837, 817, 825, 836, 874, 876–879, 889, 1843–1847, 1852, 1856, 1862 891, 899, 901, 904, 905, 919, 920, pine forests, 938, 1124, 1132 928, 934, 937, 938, 940, 952, 1040, plant communities, 657 1050, 1082, 1116, 1192, 1203, 1204, ponds, 653 1207–1209, 1226, 1235, 1246, 1262, rainforest, 79, 208, 219, 230, 236, 323, 326, 1282, 1293, 1296, 1302, 1316, 1334, 737, 738, 741, 825, 840, 876, 877, 1338, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1359, 1386, 1200, 1205, 1208, 1209, 1552, 1769, 1389, 1390, 1406, 1408, 1465, 1469, 1770, 1772, 1942, 1945, 1980 1480, 1482, 1488, 1491, 1493, 1510, riparian, 164, 578, 585, 588, 765, 1106, 1511, 1513, 1515, 1532, 1534, 1542, 1109, 1121, 1140, 1142, 1226, 1359, 1546, 1547, 1606, 1608, 1610–1612, 1834, 1893 1627, 1636, 1638, 1639, 1643, 1700, stunted swamp, 208, 1844 1710, 1717, 1720, 1748, 1776, 1777, Swamp Communities, 1237 1779, 1781, 1795, 1797, 1845, 1847, swamp forest, 114, 171, 177, 200, 203, 204, 1848, 1852, 1857–1863, 1867, 1891, 207–208, 211, 214, 216, 219, 221, 1892, 1901, 1905, 1945–1947, 1981, 228, 718–719, 734, 878, 1237, 1415, 1984, 1988, 2009, 2017 1418, 1419, 1426–1428, 1433, 1434, amphibians, 658 1717, 1843 boreal forest, 10, 26, 523, 533, 535, 539, tall swamp, 200, 208 545, 559, 592, 673, 681, 1480 temperate riverine, 916 bottomland hardwood, 580–583 tropical peat swamp, 240, 264, 269, 301, Canadian and Alaskan boreal, 533–534 1424, 1753–1760 cloud, 231, 269, 272, 300, 301, 308, 420 tropical swamp, 1414, 1423–1434 coastal wetlands, 829–830 U Minh peat swamp, 1813–1817 in Congo River Basin, 1200 vernal pools, 653 Danube Delta, 915–917 wetlands of Chile, 828–830 Dauria, 1500 Wular Lake, 1706 dipterocarp, 1756, 1779 Zambezi Delta, 1239 dwarf swamp, 1843, 1844 Forested peatlands, 238, 1445, 1537, 1760 elfin, 232, 300 Forestiera acuminate, 583 flooded forests, 174, 207, 209, 372, 734, Forestry, 107, 138, 170, 237, 238, 321, 349, 735, 1208, 1445, 1768–1770, 534, 538, 554, 607, 668, 675, 741, 1772–1775, 1779, 1781, 1786–1790, 891, 917, 938, 1049–1054, 1188, 1808, 1845 1553, 1610, 1710, 1781, 1787, 1788, fluvial, 792 1820, 1836, 1837, 1862, 1942 freshwater swamp, 170, 171, 207–208 Forsinard, 1051, 1053 Hyrcanian forests, 1639 Fothergilla gardenii, 674 Mahanadi Delta, 1744 Fragaria chiloensis, 560 2068 Index of Keywords

Frankenia 1759, 1774, 1775, 1778, 1779, F. hirsuta, 1189 1825–1828, 1838, 1868, 1879, 1888, F. laevis, 965 1890, 1903, 1911, 1917, 1932, 1933, Fraser Delta, 566–573 1936, 1955, 1957, 1971, 1988, 2002, bog, 571 2006–2009, 2011–2014, 2017 Boundary Bay, 570 agricultural activities, 1145 conservation designations, 571 Amazon Basin, 728 ecological importance, 568–569 Amur River, 1486–1493 estuarine marshes, 569 Anzali Mordab Complex, 1618 intertidal, 569 Axios, Aliakmon, and Gallikos Delta location, 566 Complex, 1138 ocean, 570 Azraq Oasis, 462 salt marshes, 570 Berbak National Park, 1832, 1834–1836 salt wedge and plume, 570 Camargue, Rhône River, 1103–1105 threats, 572–573 Central Valley, 700 upland farmland, 571 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 759–761, wetland diversity, 569, 572 764–766 Fraser estuary, 572 coastal marshes, 285 Fraser River coastal wetlands, 593 burns bog, 571 Conchalí Lagoon, 858 conservation designations, 571–572 Congo River, 1200–1202, 1204–1212 diversity, 569 Cooper Creek, 1924 ecological importance, 568–569 Coorong, 1912, 1913 estuarine marshes, 569–570 Dauria, 1500 formation of delta, 567–568 distribution of peatlands, 231 future challenges and developments, ecoregions, 1201, 1202, 1204, 1487, 1489 572–573 ecosystems, 5, 110, 112, 118, 121, 232, salt marshes, 570 949–953, 955 salt wedge and plume, 570–571 emergent marsh, 546 threats, 572–573 endorheic, 1350–1359 Fraxinus, 1072 estuarine environments, 37–39 F. angustiflora, 916 estuarine marshes, 56 F. angustifolia, 915, 1106 Everglades, 710–711, 714 F. excelsior, 1072, 1640 Fereydoon Kenar Ramsar Site, 1636 F. nigra, 612 fish, 113–115, 583, 584, 817, 953, 1239, F. pallisiae, 916 1584, 1600, 1679, 1717, 1718, 1759, F. pennsylvanica, 581 1816, 1860, 1945, 1981 Fregata minor, 2016 fisheries, 1345 Freshwater, 29, 30, 41, 44, 46, 50, 53, 94, 101, Fraser River, 570 103, 105, 110, 112–121, 148, 150, Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin, 1715, 1717 151, 153, 238, 278, 324, 327, 333, Gnangara Groundwater System, 1960 335, 340, 341, 350, 361, 364, 373, hydrology, 157 546, 559, 561, 567, 569, 571, 603, hydrophytic vegetation, 1140 623, 674, 675, 721, 730, 731, 733, Indus River, 1701, 1702 737, 830, 834, 862, 864, 880, 889, Kakadu National Park, 1952 915, 918, 948, 977, 980, 998, 1004, Kakagon/Bad River Sloughs, 428 1006, 1017, 1021, 1025, 1027, 1032, lagoons, 827, 1106, 1618 1047, 1081, 1082, 1107–1109, 1116, Lake Alexandrina, 1914 1117, 1119, 1130, 1133, 1146, 1160, Lake Baikal, 1479–1482 1170, 1181, 1188, 1190, 1238, 1239, Lake Bogoria, 1384 1273, 1303, 1320, 1322, 1337, 1345, Lake Chilika, 398 1368, 1556, 1600, 1664, 1666, 1683, Lake Eyre, 1922, 1924–1926 1688, 1692, 1700, 1718, 1727, 1731, Lake Fúquene, 774, 776, 777 Index of Keywords 2069

Lake Khanka-Xingkaihu, 1517 410, 462, 828, 940, 1006, 1322, Lake Magadi, 1388 1445, 1486, 1553, 1556, 1559, 1581, Lake Sambhar, 1729 1582, 1608, 1715, 1727, 1731, 1765, lakes and reservoirs, 126–139 1775, 1809, 1890, 1911, 1912, 1922 Lena River Basin, 1443–1445 area, 127–128 lentic ecosystems, 914 Azraq Oasis, 462 Living Planet Index, 377 biota, 133–135 Lower Danube Green Corridor, 898 ecological features, 131–133 Macquarie Marshes, 1898 ecosystem services, 135–137 Mahanadi Delta, 1746 Estuarine environments, 37 marshes, 1117 geographic distribution, 130–131 Mekong Basin, 1777, 1805–1809 glacier ice movement, 126 Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, 1080 global biogeochemical cycles, 126 New Zealand wetlands, 1978, 1980–1982, Golfe d’Arguin, 1320 1985, 1987 Lake Baikal, 1479 North Norfolk Coast, 1018, 1019 Lake Baringo, 1351 Okavango Delta, 1395, 1400, 1408 Lake Manitoba, 592 Omo River, 1362 lake volume and residence time, 128–129 Paraná-Paraguay Fluvial Corridor, 790, 793 Manitoba Great Lakes, 592 Peace-Athabasca Delta, 550 papyrus marshes, 184 Phoksundo wetland, 1608 Poyang Lake, 1566 Poyang Lake, 1566 River Murray, 1888 Ramsar wetland, 5 threats and future challenges, 137–139 Río de la Plata system, 848, 850, 851, 853 Tonle Sap Lake, 1786 Saemangeum, 406, 410 Freshwater swamps, 326, 733, 1190, 1445, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 639–641, 647 1826, 1985, 2011 sawgrass, 715 Berbak National Park, 1832, 1834–1836 Seﬁd Rood River, 1627, 1630 biota, 173–177 Sembilang National Park, 1820–1822 ecological features, 173 ShadeganWetland, 1676–1681 ecosystem services, 177–178 soda lakes, 1382 global biogeographic regionalization, 171 Sundarban mangroves, 1734–1737, 1739, global distribution, 171–173 1740 mineral soil-based, 6 swamps and marshes, 6, 170–180 papyrus swamps, 170 swamps on mineral soils, 200–221 Sembilang National Park, 1822, 1823 Tasek Bera, 1852, 1856, 1860 threats and trends, 178–180, 215–216 tidal freshwater wetlands, 156–167 variety, 170 Tonle Sap River, 1765, 1786 Fringillidae, 939 Tram Chim, 1795 Fritillaria, 1701 turloughs, 1069 Frost heaving, 278, 279, 282 U Minh peat swamps, 1815, 1816 Frozen peatlands, 277, 278, 284, 286 Volga Delta, 940, 950, 952, 953 Fucus,48 Wadden Sea, 986–989 F. edentatus, 626 wetlands (see Tidal freshwater wetlands) F. serratus, 626 wet prairies, 715 F. spiralis, 626 wet tropics, 1944–1946 F. vesiculosus, 626 Yangtze River, 1553, 1559 Fuirena umbellata, 205 Zambezi River, 1228, 1235 Fulica Zhaling Lake, 1579 F. americana, 583, 683 Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW), F. armillata, 859 1480 F. atra, 971, 1073, 1092, 1190, 1469, 1609, Freshwater lakes and reservoirs, 30, 50, 144, 1621, 1641, 1653 147, 150, 152, 175, 184, 364, 406, F. cristata, 1131 2070 Index of Keywords

Fulica (cont.) G. immer, 612 F. leucoptera, 859 G. stellata, 418, 547, 1044, 1094 F. rufifrons, 859 Gavialis gangeticus, 1715 Fumana procumbens, 916 Gazella Functional landscape approach, 1266 G. dama, 1303 Fundy Basin, 622 G. dorcas, 1303, 1324 Fuquene lake, 774–782 G. leptoceros, 1303 G. rufifrons, 1303 G. soemmerringii, 1303 G Gelochelidon nilotica, 1338 Gadus morhua, 629, 633, 1016 Gemenc-Béda-Karapancsa wetlands, 889 Galaxias gollumoides, 1981 General Department Administration of Nature Galaxiella nigrostriata, 1961 Conservation and Protection Galeocerdo cuvier, 1325 (GDANCP), 1788, 1790 Galictis cuja, 852 Genetta genetta, 1107, 1131 Galium palustre, 915 Genidens barbus, 849, 853 Gallesia, 206 Gentiana, 1701 Gallicrex cinerea, 1716 Geothlypis Gallinago G. aequinoctialis, 851 G. gallinago, 472, 980, 1073, 1641 G. trichas, 648 G. media, 1641 Ghawarna, 1170 G. megala, 1870 Gibbula umbilicalis, 1324 G. nemoricola, 1610 Gilan, 1616, 1626, 1627, 1631 G. solitaria, 1610 Giraffa Gallinula chloropus, 1610, 1708 G. camelopardalis, 1358, 1405 Gallirallus philippensis assimilis, 1981 G. camelopardalis rothschildi, 1386 Gambusia, 1358 Glacicavicola, 339 G. affinis, 1109 Glareola G. holbrooki, 1131, 1134 G. maldivarum, 1870 Gammarus spp., 612 G. pratincola, 1141, 1142, 1629 Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin (GBB), 1712–1721 Glaux,61 challenges, 1720–1721 G. maritima, 964 conservation and management, 1719–1720 Gleichenia dicarpa, 26, 1994–1996 extent, biodiversity and ecosystem services, Global change, 98, 501, 1110, 2023 1713–1719 Globally threatened species, 325, 377, 953, future challenges and developments, 1130, 1188, 1190, 1525, 1584, 1628, 1720–1721 1629, 1788, 1860, 1870 geology of, 1712 birds, 1641 Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin, 1734 Bujagh National Park, 1629 Gangetic Delta, 1712, 1713, 1718–1721 Shadegan Wetland, 1676 Gangetic plains, 1713, 1716–1717, 1720 Tonle Sap Lake, 1787 Garcinia Global Peatland Initiative Project, 1534 G. bancana, 208 Global warming, 53, 67, 85, 167, 286, 367, 456, G. borneensis, 205 476, 632, 845, 1035, 1194, 1390, G. dulcis, 208 1555, 1593 Gardenia Globicephala melaena, 629 G. kambodiana, 205 Glossina morsitans, 1385 G. tentaculata, 205 Gluta G. tubifera, 1834 G. pubescens, 208 Gastromyzon embalohensis, 1845 G. renghas, 1834 Gavia G. wallichii, 208, 1834 G. arctica, 236, 547, Glycera, 630 1047, 1094 G. dibranchiata,47 Index of Keywords 2071

Glyceria aquatica, 915 Lake Naivasha, 1357 Glycyrrhiza Nenjiang River, 1500 G. echinata, 951 North Norfolk Coast, 1018 G. glabra, 951 Prairie Pothole Region, 680–683, 685–686 Glyptemys insculpta, 612 rain floodplain, 1236, 1302 Gmelina, 208 and riparian habitats, 698 G. asiatica, 205 river floodplain, 1236 Gnangara groundwater system, 1960 Sefid Rood, 1626–1628 biophysical characteristics, 1960–1961 Sudd, 1300 change to ecological character, 1961 Terai region, 1715 wetland mapping, 1962 upper Zambezi, 1221 Gobio sibiricus, 1480 Wadden Sea, 994 Godwin, H., 290, 304 Yangtze River Basin, 1553 Goebelobryum unguiculatum, 1995–1997 Yellow River, 1582, 1584 Gokyo wetlands, 1608, 1612 Zhalong marsh, 1523, 1525 cultural and religious significance, 1611 Gratiola officinalis, 951 fauna, 1610 Grauer’s swamp warbler, 1314 flora, 1609 Grazing, 58, 62, 65, 66, 85, 118, 136, 152, 178, Golfe d’Arguin, 1320, 1322, 1325, 1326, 1328, 187, 194, 214, 217, 239, 240, 327, 1329 349, 442, 452, 630, 631, 647, 681, Gonystylus bancanus, 239, 1757 843, 919, 926, 928, 929, 954, 956, Goolwa channel, 1914, 1916 968, 980, 994, 1026, 1027, 1029, Gordonia lasianthus, 672–674 1031, 1032, 1043, 1048, 1069, 1082, Gorsachius magnificus, 325 1083, 1086, 1140, 1162, 1163, 1175, Gosaikunda wetlands, 1607, 1608, 1612, 1715 1226, 1227, 1239, 1249, 1263, 1264, cultural significance, 1611 1266, 1274, 1275, 1296, 1297, 1302, fauna, 1609–1610 1309, 1419, 1420, 1528, 1533, 1612, flora, 1609 1621, 1627, 1630, 1632, 1654, 1666, Governance, 195, 464, 467, 769, 854, 1610, 1669, 1670, 1682, 1718, 1729, 1738, 1906 1878, 1942, 1948, 2017 Azraq Oasis management, 465–467 arctic peatlands, 287 Pantanal, 809 blanket mire, 299 Gracilaria,86 British estuaries, 1004 Graphoderus bilineatus, 1071 Camargue wetlands, 1108, 1109 Grasslands, 171, 200, 215, 217, 220, 233, 510, Doñana wetlands, 1133 552, 568, 641, 653, 701, 791, 793, Ebro Delta, 1117 816, 856, 879, 880, 1001, 1004, European saltmarshes, 969 1013, 1069, 1072–1075, 1082, high altitude wetlands of Nepal, 1611, 1612 1105–1106, 1144, 1189, 1220, 1223, highland peatlands of Mongolia, 1546 1225, 1227, 1228, 1230, 1235–1237, karst systems, 316 1239, 1247, 1265, 1272, 1281, 1283, Machar marshes, 1281, 1282, 1284 1293, 1297, 1302, 1344, 1357, 1386, Macquarie Marshes, 1904 1399, 1402, 1404, 1405, 1416, 1493, Makgadikgadi wetlands, 488 1502–1504, 1524–1526, 1553, 1630, Myall Lake, 1937 1653, 1669, 1715, 1730, 1768–1772, North Norfolk Coast, 1013, 1018 1774–1777, 1779, 1787, 1788, 1790, Okavango Delta, 1403, 1405, 1407 1805, 1901, 2007, 2008 Patagonian peatlands, 879 Anzali Mordab Complex, 1618 Ringkøbing Fjord, 974 Baro-Akobo Basin, 1262 Rugezi Marsh, 1309 Central Valley, 698 saltmarsh, 452 Gokyo wetlands, 1608 Sudd, 1304, 1305 Kaziranga National Park, 1717 turloughs, 1073–1075 Kilombero floodplain, 1343 Yellow River Delta, 1586 2072 Index of Keywords

Grazing regime, turloughs, 1069, 1074, 1075 Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, 63, Great Artesian Basin, 1888 242, 286, 415, 457, 502, 684, 740, Great barrier reef (GBR), 9, 13, 366, 1942, 752, 1760 1944, 1949, 1972, 1974, 2003 Greenland’s Ramsar sites, 513 biological diversity, 448 Grewia coral reefs, 451 G. bicolor, 1385 future aspects, 457 G. densa, 206 GBRMP and GBRWHA, 454–456 G. tenax, 206, 1385 geographical map, 449 Greylag Geese, post-breeding concentration, landscape, 448 472 managemet status, 456–457 Grindelia integrifolia, 570 mangroves, 452 Groundwater, 22, 66, 103, 105, 115, 118, 131, megafauna, 453–454 132, 135, 146, 151, 157, 163, 178, northeastern Australian coastline, 201, 238, 252, 254, 256, 258, 259, 1968–1970 261–263, 266, 267, 309–311, 327, saltmash, 452–453 336, 343, 363, 364, 366, 464, 467, satellite image, 448, 450 491, 492, 525, 536, 655, 674, 683, seagrass, 451–452 732, 789, 791, 807, 828, 829, 900, types, 451 905, 1035, 1061, 1069–1071, 1073, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), 454, 1171, 1175, 1180, 1235, 1239, 1258, 455, 457 1290, 1291, 1294, 1305, 1311, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 1426–1428, 1433, 1434, 1503, 1536, (GBRMPA), 450, 454, 455 1540, 1543, 1544, 1546, 1560, 1638, Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area 1652, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1666, 1668, (GBRWHA), 450, 454, 455, 1971 1672, 1700, 1701, 1717, 1888, 1979, Great Britain, 11, 960, 965, 966, 968, 998, 1993, 2014 1029, 1049 abstraction, 347, 349, 1664, 1961, 1963 Great Britain estuaries Andean wetlands, 827 biodiversity, 1001 aquifers, 120 conservation status, 1004 Axios, Aliakmon, and Gallikos Delta fish, 1002 Complex, 1145 future aspects, 1005 Azraq Basin, 462 habitats and communities, 1001 boreal wetlands, 523, 524 land claim, 1004 calcareous mires, 1426–1427 location and area, 998, 999 Conchalí Lagoon, 859 Morecambe Bay, 999, 1000 Danube River, 888, 890 types of, 998, 1000 Doñana wetlands, 1133 waterbirds, 1002 fens waterlogged by level, 252–258 Greater flamingo, 490, 1104, 1106, 1186, 1188, fishponds, 476 1190, 1191, 1324, 1326, 1386, 1444, floodplain mires, 1428 1642, 1729 freshwater swamps, 200 Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, 1730 Hula wetland, 1171 Great plains, 147 hydrology, 1662–1664 biodiversity, 692 Indus River, 1699 conservation status, 692–693 karst wetlands, 314 hydrology, 690–692 Lake Magadi, 1388 threats and future challenges, 693–694 Lake Okeechobee, 709–711 water dissolution hypothesis, 690 Lake Seyfe, 1188, 1189, 1192, 1194 wind erosion hypothesis, 690 Lake Turkana, 1363 Great Rift Valley, 1350, 1354, 1414 Lake Uromiyeh, 166, 1663, 1664 Great River, see Lena River Basin Okavango River, 1398, 1400, 1402 Greece, 1138, 1139, 1142, 1145, 1150, 1153, peatlands, 230, 233–235 1156, 1158, 1162, 1163 peatlands in Africa, 1414, 1417, 1418 Index of Keywords 2073

recharge, 683 H Rugezi Marsh, 1316 Habitat, 5, 6, 20, 26, 51, 53, 60, 64, 66, 67, 79, sabkha landforms, 1176 81, 89, 90, 100–102, 110, 113, 115, salt lakes, 153 117, 119, 133, 135, 137, 151, 153, Sefid Rood, 1627 165, 166, 174, 176, 184, 191, 194, sloping mires, 1426 210, 211, 219, 220, 237, 240, 268, terrestrializing mires, 1427 269, 287, 290–293, 297, 310, 316, through flow mires, 1426 320, 321, 323, 325, 326, 347, 350, turloughs, 1069–1071 352–355, 361, 364–366, 384, Volga River Basin, 937 386–388, 395, 398, 401, 411, 415, Yamuna River, 1716 417, 418, 423, 428, 432, 440–443, Yellow River, 1582, 1583 448, 452, 453, 455, 462, 482, 496, Zambezi River, 1223 502, 532, 533, 535, 547, 552, 553, Groundwater-dependent wetlands 594, 595, 597, 598, 600, 607, 608, definition, 346 611, 613, 654, 657–663, 674, 692, ecosystems, 347–349 693, 698, 702, 738, 740, 750, 776, Gnangara Groundwater System, 1959–1965 777, 779, 780, 791, 793, 794, 799, threats, 349–355 802, 804, 805, 809, 816, 825, 828, types, 347–349 830, 831, 836, 850, 852, 853, Groundwater discharge, 347, 349–351, 353, 861–864, 867, 870, 880, 889–891, 683, 1311, 1536, 1540, 1543, 1960, 893, 917, 920, 921, 926–928, 936, 1961, 1964 938, 961, 963, 964, 967–969, 981, karst wetlands, 327 985, 987, 988, 994, 998, 1014, 1043, peatlands in Africa, 1414 1047, 1049, 1051, 1052, 1054, 1069, Growth dynamics, 1593, 1594 1071, 1075, 1082, 1084, 1086, 1091, Grundulus bogotensis, 776, 779 1092, 1190, 1491, 1492, 1557, Grus 1678–1680, 1687, 1688, 1691, 1694, G. antigone, 1716, 1729, 1776, 1779, 1946 1702, 1729, 1757–1759, 1961, G. antigone sharpii, 1796, 1806 1963–1965 G. canadensis, 547, 692 Amazon of Europe, 904–908 G. carunculatus, 1236 Amazon River Basin, 731, 733–736 G. grus, 482, 1186, 1190, 1254, 1561, 1653 Anzali Mordab Complex, 1621 G. japonensis, 1502, 1513, 1525, 1561, aquatic, 110, 120–121, 580, 611, 658, 660, 1584, 1599 663, 780, 791, 805, 889, 955, 1130, G. leucogeranus, 953, 1444, 1472, 1481, 1403, 1989 1502, 1559, 1641 Australia’s Wet Tropics, 1942, 1944, 1947, G. monacha, 1444, 1474, 1502, 1513 1948 G. nigricollis, 325, 1580, 1612 Axios, Aliakmon, and Gallikos Delta G. rubicundus, 1902, 1946 complex, 1139, 1143, 1144, 1146 G. vipio, 1493, 1502, 1513, 1525, 1569, 1584 Bahr el Ghazal, 1272, 1274, 1275 Guadalquivir River, 1124, 1129, 1133, 1134 Banc d’Arguin, 1323, 1325 Gubernatrix cristata, 817 Baro-Akobo River Basin, 1265 Guettarda speciosa, 2009 Bay of Fundy, 622, 625, 626, 629, 630, 632 Gustavia augusta, 207 Berbak National Park, 1832, 1834–1837 Guyu wujalwujalensis, 1945 Bijagos Archipelago, 1336, 1337 Gymnarchus niloticus, 1368 Broads area, 1027–1030 Gymnocephalus cernuus, 612 Bujagh National Park, 1627–1629, 1632 Gymnomitrion concinnatum, 279 Camargue, 1102, 1104–1109 Gypohierax angolensis, 1336–1337 Ciénaga Grande of Santa Marta, 752, Gypsophila perfoliata, 916, 917, 1189 763–765 Gyrinus opacus, 1047 complexes, 585 Gyrosigma, 630 Congo River Basin, 1200, 1207–1210, 1212 Gyttja, 1933–1935 Coorong, 1912, 1915, 1917 2074 Index of Keywords

Habitat (cont.) New Zealand restiad bogs, 1996–1998 Copper River Delta, 560–563 Nidjili Lake, 1460, 1468, 1470 current status, 1558–1560 Nile Delta, 1252, 1256, 1257 Czech Republic, 471, 472 Nile River Basin, 1249 Danau Sentarum National Park, 1847 Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, 1024–1032, Danube floodplains, 898–900 1035 Dinder and Rahad rivers, 1294, 1295, 1297 Okavango Delta, 1403, 1407 disturbance, 1210 papyrus marshes, 191 diversity, 2007–2010 papyrus wetlands, 184 Doñana wetlands, 1124, 1130–1132 peatlands of Africa, 1445–1447 Ebro Delta, 1115–1120 Poyang Lake, 1566, 1569–1571 estuarine, 45–48, 1001–1002, 1005, 1006 Prairie Pothole Region, 682, 683, 686 EUNIS classification, 963 productivity and diversity, 632 Everglades, 709, 715, 717, 718, 720, 721 protection, 342, 646, 648 Fereydoon Kenar Ramsar Site, 1638–1640, Ramsar Site, 1189 1642, 1643 riparian, 547, 698 floodplain, 698 Rugezi Marsh, 1309, 1315, 1316 Fraser Delta, 566, 568, 570, 571, 573 Sabkhas, 1180 freshwater marshes and swamps, 173, 174 salt lakes, 151, 153 Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin, 1713, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 638, 641, 1715–1718 644–648 high altitude wetlands, Nepal, 1606, 1611, Sanjiang Plain, 1513–1516 1612 seagrass, 78, 80, 85, 87, 90, 440, 453, 496, highland peatlands of Mongolia, 1533, 502, 845, 1589–1595, 1876, 1882, 1541, 1543, 1546 1969 Hula wetland, 1170, 1171, 1176 seagrass in Malaysia, 1876, 1878, 1882 intertidal, 1869 seagrass meadows, 438 intertidal zone of East and Southeast Asia, seagrass meadows of Northeastern 1869, 1870 Australia, 1969, 1971, 1972 Kakadu National Park, 1952, 1955–1957 Sembilang National Park, 1822, 1825–1828 Kakagon Sloughs, 434 Shadegan Wetland, 1678–1680 Kati Thanda, 1925 soda lakes, 1382, 1383, 1386, 1387, 1389 Kilombero Valley Floodplain, 1344, 1345 southeast Brazil, 840 Lake Eyre, 1922 subterranean karst systems, 331–343 Lake Naivasha, 1358 Sudd, 1300, 1302, 1303, 1305 Lake Parishan, 1649, 1652–1655 Sundarban mangroves, 1736–1737 Lake Seyfe, 1189 Tampa Bay, 501 Lake Turkana, 1366, 1370, 1371, 1377 Tasek Bera, 1852, 1856–1859 Lake Uromiyeh, 1660, 1666, 1669 tidal freshwater wetlands, 165 loss, 1209 Tonle Sap Lake, 1789, 1790 Machar marshes, 1281 tropical freshwater swamps, 213–216 Macquarie Marshes, 1898–1905 vernal pools, 652 Mahanadi Delta, 1747 Volga Delta, 955–957 mangroves, 100–102 wetlands of Chile, 833 Mekong River Basin, 1771, 1774–1777, wetlands of New Zealand, 1980, 1983, 1779, 1781, 1803, 1807, 1810 1987–1989 Mesopotamian Marshes of Iraq, 1688, 1691, wild rice, 431 1694, 1987 Wular Lake, 1708 middle Aldan River, 1472 Yangtze River Basin, 1558, 1559 Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 580, 583–586 Yellow River, 1580–1584 Murray-Darling River Basin, 1888, Yenisei River Basin, 1480 1891–1893 Zambezi River Basin, 1129, 1222, 1223, 1225 Natura 2000, 1144 Zhalong wetlands, 1525, 1528 Index of Keywords 2075

Habmonas campisalis, 1388 H. johnsonii, 75, 81 Hadziella, 340 H. major, 1876 Haematobia irritans, 809 H. minor, 75, 1876, 1971 Haematopus H. nipponica, 75, 1590–1595 H. leucopodus, 867 H. ovalis, 75, 81, 1876, 1877, 1971 H. ostralegus, 965, 989, 1003, 1016, 1083, H. ovataa,75 1141 H. spinulosa, 75, 1876, 1877, 1971 Halcyon H. stipulacea, 75, 81 H. albiventris, 1345 H. sulawesii,75 H. chelicuti, 1345 H. tricostata, 75, 1970, 1971 H. concreta, 1825 Halophytic vegetation, 960, 1140 H. coromanda, 1825 Hamatocaulis, 518 Haliaeetus Hanguana malayana, 205, 1834 H. albicilla, 418, 473, 889, 899, 904, 918, Haplochromis turkanae, 1371 1092, 1142, 1444, 1460, 1474, 1621, Haraaz River, 1638 1641 Harbour Seal, 993 H. leucocephalus, 568, 612 Hauffenia, 340 H. leucoryphus, 953, 1584 Hedera helix, 916 H. pelagicus, 1444 Hediste diversicolor, 977, 978 H. vocifer, 1337, 1357, 1385 Heilongjiang, 26, 1488, 1496, 1510, 1511, Halichoerus grypus, 629, 993, 1015, 1094 1516–1518, 1522, 1524, 1526 Halimeda, 86, 448 Helarctos malayanus, 1835, 1845, 1860 Halimione Heleioporus eyrei, 1961 H. portulacoides, 964, 971, 1001, 1140 Helichrysum arenarium, 917 H. verrucifera, 916 Helicops spp., 735 Haliplus andalusicus, 1131 Heliopais personatus, 1860 Haloalkaliphilic archaea, 1388 Hemichromis exsul, 1371 Halocarpus Hemidactylium scutatum, 612 H. bidwillii, 1995 Hemigrapsus sanguineus, 995 H. biformis, 1980 Hemipimelodus daugueti, 1806 Halocnemum strobilaceum, 916, 1140, 1189 Hemipodus olivieri, 850 Halodule, 841, 842 Hemitheconyx caudicinctus, 1700 beds, 843 Heosemys spinosa, 1845, 1860 H. beaudettei,75 Heracleum, 560 H. bermudensis,75 H. lallii, 1609 H. ciliata,75 H. lanatum, 570 H. emarginata, 75, 840, 841, 845 Herbaceous swamps, 177, 204–205, 214, 1577, H. pinifolia, 75, 1876, 1971 1578, 1824 H. uninervis, 75, 82, 1876, 1877, 1971 Heritiera fomes, 1720, 1736 H. wrightii, 75, 81, 840–844, Hermathia, 205 1323, 1336 Hetao plain, 1580–1581 Haloleptolyngbya alcalis, 1385 Heteranthera spp., 1107 Halonatronum saccharophilum, 1389 Heteromastis, 630 Halophila, 74, 76, 1592, 1593, 1746, 1876, Heteromastus similis, 851 1877, 1970 Heteroscelus brevipes, 1870 H. australis, 75, 77 Heterotis niloticus, 1273, 1368 H. baillonii,75 Hetrotis, 1273 H. beccarii, 75, 85, 1876, 1877, 1880 Hexarthra, 1357 H. capricorni, 75, 1970, 1971 H. jenkinae, 1385 H. decipiens, 75, 840–842, 1876, 1971 Hibiscus H. engelmannii,75 H. calophyllus, 206 H. euphlebia,75 H. moscheutos, 159 H. hawaiiana,75 H. tiliaceus, 1237, 1823, 1834 2076 Index of Keywords

Hieraaetus pennatus, 1255 Bahía Lomas, 867 Hierochloe odorata, 951 of Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 753 High altitude wetlands (HAWs), Nepal Colombian mangroves, 753 characteristics, 1608 estuaries, 50 conservation status, 1610 Fundy salt marshes, 634 description, 1606 Okavango Delta, 1401 ecosystem services, 1611 papyrus marshes, 190 fauna, 1609–1610 seagrass, 74, 87 ﬂora, 1609 tropical freshwater swamps, 210 fragility and sensitiveness, 1612 Volga River, 953 hydrology, 1608 Himalayan region, 1612, 1712–1715 issues in conservation efforts, 1612 Himantopus himantopus, 1141, 1190, 1629 Ramsar Sites, 1606, 1607 Hiodon alosoides, 553, 597 threats, 1612 Hippoglossus hippoglossus, 629 water bodies, categories of, 1606 Hippolais polyglotta, 1337 High arctic, 286 Hippophae rhamnoides, 916, 917 in Canada, 394 Hippopotamus amphibius, 192, 1238, 1274, in Greenland, 510, 511 1337, 1338, 1354, 1358, 1372, 1405 North America, 280 Hippotragus High-centred polygon and low-centred polygon H. equinus bakeri, 1293 mire, 281 H. niger, 1227, 1236 High endemism, 824, 2011 Hippuris lanceolata, 510, 511 Higher Council for Environment and Natural Histosol, 246, 1160, 1161 Resources (HCENR), 1295 peat soil, 246 High ion lake, 1365 Pocosin vegetation, 671 Highlands, 26, 230, 279, 337, 824, 825, 1048, Histrionicus histrionicus, 633, 1444 1053, 1265, 1266, 1271, 1272, 1280, Hokkaido marshes, 13 1284, 1290, 1292, 1293, 1304, 1309, Bekambeushi marsh, 1600 1342, 1355, 1398, 1580, 1638, 1700, future aspects, 1601 1765, 1767, 1771, 1888 future challenges and developments, 1601 Andean wetlands, 827, 828 Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Baro-Akobo Basin, 1642 1598 Blue Nile, 1247 Kiritappu marsh, 1599 central, 1718 Kushiro marsh, 1598–1599 extent and character, 1262–1263 Sarobetsu marsh, 1601 local use and knowledge, 1263–1264 threats, 1601 Main Nile, 1248 Hollows, 259, 261, 280, 282–284, 305, 524, Omo River, 1362, 1364 653, 877, 1044–1046, 1541, 1542, peatlands of Mongolia, 1531–1547 1546, 1754, 1755, 1758 saddle raised bogs, 268, 269 Holocene, 529, 815, 874, 947, 1252, 1443 of Scotland, 257 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 758 sedge fens, 1543–1544 Coorong, 1910 spring and blanket bogs, 1545 Lena Delta, 1453 valley meadow fens, 1542–1543 Paraná River Delta, 815 water forum, 466 in western Canada, 517 White Nile, 1246, 1247 Homalium High plains acquifer H. caryophyllaceum, 208 geographic distribution, 690, 691 H. molle, 207 source of water recharge, 692 Homaloptera yuwonoi, 1845 High productivity, 50, 52, 87, 490, 594, 622, 626, Homarus americanus, 628 735, 738, 752, 761, 817, 843, 986, Homonoia riparia, 1773 1105, 1117, 1249, 1257, 1404, 1405, Homoporus deltaicus, 918 1535, 1543, 1593, 1713, 1925, 1952 Hongjiannao lake, 1582 Index of Keywords 2077

Hopea Hydnophytum formicarum, 1816 H. mengerawan, 208 Hydrictis maculicollis, 1274 H. novoguineensis, 208 Hydrilla verticillata, 1746, 1859 Hoplias malabaricus, 763 HydroBASINS, 112 Hordeum,61 Hydrobia spp., 977 H. brevisubulatum, 1538 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, 952, 1130, 1171 Horsﬁeldia crassifolia, 1757 Hydrocharition, 1144 Houbaropsis bengalensis, 1776, 1779, 1788, Hydrochemistry, 1075 1796 Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, 735, 809, 817, Houdinia ﬂexilissima, 1981 843, 852 Houting, 989 Hydrocotyle, 1368 Hualves, 825, 827, 829 HYDRO 1 K, 111, 112 Hucho Hydrological stability, 1960, 1963 H. perryi, 1600 Hydrology, 6, 8, 56, 65, 66, 157, 158, 162, 172, H. taimen, 939, 1444, 1475, 1502 191, 217, 241, 277, 283, 287, 304, Hudson Bay Lowland, 516, 517 322, 323, 349–351, 354, 365, 419, Hula Drainage Project, 1170 489, 526, 532, 534, 558, 652, Hula Nature Reserve, 1161, 1170–1172 655–656, 662, 668, 670, 693, 694, Hula peatland, 1156, 1161, 1163 701, 728, 733, 739, 766, 781, 791, Hula wetland, 1160 808, 810, 831, 879, 887–889, 906, biodiversity, 1171 920, 955, 1058, 1069, 1073, 1075, climate, 1168 1086, 1104, 1107, 1109, 1119, 1133, drainage and restoration, 1168–1171 1146, 1175, 1210, 1225, 1228–1230, future challenges and developments, 1172 1248, 1249, 1281, 1284, 1298, 1304, hydrology, 1168 1305, 1359, 1384, 1410, 1493, 1533, location, 1168 1534, 1553, 1562, 1571, 1613, 1730, Human disturbance, 64, 191, 558, 647, 1091, 1735, 1739, 1781–1783, 1786, 1794, 1327, 1555, 1561, 1569, 1571, 1786, 1798, 1804, 1815, 1827, 1836, 1891, 1931 1935, 1937, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1980, Human impacts, 7, 14, 66, 765, 1159, 1469, 1983 1507, 1547, 1595 Anzali Wetland, 1616–1618 Bay of Fundy, 634 archipelago, 1335–1336 Dauria’s wetlands, 1503–1504 Axios, Aliakmon, and Gallikos Delta and distribution, 160 Complex, 1138–1139 Drava and Mura rivers, 905 Bahr el Ghazal, 1270 Greenland’s Ramsar Sites, 513 Banc d’Arguin, 1322–1323 Laurentian Great Lakes, 606 Berbak National Park, 1832 Mediterranean peatlands, 1162–1163 biology linkages, 1961, 1964, 1965 Sanjiang Plain, 1515 Bujagh National Park, 1627 seagrasses, 83, 85, 89 Camargue, 1102–1103 tidal freshwater wetlands, 161–162 Copper River, 559 Volga Basin, 940–942 Danau Sentarum National Park, 1843 Wet Tropics wetlands, 1948, 1949 Danube River Basin, 887–888 Humulus lupulus, 916 Danube River branches, 912–914 Hura crepitans, 741 Doñana, 1124–1130 Huso drivers of wetland degradation, 362–363 H. dauricus, 1513 ecological features of lakes, 131 H. huso, 900, 918, 939, 953 Fereydoon Kenar, 1636–1638 Hutchinsia procumbens, 1105 Hula Wetland, 1168 Hyaena Indus River Basin Wetlands, 1699 H. hyaena, 1274, 1372 Kakagon Sloughs, 434 H. hyaena dubbah, 1294 karst systems, 314–316 Hyalobagrus leiacanthus, 1845 Kati Thanda, 1922–1925 2078 Index of Keywords

Hydrology (cont.) Hydroporus lucasi, 1131 Kilombero ﬂoodplain, 1342–1343 Hydropotes inermis inermis, 1569 lagg fen, 311 Hydropower, 116, 126, 127, 135, 139, 474, 533, Lake Bogoria, 1384 534, 731, 740, 793, 891, 920, 941, Lake Okeechobee, 710 1102, 1249, 1309–1311, 1421, 1445, Lake Parishan, 1649–1651 1516, 1739, 1748 Lake Turkana, 1363–1365 Amazonian wetlands, 739 Lake Uromiyeh, 1662–1664 Amur River, 1496 Lena River Delta, 1452–1453 Congo Basin, 1208 Mackenzie River watershed, 550–551 dams, 131, 217, 905–907, 930, 1230, 1375, Macquarie Marshes, 1900 1790, 1798 Macrotidal Bay, 1080–1081 development, 893, 1266, 1496, 1798, 1808, mangroves, 103 1810 mayas, 1290–1291 development, Amur-Heilong River Basin, Mekong Basin, 1767 1496 Mesopotamian Marshes, 1688 freshwater swamps, 217 Middle Aldan River Basin, 1472–1473 generation, 731, 737, 739, 741, 891, 1219, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 578–580 1809, 1810 Murray-Darling River Basin, 1890–1891 Lower Mekong Basin, 1768, 1781 Myall River and Nerong Creek, 1931–1933 Yenisei River, 1483 Nidjili Lake, 1458 Zambezi River Basin, 1219, 1229, 1230, Paraná-Paraguay Fluvial Corridor, 788–790 1235, 1241 Paraná River Delta, 815–816 Hydrops spp., 735 peatland, 1150 Hygrotus Phoksundo wetland, 1608 H. lagari, 1131 Playas, 690–692 H. quinquelineatus, 1071 Pocosins, 673–674 Hyla, 735 Poyang Lake, 1568 H. andersonii, 674 Prairie Pothole Region, 681–682 H. arborea, 918 Rugezi Marsh, 1310–1311 H. chrysoscelis, 658 Sembilang National Park, 1820–1822 H. versicolor, 658 Shadegan Wetland, 1676–1678 Hylobates, 1758 signiﬁcant changes, 362–363 H. agilis, 1825 Sudd, 1300 H. lar, 1835, 1860 Taiga-Alas Landscape, 1464–1465 Hyloxalus subpunctatus, 777 tidal freshwater wetlands, 157 Hymenachne, 816 turloughs, 1070–1071 H. acutigluma, 215, 219, 1796, 1952 Volga River Basin, 936–937, 949 H. amplexicaulis, 1957 wet tropics, 1942–1944 Hynobius retardatus, 1599 Yangtze River, 1552–1554 Hyparrhenia, 1294, 1302 Yukon River Basin, 544–545 H. dichroa, 1236 Zambezi River Delta, 1235 H. diplandra, 205 Zhalong wetland, 1523–1524 H. hirta, 1386 Hydromys chrysogaster, 1902, 1946 H. rufa, 1236, 1272, 1302 Hydroperiod, 209, 668, 1071, 1075, 1129, Hyperlophus vittatus, 1916 1133, 1693 Hyperoodon ampullatus, 633 Doñana wetlands, 1127 Hyperopisus bebe, 1368 Everglades, 714 Hypersaline, 81, 105, 147, 149, 151, 840, 1002, playa wetlands, 693 1174, 1664, 1911, 2008 pocosin, 673 Abu Dhabi Emirate, 1180 vernal pools, 652, 654–660 Coorong, 1916, 1917 Hydrophasianus chirurgus, 1708 Lake Bogoria, 1385 Hydrophytic vegetation, 828, 1140 Lake Uromiyeh, 1660, 1664 Index of Keywords 2079

River Murray, 1913 Ilisha, 1336 saline mudflats, 1237 Ilyanassa, 630 salt lakes, 144, 145 I. obsoleta, 630 Hypersalinization, 766 IMCG, see International Mire Conservation Hyperseasonal savanna, 804 Group (IMCG) Hypertidal ecosystem, 624, 625 Immersion mire, 253, 254 Hypertidal estuaries, 41 Impatiens, 205 Hyphaene, 1236 I. glandulifera, 164 H. coriacea, 1368 Imperata cylindrica, 1236 H. thebaica, 1294, 1368 Important Bird Area (IBA), 325, 480, 482, 490, Hyphaene palm savanna, 1236 572, 595, 599, 645, 994, 1118, 1186, Hypnea, 842 1265, 1354, 1386, 1502, 1505, 1631, Hypnum, 285 1643, 1648, 1676, 1700, 1787, 1807, Hypogean, 348, 351, 354, 1961, 1965 1816, 2021 classification, 332 Imraguen fishermen, 1328, 1329 composition, 336–337 Indian arid zone, 1726, 1727, 1731 environment, 334–335 conservation status and management, 1730 inhabitants, 335 dependent people, 1729–1730 karst, 332 distribution, 1728 karst hydrology, 316 diversity, 1728 threats, 342–343 ecosystem services, 1729 Hypolytrum capitulatum, 1844 extent, 1728 Hypomesus transpacificus, 642 location, 1726–1727 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 476 significant biodiversity, 1728–1729 Hyporheic zone, 347, 348, 351 threats, 1730–1731 Hypsometry, 1933, 1934 water resources, 1726–1727 of Myall lake, 1933 Indian Sundarban, 1736, 1737, 1739, 1740 Hysterocarpus traskii traskii, 642 Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, 1730 Hystrix indica, 1621 Indigenous atoll vegetation, 2007 Indigenous owners, 1956 Indira Gandhi Canal, 1731 I Indonesia, 83, 96, 98, 103, 201–203, 206, 209, Ice, 65, 67, 110, 126, 138, 261–263, 277, 216, 219, 220, 232, 237, 240, 301, 279–284, 305, 319, 322, 340, 402, 440–442, 522, 1754, 1758–1760, 431, 517–519, 530, 536, 551, 554, 1804, 1819–1828, 1831–1838, 562, 567, 594, 614, 625, 628, 631, 1841–1849, 1866, 1867, 1869 632, 653, 658, 673, 681, 714, 874, Indus River Basin, 13 924, 936, 987, 1040, 1090, 1102, biodiversity and conservation status, 1442, 1443, 1452, 1453, 1458, 1459, 1700–1701 1464, 1465, 1473, 1479, 1511, 1541, future challenges and developments, 1715 1701–1702 Ichthyaetus hydrology, 1699 I. audouinii, 1131 location, 1698 I. relictus, 1502 threats, 1701–1702 Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus, 1788, 1816 wetland ecosystems, 1699–1700 Icmadophila ericetorum, 283 Infilled basin mires, 263–264 Ictalurus punctatus, 583 Inia geoffrensis, 735 Icterus cayanensis, 851 Inner Danish waters, 1089–1095 Iglica, 340 benthos, 1092 Ilex, 1029 birds and mammals, 1092–1094 I. cassine, 719 conservation status, 1094 I. cymosa, 208, 1815 physio-chemical conditions, 1091 I. glabra, 672 threats, uses and challenges, 1095 2080 Index of Keywords

Insect, 65, 100, 101, 119, 149, 165, 166, 176, international agencies, 1872 191, 192, 236, 336–338, 352, 393, management, 1867 395, 532, 571, 630, 631, 660–662, overharvesting, 1868 791, 899, 918, 1073, 1272, 1273, pollution, 1868 1296, 1371, 1385, 1405, 1700, 1737, tidal energy developments, 1868 1758, 1780, 1946, 1952, 2011, 2014 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ICZ), 748, Intada sudanica, 1294 1218, 1235 Integrated planning stakeholder participation, Intra-montane basin fens, 1156, 1158 488–490, 1631 Inula britannica, 951 Interfluvial wetlands, Amazon River, 728, 732 Invasive alien species (IAS), 179, 220, 324, Intergovernnmetal Panel on Climate Change 327, 384, 818, 1798, 2014, 2017, (IPCC), 63, 67, 119, 242, 286, 676, 2020, 2022 714, 803, 1230, 1783 Invasive species, 8, 66, 137, 194, 220, 360, 361, Intermediate raised/blanket mire, 268–269 365, 384–388, 432, 434, 603, 613, Intermediate raised bogs, 267–269 614, 646, 648, 713, 853, 918, 978, International Commission for the Protection of 995, 1035, 1109, 1133, 1210, 1249, the Danube River (ICPDR), 1272, 1305, 1358, 1359, 1389, 1773, 887–894, 926 1798, 1863, 1891, 1949, 1957, 1986, International cooperation, 14, 53, 111, 241, 370, 1988, 2017 926, 1827 Inventory, 5, 20, 22, 27, 28, 31–32, 98, 120, International Mire Conservation Group 147, 230, 232, 277, 595, 607, 663, (IMCG), 230–232, 290–292, 1050, 755, 790, 816, 832–835, 892, 998, 1160, 1169, 1311 1163, 1324, 1337, 1446, 1497, 1728, Interstitial, 187, 332–334, 336, 343, 351, 354, 1736, 1805 1109, 1961, 1965 Lake Superior coastal wetlands, 607 Intertidal national, 832 flats, 21, 47, 49, 371, 375, 406, 622, 625, Invertebrate seagrass fisheries, 442 629, 633, 834, 963, 998, 1013, 1323, Ipomoea, 194 1324, 1336, 1676, 1728, 1865–1872, I. aquatica, 1272, 1720 1969, 2002, 2019, 2020 I. cairica, 191, 1272 habitats, 51, 165, 625, 626, 1001, 1014, Iran, 120, 132, 135, 1615–1632, 1642–1645, 1867–1870 1647–1673, 1675–1683, 1686, 1689, mudflats, 544, 631, 1001, 1320, 1325, 1679, 1690, 1692, 1694 1823 Iraq, 363, 1174, 1676, 1681, 1685–1694 zone, definition, 7, 22, 45, 47, 48, 56, 58, Irediparra gallinacea, 1946 61, 622, 625, 626, 748, 749, 841, Ireland, 239, 253, 267, 268, 304, 415, 417, 419, 851, 961, 967, 1013, 1080, 1081, 960, 967, 998, 1004, 1067–1075 1323, 1866–1869, 1871, 1872 Iris Intertidal zone, East and Southeast Asia, 51, 60, I. lactea, 1538 318, 1865–1872 I. pseudacorus, 818, 915, 1190, 1639 agricultural chemical overuse, 1868 I. spuria, 1106 anthropogenic climate change, 1868 Irish blanket mires, 299 biodiversity, 1870 Irrigation schemes, 135, 1229, 1297, 1375, competition for food, 1868 1377, 1410, 1504, 1581, 1699, 1764 conservation status, 1867 Irrigation threats, 1409–1410 damming major rivers, 1868 Ischaemum diversity, 1866–1867 I. afrum, 1236 ecosystem services, 1869–1870 I. rugosum, 1795 extent and location, 1866 Island growth, 1402, 1403, 1409 future aspects, 1872 Islet, 899, 1140, 1142, 1190, 1320, 1334, 1338, habitat loss and fragmentation, 1868 1339, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2016, human dependence, 1871 2017, 2019, 2021–2023 hunting, 1868 Isolepis fluitans, 1130 Index of Keywords 2081

Isophya dobrogensis, 918 Kakaducaris,211 Israel, 151, 184, 1156, 1160, 1161, 1163, Kakadu National Park, 13, 26, 1951–1957 1167–1172 biodiversity, 1952–1955 Itezhi-tezhi dam, 217, 1220, 1230 catchments, 1952, 1956 Ixobrychus, 1796 conservation status, 1955–1956 I. exilis, 633, 777 ecosystem services, 1956 I. ﬂavicollis, 1777 freshwater wetlands, 1952 I. minutus, 1141, 1142, 1708 future challenges and developments, I. sinensis, 1777 1956–1957 Ixora mentanggis, 205 threats, 1956–1957 Kakagon/Bad River Sloughs, 10, 427–435, 616 J ecology of Manomin, 431 Jade Sea, 1363 geologic setting, 429–430 Jaluit atoll, 2019 invasion of exotics, 431–432 Jameson land, 510, 513 location, 428 Jania, 842 sediment and nutrient loading, 432–434 Johannesteijsmannia altifrons, 1835 water level dynamics, 431 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), wetland setting, 430–431 306, 371, 999, 1006, 1013, 1019, Kalmia, 517 1020, 1041, 1052 K. cuneata, 674 Joint venture, 493, 548, 579, 585, 635, 645, K. microphylla, 571 646, 648, 686, 690, 691, 702, 1230 Kamiranzovu valley, 1309, 1311 Jonglei Canal, Sudd region, 216, 1249, 1275, Kappaphycus alvarezii, 2010 1305 Kariba dam, 1223, 1229, 1235 Juglans regia, 1640 Karirood stream, 1638 Juncetalia maritimi, 1144 Kari stream, 1638 Junco, 750 Karstic aquifer, 1150, 1650 Juncus, 61, 284, 828, 851, 967, 1104, 1140, Karstic limestone, 1070, 1649 1159, 1609, 1628, 1728, 1901, 1980 Karst wetlands, 11, 26, 313–328, J. acutus, 64, 1116, 1117 1057–1064, 1888 J. biglumis,511 complexity, 317 J. castaneus,511 conservation and wise use, 317–319 J. effusus, 1556, 1639 diversity, 319–327 J. emmanuelis, 1130 ecosystem services, 316–317 J. gerardii, 630, 916, 964 hydrology, 314–316 J. heterophyllus, 1130 immersion mire, 253 J. kraussii,64 landscape, 22, 319, 324–326, 332, 1062, J. maritimus, 965, 967, 1105, 1116, 1117, 1069, 1070, 1414 1130 location, 314 J. oxycarpus, 1313 phenomena, 314, 316, 317, 319–321, 324, J. roemerianus,58 332, 1058, 1060–1062 J. subulatus, 1130 in temperate zone, 320–322 J. triﬁdus, 279 threats, 327–328 J. triglumis,511 in tropics/subtropics, 322–327 Juniperus, 1043 Kasai, 1202–1204, 1206, 1209–1211 J. turbinata, 1104 Kashmir valley, 1706, 1708 Jurinea dolomiaea, 1609 Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, Australia, 6, 13, 1921–1926 aquatic ecology, 1925–1926 K hydrology, 1922–1925 Kachchh Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, 1730 location, 1923 Kafue River, 201, 217, 1219, 1220, 1223, 1225 Kekopey hot springs, 1387 2082 Index of Keywords

Kenya, 150, 152, 186, 193, 202, 211, 213, 217, L 218, 1349–1359, 1361–1378, Labeo, 192 1381–1390, 1419 L. cylindricus, 1354 Keratella, 1357 Labyrinthula, 82, 86 Kerio/Turkwel deltas, 1362, 1366, 1369, 1377 L. zosterae,82 Kerivoula muscina,211 Lacerta, 939 Kettle-hole fens, 518 L. clarkorum, 1190 Key threatening processes, 1894 Lacustrine, 6, 27, 126, 184, 186, 279, 525, 580, Khentey Mountains, 1535, 1536 583–584, 593, 607, 608, 614, 698, Kiashahr Lagoon, 1626–1628, 1630, 1631 825, 1159, 1223, 1388, 1452, 1454, Kigelia africana, 1236 1458, 1468, 1700, 1944, 1983 Kilombero floodplain, 1342, 1343, 1345–1347 Ladder fen, 259, 261, 297 biodiversity, 1344–1345 Laetia corymbulosa, 207 conservation status, 1346 Lagerstroemia speciosa, 1834 ecosystem services, 1345–1346 Lagg fen, 21, 265, 266, 304, 309–311, 571 future challenges and developments, minerotrophic mire, 252–264, 310 1346–1347 zone, 266, 310, 311 hydrology, 1342–1343 Lagomorphs, 939 location, 1342 Lagoon Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, threats, 1346–1347 Colombia, see Ciénaga Grande de wetland ecosystem, 1343–1344 Santa Marta (CGSM) Kinosternon scorpioides, 735 Lagoons, 21, 38, 81, 90, 94, 120, 185, 364, 392, Kiritappu marsh, 1599, 1600 398, 758, 760, 761, 763–766, 1138, Kirsehir Museum, 1192 1139, 1141, 1143, 1144, 1454, 1930, Kissimmee Basin, 710 1933 Kleinhovia hospita, 1834 Bandar Kiashahr, 1626–1628, 1631 Knema conferta, 1834 coastal, 39, 364, 398, 733, 766, 815, 836, Kniphofia caulescens, 1417 859, 974, 1001, 1104, 1116–1118, Knockfin Heights, 1041, 1042 1120, 1144, 1322, 1627, 1628, 1746, Kobresia 1881, 1910, 1914 K. fissiglumis, 1609 Conchalí, 10, 857–864 K. gandakiensis, 1609 geomorphic type, 614 K. myosuroides, 510, 1538 physiochemical conditions in, 974–976 K. simpliciuscula,511 Lagopus lagopus scoticus, 1048 Kobus Laguncularia racemosa, 750, 764–766, 1336 K. defassa harnieri, 1293 Lake(s) K. ellipsiprymnus, 1227, 1237, 1274 Agassiz, 592, 599 K. ellipsiprymnus defassa, 1274 Athabasca, 536, 550, 551 K. kob, 1265 Baikal K. kob ssp. leucotis, 1282 biodiversity, 1480–1481 K. leche, 192, 211, 217, 1225, 1405 conservation status, 1482 K. leche kafuensis, 211, 217, 1225 description, 1479 K. megaceros, 211, 1265, 1274, 1303 human uses, 1482–1483 K. vardonii, 1345 threats and future challenges, 1484 Koompassia malaccensis, 1823, 1834 Baringo, 12, 186, 1349–1359 Korea, 13, 50, 81, 380, 405–411, 1589–1595, Bogoria, 186, 1382–1385, 1389, 1390 1599, 1866, 1869, 1872 Borullus, 1255, 1257 Krascheninnikovia ceratoides, 1189 Chilika, India Kuhlia rupestris, 1945 adverse change, ecological character, Kultuk zone, Volga Delta, 947, 952, 954 398–400 Kushiro marsh, 1598–1601 ecological restoration, 400–401 Kuskokwim River, 544–546, 548 integrated management planning, 402 Kutum Fish, 1630 location, 398 Index of Keywords 2083

Montreux Record, removal from, Turkana, 6, 12, 135, 145, 150, 151, 1362, 401–402 1375–1378, 1382, 1383 restoration, 1749 biodiversity, 1371–1372 Edku, 1255, 1256, 1258 conservation and management, 1375 Elementeita, 1382, 1383, 1387, 1389, 1390 ecosystem services, 1372–1373 Eyre, 6, 13, 130, 145, 1921–1926, 1961 geochemistry, 1365–1366 freshwater (see Freshwater lakes and hydrology, 1363–1364 reservoirs) threats and future challenges, Fuquene, 10, 773–782 1375–1378 biodiversity, 776–777 water levels, 1364–1366 climate change, 781, 782 wetland ecosystem, 1366–1371 conservation status, 779–781 Uromiyeh, 12, 1672–1673 ecosystem services, 777–778 conservation status, 1668–1669 geographical position, 775 developments, 1671–1672 management, 779–780 ecological functioning, 1664–1668 water quality, 774, 776 ecosystem services, 1669–1671 Khanka-Xingkaihu, 1511–1518 geography, 1660–1662 Kinneret, 1168, 1170 hydrology, 1662–1664 Magadi, 1382, 1383, 1388–1390 location, 1660–1662 Manitoba, 10, 591–603 threats, 1672–1673 Manzalah, 1255–1257 Winnipeg, 592–598, 602, 603 Mariut, 1255, 1256 Winnipegosis, 592, 595, 596 Naivasha, 12, 186, 187, 189, 190, 1349–1359 Lama guanicoe, 831 Nakuru, 150, 1382, 1383, 1385–1387, 1390 Laminaria Parishan, Iran L. digitata, 626 conservation status, 1654 L. longicruris, 626 developments, 1654–1655 Lamna nasus, 633 ecological attributes and functioning, Lampetra ﬂuviatilis, 939, 1002 1652–1654 Lamprothamnium papulosum, 1104, 1106 ecosystem services, 1654 Land-claim, British estuaries, 1004–1005 hydrology, 1649–1651 Land conversion, 6–8, 12, 104, 179, 240, 376, location, 1648 380, 539, 623, 633, 634, 685, 686, Phragmites australis reed beds, 1649, 1019, 1209, 1514 1650, 1653 ambitious program, 363 threats, 1655–1656 wetland hydrology, 363 Sambhar, 1728–1731 Landscape Seyfe, 1194–1195 change, 152, 533, 535, 537 biodiversity, 1189–1192 conservation, 470, 473, 955, 1017 conservation status, 1187–1188 patterns, 694 cultural and social aspects, 1192–1193 vernal pools in, 652–653, 663–664 geology, 1189 Land use, 6, 50, 51, 103, 111, 195, 215, 239, hydrology, 1188–1189 277, 287, 362, 363, 370, 407, 433, location, 1186, 1187 449, 455, 472, 476, 483, 488, 489, management structure, 1188 493, 497, 498, 537–539, 553, 563, natural resources, 1193–1195 571, 573, 647, 654, 660, 686, 754, threats, 1194 755, 794, 833, 840, 853, 881, 920, Superior coastal wetlands 953–954, 980, 994, 1005, 1060, ecology, 610–613 1069, 1075, 1102, 1108, 1110, 1621 future challenges and developments, change, 6, 138, 152, 193, 217, 218, 794, 613–614 1052, 1054, 1146, 1759, 1781, 1847, inventory of, 607 1963, 1965, 1989 threats, 613–614 coordination of competing, 1266 types of, 607–610 past and present, 1192–1193 2084 Index of Keywords

Land use (cont.) conservation status, 1454 pattern, 1047–1048, 1274 ecosystem services, 1455 Ramsar Site, 1861–1862 hydrology, 1452 wetland change, 361–362 location, 1452 La Niña phases, 1923 threats, 1455 La Plata River system, 848 wetland ecosystems, 1453–1454 Large-River ﬂoodplains, 114, 729–731, 733, Lena River Basin 737, 1446 area, 1441 Largest lake, 129, 145, 592, 1062, 1458, 1608 biodiversity, 1443–1444, 1459–1460, Larix, 1486 1468–1469 L. cajanderi, 1460 changes in ecological character, 1444–1445 L. gmelinii, 1444 coastal habitats, 1445 L. laricina, 518, 524, 612 conservation, 1448–1449, 1460, 1469 Larus ecosystem services, 1443–1444, 1460, 1469 L. armenicus, 1665 eolian sand dune, 1447 L. californicus, 150, 683 factors, 1442–1443 L. canus, 1047 future challenges and development, 1460 L. dominicanus, 1327 hydrology, 1458, 1464–1465 L. genei, 1141, 1142, 1665 location, 1440, 1442 L. marinus, 629 natural inland wetlands, 1445 L. melanocephalus, 1141–1142, 1190 plateaus and piedmont areas, 1448 L. novaehollandiae, 1925 regional classiﬁcation of waterbird habitats, L. pipixcan, 683 1446 L. ridibundus, 1192, 1628 threats, 1460, 1469–1470 Lasimorpha senegalensis, 1210 types, 1445–1448 Lates, 1371 wetland structure, 1458–1459, 1465–1468 L. calcarifer, 1945, 1956 Lena River Delta, 13, 1451–1455 L. niloticus, 139, 1273, 1371 Lentic ecosystem, 350, 914 Latonia nigriventer, 1170, 1171 Leontodon autumnalis, 1073 Laurentian great lakes (LGL), 129, 137, 593, Leopardus 595, 603, 606, 611 L. geoffroyi, 817 Lecane, 1357 L. wiedii, 736 Lechwe in Kafue Flats, 211, 217, 1225 Lepidaria kingii, 1835 Ledum, 545 Lepidium L. groenlandicum, 516, 517, 571 L. caespitosum, 1189 L. palustre, 1537 L. cartilagineum, 916 L. palustre ssp. decumbens, 280 L. latifolium, 951 L. palustre ssp. diversipilosum, 1601 Lepidochelys Leersia hexandra, 191, 204, 205, 214, 816, L. kempii, 584 1236, 1237 L. olivacea, 1739, 1747 Legislation, 105, 407, 453, 454, 456, 462, 483, Lepidopyga lilliae, 764 498, 538, 539, 685, 753, 810, 845, Lepidothamnus intermedius, 1980 892, 906, 919, 940, 1004, 1017, Lepilaena, 149 1018, 1050, 1068, 1075, 1091, 1143, L. australis,76 1338, 1947, 1986, 1987 L. marina,76 Lemna, 952, 1140 Lepironia, 1856, 1862 L. gibba, 191, 914, 1301, 1368 L. articulata, 1856 L. globosa, 1746 Lepomis L. minor, 765, 777, 914, 1639 L. gibbosus, 612 L. tenera, 1816 L. macrochirus, 612 Lemnis, 552 Leporinus obtusidens, 817 Lena Delta, 280, 1445, 1449 Leptadenia pyrotechnica, 1272 biodiversity, 1454 Leptobarbus hoevenii, 1846 Index of Keywords 2085

Leptochloa Ligularia L. chinensis, 204 L. altaica, 1538 L. fusca, 205 L. sibirica, 1537 Leptodacylus, 735 Ligustrum L. latrans, 817 L. lucidum, 817 L. ocellatus, 852 L. sinense, 817, 818 Leptodirus, 339 Liman, 145, 888, 912 L. hochenwartii, 339 Limicola falcinellus, 1448, 1469 Leptomys signatus,211 Limnanthemum peltata, 949 Leptopalaemon,211 Limnodromus semipalmatus, 1481, Leptoptilos 1824, 1835 L. dubius, 213, 1774, 1776, 1779, 1787, Limnodynastes 1796 L. fletcheri, 1903 L. javanicus, 213, 1758, 1779, 1787, 1796, L. salmini, 1903 1816, 1824, 1835, 1860 Limnoperna fortunei, 809, 818, 854 Leptospermum, 208 Limnophilous, 940 L. scoparium, 1980, 1994, 1995, 1998 Limnophyton obtusifolium, 1746 Lepus Limnornis curvirostris, 851 L. capensis, 1177 Limnothrix, 479 L. europaeus, 220, 1084 Limonia, 338 Lesser Flamingo, 490, 1354, 1371, 1384–1386, Limoniastrum spp., 1116 1729 Limonium, 61, 1001, 1104, 1106, Lestes 1116, 1140 L. dryas, 1071, 1073 L. bellidifolium, 965, 1017 L. macrostigma, 1127, 1131 L. binervosum, 965, 1017 Leuciscus L. globuliferum, 1189 L. cephalus, 953 L. gmelinii, 916 L. idus, 1459 L. iconicum, 1189 L. leuciscus, 1459 L. vulgare, 964, 965, 1018 Leucogeranus leucogeranus, 1525, 1566, 1584, Limosa 1626, 1636, 1641 L. fedoa, 683 Leucophaeus pipixcan, 596 L. haemastica, 833, 867 Leucoraja ocellata, 633 L. lapponica, 547, 980, 990, 1003, 1015, Leucosticte nemoricola, 1700 1016, 1337, 1981 Leuzea salina, 916 L. limosa, 980, 989, 1015, 1016, 1030, Levant, 462, 1156, 1244, 1255 1141, 1444, 1640, 1955 Leymus Limprichtia revolvens, 284 L. chinensis, 1525 Lindenia tetraphylla, 1142 L. mollis, 546, 560 Lindera melissifolia, 584 Liasis fuscus, 1946 Lindernia, 1117 Licuala, 1945 Line transect, 1091 L. ramsayi, 208 Liniarius mufumbiri, 192 L. spinosa, 1816 Linnaea borealis, 1537 Light, 31, 44, 45, 48, 66, 74, 78, 82, 89, 99, 133, Linum maritimum, 1104 184, 218, 332, 334, 335, 391, 434, Liophis epinephelus, 777 451, 452, 466, 482, 528, 573, 614, Liopsetta glacialis, 1480 629, 734, 761, 1003, 1035, 1052, Liparis loeselii, 1027 1071, 1210, 1297, 1329, 1444, 1470, Lipotes vexillifer,115 1528, 1529, 1595, 1781, 1934, 1937, Liquidambar styraciflua, 581 1944, 1948, 1969, 1974, 2011 Lissotriton fires, 1297, 1528, 1529 L. boscai, 1131 limitations, 48, 1071 L. vulgaris, 1047 shading, 654 Listera cordata, 1044 2086 Index of Keywords

Lithobates ecosystem service, 900 L. catesbeiana, 656 fish production, 900 L. clamitans, 612, 656 geographical maps, 899 L. sylvaticus, 658 inhabitants, 901 Litoria caerulea, 1903 institute for European Environmental Little Ice Age, 519, 1102 Policy, 900 Littoridina australis, 850 location, 898 Livelihoods, 62, 85, 101, 118, 178, 180, 190, wetland types, 898–899 192–194, 214, 217, 237, 240, 316, Lower Mekong Basin, 1809, 1810 325, 326, 398, 400, 407, 410, 438, biodiversity of, 1773–1779 443, 462, 463, 466, 488–492, 752, climate change, 1782–1783 758, 782, 786, 900, 954, 1208, 1222, climate of, 1767 1229, 1230, 1240, 1249, 1261–1267, distribution and diversity of, 1768–1773 1282, 1296, 1305, 1316, 1373, 1386, hydrology, 1767 1390, 1396, 1421, 1611, 1612, 1644, population, 1779 1654–1656, 1669, 1672, 1682, 1689, threats, 1780–1782 1690, 1706, 1708, 1717, 1718, 1729, uniqueness of, 1773–1779 1738, 1764, 1773, 1777, 1779–1781, wetland sites, 1771–1773 1789, 1791, 1806, 1828, 1837, 1843, Lower Mekong wetlands, 1768–1769 1852, 1853, 1861, 1866, 1870, 1871, Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture 1879, 2012, 2023 (LMVJV), 579, 585 Living rivers, 927, 928 Lower Volga Basin, 938 Livistona saribus, 207 Lower Zambezi, 1218, 1219, 1221, 1226–1228, Liza, 1083 1230, 1235, 1238 L. aurata, 965, 1254 Lowland Dipterocarp forest, 1756 L. ramada, 965, 1254 Lowland tropical peats, see Peat, swamp forests Local knowledge, 1541 Low marsh, 61, 163, 165, 963, 964, 1082, 1084, Local water resource management plan, 466 1117 Loiseleuria procumbens, 279 Loxodonta africana, 1227, 1236, 1274, 1405 Lolium, 1701 Luangwa River, 1226 L. multiflorum, 851 Lucipimelodus pati, 850 L. perenne, 1068, 1073 Ludwigia, 205, 1105, 1107, 1109 Long-term monitoring, 453, 503, 1917, 1971 L. adscendens, 1746, 1796 Long-term wetland losses, 372–373 L. elegans, 816 Lontra L. hyssopifolia, 205 L. canadensis, 166, 612 L. octovavis, 1746 L. enudris, 735 L. peruviana, 718 L. longicaudis, 764, 817 Luffa cylindrica, 1272 L. provocax, 825, 830 Lukanga wetland, fishing camps, 1223, 1224 Lophodytes cucullatus, 584 Luma, 829 Lophura erythrophthalma, 1860 L. chequen, 825 Loripes lucinalis, 1324 Lumnitzera racemosa, 1823 Loudetia phragmitoides, 205 Lupinus spp., 560 Low arctic, 511 Luscinia svecica, 547, 1084 Lower Amur-Ussuri freshwater ecoregion, Lutjanus cyanopterus, 763 1489 Lutra Lower Congo Rapids, 1202, 1203, 1205, L. lutra, 473, 889, 905, 918, 926, 980, 1047, 1207–1210 1107, 1131, 1142, 1192, 1443, 1474, Lower Danube Green Corridor (LDGC), 11, 1621, 1629, 1642, 1653, 1655 886, 889, 893, 897–902, 921 L. perspicillata, 1609, 1825, 1836, 1845 biodiversity, 898–899 L. sumatrana, 1777, 1779, 1788, 1816, conservation status and management, 1825 901–902 Lutrogale perspicillata, 1779, 1788, 1860 Index of Keywords 2087

Luziola peruviana, 816 hydrology, 550–551 Lycaena dispar, 1142 location, 550 Lycaon pictus, 1222, 1238, 1303, 1372 threats, 554–555 Lycengraulis grossidens, 817, 849 Mackenzie River watershed, 550 Lycium depressum, 1189 in Alberta, 516 Lycopodiella in North America, 550 L. cernua, 1313 Macoma balthica, 630, 1002 L. serpentina, 1997 Macquarie Marshes, 1897–1907 Lymnaea spp., 1690 biodiversity, 1901–1903 Lynceus brachyurus, 659 conservation status, 1904 Lyngbya ecosystem services, 1904 L. limnetica, 1273 environmental water management, L. wollei, 603 1905–1906 Lynx fauna, 1903 L. canadensis, 554 future challenges and developments, L. pardinus, 1130, 1131 1906–1907 L. rufus, 675 hydrology, 1900 Lyonia lucida, 672 location, 1898–1899 Lyrurus tetrix, 236 threats, 1904–1905 Lysapsus spp., 735 wetland ecosystems, 1900–1901 Lysimachia asperulaefolia, 674 Macroalgae mats, 498 Lystrophis dorbignyi, 852 Macrobenthic species, 988 Lytechinus variegatus, 843 Macrobrachium, 1945 Lythrum salicaria, 432, 597, 613, 915 Macrodon ancylodon, 850, 852 Macrohabitat, 802–804, 806 Macrophytes, 48, 132, 149, 176, 184, 185, 187, M 189–191, 193, 211, 311, 327, 353, Macaca 400, 401, 471, 478–480, 482, 483, M. fascicularis, 1825, 1835 525, 602, 629, 630, 720, 765, 791, M. mulatta, 1737 804, 899, 988, 1105, 1116, 1117, M. nemestrina, 1825, 1835 1128, 1130, 1257, 1301, 1305, 1350, Macaranga 1353, 1354, 1357, 1359, 1367, 1369, M. pruinosa, 1848 1370, 1372, 1384, 1398, 1409, 1619, M. tanarius, 1848 1681, 1689, 1708, 1736, 1857, 1901, Maccullochella peelii, 118, 1903, 1912 1915, 1933–1935, 1948 Machaerina, 1980 Macropus M. tenax, 1994, 1996 M. giganteus, 1902 M. teretifolia, 1994, 1995 M. rufus, 1902 Machar marshes, 12, 185, 1247, 1270, Mactra isabelleana, 850 1279–1286 Madan, 1687, 1688, 1690 future challenges and developments, Madhuca motleyana, 1834 1284–1286 Madoqua, 1387 location, 1280 Maerua kirkii, 206 resources, 1281–1284 Maerua subcordata, 206 Machar wetland, 1280, 1283 Magellanic moorland, 876, 878 Machilus gamblei, 207 Magellanic tundra, 878 MacKenzie River Basin, 549–555 Magnolia biodiversity, 552 M. grifﬁthii, 207 conservation status, 553 M. virginiana, 673, 719 ecosystems, 552 Magnopotamion, 1144 ecosystem services, 553–554 Mahanadi River Delta future challenges and developments, biodiversity, 1747 554–555 challenges, 1749 2088 Index of Keywords

Mahanadi River Delta (cont.) 1680, 1682, 1700, 1701, 1737, 1739, ecosystem services, 1747 1747, 1758, 1773, 1774, 1777, 1779, future challenges and developments, 1749 1781, 1816, 1825, 1845, 1859, 1860, geographical description, 1744 1871, 1902, 1946, 1955, 1969, 1981, management, 1748–1749 1984, 1985, 1987, 2020, 2021 threats, 1748 Managed realignment, 969–971, 1006, 1019, wetland distribution, 1744–1746 1021 Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan Management plan, 107, 324, 400, 402, 428, (MFDP), 488 443, 463–466, 480, 501, 585, 601, Makgadikgadi wetlands, 9, 12 663, 710, 720–721, 754, 779, 781, development scenario, 492–493 792, 818, 833, 869–870, 895, 917, future challenges and developments, 918, 1035, 1143, 1194, 1240, 1265, 492–493 1296, 1313, 1375, 1496, 1524, 1546, livelihoods, 490 1610, 1631, 1644, 1655, 1671, 1682, location, 488 1683, 1710, 1748, 1749, 1797, 1817, opportunities and challenges, 493–494 1828, 1853, 1862, 1863, 1905, 1913, principles and approach, 488–490 1956 resource base, 490 bahía lomas, 869–870 resource value, 491–492 integrated process, 402 Malacocincla abbotti, 1716 local water resource, 466 Malayemys subtrijuga, 1845 speciﬁc and appropriate, 443 Malaysia, 13, 26, 83, 98, 102, 202, 216, 232, water, 466 239, 324, 326, 440, 1754, 1759, Man & Biosphere Reserve, 1108 1796, 1826, 1846, 1848, 1852–1863, Mangal, 58, 94, 100, 1281 1866, 1875–1882 Mangifera foetida, 1834 Malaysian seagrass, 13 Mangrove(s), 452, 1336, 1728, 1819–1828 decline, 1879–1881 aquaculture, 96, 102–105, 107 selected species, 1876, 1877 area in individual countries, 96, 98 signiﬁcance, 1877–1879 biodiversity, 750–751, 1736–1737, threats and challenges, 1881–1882 1824–1826 Malebo Pool, 1202, 1203, 1205, 1207, biotic components, 100–101, 763–766 1210, 1211 climate change, 105, 106 Mallines, 876, 877 Colombia, 747–755 Malus silvestris, 916 conservation status, 752–754, 1738–1739, Malvinas, 298, 299 1826–1827 Mamawi Lake, 551 dependent people, 1738 Mammals, 46–48, 51, 53, 86, 100, 113, 134, diversity of, 1736 149, 166, 176, 191–193, 211, 212, ecophysiological adaptations, 94 214, 219, 220, 236, 287, 366, 512, ecosystem and ecosystem services, 552, 569–571, 584, 598, 612, 628, 101–102, 751–752, 766, 1737–1738, 629, 632, 662, 675, 682, 692, 733, 1822–1823 735, 736, 750, 764, 766, 792, 806, fauna, Nagelkerken, 100–101, 750 817, 818, 831, 852, 859, 889, 899, food webs, 99, 100 918, 926, 939, 952, 953, 955, 980, future challenges and developments, 989, 993, 995, 1029, 1047, 1084, 102–107, 754–755, 1740, 1092–1094, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1131, 1827–1828 1142, 1192, 1206, 1228, 1229, 1237, global distribution, 30, 59, 94–98 1265, 1302, 1315, 1328, 1337, 1338, hydrological changes, 99, 103 1345–1347, 1358, 1371, 1382, hydrology, 1820–1822 1385–1387, 1395, 1405–1407, 1443, location, 748–749, 1734–1735 1444, 1454, 1460, 1474, 1502, management, 752–754, 1738–1739 1513–1515, 1584, 1609, 1621, Mekong Delta, 1805 1629–1630, 1639, 1642, 1653, 1678, natural events, 103, 1718 Index of Keywords 2089

origin, 94, 102, 1822, 1826 Marine biodiversity, 85, 440, 1329, 2002, 2013, peat carbon stock, 1823–1824 2014, 2023 pollutants, 99, 105 benthos, 1324–1325 within protected areas, 102, 103, 107, 752, birds, 1326–1328 1737–1740, 1820, 1826–1828 fishes, 1325 and swamp forest communities, 1237 marine mammals, 1328 threats, 104, 754–755, 1738–1740, sea turtles, 1325–1326 1827–1828 Marine mammals, 46, 51, 569, 570, 629, 1094, in Zambezi Delta, 1227 1328, 1443, 1454, 1845, 1946, 1969, zonation pattern, 99 (see also Colombian 2020, 2021 mangrove ecosystems) Marine transgression, 58, 265 Manicaria saccifera, 206 Marmaronetta Manis javanica, 1860 M. angustirostris, 953, 1130, 1612, 1653, Manitoba’s Great Lakes, 10 1665, 1681, 1691 coastal wetlands, 593–595 M. marmaronetta, 1688 delta marsh, 598–602 Marmosa xerophila, 750 future challenges and developments, Marmota caudata, 1700 602–603 Marshes location, 592 boreal wetlands, 525 threats, 602–603 delta, 26, 595–602 water levels on, 600–601, 603 estuarine, 7, 49, 56–58, 569–570 Manoao colensoi, 1980 freshwater, 159–162, 169–180, 285, 341, Manouria emys, 1845, 1860 371, 698, 765, 1021, 1105, 1108, Maowusu sandy land, 1581, 1582 1117, 1130, 1160, 1188, 1445, 1775, Maputaland coastal plain (MCP), 12, 1419 1795, 1807–1809, 2008 future challenges and developments, Netley-Libau, 595–597, 599, 600, 602 1433–1434 salt, 48, 56, 58, 60–62, 64, 68, 78, 156, 170, geomorphological history, 1424–1426 232, 407, 481, 510, 568, 570, 622, location, 1424, 1425 629, 630, 634, 638, 833, 967, 984, mire types, 1426–1428 989, 994, 1079–1087, 1105, 1116, peat swamp forests, 1428–1432 1140, 1142, 1189, 1190, 1543, 1666, swamp forest on mineral soils, 1433 1721, 1768 threats, 1433–1434 vegetation, 21, 58, 162, 172, 598, 644, 969 Marañon-Ucayali Basins, 732 wetland, 525, 1553, 1554, 1557 Marcusenius Marsilea M. macrolepidotus, 1368 M. drummondii, 1901 M. stanleyanus, 1368 M. minuta, 1171 M. victoriae, 1368 Marsippospermum gradiflorum, 876 Marenzelleria viridis, 978 Martes Margaritifera margaritifera, 1047 M. americana, 554 Margin, 68, 136, 149, 194, 255, 256, 270, 271, M. foina, 1142 304, 309, 311, 316, 422, 480, 586, M. martes, 1106, 1142 643, 671, 787, 789, 791, 824, M. zibellina, 1444, 1515 914–916, 1031, 1044, 1046, 1060, Mathenge, 1390 1074, 1150, 1153, 1161, 1163, 1208, Mato Grosso National Park, 806 1227, 1230, 1236, 1237, 1255, 1310, Matteuccia struthiopteris, 532 1342, 1344–1347, 1366, 1386, 1568, Mau Escarpment, 1389 1639, 1649, 1652, 1653, 1660, 1680, Mauremys 1706, 1717, 1718, 1856, 1910, 1946, M. caspica, 1142 1980, 1981, 2009 M. leprosa, 1131 Marifugia, 340–343 Mauritia, 219 M. cavatica, 340 M. armata, 206 Mari lake, 1446, 1447, 1459, 1473 M. flexuosa, 206, 732, 735 2090 Index of Keywords

MAV, see Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) Megapodius laperouse, 2022 Mayas ecosystem, 1290, 1293 Megaptera novaeangliae, 448, 569, 629 Mayas wetlands Mekong River Basin, 13, 217, 1765, biodiversity, 1293–1294 1785–1791, 1793–1798, 1813–1817 conservation status, 1294–1296 biodiversity, 1773–1779 ecosystem services, 1294 climate, 1767 future challenges and developments, distribution, 1768–1773 1296–1298 drainage basin, 1765 hydrology, 1290–1293 future challenges and developments, location, 1289 1780–1783 threats, 1296–1298 hydrology, 1767 Maytenus undata, 206 threats, 1780–1782 Mazandaran, 1636, 1638, 1639 Mekong River Delta, 13 Meadow, 22, 74, 77, 372, 401, 430, 442, 452, biodiversity, 1805–1806 480, 545, 552, 560, 598, 608, 612, channelization and wetland drainage, 825, 826, 828, 875–877, 880, 904, 1804–1805 916, 938, 949, 951, 954–956, 967, climate change, 1808 974, 976, 980, 986, 989, 1082, 1084, conservation status and management, 1807 1086, 1092, 1116, 1140, 1144, 1171, ecosystem products and services, 1194, 1445, 1446, 1454, 1467–1469, 1806–1807 1473, 1480, 1482, 1490, 1491, 1501, human population, 1802 1510, 1524, 1525, 1529, 1534, 1538, locations, 1802, 1803 1542–1543, 1577, 1579, 1583, 1586, physical environment, 1802–1804 1590, 1592, 1593, 1595, 1606, 1608, threats and future development, 1808–1810 1701, 1713, 1716, 1880, 1934, 1937 upstream hydropower development, 1809 atlantic salt, 967 wetland vegetation, 1805 Mediterranean salt, 967, 1144 Mekong’s wetlands, 1773–1779 seagrass, 13, 74, 87, 90, 438–443, 448, 450, Melaleuca, 207, 208, 211, 215, 219, 220, 1773, 453, 841, 843, 845, 1876, 1795, 1805, 1815, 1945, 1952 1878–1882, 1967–1974 M. argentea, 208 Volga Delta, 951 M. bracteata, 208 Mecanopsis regia, 1609 M. cajuputi, 206–208, 1795, 1815 Meconopsis M. leucadendron, 206–208 M. dhwojii, 1609 M. nervosa, 206, 208 M. horridula, 1609 M. quinquenervia, 210, 211 M. taylorii, 1609 M. viridiﬂora, 206–208 Medicago spp., 1106 Melaleuca forests, 208, 219, 220, 1777, Mediterranean coastal lagoons, 1104 1815–1817 Mediterranean peatlands, 1156, 1158, Melampus coffeus, 763 1161–1164 Melampyrum arvense, 916 biodiversity and ecosystem services, 1159 Melandrium apetalum, 1539 distribution, 1156–1159 Melanitta, 642 future challenges and developments, M. deglandi, 1444, 1460 1163–1164 M. fusca, 1093 human activity, 1162–1163 M. nigra, 1091 types, 1156 M. perspicillata, 642 Meesia triquetra, 284 Melanogrammus aegleﬁnus, 629 Megacarpea polyandra, 1609 Melanoperdix niger, 1835 Megaceryle Melanoptila glabirostris, 324 M. alcyon, 612 Melanosuchus niger, 735 M. maxima, 1345 Melanotaenia eachamensis, 1949 Megalobrama amblycephala, 1586 Meles meles, 1106, 1142 Megalops atlanticus, 750 Melica ciliata, 916 Index of Keywords 2091

Mellanitta deglandi, 1444, 1460 Microcystis, 479, 1936 Melochia crenata, 766 M. aeruginosa, 1371 Melongena melongena, 763 M. ﬂosaquae, 1385, 1936 Melosira granulata, 1273 Micropogonias furnieri, 844, 850, Melospiza melodia, 648 852, 853 Memecylon edule, 205 Micropterus Menippe nodifrons, 844 M. dolomieu, 612 Mentha M. salmoides, 612, 1357, 1358 M. aquatica, 915 Micropyropsis tuberosa, 1130 M. pulegium, 1130 Microtidal estuaries, 41 Menticirrhus americanus, 850 Microtus townsendii, 568 Menyanthes trifoliata, 510, 560, Microzooplankton dilution studies, 1937 1046, 1072 Middle Aldan River, 13 Mergellus albellus, 1094 biodiversity, 1474 Mergus, 1091 conservation status, 1475 M. merganser, 1094, 1610 ecosystem services, 1475 M. serrator, 1092 future challenges and development, 1475 Merismopedia, 1936 hydrology, 1472–1473 Merops philippinus, 1825 and territories, 1474 Merremia hederacea, 205 threats, 1476 Mesocyclops, 1357 wetland ecosystems, 1473 Mesodesma mactroides, 850 Middle Amur River Mesohaline, 157 conservation status, 1518 Mesoplodon bidens, 633 from Khabarovsk to Lake Bolon, 1513 Mesopotamia Marshland National Park, 1694 threat with economic development, 1516 Mesopotamian marshes, Iraq, 363 Middle East, 9, 11, 27, 31, 103, 104, 116, 121, biodiversity, 1688–1691 184, 318, 340, 346, 1164, 1168, future challenges and developments, 1171, 1621, 1640, 1678, 1686 1692–1694 Middle Zambezi, 1218, 1222–1226 hydrology, 1688 Mid Yangtze Basin, 1566 location, 1686 Migratory birds, 52, 392, 398, 572, 585, 586, threats and challenges, 1692–1693 682, 683, 733, 816, 829, 833, 859, water restoration guidelines, 1693 868, 930, 948, 952, 957, 989–992, Mesosetum liliiforme, 206 1030, 1085, 1115, 1141, 1161, 1169, Mesotidal estuaries, 41 1192, 1371, 1525, 1558, 1561, 1569, Mesotopes, 305–308, 1052 1584, 1620, 1628, 1639, 1640, 1648, Mesua hexapetalum, 208 1664, 1676, 1683, 1715, 1892, 1902, Metacarcinus magister, 570 1912, 1955, 1981, 1983, 1985, 2016 Metallina, 1082 Migratory shorebirds, 150, 377, 379, 407, 408, Metamorphic rocks, 1189 630, 633, 641, 1561, 1870, 1925 Metapenaeus afﬁnis, 1688 Migratory species agreement, 1872 Methane production, 235, 684 Migratory waders, 1324, 1327, 1337, 1824, Methanogenesis, 157, 163, 167 1917 Methylohalomonas lacus, 1388 Migratory waterbirds, 151, 153, 364, 406, 409, Methylonatrum kenyese, 1388 989, 994, 1002, 1095, 1130, 1557, Metopidius indicus, 1777 1583, 1621, 1626, 1631, 1640, 1644, Metroxylon sagu, 208 1652, 1654, 1669, 1682, 1718, 1820, Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, 322 1824, 1835, 1902, 1912 Microcarbo Mikania, 191 M. africanus, 1274, 1338 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 8, 48, 101, M. melanoleucos, 1902 177–179, 361, 531, 532, 859 M. pygmaeus, 918 Millingerwaard, 928, 929 Microcos cf. stylocarpa, 208 Milvus migrans, 1106 2092 Index of Keywords

Mimosa pigra, 137, 206, 220, 366, 385, 386, Mfabeni, 1426 1773, 1798, 1859, 1952 minerotrophic, 252–254, 310 Minas Passage, 628, 634 Nuur, 1540 Mineral wetlands, 529 occult precipitation, 271 Minerotrophic fen, 230, 252, 261–263, 270, ombrotrophic, 233, 235, 264–271, 309 296, 304, 524, 525, 674, 880, 1156, open-water transition, 253, 263 1158, 1159, 1163, 1993 palsa, 262–263, 279–283 Minerotrophic mires (fens) percolation, 257–258 lagg fen, 310 polygon, 279–280 open-water transition fen, 252, 253 riparian, 285 Schwingmoor fen, 252, 253 Rugezi, 1421 Mining, 51, 105, 117, 151, 442–443, 454, 457, Schwingmoor, 263 491, 512, 534–536, 538, 539, 634, snowmelt-patterned mixed, 261 737, 739, 741, 830, 834, 859, 870, surface-flow spring, 256–257 891, 1200, 1209, 1210, 1223, 1339, tidal immersion, 254 1397, 1416, 1419, 1445, 1483, 1493, transition, 263–264 1503, 1504, 1730, 1781, 1782, 1868, tropical and subtropical regions, 262 1926, 1957, 1987 types, 1417–1419 artisanal, 754 valley, 254–256, 258, 1159 clay, 191 Miscanthidium violaceum, 205, 1313 gold, 218, 548, 740, 1491, 1496 Miscanthus, 189, 1418 hydraulic, 640 M. violaceus, 190, 1311 industrial, 754 Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV), 12, 113, open-pit, 881 578, 580, 583, 587, 588, 683, 698 peat, 363, 370, 573, 879, 938, 1998 biodiversity, 584–585 salt, 147, 152, 488 conservation status, 585–586 sand, 1880, 1882 ecosystem services, 586–587 silver, 548 future challenges and developments, Miniopterus schreibersii, 1192 587–588 Minister of Water Resources and Meteorology, hydrology, 578–580 1789 location, 578 Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries wetland and aquatic systems, 580–584 (MAFF), 1787, 1788 Mist, 271, 298, 304, 1343, 1868 Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity Mitoura hesseli, 674 (MoWRE), 1296 Mitragyna, 207 Mire, 21, 26, 228, 230, 238, 247, 250, 259, 292, M. ciliata, 207 311, 480, 708, 709, 712, 720, 879, M. stipulosa, 207 1150–1152, 1158, 1309, 1310, Mixed mire, 247, 262, 263 1414–1417, 1429, 1430, 1442, 1443, palsa mires, 262–263 1446, 1454, 1486, 1547, 1978 snowmelt-patterned, 261 alpine, 1414, 1535 transition mire, 263–264 artesian spring, 256 waterlogging, 261–264 blanket, 269–270, 295–301, 304–306, 415, wet-season subtropical/tropical patterned, 417–423, 1039–1054 262, 263 cloud-affected forests, 272 Mnemiopsis leidyi, 152–153, 918, 995 condensation, 271 Mnium, 284 definition, 252, 290–291 Mobutu-Sese Seko, 1246 diversity, 1535–1546 Modiolus modiolus, 628 Elatia, 1162 Mogurnda adspersa, 1946 floodplain, 1428, 1431 Moina, 1357 karst immersion, 253 Molinia, 1046 Maputaland Coastal Plain, 1426–1428, M. caerulea, 256, 261, 1045, 1046 1434 Mollusca, 569 Index of Keywords 2093

Molluscs, 410, 440, 628, 630, 660, 661, 752, 1679, 1681, 1718, 1768, 1769, 1777, 917, 918, 1273, 1336, 1737, 1860, 1820, 1823, 1824, 1827, 1835, 1869, 1963 1872, 1912, 1916, 1917, 1946, 1985 Molothrus aeneus, 764 Mugil, 763, 852, 1083 Molt, 1093 M. cephalus, 859, 1131, 1254, 1325 Monachus monachus, 1320, 1328 M. incilis, 763 Mongolia, 13, 26, 147, 232, 1478, 1479, M. platanus, 844 1487–1493, 1499–1507, 1510, 1547, Multidisciplinary approach, 4, 489, 755 1576, 1579, 1581, 1726, 1747 Muntiacus muntjak, 1613 highland valley peatland degradation, 1533 Mura-Drava-Danube, 908 mire conservation, 1546 Mura River, 11, 886 mire diversity, 1535–1546 channelling, 906 mire massif types, 1537 conservation status and management, peatland distribution, 1534–1535 906–908 Monochoria hastate, 1746 ecosystem service, 908 Monolistra spp., 340 hydropower dams, 906 Monoraphidium minutum, 1385 location, 904 Montreux record, 400, 480, 482, 1623, 1749 threats, 905 restoration initiatives, 401–402 wetland types and diversity, 904–905 Montrichardia arborescens, 206, 750 Murray-Darling Basin, 113, 118, 1889–1892, Mont-Saint-Michel bay, 11 1895, 1897–1907, 1909–1918 animal diversity, 1082–1084 catchment management, 1894 conservation status, 1086 climate and hydrology, 1890–1891 ecosystem services, 1084–1086 environmental flows, 1892–1893 hydrology and geomorphology, 1080–1081 future challenges and developments, 1995 location, 1080 management responses, 1891–1892 plant diversity, 1081 protected areas, 1895 salt marshes, 1082, 1084 threatened biota, 1894 Moor, 21, 290, 417, 422, 1046, 1047 wetlands, 1888–1890 Moose, 240, 532, 553, 554, 561, 562 Murray mouth, 1888, 1891, 1910, 1911, Mora oleifera, 750 1913–1915 Morecambe Bay, 999, 1000, 1003, 1008 Musa, 2009 Morimus funereus, 1142 Muschus chrysogaster, 1608 Mormyrus, 1368 Muscicapa M. anguilloides, 1368 M. aquatica, 192 M. caschive, 1273 M. sibirica, 1825 M. kannume, 1368 Mussaendopsis beccariana, 1834 M. longirostris, 1368 Mussel culture, 1144, 1145 Morone Mustela M. chrysops, 603 M. erminea, 570, 918, 1700 M. saxatilis, 633 M. eversmanni, 1443 Morphological floodplain, 888, 893, 898 M. lutreola, 918, 953 Moschus moschiferus, 1444 M. nivalis vulgaris, 1142 Moss/Graminoid class, 546 M. sibirica, 1515 Motacilla M. vison, 1443, 1474 M. flava, 965, 1105 M. zibellina, 1515 M. samveasnae, 1779 Mustelus schmitti, 850, 853 M. tschutschensis, 547 Mya arenaria, 630, 918, 978, 1092 Mudflats, 50, 51, 64, 158, 462, 544, 561, 569, Myall Lakes, Australia 580, 583–585, 630–632, 641, 693, catchment discharge, 1932, 1933 869, 969, 970, 978, 1001, 1081, future challenges and developments, 1083, 1140, 1236, 1237, 1320, 1322, 1937–1938 1323, 1325, 1345, 1566, 1569, 1678, gyttja, 1933–1935 2094 Index of Keywords

Myall Lakes, Australia (cont.) N. marina, 952, 1031, 1105, 1934, 1937 hydrology, 1931–1933 N. minor, 1272, 1649, 1652, 1746 hypsometry, 1933 N. pectinata, 1272, 1357 location, 1930 Naja siamensis, 1776 macrophytes, 1933–1935 Nakaikemi-shicchi peatland, 249 nutrients and plankton, 1935–1937 Nalsarovar, 1730 waterbodies and bathymetry, 1930 Namdrik atoll, 2019, 2023 Mycteria Nanger granti, 1371 M. cinerea, 213, 1758, 1787, 1824, 1835 Narcissus tazetta, 1654 M. ibis, 1385 Nardostachys M. leucocephala, 213, 1729, 1787, 1796, N. grandiﬂora, 1609 1816 N. scrophulariifolia, 1609 Myliobatis goodei, 850 Narmada Canal system, 1731 Myocastor coypus, 817, 852, 1109, 1142 Narthecium ossifragum, 1044 Myodes gapperi occidentalis, 571 Nasalis larvatus, 210, 1758, 1845 Myosurus minimus, 1105 Nasua nasua, 809 Myotis Natator depressus, 453 M. capaccinii, 1192 National inventory, 31, 607, 824, 832–836 M. grisescens, 584 National Nature Reserve (NNR), 480, 482, M. myotis, 1192 1018, 1090, 1490–1493, 1568–1570, Myr, 290 1583, 1584 See also Mire Camargue, 1108 Myrceugenia, 829 Dafeng, 1555 M. exsucca, 825 Dalai Lake, 1505 Myrica, 1043 Faioleag, 307 M. cerifera, 719 Honghe, 1515, 1517 M. gale, 545, 560, 571 Hui River, 1492 Myriophyllum, 510, 561, 612, 1609 Poyang Lake, 1567, 1568 M. alterniﬂorum, 1130 Qixinghe, 1517 M. robustum, 1997 Sanjiang, 1517 M. spicatum, 480, 613, 914, 952, 1105, Thursley, 256 1106, 1117, 1460, 1524 Vigueirat, 1108 M. verticillatum, 914 Xingkaihu, 1517 Myristica, 207 Zhenbaodao, 1517 M. elliptica, 1834 National Park of Banc d’Arguin, see Banc M. hollrungii, 208 d’Arguin M. iners, 1834 National Water Act, 1892 Myrmecophaga tridactyla, 220 National Wetland Policy (2003), 1610 Mystus, 1778 Natrionella acetigena, 1389 Mytella charruana, 850 Natrix Mytilopsis, 341, 343 N. maura, 1131 M. kusceri, 341 N. natrix, 926, 1131 Mytilus N. tessellata, 1142 M. edulis, 988, 1092 Natronococcus amylolyticus, 1388 M. galloprovincialis, 1145 Natronoincola histidinovorans, 1389 Natura 2000, 480, 482, 889, 906, 917, 967, 1032, 1059, 1086, 1108, 1130, 1132, N 1141, 1144, 1145 Ñadis, 825 sites, 906, 967, 1004, 1027, 1032, 1059, Naemorhedus goral, 1613 1108, 1141, 1143 Najas, 613, 1274, 1746 Natural ebb, 360, 1239 N. graminea, 1666 Natural effects, 4, 8–9, 12, 359–367, 623, N. horrida, 1353 791, 834 Index of Keywords 2095

Natural National Park, 1086–1087 Neofelis Natural resource(s), 4, 9, 62, 63, 178, 180, 214, N. diardi, 1758 286, 355, 414, 441, 463, 490, 491, N. nebulosa, 1835, 1845, 1860 494, 512, 513, 522, 533, 534, 537, Neogobius melanostomus, 612 539, 585, 753, 754, 781, 818, 836, Neophema chrysogaster, 327, 1912 898, 901, 905, 919, 921, 942, 946, Neophocaena phocaenoides, 1569, 1747 955–957, 1014, 1019, 1034, 1035, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia, 1609 1117, 1118, 1133, 1144, 1193, 1211, Neostrengeria macropa, 776, 778, 779 1212, 1226, 1264, 1275, 1281–1286, Neotropics, 28, 29, 31, 171, 372, 373, 758 1296, 1304, 1329, 1334, 1340, 1375, Neovison vison, 612, 995 1386, 1482, 1535, 1543, 1721, 1730, Nepal, 1605–1613, 1712, 1713, 1715, 1716, 1781, 1787, 1789, 1861, 1863, 1892, 1719, 1720 1894, 1913 Nepenthes, 1757, 1758 agriculture, 1193–1194 N. mirabilis, 1816 biodiversity, 1281–1282 Nephtys, 630 of coastal environments, 51 Nereis, 630 exploitation of, 512–513, 956 N. diversicolor, 988 lake, 1194–1195 Nerodia sipedon, 612 livestock, 1193–1194 Netley Cut, 598 management, 9, 441, 450, 463–465, 488, Netley-Libau marsh, 595–600, 602 492, 1296, 1894, 1913 Netta recreation, 1194 N. erythrophthalma, 764, 777 tourism, 1194 N. ruﬁna, 472, 1190, 1610 Volga Delta wetlands, 955, 957 New Forest Code, 798, 809, 810 water resources, 1282–1284 Newtonia devredii, 207 wetland management plan, 1194 New Zealand wetlands, 1978–1980, 1998 Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), 259, cultural values and co-management, 1049, 1050 1982–1983 Nature conservation, 249, 482, 906, 946, 967, ﬂora and fauna, 1978–1981 969, 1004, 1050, 1109, 1132, 1143, location, 1978 1171, 1172, 1188, 1518, 1836 policy and strategies, 1986–1987 Nauclea, 207 Ramsar sites, 1983–1984 N. coadunata, 207 restoration, 1987–1988 N. orientalis, 208 threats to, 1984–1986 Navicula, 630, 1385 types and distribution, 1978 Neanthes, 630 Nidjili Lake, Lena River Basin N. succinea, 850 biodiversity, 1459–1460 Neap tides, 41, 1322, 1823 conservation status, 1460 Nectophrynoides asperginis, 1344 ecosystem services, 1460 Necturus maculosus, 612 future challenges and developments, 1460 Negative estuary, 39 hydrology, 1458 Nelumbium, 1708 location, 1458 Nelumbo, 1708 threats, 1460 N. caspica, 952 wetland structure, 1458–1459 N. nucifera, 134, 204, 1710, Nilaus afer, 1385 1773, 1795 Nile, 38, 53, 111, 113, 185, 186, 200, 1102, N. nucifera var. caspica, 1619 1218, 1238, 1246–1249, 1252, 1255, Nemacheilus, 1708 1257, 1262, 1265, 1270, 1274, Nematalosa erebi, 1912, 1925 1279–1286, 1296, 1297, 1304, Nemotaulius punctatolineatus, 1047 1305, 1699 Neobisium, 339 Nile Delta, 185, 1102, 1156, 1160, 1248, 1249 Neochanna, 1981 biodiversity, 1254–1255 N. diversus, 1997 characteristics, 1253–1254 2096 Index of Keywords

Nile Delta (cont.) monitoring, 1972–1973 Egypt, 1251–1258 seagrass area, 1971–1972 future challenges and developments, species, 1970–1971 1257–1258 threat mapping, 1972 location, 1252 threats and challenges, 1973–1974 north coast wetlands, 1255 Northeastern North America, Vernal pools, North Delta Lakes, 1255–1257 651–664 threats, 1257–1258 Northern Andes, 774 Nile River Basin, 184, 1269–1276, 1280 Notaden bennetti, 1903 Atbara River, 1248 Nothofagus, 307, 828, 879 Blue Nile, 1247 N. antarctica, 876, 878 future challenges and developments, 1249 N. betuloides, 876, 878 location, 1244 N. nitida, 876 role of wetlands, 1248 Notophthalmus viridescens, 612, 656 spatial distribution, 1245 Notopterus chitala, 1828 Tekeze and Bahr el Salam, 1248 Notropis spp., 597 threats, 1249 Ntaruka hydropower plant, 1309, 1311 tributaries, 1244 Nuer communities, Sudd region, 1303, 1304 White Nile, 1246–1247 Numenius Nilotes, Sudd catchment, 1304 N. arquata, 980, 1016, 1073, 1083, 1141, Ningxia Plain, 1580 1324, 1641 Niphargus, 321, 340 N. madagascariensis, 1444, 1474, 1825, Nipponia nippon, 1599 1955 Nitella hyalina, 1931, 1934 N. minutus, 1444 Nitriﬁcation, 162, 587, 738 N. phaeopus, 833, 1324, 1336, 1337, 1448, Nitrogen, 8, 44, 66, 83, 89, 100, 133, 162–165, 1642, 1955 184, 188, 189, 209, 235, 366, 392, N. tenuirostris, 953, 1141 394, 433, 434, 456, 498, 499, 503, Nuphar, 526, 612, 718 516, 519, 586, 587, 684, 712, 754, N. lutea, 159, 163, 717, 914, 952 779, 830, 894, 901, 987, 1085, 1091, N. luteum, 1106 1103, 1353, 1357, 1365, 1366, 1394, N. polysepalum, 561 1403, 1612, 1755, 1853, 1868, 1935, Nutrient pollution, 603, 891, 893, 894, 900, 1937, 1969 2017 Nitzschia, 86, 630, 1385 Nutrients, 12, 20, 43, 44, 49, 85, 87–89, 99, 100, Nomonyx dominicus, 777 102, 103, 105, 115, 117, 126, 132, 133, Non-forested peatlands, 1445 135, 137, 138, 157, 158, 161, 162, 165, Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, UK, 11 166, 178, 187, 201, 209, 218, 238, 353, biodiversity, 1027–1032 364, 392–395, 432, 441, 451, 473, catchment area, 1026 478, 483, 510, 524, 525, 532, 551, 553, conservation status, 1032 597, 598, 602, 614, 624, 626, 643, dependent peoples, 1035 671–673, 683, 711–714, 720, 731, ecosystem services, 1034–1035 739, 761, 817, 829, 840, 890, 900, 901, future challenges and developments, 940, 974, 976, 981, 982, 987, 1074, 1035–1036 1085, 1117–1119, 1145, 1170, 1208, habitats, 1026, 1027 1239, 1316, 1322, 1334, 1336, 1345, location, 1024 1358, 1365–1366, 1403–1405, 1433, management, 1032–1034 1600, 1630, 1682, 1683, 1688, 1716, species, 1030–1032 1734, 1737, 1754, 1781, 1789, 1843, North Africa, 116, 1156, 1164 1848, 1856, 1880, 1935–1937, 1947, North American tidal freshwater wetlands, 160 1948, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1985, 1987, Northeastern Australian seagrass meadows 1992, 1994 distribution, 1968 biotransport of, 392–393 ﬁsh and shrimp populations, 1969 in Lake Turkana, 1365, 1366 Index of Keywords 2097

in Myall Lakes, 1935–1937 Ogallala acquifer, 690 and sediment, 432–434 Ogilbia pearsei, 323 total nitrogen, 499–500 Oil palm plantation, 215, 241, 768, 1822, 1837, in Wadden Sea, 987 1847, 1852, 1861 Nuttallia obscurata, 573 Ojakaleh Forest, 1639 Nyctereutes procyonoides, 995, 1134 Okavango Delta, 11, 12, 110, 176, 201, 211, Nycticorax 488, 490, 1343, 1393–1410, 1414, N. caledonicus, 1902 1415, 1418 N. nycticorax, 597, 1141, 1642, 1824, 1902 biodiversity, 1406–1408 Nyctophilus gouldii, 1903 branching stream network, seasonal and Nymphaea, 134, 189, 612, 718, 1368, 1398, permanent swamps, 1396 1689, 1708, 1945, 1956 desalination, 1401–1403 N. alba, 914, 949, 1072, 1117, 1171, 1524 ecosystems services, 1408–1409 N. ampla, 765 flood switching, 1400–1401, 1403–1405 N. caerulea, 1237, 1357 future challenges and developments, N. candida, 480, 952 1409–1410 N. gardneriana, 735 landscape, 1397–1399 N. lotus, 1272, 1301, 1353, 1354 location, 1395 N. micrantha, 1272 seasonal flood pulse, 1405–1406 N. nouchali, 1313, 1795 site specific features, 1399–1400 N. nouchali var. caerulea, 1314 social and economic factors, 1396–1397 N. odorata, 717, 718 threats and future challenges, 1409–1410 N. tetragona, 1795 Oldest Indonesian Peat swamp, 1758, 1759, Nymphoides, 1689, 1708 1836, 1843–1847 N. indica, 1237, 1796 Olea hochstetteri, 1386 N. nilotica, 1237 Olearia semidentata, 1995 N. peltata, 482, 717, 914, 952 Oligohaline, 56, 157, 482 N. peltatum, 1524 Oligotrophic peatlands, 672 Nypa, 1825, 1835 Ombrotrophic bog(s), 252, 256, 261, N. fruticans, 1738, 1823, 1834 270, 296, 304, 310, 876, Nyssa 1156, 1159 N. aquatica, 177, 581 Ombrotrophic mires, 233, 235, 264 N. sylvatica var. biflora, 177, 669 Blanket bogs, 269–271, 304, 305 intermediate raised bogs, 267–269 occult precipitation mires, 271–272 O raised bogs, 264–269 Occult precipitation mires, 270–272, 298 Omo Delta wetland, 1367–1369 Ochrolechia, 279 Omphalina hudsoniana, 283 O. frigida, 283 Omphiscola glabra, 1071 Ocotea, 206 Oncorhynchus O. cymbarum, 207 O. clarkii, 561 Ocypode cuadrata, 850 O. clarkii clarkii, 569 Odobenus rosmarus, 1443, 1454 O. gorbuscha, 569 Odocoileus virginianus, 675 O. keta, 569 Odontesthes, 849, 853 O. kisutch, 569 O. bonariensis, 817 O. mykiss, 561, 569, 642, 1358 O. brevianalis, 859 O. nerka, 569 Odontophrynus americanus, 852 O. tshawytscha, 569, 642 Oecetis spp., 612 Oncosperma tigillarium, 1823, 1834 Oedothorax, 1082 Ondatra zibethicus, 166, 552, 597, 1443, 1460, Oenanthe 1469, 1474 O. aquatica, 915, 949 Onon valley, 1543 O. oenanthe, 547 Ontragus megaceros, 1304 2098 Index of Keywords

Onychoprion O. brachyphylla, 1272 O. anaethetusi, 1327 O. ovalifolia, 1368 O. fuscatus, 2022 Ourebia Open water vegetation, 1237 O. ourebi, 1274, 1282 Sudd region, 1301 O. ourebia montana, 1293 Ophiocordyceps sinensis, 1611 Overgrazing, 325, 828, 880, 956, 1074, 1367, Ophiophagus hannah, 1860 1420, 1470, 1497, 1504, 1533, 1546, Ophisternon infernale, 323 1623, 1683 Opuntia, 1385, 1390 Overharvesting, 66, 117, 179, 361, 365, 366, Orbignya martiana, 206 1211, 1455, 1790, 1828, 1868, 2018, Orcaella brevirostris, 398, 1747, 1779, 1825 2019 Orchestia gammarella, 1082, 1085 Ovibos moschatus, 1443 Orcinus orca, 569, 1328 Ovibus moschatus, 512 Orconectes, 612 Ovis ammon, 1666 O. rusticus, 603 Oxalis acetosella, 1639 Oreobulus obtusangulus, 876 Oxidation, 133, 237, 343, 354, 419, 421, 673, Oreochromis, 192, 2010 1153, 1162, 1163, 1433, 1445, 1759, O. alcalicus grahami, 150 1760, 1837, 1838, 1843, 1914, 1963 O. leucostictus, 1357 Oxidoras kneri, 817 O. mossambicus, 1949 Oxycaryum cubense, 809 O. niloticus, 763, 764, 853, 1254, 1354, Oxycoccus 1357, 1370, 1371 O. microcarpus, 1537 O. niloticus baringoensis, 1354, 1355 O. palustris,511 Oreodytes alpinus, 1047 Oxyeleotris marmorata, 1846 Oreotragus oreotragus, 1387 Oxyrhopus rhombifer, 852 Organic pollution, 891, 893, 894, 1949 Oxyura Organic wetlands, 529 O. jamaicensis, 583, 777, 1134 Oriental darter, 1729, 1787, 1790, 1796, 1816 O. leucocephala, 953, 1131, 1621, 1629, Orienus, 1715 1653, 1681 Orkhon River valley, 1543, 1547 Ozotoceros bezoarticus, 852 Orlitia borneensis, 1860 Ornithorhynchus anatinus, 1946 Orographic, 266, 296, 297, 1442, P 1443, 1942 Pachygnatha, 1082 Oryctolagus cuniculus, 1107 Pacific atolls, 2003–2006 Oryx beisa, 1371 Pacific islands, 10, 13, 67, 94, 236, 2002, 2003, Oryza, 1302 2006, 2010 O. longistaminata, 1265, 1302 Paddle grass, see Halophila decipiens O. longistaminus, 1236 Padina,86 O. meridionalis, 205, 1952 Paedocypris spp., 1759 O. rufipogon, 214, 1746, 1776, 1795 Painted stork, 1729, 1787, 1796, 1816 O. sativa, 214 Pakistan, 105, 202, 217, 1698–1700, 1720, Osmerus 1726, 1734 O. eperlanus, 980 Palaemon nilotica, 1273, 1303 O. mordax, 603 Palearctic waders, 1320 Osmunda regalis, 1313 Paleo-deltas, 799 Osteochilus partilineatus, 1845 Paleo-dikes, 799 Osteolaemus tetraspis, 1337 Paleolimnology, 1917 Ostrea puelchana, 845 Palestine, 1170 Osvald, H., 304 Palmaria palmata, 626 Otis tarda, 953, 1131, 1186, 1493, 1502, 1584 Palsa, 230, 263, 279–283, 286 Ottelia, 1945 degradation, 283 O. alismoides, 1272, 1524, 1746 mires, 26, 262–263, 278–283 Index of Keywords 2099

Paludella squarrosa, 284 temporary wetland, 801 Paludification, 267, 286, 296, 310, 311, 517, threats, 807–810 529, 673, 1041 vertebrates, 805 Paludified shallow peatland, 276, 278, 279 Panthera Palustrine emergent wetlands, 561, 580, 581 P. leo, 1238, 1274, 1372 Palustrine scrub-shrub, 583 P. leo leo, 1294 Pancratium maritimum, 1104 P. onca, 324, 736 Pandanus, 2009, 2013, 2105 P. pardus, 1238, 1372, 1613 Pandanus, 207, 208, 1856, 1862, 2009, 2013, P. pardus orientalis, 1514 2015 P. tigris, 1715, 1719, 1860 P. atrocarpus, 1848 P. tigris altaica, 1514 P. furcatus, 1823 P. tigris sumatrae, 236, 1758, 1825, 1835 P. helicopus, 26, 1834, 1856 P. tigris tigris, 1737 P. hollrungii, 208 P. tigris virgata, 1642 P. hysterix, 208 Panulirus P. immersus, 1859 P. argus, 844 P. kaernbachii, 208 P. laevicauda, 844 P. lauterbachii, 208 Panurus biarmicus, 1030 P. leiophyllus, 208 Papahanaumokuakea Marine National P. scabribracteatus, 208 Monument (PMNM), 2020 P. tectorius, 208 Papaver maeoticum, 916 Panderia pilosa, 1189 Papilio Pandion haliaetus, 166, 612, 777, 1337, 1444, P. machaon, 1030 1460, 1474, 1946 P. palamedes, 674 Pangasianodon P. zelicaon, 570 P. gigas, 118, 1778, 1790 Papio anubis, 1294 P. sanitwongsei, 1778 Papyrus, 170, 171, 200, 209, 1170, 1171, 1220, Panicum, 205, 214, 580, 715, 851 1226, 1229, 1237, 1244, 1281, 1309, P. coloratum, 1344 1400, 1418, 1419, 1426–1428 P. conjugatum, 204 fen, 1419 P. elephantipes, 791, 816 marshes, 184 P. fluviicola, 1344 biodiversity, 190–192 P. grumosum, 163 conservation and management status, P. hemitomon, 715 190 P. maculatum, 1236 ecosystem services, 190 P. maximum, 1236 features of, 186–189 P. parvifolium, 205 human dependence, 192–193 P. repens, 204, 1795, 1796 occurrence of, 184–186 P. subalbidum, 205 threats, 193–195 Pantanal, 10, 26, 171, 172, 174, 176, 200, 201, swamps, 170, 209, 213, 1227, 1235, 1237, 205, 206, 210, 212, 218, 736, 786, 1247, 1418 787, 789, 793 zonation, 189 biodiversity, 804–806 Parachela cyanea, 1845 conservation status, 806–807 Paradoxornis webbiana, 1559 ecosystem services, 807 Paraguay River, 26, 786, 789, 793, 794, 798, 799, future challenges and developments, 810 801, 807, 808, 810, 814, 816, 817 geographic and ecological setting, 799–804 Paralichthys herpetofauna, 805 P. orbignyanus, 850 human occupation, 798 P. patagonicus, 850 landscape and dynamic vegetation, 803 Paralonchurus brasiliensis, 850 mammal species, 806 Paramesotriton map and catchment area, 800 P. deloustali, 325 paleo-climatic history, 803 P. laoensis, 1778 2100 Index of Keywords

Paraná Delta region P. repens, 204, 205, 791 conservation status, 818 P. scrobiculatum, 1344 ecosystem functions and values, 817–818 P. setllatum, 206 fish and wildlife biodiversity, 817 P. strigosum, 205 geomorphology and hydrology, 815–816 P. vaginatum, 816, 1117 landscapes, 816–817 P. virginatum, 205 location, 814 Passerculus sandwichensis, 570 threats, 818 Pastoral sheep activities, 1086 Paraná-Paraguay Fluvial Corridor Patagonia peatlands biodiversity, 792 area and origin, 874–876 conservation status, 792 distribution, 876–879 distributaries, 791 future challenges and developments, 881 ecosystem services, 793 threats and challenges, 881 floodplain channels, 791 values and functions, 880 floodplain lakes, 791 Patterned fen, 259–262, 519 fluvial forests, 792 Patterned string fen, 276, 278, 283–284 future challenges and developments, Pavona,86 793–794 Pavonia zeylanica, 206 hydrology, 788–790 Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD), 550 location, 787 biodiversity, 552 main channel and anabranches, 790 conservation status, 553 marshlands, flooded grasslands and ecosystem services, 553–554 savannas, 791 future challenges and developments, threats and future challenges, 793 554–555 wetland complexes, 788 hydrology, 550–551 Parapholis strigosa, 61, 964 wetland ecosystem, 552 Parapimelodus valenciennsi, 850 Peace-Athabasca Ecological Monitoring Parartemia zietziana, 1916 Program, 553 Parastacus nicoletti, 825 Peace River, 544, 551, 553, 554 Parastemon Peat, 6, 21, 26, 170, 173, 190, 200, 228–241, P. lateriflora, 1834 255, 264, 266, 877, 878, 1040, 1041, P. sumatrana, 1834 1044, 1047, 1048, 1052, 1068, 1070, P. urophyllus, 1834 1071, 1151–1153, 1158–1160, 1163, Pardofelis marmorata, 1758 1170, 1171, 1309, 1312, 1316, 1408, Pardosa, 1082 1415, 1416, 1418, 1419, 1421, 1427, Parinari glabra, 207 1428, 1433, 1434, 1446, 1448, 1533, Parishan Lake, see Lake(s), Parishan, Iran 1534, 1537, 1538, 1540–1547, 1553, Parnassia palustris, 285, 1537 1556, 1755, 1756, 1759, 1760, 1814, Parona signata, 850 1815, 1821–1823, 1826, 1832, Parrotia persica, 1639 1836–1838, 1843, 1847, 1848, 1856, Partially mixed estuary, 41, 44 1862, 1960, 1961, 1979, 1985, 1988, Parula pitiayumi, 852 1992–1996 Parus major, 1825 accumulation, 236, 254, 264, 267, 285, 286, Paspalidium 671, 877, 1428, 1433, 1536, 1543, P. geminatum, 1353, 1354, 1368 1843, 1856 P. paludiphalus, 851 bog, 248, 309, 938, 1998 P. paludivagum, 205 characteristics, 1755, 1757 Paspalum, 61, 851 cutting, 267, 299, 879, 1025, P. commersonii, 205 1162, 1163 P. distichum, 1901 deposits, 246, 249, 250, 285, 415, 516, 671, P. fasiculatum, 765 1150, 1168, 1310, 1424, 1425, 1534, P. melanospermum, 206 1536, 1541–1546, 1759, 1856 P. paspalodes, 1130 digging, 1163 Index of Keywords 2101

dome, 1755, 1756, 1759, 1816, 1822, 1828, characterization, 228 1832, 1837, 1985, 1996, 1998 Chilean, 830–833 formation, 228, 246, 256, 257, 268, 271, 280, classification, 230, 240, 241, 1534 284, 290, 291, 305, 310, 415, 517, complex, 256, 516, 518, 608, 720, 878 673, 732, 1151, 1163, 1408, 1416, in continental North America, 515–519 1427, 1540, 1541, 1755, 1759, 1856 definition, 228 vs. freshwater swamps, 170, 201 distribution, 277–279, 531, 876–879, genesis, 230, 251–272 1415–1417, 1534 mining, 363, 370, 573, 879, 938, 1998 ecological features, 233–235 plateaus, 276, 278–283, 518, 545 ecosystem services, 237 of Rugezi Marsh, 1311–1313 fens waterlog soils, 246–248, 250, 415, 422, 525, 546, channeled surface-water flow, 258–261 675, 1019, 1025, 1052, 1171, 1433, groundwater moving downslope, 1816, 1837, 1843, 1856, 1989 254–258 swamp forests, 26, 230, 234, 239, 240, 264, functions, 880, 1054 265, 269, 301, 1415, 1424, 1426, global distribution, 230–233 1428–1434, 1753–1760, 1769, 1771, Karst Immersion Mire, 253–254 1808, 1813–1817, 1820, 1822, 1823, landscapes, 518–519, 1547 1826, 1827, 1834, 1836, 1837, management, 240, 241, 879–880, 1760 1843–1847, 1856 Mediterranean Region, 1155–1164 adaptations to waterlogged environment, minerotrophic mires (fens), 252–253 1756 mires, 415 Cyrtostachys renda, 1757, 1834, 1835 mixed mires waterlog, 261–264 ecosystem services, 1759 in Mongolia (see Mongolia) environment, 1754–1756 occult precipitation mires, 271–272 hummock-hollow topography, 1754, ombrotrophic mires (bogs), 264–271 1755 Patagonian, 873–881 landscape, 1754 Philippi, 1149–1153 orangutan, 236, 1757, 1758, 1845 production services, 238–240 pitcher plants, 1757, 1758 regulation services, 237–238 regional and local hydrological threats and challenges, 240–242 regulation, 1759 tidal immersion mire, 254 threats, 1759 turbine towers and turbine bases, 418–419 vegetation, 1756, 1834 Volga River Basin, 938 wind farms, 413–423 wind farms, 415–418 Peatland(s), 5, 6, 10–13, 20, 21, 26, 28–30, 113, Pedicularis 170, 171, 247, 249, 250, 276–278, P. dasystachys, 1543 280, 284, 286, 287, 290–292, 296, P. karoi, 1537, 1538 300, 301, 304–306, 351, 363, 373, P. poluninii, 1609 423, 430, 522, 529–536, 538, 539, P. pseudoregelina, 1609 545, 592, 606, 608, 670, 672, 673, Pelagic fish species, 165, 1323 675, 706, 708, 709, 715, 720, Pelecanus 825–827, 830–832, 938, 940, 1047, P. conspicillatus, 1915, 1925 1049, 1050, 1117, 1169–1171, P. crispus, 889, 899, 918, 953, 1141, 1584, 1307–1316, 1423–1434, 1445, 1446, 1621, 1629, 1641, 1642, 1652, 1653, 1532–1541, 1543, 1544, 1546, 1547, 1729 1580, 1713, 1754, 1759, 1760, 1814, P. erythrorhynchos, 683 1822–1824, 1828, 1837, 1848, 1856, P. onocrotalus, 918, 1190, 1227, 1238, 1888, 1983, 1985, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1255, 1274, 1323, 1327, 1387, 1444, 1999, 1052–1054 1621, 1665, 1729 Africa, 229, 1413–1421 P. philippensis, 213, 1717, 1774, 1779, biota, 6, 235–236 1787, 1816, 1824 carbon storage, 249–250 P. rufescens, 1338 2102 Index of Keywords

Pelliciera rhizophorae, 750, 751 Petaurista petaurista, 1836 Pelobates Petromyzon marinus, 139, 1002 P. cultripes, 1131 Petrosimonia brachiata, 1189 P. fuscus, 918 Phacochoerus Pelochelys P. aethiopicus, 1405 P. bibroni, 1718, 1825, 1845 P. aethiopicus aelinani, P. cantorii, 1779, 1835, 1860 1293–1294 Pelodiscus sinensis, 1519 Phaeocystis, 218 Pelomedusa subrufa, 1274 Phagmites australis, 1117 Peltandra Phalacrocorax P. sagittaefolia, 674 P. africanus, 1327 P. virginica, 159, 163 P. auritus, 583 Peltocephalus tracaxa, 735 P. brasilianus, 765 Pelusios P. carbo, 905, 1091, 1327, 1525, 1628, P. broadleyi, 1372 1640, 1902 P. castanoides, 1238 P. lucidus, 1338 Penaeus P. melanoleucos, 1955 P. brasiliensis, 844 P. niger, 1796 P. monodon, 1739 P. pygmaeus, 1141, 1142, 1621, 1628, P. paulensis, 844 1642, 1691 Penelope obscura, 817 P. sulcirostris, 1902, 1955 Pennisetum P. varius, 1902 P. clandestinum, 1313 Phalaris arundinacea, 432, 613 P. purpureum, 189 Phalaroides arundinacea, 949 Perca Phalaropus P. ﬂavescens, 597, 612 P. fulicarius, 547 P. ﬂuviatilis, 236, 980, 1459, 1469 P. lobatus, 547 Perched basin, 551, 552 P. tricolor, 150 Percids, 939 Philippi peatland, 12, 1156 Percolation mire/fen, 257, 258, 1426 location, 1150 Percophis brasiliensis, 850 maize, tobacco and sugar beet cultivation, Periglypta spp., 2018 1150 Periploca graeca, 916 peat alternation, 1151 Permafrost, 230, 238, 261–263, 276–280, threats, 1153 282–284, 286, 287, 349, 518, 519, uses, 1153 530–532, 536, 538, 545, 552, 1041, Phillyrea angustifolia, 1106 1442, 1446, 1447, 1453, 1464, 1486, Philochthus, 1082 1511, 1534–1536, 1538, 1541–1542, Philomachus pugnax, 980, 989, 1030, 1448, 1700 1469, 1641 arctic frozen peatlands, 278 Phleum, 1701 highland sloping/spring, 1544–1546 Phoca polygonal fens of, 261 P. caspica, 1629, 1630 thaw, 276, 278, 286, 519, 531, 532, 1464 P. vitulina, 569, 629, 993, thermokarst lake, 284, 1446, 1447, 1015, 1094 1464–1466 Phocoena, 1094 transitional peatland, 1536, 1541 P. dispotica, 850 wetland alteration, 536 P. phocoena, 629, 633, 993 Permanent swamps, Amazon River, 732 Phoebastria immutabilis, 2020 Pernis apivorus, 1255 Phoeniconaias minor, 490, 1354 Persea borbonia, 672–674, 719 Phoenicopterus, 150 Persicaria amphibia, 951 P. andinus, 829 Pertusaria, 279 P. chilensis, 829, 833, 834 Petasites frigidus, 545 P. minor, 1384, 1729 Index of Keywords 2103

P. roseus, 490, 1104, 1186, 1324, 1386, P. japonicus, 76, 88, 1591–1595 1444, 1642, 1729 P. scouleri, 76, 641 P. ruber, 751, 764, 1126, 1131, 1387, 1665 P. serrulatus,76 Phoenicurus P. torreyi, 76, 641 P. erythrogastrus, 1700 Physeter catodon, 324 P. schisticeps, 1610 Physignathus lesueurii, 1946 Phoenix, 207 Phytophthora cinnamomi, 1134 P. paludosa, 1737, 1738 Pibor River, 1247 Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), 2020 Picea, 938 Phoksundo wetlands, 1607, 1608, 1610 P. glauca, 525 Buddhist communities, 1611 P. mariana, 26, 238, 516, 517, 523, 612 fauna, 1609–1610 P. sitchensis, 560 ﬂora, 1609 Picoides borealis, 584, 675 Pholidocarpus sumatranus, 207 Picus canus, 1825 Phormium tenax, 1980, 1982 Pila globosa, 1717 Phosphorus concentration, in turlough water, Pilgerodendron uviferum, 877, 878 1070 Piliostigma reticulate, 1272 Phoxinus Pimelodus albicans, 850 P. percnurus, 1459, 1469 Pinctada margaritifera, 2010, 2018 P. phoxinus, 939 Pingalla midgleyi,211 Phragmites, 22, 26, 163, 185, 189, 220, 234, Pinus, 669, 938, 1043, 1104, 1433 1220, 1223, 1255, 1302, 1418, 1609, P. contorta var. contorta, 571 1628, 1649 P. serotina, 668, 672–674 P. australis, 58, 67, 149, 159, 163, 164, 170, P. smithiana, 1608 385, 386, 431–432, 471, 603, 612, P. sylvestris, 236, 238, 516, 1460 914, 915, 949, 965, 1105, 1116, P. taeda, 668 1140, 1156, 1171, 1190, 1237, 1398, P. wallichiana, 1608, 1706 1416, 1427, 1524, 1619, 1639, 1642, Pioneer marshes, 963, 969 1649, 1650, 1653, 1666, 1686, 1689, Pipistrellus nathusii, 1142 1900 Pipturus argentea, 2010 P. communis, 1447, 1460 Pisonia grandis, 2017 P. karka, 204, 1272, 1302, 1746, 1748 Pistia stratiotes, 218, 220, 713, 765, 1210, P. mauritianus, 190, 1221, 1343 1237, 1353, 1746, 1815 P. vallatoria, 1815 Pityrogramma aurantiaca, 1313 Phragmites reedswamps and saline grasslands, Placopecten magellanicus, 628 1237 Plain of Reeds, 1776, 1794, 1795, 1802 Phreatophytes, 353 Planarians, ﬂatworms, 654, 660 Phreatophytic vegetation, 350, 1960, 1961 Planchonia caeya, 208 Phrynobatrachus zavattari, 1372 Plankton, 44–46, 472, 626, 762, 790, 1273, Phrynops hilarii, 817, 852 1371, 1935–1937 Phrynops spp., 735 Planktothrix, 479 P. hilarii, 817 Planning Phyla canescens, 1905 integrated management process, 402 Phyllanthus oasis management, 463 P. ovalifolius, 206 water management, 720–721, 1496 P. taxodiifolius, 205 Plant(s), 7, 21, 38, 44, 56, 58, 65–67, 78–80, 82, Phyllocladus alpinus, 1980 85, 94, 96, 110, 119, 132, 133, 138, Phylloscartes ventralis, 852 160–164, 167, 173, 187–190, 194, Phylloscopus 218, 228, 229, 231, 233, 235, 239, P. borealis, 1825 246, 247, 249, 264, 277, 280, 323, P. trochilus, 1337 352–354, 366, 384, 385, 387, 418, Phyllospadix, 74, 78, 81, 1590, 1593 431, 443, 483, 510–512, 518, 519, P. iwatensis, 76, 1591–1593, 1595 523, 532, 533, 552, 558, 561, 569, 2104 Index of Keywords

571, 579, 580, 584, 598, 600, 608, 917, 1049–1051, 1053, 1054, 1180, 638, 641, 654, 657, 672, 674, 682, 1238, 1255, 1296, 1310, 1345, 1347, 692, 693, 709, 710, 712–715, 717, 1376, 1424, 1433, 1709, 1710, 1728, 728, 733, 734, 741, 750, 754, 767, 1739, 1759, 1768, 1802, 1822, 1828, 777, 801, 803, 804, 809, 825, 889, 1837, 1847, 1848, 1852, 1853, 1856, 891, 899, 915, 916, 920, 926, 928, 1861–1863, 1879, 2017 955, 964, 969, 970, 988, 1006, 1027, palm oil, 215, 238, 241, 768, 1822, 1837, 1029, 1032, 1051, 1068, 1069, 1071, 1847, 1852, 1861, 1879 1072, 1075, 1085, 1086, 1134, 1140, poplar, 914, 917 1153, 1164, 1171, 1174, 1175, 1182, sugar-cane, 1255, 1345 1189, 1203, 1206, 1210, 1296, 1300, willow, 160, 1709, 1710 1309, 1311, 1313, 1375, 1385, 1386, Plasmodiophora,86 1390, 1401, 1403, 1408, 1444, 1467, Platalea 1480, 1481, 1483, 1484, 1493, 1524, P. alba, 1238, 1338 1533, 1543, 1546, 1547, 1569, 1582, P. leucorodia, 918, 1131, 1141, 1142, 1190, 1601, 1609, 1612, 1628, 1639, 1643, 1324, 1326, 1525, 1561, 1642, 1665 1651, 1654, 1666, 1678, 1683, P. leucorodia balsaci, 1326 1687–1689, 1700, 1701, 1728–1730, P. minor, 1796 1754, 1774, 1781, 1797, 1798, 1805, P. regia, 1981 1816, 1835, 1844, 1846, 1848, 1859, Platanista 1915, 1931, 1955, 1964, 1980, 1981, P. gangetica, 1737 1983, 1985, 1993, 1997, 2007, 2011 P. gangetica minor, 1701 and animal diversity, 61, 175, 483, 523, 825, Platanus occidentalis, 581 1081–1084, 1569, 1773 Platemys platycephala, 735 aquatic, 113, 159, 161, 163, 483, 511, 597, Platichthys ﬂesus, 980, 1083 601, 641, 776, 777, 779, 858, 864, Platysternon megacephalum, 325 1130, 1189, 1210, 1237, 1302, 1467, Playa wetlands 1524, 1527, 1559, 1568, 1569, 1572, biodiversity, 692 1583, 1652, 1775, 1795, 1796, 1806, conservation planning, 693 1859, 1915, 1945, 1948, 1963 Conservation Reserve Program’s biodiversity, 988, 1729, 2016 Continuous Signup, 694 coastal, 2007, 2013 conservation status, 692–693 community, 58, 65, 67, 552, 579, 600, 654, culturally-accelerated sediment 715, 851, 964, 970, 988, 1082 accumulation, 693 diversity, 61, 483, 523, 1081–1082, 1569, distribution, 690 1773 ecosystem, 692 diversity-estuarine marsh, 61 'Farm Bill,’, 694 macrofossils, 1533 future challenges and developments, medicinal, 1239, 1248, 1263, 1612, 2016 693–694 species diversity, 60–61, 176, 717, 969 geographic distribution, 690 succession, 558, 561 hydrological modiﬁcations, 693 vascular, 176, 236, 279, 280, 285, 512, 525, physical structure, 692 552, 611, 612, 733, 816, 824, 880, probable playas and high plains, 691 1071, 1130, 1206, 1443, 1454, 1469, water dissolution hypothesis, 690 1502, 1517, 1543, 1546, 1718, 1777, water recharge, 692 1859, 1980, 1981, 2013 Wetlands Reserve Program, 694 vegetation, 657 wind erosion hypothesis, 690 Plantago,61 Plectocomiopsis triquetra, 211, 1844 P. coronopus, 61, 916, 917 Plectrophenax nivalis, 395, 1084 P. maritima, 630, 916, 917, 964 Plectropterus gambensis, 213 P. schrenkii, 285 Plegadis Plantations, 160, 215, 238, 241, 299, 300, 349, P. chihi, 830 668, 675, 740, 768, 792, 810, 914, P. falcinellus, 213, 1131, 1142, 1902 Index of Keywords 2105

Pleurochrysis carterae, 1181 Pollution, 7, 8, 66, 79, 83, 117, 138, 139, 151, Pleuronectes platessa, 1016, 1083 152, 161, 179, 193, 216, 218, 240, Pleuropogon sabinei,511 299, 325, 327, 342, 343, 346, 347, Pleurosigma, 630 349, 354, 361, 366, 392, 406, 441, Pleurozia purpurea, 1045 455, 456, 548, 573, 587, 603, 638, Ploceus 739–741, 793, 798, 840, 870, P. burnieri, 1344 890–894, 900, 915, 921, 937, 942, P. cucullatus, 192 955, 956, 1027, 1043, 1063, 1145, P. hypoxanthus, 1796, 1816 1209, 1210, 1240, 1258, 1297, 1330, Plotosus canius, 1826 1346, 1358, 1389, 1390, 1455, 1484, Pluvialis 1490, 1492, 1497, 1515, 1516, 1518, P. apricaria, 418, 980, 1016, 1029, 1045, 1528, 1529, 1557, 1561, 1585–1586, 1641 1612, 1619, 1623, 1632, 1693, 1709, P. dominica, 630 1710, 1740, 1760, 1780, 1782, 1862, P. fulva, 1481, 1870 1868, 1872, 1882, 1891, 1893, 1947, P. squatarola, 570, 630, 1015, 1016, 1337 1949, 1985, 2014, 2017 Pluvianellus socialis, 867 air, 6, 240 Pneumatophores, 26, 95, 750, 1756 chemical, 218, 1114, 1119 Poa, 1701 Congo River, 1210 P. eminens, 546 freshwater swamps, 179, 218 P. sibirica, 1537 intertidal zone, 7, 1868, 1872 Pocillopora,86 thermal, 216, 1891 Pocosin (USA), 10 urban, 1133, 1985 biodiversity, 674–675 water pollution, 66, 115, 322, 323, 942, characterization, 668 1035, 1145, 1455, 1516, 1518, 1557, classiﬁcation, 668 1561, 1585–1586, 1612, 1780, 1893 deﬁnition, 668 Poludora ligni, 851 distribution, 669 Polyborus geology, 673 P. chimango, 852 hydrology, 673–674 P. plancus, 852 preservation activity, 675 Polygala polygonifolius, 1045 wetland ecosystems, 669–673 Polygon, 111, 230, 261, 276, 278–282 Podica senegalensis, 1345 landscapes, 279–280 Podiceps mires, 276, 278–281 P. andinus, 776 Polygonal fens of permafrost regions, 261 P. cristatus, 1354, 1387, 1443, 1610 Polygonum, 163, 164, 580, 791, 816, 1272, P. cristatus australis, 1981 1609 P. nigricollis, 150, 1628 P. acuminatum, 765 P. occipitalis, 831 P. amphibium, 915, 1073 Podilymbus podiceps, 683 P. arifolium, 159 Podocnemis spp., 735, 736 P. barbatum, 205, 1746 Podophyllum hexandrum, 1609 P. celebicum, 205 Poecilia P. glabrum, 1746 P. eticulata, 1358 P. hydropiper, 915, 1556 P. velifera, 323 P. punctatum, 159 Pogonias cromis, 850, 852 P. salicifolium, 191, 1689 Pogonus, 1082 P. tomentosum, 1795–1796 Polemaetus bellicosus, 1354 Polyhaline, 157 Poljes, 314, 320, 321, 341, 343, 1058–1060, Polymesosa solida, 763 1062–1064 Polyplectron malacense, 1860 Pollachius virens, 629 Polypogon elongatus, 851 Pollen, 82, 219, 247, 673 Polypterus, 1273 analysis, 673 P. senegalus, 1368, 1369 2106 Index of Keywords

Polytrichum, 1545 Porphyriops melanops, 777 P. juniperinum, 282 Portsmouth Harbour, southern England, 371, P. piliferum, 279 1008 Pomacea canaliculata, 1777, 1798 Porzana, 1981 Pomatoschistus, 1083 P. carolina, 612, 683 P. microps, 965 P. pusilla, 1354 Pomoxis nigromaculatus, 612 P. tabuensis plumbea, 1997 Pomponal, 877 Posidonia,81 Pongo P. angustifolia,75 P. abelii, 236 P. australis,75 P. pygmaeus, 236, 1757, 1845 P. coriacea,75 Ponors, 314, 321, 335, 1058, 1060–1063 P. denhartogii,75 Pontederia P. kirkmanii,76 P. cordata, 163, 612, 715, 718 P. oceanica, 76, 81, 82 P. lanceolata, 205 P. ostenfeldii,76 Pontoporia blainvillei, 850 P. sinuosa,76 Poodrí–Odra River ﬂoodplain ramsar site, 482 Positive feedback, 263, 276, 286 Pools, 21, 63, 81, 191, 259, 261–263, 297, 298, Potamogeton, 149, 211, 480, 510, 526, 552, 305, 307, 320, 322, 440, 488, 518, 561, 612, 1072, 1106, 1117, 1140, 530, 652–664, 690, 738, 843, 1042, 1272, 1301, 1357, 1367, 1746 1044–1047, 1050, 1068, 1072, 1074, P. australis, 1105, 1117 1205, 1220, 1221, 1223, 1228, 1302, P. crispus, 914 1403, 1406, 1445, 1486, 1500, 1538, P. ﬂuitans, 914 1542, 1709, 1716, 1779, 1944, 1946, P. lucens, 949 1952 P. natans, 914, 952 bog, 1046, 1047 P. nodosus, 1639 carbon, 237, 1759 P. octandrus, 1357 deep, 1765, 1774 P. pectinatus, 149, 641, 914, 977, 1105, long-hydroperiod, 655, 656, 660 1117, 1190, 1357, 1370 Malebo, 1202, 1203, 1205, 1207, 1210, P. perfoliatus, 914, 949, 1538 1211 P. pusillus, 1105 oil, 536 P. schweinfurthii, 1357 saline, 488, 1176 Potamogetonaceae spp., 1524 saltwater, 322 Potamonautes, 1273 shallow, 56, 260, 659, 1045, 1072, 1500 Potentilla short-hydroperiod, 655–657, 660 P. anserina, 1072, 1073, 1525 vernal, 10, 651–664 P. egedii, 285 Popowia diospyrifolia, 205 P. erecta, 1045 Population decline, 457, 472, 547, 682, 867, P. fruticosa, 1539 868, 980, 1019, 1528, 1867, 1946 P. palustris, 560 Populus, 816 P. reptans, 915 P. alba, 915, 916, 1106, 1144 Potomageton crispus, 613 P. balsamifera, 525 Pottia heimii,61 P. canescens, 916 Potwar subbasin, 1699, 1701 P. deltoides, 581 Pouteria glomerata, 207 P. tremula, 916 Power generation, 51, 117, 891, 942, 1006, P. tremuloides, 681 1153, 1175, 1208, 1701, 1702 P. trichocarpa, 560 Poyang Lake, 13, 1552, 1553, 1555, 1557, Porcula salvania, 1715 1558, 1561 Porites,86 biodiversity, 1568, 1569 Porphyrio catchment, 1567 P. melanotus, 1981 conservation status, 1570 P. porphyrio, 1107, 1619, 1700, 1708, 1777 ecosystem services, 1570 Index of Keywords 2107

elevation scales, 1571–1572 Preservation, 492, 662, 675, 753, 754, 761, 767, future challenges and developments, 780, 834, 1108, 1320, 1328, 1372, 1571–1572 1486, 1613, 1738, 1869, 1997 geological map, 1567 Pressures, 7, 64, 79, 120, 138, 151, 163, 179, hydrology, 1568 180, 193, 215, 240, 299, 325, 327, origin, 1566 328, 349, 361, 366, 377, 398, 400, surface area, 1566 417, 423, 441, 452, 478, 498, 536, threats, 1571 551, 573, 594, 606, 630, 634, 648, Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve (NNR), 652, 656, 753, 768, 769, 808, 832, 1567–1570 859, 891, 894, 955, 956, 968, 989, Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) 993–995, 998, 1035, 1043, 1071, biodiversity, 682–683 1074, 1075, 1104, 1107, 1109, 1146, conservation status and threats, 684–686 1163, 1172, 1189, 1208, 1211, 1229, ecosystem services, 683–684 1230, 1249, 1263, 1266, 1296, 1304, hydrology, 681–682 1329, 1345, 1420, 1433, 1503, 1515, location, 680 1516, 1527, 1557, 1561, 1570, 1612, Precipitation, 38, 39, 41, 67, 131, 133, 138, 1623, 1632, 1651, 1655, 1656, 1664, 144, 146, 179, 233, 234, 252, 1672, 1682, 1683, 1720, 1739, 1781, 262–266, 286, 296, 300, 304, 305, 1790, 1845, 1847, 1934, 1957, 1974, 309, 332–334, 360, 366, 415, 433, 1986, 2018, 2019 516, 519, 523, 525, 530, 536, 559, anthropogenic, 845, 1087 579, 655, 671, 674, 681, 682, 691, biotic, 389 702, 709, 728, 739, 759, 762, 788, coastal ecosystems, 8 789, 801, 861, 875, 876, 878, 879, coastal swamp forests, 1434 887, 935, 937, 947, 1041, 1042, coastal wetlands, 830 1150, 1157, 1163, 1168, 1188, 1211, Dinder National Park, 1296 1221, 1223, 1290, 1308, 1322, 1355, estuaries, 50, 52 1362, 1384, 1387, 1424, 1441, 1442, freshwater ecosystems, 116 1446, 1458, 1464, 1468, 1532, 1540, mangroves, 105 1542, 1544, 1545, 1552, 1553, 1556, natural ecosystems, 942 1580, 1612, 1649, 1651, 1655, 1672, seagrass meadows, 441, 1972 1676, 1678, 1701, 1712, 1726, 1740, urban land development, 708 1782, 1843, 1856 Wadden Sea ecosystem, 993 continental-scale variations, 955 Primula, 1701 Dinaric karst, 1063 P. aureata, 1609 hidden mires, 271 P. poluninii, 1609 karst evolution, 319 P. pseudoregelian, 1609 in mangrove ecosystems, 107 P. sharmae, 1609 meteorological drought, 1194 Prince William Sound, 83, 563 occult mires, 270–272, 298 Prionailurus surface water storage and ﬂows, 683 P. planiceps, 1758, 1860 water sources, 655 P. viverrinus, 1836 Predation/predators, 46, 48, 51, 99, 101, 110, 119, Prionops poliolophus, 1387 442, 477, 535, 547, 552, 583, 647, Prionotus punctatus, 843, 850 652, 656, 660, 661, 762, 809, 817, Pristimantis bogotensis, 777 843, 939, 965, 980, 989, 994, 995, Pristine mires, 1419 1071, 1131, 1273, 1274, 1294, 1323, Pristis, 1325 1336, 1403, 1404, 1408, 1601, 1863, P. pectinata, 1337 1879, 1922, 1925, 1957, 1974, 1987 P. pristis, 1337 Prek Toal, 1771, 1774, 1778, 1779, 1787–1790 Private Natural Heritage Reserve, 806, 807 Presbytis Probarbus P. obscura, 1860 P. jullieni, 1776, 1778 P. rubicunda, 1758 P. labeamajor, 1778 2108 Index of Keywords

Procambarus clarkii, 585, 1107, 1109, Lake Parishan, 1648 1133, 1358 Lower Danube Green Corridor, 899 Procapra gutturosa, 1502 mangroves, 103, 107 Prochilodus lineatus, 790, 817, 850, 852 Murray–Darling Basin, 1895 Productivity, 6, 7, 38, 51, 66, 67, 131, 132, 137, in Patagonia, 880 177, 184, 192, 201, 210, 218, 231, Shadegan Wetland, 1681 287, 348, 431, 490, 534, 552, 594, Siakesheem Marsh, 1622–1623 626, 632, 694, 728, 733, 735, 738, Sibiloi/Koobi Fora, 1370 739, 752, 753, 755, 761, 782, 829, terrestrial, 120, 121 876, 936, 1026, 1031, 1108, 1120, Tipperne Reserve and Ringkøbing Fjord, 981 1181, 1182, 1207, 1208, 1228, 1258, Tram Chim, 1797 1310, 1335, 1366, 1375–1377, 1401, wetland conservation efforts, 537–538 1404, 1433, 1460, 1503, 1504, 1519, Protection, 12, 74, 85, 115, 317, 319, 324, 328, 1533, 1561, 1566, 1593, 1594, 1688, 342, 343, 362, 443, 454, 456, 457, 1729, 1748, 1781, 1783, 1786, 1790, 473, 494, 538, 539, 553, 571, 572, 1791, 1868, 1871, 1903–1905 586, 599, 613, 632, 633, 662, 663, biological, 624, 869, 1400, 1403, 1410, 685, 692, 693, 700, 706, 737, 738, 1500, 1925 741, 754, 781, 782, 792, 794, 818, ecosystems, 74, 78 830, 831, 833, 834, 889, 895, 901, estuaries, 43–48, 53 902, 906, 919, 956, 994, 1029, 1030, fisheries, 438–440, 1249, 1338 1049–1051, 1086, 1107, 1109, 1118, Fundy salt marshes, 634 1119, 1132, 1139, 1143, 1212, 1239, mangrove forests, 100, 105, 107, 763, 1334 1316, 1322, 1328, 1334, 1404, 1406, papyrus biomass, 188–190 1449, 1460, 1472, 1487, 1488, 1497, peatlands, 238 1503, 1505, 1507, 1515, 1518, 1546, prairie wetlands, 682 1553, 1559–1562, 1570, 1644, 1681, seagrasses, 87 1719, 1720, 1730, 1739, 1747, 1759, tropical swamp vegetation, 211 1787, 1788, 1790, 1797, 1807, 1826, vascular plants, 525 1863, 1867, 1869, 1872, 1882, 1893, Proleptonchus deltaicus, 918 1894, 1904–1907, 1947, 1956, 1974, Prop-roots, 95, 101 1987, 1989, 1998, 2015, 2018, 2020 Prosopis aquatic habitats, 120–121 P. juliflora, 1359, 1369, 1370, 1385, 1390 coastal, 49, 101, 115, 116, 968 P. spicigera, 1730 flood, 63, 126, 578, 638, 644, 706, 888, Prosopium cylindraceus, 1448 890–893, 898, 905, 1235 Protected areas, 5, 53, 102, 325, 326, 443, 454, habitat, 342, 646, 648 455, 488, 494, 537–538, 633, 737, mangroves, 102, 452 741, 779, 780, 792, 800, 806, 807, of Pantanal, 797–810 901, 906, 907, 918, 919, 940, 956, peatland, 242, 291, 1164 957, 1075, 1104, 1107–1109, 1124, of rivers and aquatic habitats, 120–121 1125, 1132, 1139, 1143, 1144, 1212, Santuario de la Naturaleza, 870 1295, 1303, 1322, 1325, 1328, 1329, seagrass, 498 1334, 1338, 1345, 1370–1371, 1375, shoreline, 50, 63, 613, 1807 1448, 1449, 1452, 1482, 1487, 1489, storm, 63, 1503 1505–1507, 1513, 1516–1519, 1525, Proteus, 341, 342 1546, 1607, 1631, 1644, 1645, 1681, P. anguinus, 337, 340 1715, 1730, 1738, 1740, 1867, 1882, Protopterus aethiopicus, 192, 1354, 1355 1891–1892, 1895, 1974, 1989, 2020 Prunus spinosa, 916 Amazon Basin, 737 Psammocora,86 Amur River Basin, 1487, 1489 Psephurus gladius, 1569 Berbak National Park, 1832, 1836 Pseudacris, 658 conservation for sustainable use, 833 P. crucifer, 658 Karukinka Natural Park, 830, 831 Pseudamnicola confuse, 1030 Index of Keywords 2109

Pseudibis Q P. davisoni, 1774, 1779 Qa’a Azraq, see Azraq Oasis P. gigantea, 1779 Queensland, 259, 260, 262, 452–456, 1910, Pseudobombax munguba, 207 1926, 1942, 1969, 1974 Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis, 777 Queensland Ports Seagrass Monitoring Pseudopimelodus pati, 817 Program, 1973 Pseudoplatystoma Quercus, 177, 581, 938, 1106 P. corruscans, 790, 817 Q. castaneifolia castaneifolia, 1639 P. reticulatus, 817 Q. humboldtii, 777 Pseudoraphis spinescens, 205, 1952 Q. lyrata, 581 Pseudorasbora parva, 476–477, 479 Q. pedunculiflora, 916 Psiadia arabica, 1386 Q. robur, 916 Psittacus timneh, 1338 Q. virginiana, 719 Psyllospadix Quisqualis indica, 205 P. scouleri, 641 P. torreyi, 641 Pternandra teysmanniana, 205 R Pterocarpus officinalis, 765 Racomitrium lanuginosum, 279, 1045, 1046 Pterodoras granulosus, 817 Rahad River, 1288, 1290, 1293, 1297 Pterois volitans, 764 Rain, 110, 150, 208, 219, 221, 253, 300, 304, Pteronura brasiliensis, 735 314, 326, 681, 738, 741, 765, 789, Pteropus 791, 825, 876, 877, 928, 1200, 1254, P. alecto, 1955 1271, 1342, 1355, 1398, 1409, 1524, P. scapulatus, 1955 1583, 1627, 1726, 1755, 1769, 1770, P. vampirus, 1816 1772, 1815, 1816, 1879, 1948, 1979 Pterygoplites undecimalis, 763 acid rain, 114, 535, 654 Puccinellia,61 agriculture, 1193, 1297 P. distans, 916 Amazon Basin, 10, 728–741 P. maritima, 963, 1082, 1083, 1085 days, 298, 415, 1042 P. phryganodes, 285, 510 flooded grasslands, 1236, 1302 P. sellerietum radicantae, 833 Rainfall, 6, 99, 107, 112, 119, 133, 137, 138, 145, P. tenuiflora, 1525 146, 153, 230, 235, 272, 284, 286, 347, Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National 349, 415, 421, 451, 500, 531, 554, 571, Park, 326 580, 638, 673, 709–712, 714, 732, Pulse flood, 204, 365, 551, 729, 733, 734, 736, 734, 739, 748, 749, 759, 761, 763, 767, 739, 788–790, 799, 801, 804, 816, 774, 789, 799, 801, 816, 828, 836, 930, 888, 1398–1401, 1403, 1405–1406, 937, 947, 1027, 1041, 1042, 1070, 1716, 1767, 1781, 1783, 1804, 1952 1102–1105, 1114, 1127, 1129, 1134, Puma concolor, 324 1159, 1162, 1168, 1172, 1175, 1194, Puntius 1207, 1218, 1225, 1230, 1235, 1262, P. partipentazona, 1860 1283, 1284, 1292, 1300, 1304, 1311, P. trifasciatus, 1845 1342, 1343, 1353, 1355, 1364, 1384, Pusa 1386, 1390, 1396, 1398, 1414, 1420, P. caspica, 1629, 1630 1424, 1433, 1434, 1479, 1511, 1522, P. hispida, 1444 1523, 1527, 1547, 1552, 1561, 1577, P. sibirica, 1481 1581, 1583, 1616, 1627, 1688, 1715, Pygidium bogotense, 776 1726, 1729, 1744, 1749, 1755, 1759, Pyncbostacbys defixxifolia, 191 1760, 1767, 1782, 1795, 1803, 1804, Pyrodinium bahamense, 500 1808, 1815, 1820, 1832, 1843, 1853, Pyrus pyraster, 916 1879, 1890, 1942, 1949, 1952, 1954, Python 1957, 1960, 1963, 1978, 1994, 1995 P. reticulatus, 817, 1825, 1835 arid regions, 1726 P. sebae, 192, 1274 Baro and Akobo rivers, 1262, 1265 2110 Index of Keywords

Rainfall (cont.) 1600, 1623, 1627, 1629, 1666, 1681, blanket mire development, 298 1700, 1710, 1836, 1846, 1852, 1867, Blue Nile drains, 1247 1895 Caithness, 1041 bureau, 1913 Dinder and Rahad Basin, 1291, 1292 in China, 1579 Doñana wetlands, 1124 definition, 21, 2002 Everglades, 709 Everglades, 706 fishponds, 473 on wetlands, 4, 5, 14, 20, 68, 277, 370, 428, freshwater swamps, 203 553, 572, 633, 638, 737, 781, 870, Hula Basin, 1168 1004, 1017, 1032, 1353, 1357, 1610, Lake Bogoria, 1384–1385 1719, 1746, 1771, 1797, 1892, 1895, Lake Fúquene, 774–775 1904, 1911, 1955, 1978, 1983, 1987 Lake Nakuru, 1385–1387 classification of, 21 Macquarie Marshes, 1899 wise use of, 317 Mazandaran Province, 1636 Ramsar site, 10, 12, 51, 58, 190, 317, 321–327, Mekong Delta, 1815 370, 398, 462, 480, 482, 513, 572, New Zealand, 1978 792, 827, 849, 851, 864, 880, 888, pocosins, 674 889, 918, 954, 966, 974, 975, 981, in San Francisco Bay Estuary, 638 1004, 1006, 1017, 1059, 1094, 1108, Sanjiang Plain, 1511 1118, 1143, 1159, 1188, 1189, 1238, Sembilang National Park, 1820 1248, 1257, 1334, 1346, 1375, 1386, Tasek Bera, 1853 1387, 1397, 1434, 1490–1493, 1502, Volga River Basin, 937 1505, 1517, 1546, 1553, 1557, 1570, Yangtze River, 1552 1598, 1601, 1606–1608, 1610, 1611, Yellow River, 1579 1613, 1616, 1623, 1627, 1631, 1636, Zambezi River Basin, 1218 1648, 1654, 1660, 1662, 1669, 1678, Zhalong Marsh, 1522–1523 1694, 1699–1701, 1716, 1717, 1730, Rain-fed agriculture, 1193, 1297 1746, 1771, 1773–1778, 1787, 1788, Rain flooded grasslands, 1236 1807, 1832, 1852, 1853, 1856, 1857, Sudd region, 1302 1861–1863, 1867, 1899, 1904, 1916, Rainforest, 79, 230, 236, 323, 326, 840, 1205, 1931, 1983, 1987, 1988, 2022, 2023 1208, 1209, 1552, 1942, 1945, 1980 Amazon, 737 Raised atolls, 2003 Amur-Heilong River Basin, 1488, 1494 Raised bog, 21, 230, 236, 258, 264–269, 276, Andean wetlands, 834–835 278, 283–284, 290, 304–306, 310, Anzali Mordab, 1616, 1617 311, 373, 1044, 1159, 1983, 1994, AwaruaWetland, 1982 1995, 1998 Azraq Wetland Reserve, 462 Raised limestone islands, 2003, 2006, 2011, Bahía Lomas, 866–870 2015, 2021 Berbak National Park, 1820, 1832 Raised mire, 238, 266, 267, 298, 301, 309–311, in Chile, 834–535 415, 417 definition, 30 Raja, 1083 Dinaric karst, 1058 Rallus in England, 1004 R. aquaticus, 1073 Fereydoon Kenar, 11, 12, 1636, 1637 R. obsoletus, 641 Hokkaido Island, 1599 R. semiplumbeus, 777 in Iran, 1617, 1676 Ramsar convention, 26, 28, 30–32, 117, 120, karst wetlands, 317–328 180, 241, 287, 328, 346–348, 372, Kilombero Valley Floodplain, 1343 376, 377, 401, 406, 409, 470, 480, Kopuatai Peat Dome, 1998 488, 510, 741, 825, 869, 918, 946, Lake Baikal, 1482 966, 978, 1094, 1131, 1187, 1238, Lake Bolon, 1518 1328, 1338, 1346, 1384, 1482, 1486, Lake Elementeita, 1387 1504, 1517, 1518, 1526, 1553, 1599, Lake Nakuru, 1386 Index of Keywords 2111

Lake Seyfe, 1186, 1187 Raphanus raphanistrum, 915 Lake Uromiyeh, 1660 Raphia, 207 Mato Grosso National Park, 806 R. taedigera, 206 Mekong Basin, 1771 Raphidiopsis, 1385 Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, 1086 Rapid Napahai Wetland, 325 attenuation of light, 78 Nepal, 1607 coastal development, 90, 1749, 1868 in New Zealand, 1984, 1985 industrial development, 103, 455, 457, Ringkøbing Fjord, 974, 976 1175 Rugezi Marsh, 1314 coastal wetlands loss, rates of, 8, 60, 373, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 645 675, 1867 Sanjiang Plain, 1517 ecological succession, 561 Sefid Rood, 1631 eggs and larvae development, 658 Sefid Rud Delta, 1627 fishery declines, 118 Sembilang National Park, 1821, 1827 human population growth, 440, 498, 1230, Shadegan Wetland, 1676, 1681 1240, 1249, 1345, 1358, 1645, 1701, Southern Bight Minas Basin, 26 1721 Tasek Bera, 1589, 1854, 1855 impoundment Třeboň fishponds, 480 construction, rate of, 126, 810, 1249, Wetlands of International Importance, 1482, 1809 1517 lake effects, 151 Yadegarlou wetland, 1672 sediment deposition, 634 Yangtze River Basin, 1555 in situ peat decomposition, 276, 286 Yellow River Basin, 1579 lake response and monitoring, 138 Yucatan Peninsula, 319 lake warming trends, 138 Ramsar wetlands, 5, 68, 387, 402, 599, 767, mangrove canopy production, rates of, 94 828, 859, 866, 1132, 1222, 1228, organic matter 1229, 1303, 1486, 1621, 1889, 1895, decomposition, 483, 1760 1911–1913, 2017 turnover, 177 Ramsar Wetland Steering Committee, 767 peat swamp forest degradation, 1759, 1827 Rana, 1354 small plankton, abundance declines, 46 R. catesbeiana, 612 seagrass declines, 82, 85 R. palustris, 612 seagrass nutrient uptake, 87 R. pipiens, 612 water seepage un-humified peat, 258 R. ridibunda, 918 water flow changes, 891, 906, 1473, 1847 R. septentrionalis, 612 wetland R. temporaria, 1047 biodiversity deterioration, 361, 377, 380 Rangifer loss rates of, 28, 167, 363, 377, 1794 R. tarandus, 1455 Rapids (river condition), 1204, 1207, 1246, R. tarandus caribou, 519, 532 1774, 1775 R. tarandus groenlandicus, 512 Rara wetlands, 1607, 1608, 1610 R. tarandus sibiricus, 1480 cultural and religious significance, 1611 Ranidae, 939 fauna, 1609 Rann of Kachchh, 1726–1728, 1730 flora, 1609 Ranunculus, 1105, 1117, 1639 Rasbora R. confervoides,511 R. heteromorpha, 1860–1861 R. flammula, 1073 R. tuberculata, 1845 R. lingua, 915 Rate of loss, 59, 98, 121, 372–376 R. pallasii, 284 Rattus colletti, 1955 R. peltatus, 1128, 1130 Reclamation, 38, 50, 58, 539, 797, 917, 920, R. repens, 1072, 1073, 1539 1064, 1118, 1138, 1181, 1251, 1257, R. rionii, 1639 1258, 1389, 1595, 1708, 1709, 1739, Rapana venosa, 854, 918 1869, 1872, 1880–1882, 1973 2112 Index of Keywords

Reclamation (cont.) Reserve, 325, 473, 475, 568, 752, 801, 908, and conversion, 202, 215, 216, 219 919, 974, 976–981, 994, 1018, 1029, East Asian-Australasian Flyway, 410 1086, 1108, 1118, 1328, 1338, 1346, land, 50, 58, 219, 920, 1064, 1138, 1257, 1375, 1376, 1384, 1452, 1454, 1490, 1258, 1595, 1869, 1872, 1880–1882, 1492, 1493, 1517, 1520, 1526–1528, 1973 1570, 1584, 1622, 1630, 1644, 1730, Project Rationale, 407 1738, 1739, 1787, 1796, 1822, 1825, restoration, 538 1832, 1836, 1837, 1861, 1863, 1895, Saemangeum, 410, 411 1904, 1917, 1998, 2016 coastal wetlands, 409 Reservoirs, 29, 30, 172, 186, 217, 327, 375, Estuarine System, 406 406, 410, 470, 519, 580, 662, 702, tropical freshwater swamps, 216 713, 720, 793, 808, 934, 936–939, Recurvirostra 941, 942, 949, 956, 1064, 1102, R. avosetta, 980, 1029, 1141, 1120, 1145, 1146, 1171, 1222, 1226, 1190, 1665 1230, 1248, 1255, 1275, 1376, 1419, R. novaehollandiae, 1917 1445, 1448, 1482, 1483, 1486, 1489, Redcliff and Rakatu wetlands, 1988 1495, 1504, 1556, 1581, 1582, 1585, Red-crowned crane, 1515, 1525, 1526, 1561, 1606, 1638–1640, 1642, 1672, 1716, 1584, 1599 1718, 1727, 1731, 1781, 1879, 1899 breeding, 1525, 1526 Amazon, 740 Red knots (Calidris canutus), 867, 868, 990, Central Valley, 702 1003, 1015–1017, 1019, 1328, 1337, construction of, 128 1870, 1981 freshwater lakes and, 50, 126–139 Redunca global distribution of, 131 R. arundinum, 1227, 1237 hydroelectric, 592, 891 R. bohor cottoni, 1293 inﬂuence of, 1587 Reed and sedge-reed marshes, Zhalong marsh, Mississippi, 583 1524 Nile Delta, 1255 Reed bed(s), 228, 791, 862, 863, 888, 901, 915, Volga River Basin, 941, 942 919, 920, 1116, 1117, 1140–1142, Zeya Hydro, 1495 1171, 1193, 1194, 1394, 1649–1653, Residence time, 105, 126, 128–129, 209, 497, 1666, 1668, 1678, 1856, 1862, 1901, 1070, 1322, 1364 1903, 1946 Resistance, 163, 209, 287, 464, 808, 1142 Reed harvesting, Zhalong marsh, 1527 Resource Management Act (RMA), 1986, 1987 Reed marsh, 166, 1523–1525, 1556, 1583 Restiad bogs Regional Autonomous Environmental conservation, 1998–1999 Authority (CAR), 491, 494, 752, ecosystem services, 1996–1998 753, 779 Empodisma minus, 1994 Regional natural resource management Empodisma robustum, 1994 organizations, 1894 location, 1992 Regulated ﬂow, 937, 949 New Zealand, 1992 Reithrodontomys raviventris, 641 restoration, 1998–1999 Relative sea-level rise, 7, 67, 68, 675 species, 1992–1993 Reptiles, 86, 100, 101, 149, 165, 176, 191–193, Sporadanthus ferrugineus, 1994–1995 212, 214, 236, 323, 584, 612, 735, Sporadanthus traversii, 1995–1996 736, 750, 764, 776, 777, 792, 805, threats, 1998–1999 817, 818, 852, 899, 918, 939, 1107, types, 1994–1996 1128, 1131, 1142, 1190, 1238, 1274, Restionaceae, 236, 265, 1992 1337, 1368, 1372, 1406, 1407, 1474, Restoration, 8, 22, 26, 107, 116, 139, 152, 166, 1502, 1513, 1514, 1584, 1678, 1729, 180, 241, 242, 285, 287, 311, 362, 1737, 1773, 1776, 1778–1779, 1946, 363, 365, 377, 431, 435, 456, 458, 1955, 1978, 1981, 2016, 2017 496, 498, 501, 503, 538, 539, 585, Reserva de la Biosfera Los Petenes, 323 602, 613, 638, 644–648, 662, 684, Index of Keywords 2113

693, 694, 709, 711, 720, 753–755, Rhinoceros 759, 767, 780–782, 888, 892–895, R. sondaicus, 1737 900–902, 907, 908, 917, 920, 921, R. unicornis, 1715, 1737 928–930, 989, 1006, 1027, 1030, Rhinoclemmys punctularia, 735 1032, 1050, 1052–1054, 1119, 1120, Rhinolophus hipposideros, 1192 1129, 1130, 1310, 1316, 1421, 1515, Rhinoptera marginatai, 1325 1519, 1571, 1601, 1631, 1687–1694, Rhino sanctuary, 1386 1710, 1719, 1739, 1797, 1827, 1837, Rhizoclonium, 842 1893, 1918, 1947, 1949, 1965, 1978, Rhizophora, 1823 1983, 1986–1989, 1998–1999 R. apiculata, 1823 Azraq Oasis, 466 R. harrisonii, 750, 1336 bottomland hardwood forest, 586 R. mangle, 750, 752, 764–766, 1336 coastal wetland, 858–864 R. mucronata, 1237, 1729 drainage and, 1168–1170 R. racemosa, 1336 dynamic flooding, 7 Rhodeus sericeus amarus, 1142 ecological, 398–402 Rhodiola rosea, 285 integrated management planning, 402 Rhododendron Lake Chilika, 1749 R. cowanianum, 1609 Lake Hula, 1171 R. nivale, 1608 Mesopotamian marshes, 1693 Rhodoleia, 210, 1844 papyrus vegetation, 193 Rhogeessa minutilla, 750 peatlands, 6, 414 Rhus taitensis, 208 Rhine River, 926–927 Rhyacornis fuliginosus, 1559, 1610 salt marsh, 63 Rhynchanthera grandiflora, 206 seagrass, 89 Rhynchops flavirostris, 1344 stakeholder representation, 462–467 Rhynchospora, 205, 715 wetland ecosystem, 401–402 R. alba, 674 Restoring the Tradition at Delta Marsh, 602 R. corymbosa, 204 Reverse-flow system, 1566 R. fusca, 1046 Review, 6, 8, 31, 32, 60, 85, 94, 100, 120, 145, R. subsubquadrata, 205 156, 178, 235, 290, 336, 349, 388, Riama estriata, 777 455, 463, 493, 522, 654, 658, 661, Riccardia crassa, 1995, 1996 662, 712, 734, 798–810, 998, 1006, Rice farming, in Ebro Delta, 1118 1069, 1132, 1443, 1487, 1532, 1534, Rice fields, 174, 408, 578, 580, 584, 585, 702, 1710, 1768, 1806, 1870, 1956, 1987 1114–1119, 1140–1142, 1528, 1621, Rhabdadenia biflora, 765 1629, 1631, 1636, 1638, 1640, 1642, Rhamnus, 1029, 1072 1643, 1645, 1768, 1787, 1845 R. cathartica, 916, 1072 Rice paddies, 29, 249, 375, 1118, 1636, 1700, R. frangula, 916 1715, 1716, 1736, 1738, 1780 Rhantus hispanicus, 1131 Ridges, 22, 259–263, 267, 268, 270, 305, 307, Rhea americana, 817 308, 334, 420, 518, 560, 610, 622, Rheedia brasiliensis, 207 628, 653, 840, 915, 916, 1013, 1044, Rheum 1045, 1082, 1201, 1257, 1426, 1440, R. australe, 1609 1442, 1472, 1473, 1537, 1540–1542, R. moorcroftianum, 1609 1545, 1795, 1802, 1823, 1834 Rhinella arenarum, 852 Ridgeway’s rail, 644 Rhine River Basin, 11, 887 Rift valley, 12, 113, 130, 135, 147, 152, 153, 186, course and drainage system, 925 1168, 1202, 1208, 1246, 1349–1359, future aspects and developments, 929–930 1362, 1381–1390, 1414, 1479 historical background, 924–926 Ringkøbing Fjord, 11 restoration, 926–929 benthos and fish, 977 Rhinobatos cemiculusi, 1325 biodiversity, 977–980 Rhinocerophis alternatus, 817 birds, 978–980 2114 Index of Keywords

Ringkøbing Fjord (cont.) Risk assessment, 385, 387, 389, 794, 1957 conservation status, 981 River, 7, 12, 20–22, 37, 38, 43, 45, 50, 53, 56, ecosystem services, 980 61, 66, 110–113, 116, 132, 133, 137, location, 974 150–152, 156, 157, 160, 161, 165, map of, 975 171, 173–175, 177, 185, 186, 189, physio-chemical conditions, 974–976 194, 200, 201, 207, 209, 217, 254, threats, 981–982 277, 280, 296, 314, 320, 322, 326, Tipperne Reserve, 976 327, 333–335, 348, 349, 351, 360, Río de la Plata system 364, 430, 452, 474, 510, 547, 551, biodiversity patterns, 849–852 554, 580, 642, 712, 731, 740, 760, characteristics, 848–849 824, 836, 880, 924, 986, 987, 1035, crab community, 851 1061–1063, 1080, 1129, 1139, 1200, ecosystem services, 852–854 1207, 1221, 1247, 1281, 1343, 1346, ﬁshing boats, 852 1399, 1426, 1444, 1446, 1448, 1454, future aspects, 853–854 1464, 1465, 1472, 1473, 1475, 1486, location, 849 1496, 1501, 1502, 1507, 1516, 1533, threats, 853–854 1536, 1546, 1660, 1686, 1713, 1779, water circulation, 850 1802, 1806, 1827, 1848, 1900, Rio Negro National Park, 807 1942–1949 Riparia avulsion, 1399, 1401, 1410 R. paludicola, 1779 basins, 5, 9, 12, 13, 110, 186, 854, 880, R. riparia, 906 1288, 1290, 1344, 1396, 1397, 1455, Riparian, 350, 539, 698, 765, 836, 1140 1606, 1619, 1853, 1986 areas, 457, 533, 545, 608, 728, 1359, 1389, Amazon, 10, 728–741 1390 Amur, 1510–1520 buffers, 121, 1965 Amur-Heilong, 1485–1497, 1500–1507 communities, 1373, 1390 Baro-Akobo, 1262–1267, 1270–1276 countries, 1218, 1229, 1230, 1249 biodiversity, 112–115 cultivation, 1257 categories, 111 Danubian countries, 921 Congo, 1200–1212 ecosystems, 177, 185, 217, 876 Copper, 559 edge vegetation, 828 Danube, 886–895, 898, 900, 908 and ﬂoodplain habitats, 698, 736, 1955 De la Plata, 786 forests, 164, 578, 585, 588, 926, 1106, Huang He, 1576–1587 1121, 1140–1142, 1211, 1226, 1359, human well-being, 115–117 1834, 1893 Indus, 1698–1702 habitats, 547, 698, 889, 906, 1209 Lena, 1440–1449, 1458–1460, management, 538, 1948 1464–1470, 1472–1476 mires, 276, 278, 285 MacKenzie, 550–555 nations, 111 Mahanadi, 402 peatlands, 238 Mekong, 217, 1764–1783, 1786–1791, reed swamps, 1221 1794–1798, 1813–1817 settlements in Lake Turkana, 1374 Mississippi, 588 species, 1963 Murray-Darling, 1888–1895, trees, 1048 1898–1907, 1910–1918 vegetation, 138, 859, 950, 1116, 1209, Nile, 1244–1249, 1270–1276 1805, 1823, 1834, 1891, 1945, 1948, Tara, 1059 1949 threats to rivers, 117–119 willow formations, 888, 915 Ubaté, 774 woody wetlands, 698, 700, 1398, 1399, Volga, 934–942 1402–1404 White Nile, 184 zones, 350, 608, 730, 732, 734, 735, of world, 110–121 737–739, 741, 1358, 1359, 1981 Yangtze, 1552–1562, 1566–1572 Index of Keywords 2115

Yenisei, 1478–1484 Riverine, 26, 27, 110, 118, 126, 135, 160, Yukon, 544–548 184–186, 265, 279, 363, 431, 441, Zambezi, 1218–1230, 1240 525, 580, 585, 593–595, 607–610, catchments, 113, 162, 325, 327, 481, 1085, 614–617, 682, 807, 848, 850, 853, 1168, 1519, 1676, 1677, 1682, 1861, 892, 904, 905, 907, 916, 926–930, 1890, 1898, 1899, 1906, 1952 948, 1221–1223, 1239, 1288, 1293, channels, 186, 254, 430, 550, 551, 568, 598, 1365, 1367–1369, 1433, 1452, 1458, 736, 739, 789, 799, 808, 899, 906, 1473, 1504, 1577, 1578, 1581–1583, 936, 1117, 1138, 1223, 1225, 1226, 1626–1628, 1700, 1702, 1713, 1716, 1247, 1282, 1288, 1300, 1368, 1399, 1717, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1775, 1776, 1479, 1518, 1523, 1578, 1583, 1585, 1781, 1783, 1836, 1856, 1944, 1983 1627, 1716, 1745, 1748, 1765, 1775, Rizonopriodon acutus, 1325 1804, 1805, 1815, 1862 Roads, 105, 364, 407, 533, 536–539, 554, 610, discharge, 7, 112, 160, 167, 451, 452, 570, 614–617, 683, 693, 739, 740, 766, 761, 841, 848, 926, 930, 949, 950, 769, 794, 802, 808, 818, 836, 956, 955, 957, 1297, 1484, 1837, 1933 1041, 1070, 1081, 1129, 1134, 1146, ecosystem, 157, 890, 905, 1151, 1152, 1210, 1235, 1257, 1275, 1293, 1371 1303, 1305, 1309, 1316, 1329, 1384, fisheries, 1208 1434, 1518, 1546, 1645, 1671, 1781, flooded grasslands, 1236, 1302 1827, 1848, 1986 grasslands, 1493, 1500 Anzali Port ring, 1624 Jhelum, 1706 boreal wetlands, 534, 535 Jordan, 1168, 1170, 1171, 1244 floating, 421, 422 levels, 157, 581, 1281, 1834 ice, 554 Malewa, 1355 infrastructure, 111 networks, 110–112, 117, 121, 126, 129, network, 365, 1049 1027, 1208, 1581 and railroad crossings, 65 protection, 120, 121 Tampa Bay, 502 Ramsar wetland definition, 5 wind farm, 417, 419–423 regulation, 905, 907, 1235, 1240, 1702, Rocky shores, 47, 48, 448, 653, 840, 843, 1001, 1904, 1905 1013, 1370, 1590, 1653 restoration approaches, 904, 907, 927–929, Rollandia rolland, 831 989 Rorippa Restoration Programme, 907 R. amphibia, 915, 1171 Rhine, 11, 161, 887, 924–930 R. palustris, 915 storage, 1900 R. valdes-bermejoi, 1130 systems, 5, 53, 110, 111, 186, 326, 419, 568, Rosa canina, 916 728, 906–908, 926–928, 930, 988, Rostkovia, 876 1228, 1234, 1248, 1262, 1284, 1300, Rotopiko/National Wetland Centre, 1988, 1989 1371, 1426, 1443, 1466, 1472, 1482, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 1501, 1560, 1598, 1616, 1662, 1716, (RSPB), 1018, 1049–1051, 1872 1721, 1855, 1860, 1890, 1893, 1906, Rubus 1924 R. arcticus, 1639 threats to, 117–119 R. caesius, 915 transport, 433, 912, 1834 R. chamaemorus, 517, 545, 571 valleys, 38, 58, 167, 238, 325, 337, 588, R. ulmifolius, 818 1048, 1247, 1446, 1493, 1497, 1505, Rucervus duvaucelii, 1715, 1737 1535, 1540, 1542–1544, 1547, 1586, Rugezi Marsh, 11, 12 1754 biodiversity, 1313–1315 Varde, 986, 988 ecosystem services, 1315–1316 wetlands, 186, 1395, 1486, 1496, 1505, future aspects, 1316 1582, 1584 hydrology, 1310–1311 Yellow, 1552, 1576–1587 location, 1308 2116 Index of Keywords

Rugezi Marsh (cont.) physical geography, 407–408 peat, 1309, 1311–1313 reclamation project, 407 in Rwanda, 1415, 1417 Saemangeum shorebird monitoring threats, 1316 program, 409–410 wetlands in catchment area, 1311 seawall closure, 408–409 Rugezi mire, 1421 threats, 410–411 Rumex waterbirds, 408 R. crispus, 1073 Saemangeum reclamation project, 407 R. hydrolapatum, 915 Saemangeum Shorebird Monitoring Program Ruoergai-Maqu plateau wetland, 1586 (SSMP), 408–410 Ruppia, 81, 149, 151, 977, 1092, 1117, 1746, Sagina maritima,61 1915, 1917, 1971 Sagittaria, 205, 612 R. cirrhosa, 76, 977, 1104 S. lancifolia, 715 R. filifolia,76 S. natans, 1447 R. maritima, 76, 79, 81, 641, 840–843, S. sagittifolia, 915, 952 1104, 1140, 1590, 1592, 1593, 1876 S. trifolia, 1746 R. megacarpa, 76, 1915 Saiga tatarica, 948 R. polycarpa,76 Salacia erecta, 206 R. tuberosa, 76, 1915 Salamanders, 323, 325, 337, 338, 340, 342, Rusa unicolor, 1737, 1826, 1836 612, 658, 659, 661, 1558, 1582, Rush (Juncus) meadows, 1140 1599, 1601 Russian integrated landscape approach, 1534 Salamandrella keyserlingii, 1599 Rusumo stream, 1310 Salicornia, 58, 61, 963, 1014, 1083, 1106, Rutilus 1116, 1144, 1237 R. frisii kutum, 1630 S. ambigua, 851 R. rutilus, 939, 953, 980, 1459, 1469 S. brachiata, 1728 R. rutilus caspicus, 939, 953 S. dolichostachya, 1082 Ruwenzori, 297, 1246 S. europaea, 951, 988, 1140 Rynchops S. fragilis, 1082 R. flavirostris, 1238, 1354 S. fruticosa, 1105 R. niger, 851 S. gr. europaea, 1105 S. perennis, 1105 S. prostrata, 1189 S S. virginica, 570 Saaminus brasiliensis, 850 Salinas, 56, 58, 61, 174, 643 Sabal palmetto, 719 Saline, 22, 26, 28, 37, 58 Sabkha, 22, 26 agro-systems, 1174, 1180–1182 coastal, 11, 12, 1174–1182 algae, 1176, 1181 landforms, 1176–1179 brackish lakes, 488, 1445, 1486 location, 1177 brine, 1174–1176, 1182 sustainable saline agro-systems, 1180–1181 coastlines, 1823 Saccharum spontaneum, 204 conditions, 99, 149, 728, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, 698, 700 1032, 1823 Sacramento valley, 698, 701 environments, 1140 Saddle, 267–270, 305 flats, 26, 144, 1726 blanket bog, 270 floodplain, 1944 raised bog (“Sattel Hochmoor”), 268 gradient, 335, 761, 849, 1104, 1736, 1740 Saemangeum estuarine system (SES), 13, 50, grasslands, 1230, 1237 406 groundwater, 22, 153, 1175, 1176, civil society opposition, 409 1180, 1400 human use, 407–408 inland waters, 173 location, 406–407 intrusion, 238, 1035, 1952 opposition history, 409 lagoons, 827, 1002, 1013, 1108, 1911 Index of Keywords 2117

lakes, 144, 145, 148, 149, 152, 153, 1365, S. caroliniana, 718 1368, 1660, 1768–1770, 1772, 1888 S. cinerea, 915, 1029, 1986 land drainage, 349 S. fragilis, 915 marshes, 278, 1539, 1546, 1728, 1736 S. glauca, 1537, 1538 mudﬂats, 1237, 1739 S. humboldtiana, 791, 816 pan, 145, 1395 S. nigra, 581 pastures, 826 S. repens, 1072 ponds, 1180, 1181 S. reptans, 285 pools, 488 S. triandra, 952 reedbeds, 961 Salminus brasiliensis, 790, 817 soils, 58, 61, 149, 851, 916, 960, 1105, Salmo 1237, 1470 S. salar, 138, 633, 928, 989, 1002, 1052 swamps, 2008 S. trutta, 939, 1002 tides, 1032 S. trutta caspius, 939, 953 tolerant algae, 1180, 1181 Salmon, 46, 118, 138, 165, 547, 561, 569, 617, waters, 37, 147, 157, 160, 162, 228, 462, 633, 634, 641–643, 928, 930, 939, 481, 641, 998, 1021, 1117, 1174, 989, 1002, 1052, 1053, 1444, 1447, 1182, 1638, 1932, 1933, 1937, 1945 1455, 1491, 1519, 1600 wetlands (see Indian arid zone) Salmonid, 119, 566, 569, 926, 939, 1444, 1455 Salinisation, 151, 152, 220, 221, 353, 361, 916, Salsola, 1728 1133, 1258, 1468, 1586, 1701, 1721, S. inermis, 1189 1783, 1891, 1892, 1917 Salt industry, 1729, 1730 Salinity, 6, 7, 20, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 56, 61, 65, Salt lakes, 1190, 1728, 1730, 1731, 1922, 1924 66, 89, 99, 105, 106, 131, 133, 144, biota, 149–150 146, 148, 149, 151–153, 157, 165, continental basis, distribution, 147 335, 350, 400, 401, 462, 481, 571, deﬁned, 6, 144 623, 638, 647, 733, 748, 761, ecological features, 148–149 763–767, 769, 789, 828, 829, ecosystem services, 153 848–850, 858, 859, 949, 954, 974, global distribution, 145–147 1002, 1081, 1082, 1091, 1092, hypersaline lakes, 145 1103–1105, 1107, 1109, 1116–1119, south-western Australia, 145 1140, 1175, 1176, 1180, 1256, 1335, Tanzania, 144 1365, 1366, 1377, 1390, 1402, 1467, threats and future aspects, 151–153 1663, 1666, 1678, 1688, 1693, 1694, Salt marshes, 22, 26, 44, 48, 49, 52, 56, 61, 64, 1720, 1726, 1729, 1730, 1736, 1737, 67, 68, 78, 81, 107, 156, 170, 232, 1740, 1746, 1804, 1823, 1879, 1888, 407, 452–453, 481, 482, 510, 546, 1891, 1911, 1914–1917, 1931, 561, 568, 622, 629, 631, 634, 833, 1933–1937 967, 984, 988, 989, 994, 1006, 1105, biogeochemical processes, 167 1116–1118, 1130, 1140, 1142, 1189, Bombah Broadwater, 1932 1190, 1410, 1543, 1577, 1582, 1666, CGSM system, 762 1721, 1768–1770, 1772, 1838 lagoon, 976, 981 animal diversity, 1082–1084 structure, 40 Bay of Fundy, 622, 629–631, 634 sugar cane drainage water, 1678 for birds, 1190 wetland ecosystems, 1104 Boundary Bay, 570 Salix, 160, 161, 164, 300, 518, 524, 545, 560, British estuaries, 1001 612, 816, 1043, 1072, 1144, 1598, communities, 1001 1708, 1980, 1985 estuarine marshes, 57 S. alba, 915, 916, 952, 1144, 1640 Fraser Delta, 570 S. arctica, 1539 functions, 1082–1086 S. arctophila,511 geomorphology, 1080–1081 S. aurita, 915 Great Barrier Reef, 452–453 S. berberifolia, 1539 harvest mouse, 641, 643 2118 Index of Keywords

Salt marshes (cont.) San Francisco bay joint venture (SFBJV), 645, hydrology, 1080–1081 646, 648 loss, 60 Sanguisorba officinalis, 1538 marine transgression, 58 Sanionia uncinata, 284 Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, 1080, 1082, 1084 Sanjiang Plain, 13 plant communities, 988 Amur-Heilong River, 1510–1512 plant diversity, 1081–1082 conservation projects, 1519 primary production, 1081–1082 conservation status, 1517–1518 San Francisco Bay Estuary, 638, 641, 643 fauna species, 1514 soils, 63 future aspects, 1518–1520 structure, 1081–1082 geographical map, 1511, 1512 tidal, 62, 63, 638 geographic features, 1511 US west coast, 64 habitat types, 1510 vegetation diversity, 963 hydrologic features, 1511 woody vegetation, 62 middle Amur River, 1513 Salt Range Basin, 1700, 1701 new protected areas, 1519 Salt wedge, 41, 46, Ramsar sites, 1517 570–571, 849 research and planning, 1518–1519 estuary, 40, 45, 46 threats, 1514–1516 Salvadora, 1730 transboundary conservation, 1519–1520 S. persica, 206 transboundary floodplains, 1497 Salvelinus Ussuri-Wusuli River, 1510–1513 S. alpinus, 1448 wetland vegetation, 1513–1514 S. jakuticus, 1454 wildlife, 366 S. malma, 561 San Joaquin valley, 698, 701 Salvinia Sanmenxia Reservoir wetland, 1581, 1582 S. cucullata, 1746, 1815 Santiria griffithii, 1834 S. molesta, 218, 220, 384, 1237, 1357, Sarcocornetea fruticosi, 1144 1409, 1952 Sarcocornia, 61, 1116 S. natans, 914, 952, 1746 S. fruticosa, 1117 Sambhar lake, 1728, 1730 S. pacifica, 641 Sampling method, 233, 433, 452, 978, 1091, S. perennis, 1117 1309, 1312, 1324, 1335, 1337 Sardina, 1083 Sand dredging, 1570, 1571 Sardinella, 1336 Sand dunes, 262, 559, 888, 1001, 1013, 1017, Sargassum, 1336 1399, 1425, 1447, 1459, 1590, 1618, Sarkidiornis melanotos, 1796 1627, 1628, 1805, 1911 Sarobetsu marsh, 1601 Sander Sarotherodon melanotheron, 1322 S. canadensis, 597 Sarracenia S. vitreus, 553 S. purpurea, 612 San Francisco Bay Estuary (SFBE), 10, 639 S. rubra, 674 biodiversity, 641–643 Sarus crane, 1513, 1716, 1729, 1776, 1779, conservation status, 645–646 1796, 1806, 1807, 1946 defined, 638–640 Satellite wetlands, 1619, 1655, 1660, 1662, ecosystem services, 643–645 1665, 1666, 1668–1669, 1671, 1672 fisheries, 645 Satyrium crassicaule, 1313 future aspects, 647–648 Saundersilarus saundersi, 1584 location, 638 Saussurea gossipiphora, 1609 rainfall, 638 Savanna swamps, 206–207 salinity, 638 Sawgrass, 706, 710, 714, 715, 717–719 sediment, 640 Scapharca inaequivalvis, 918 threats, 647 Scaphiopus holbrookii, 658 water depth, 640 Scardinius erythrophthalmus, 953 Index of Keywords 2119

Scenedesmus, 1936 Scotopelia peli, 1345 Schenoplectus californicus, 791 Scutellaria Scheuchzeria palustris, 1537, 1540 S. altissima, 916 Schizachyrium brevifolium, 206 S. galericulata, 1171 Schizodon borelli, 817 Scylla serrata, 1228 Schizothorax, 1708, 1715 Seabirds, 366, 392–395, 626, 843, 1131, 1326, S. curvifrons, 1708 1328, 1870, 1996, 2008, 2012, 2016, S. esocinus, 1708 2017, 2019–2022 S. longipinus, 1708 colonies, 393, 395 S. micropogon, 1708 Sea couch grass, 964, 1084, 1085 S. niger, 1708 Seagrass(es), 7, 8, 10, 29, 30, 438, 442, 443, S. progastus, 1715 451–452, 505, 1592, 1593, 1876, S. richardsonii, 1708 1877, 1879–1882, 1969, 1970, 1972, Schoemus antarcticus, 876 1974 Schoenoplectus, 159, 161, 163, 164, 607, 1666 areas, 74, 79, 80, 86, 87, 89, 90, 442, 501, S. californicus, 791, 816 502, 845, 1878, 1881, 1971–1972 S. giganteus, 164 beds, 74, 78, 87, 323, 442, 448, 498, S. litoralis, 1130, 1668 841–843, 846, 1320, 1323, 1325, Schoenus 1593, 1877–1882, 2007, 2019 S. brevifolius, 1994, 1995 biodiversity, 85, 443 S. ferrugineous, 290, 292 biology, 78, 80, 85, 443 S. nigricans, 256, 1045 bioregions, 75–76 Schwingmoor, 252–254, 263, 264 communities, 442, 1878 raised bog, 266–267 conservation, 1971 Scirpo-cotuletum coronopifoliae, 833 decline, 82, 89, 443, 496, 1595, 1880 Scirpus, 204, 517, 552, 641, 1104, 1728 degradation, 85, 438 S. californicus, 205, 777, 851 description, 74, 1876 S. confervoides, 1859 detrital food web, 87 S. ﬂuviatilis, 1524 diversity, 80–82 S. giganteus, 205, 211, 816 ecological value, 76, 1971 S. grossus, 1746 ecosystem services, 85–88 S. inclinatus, 205 extraction, 443 S. lacustris, 915, 1447 families, 75–76 S. maritimus, 149, 963–965, 1117, 1130, fauna, 442 1679, 1680 global distribution, 79–82 S. paludosus, 569 Halophila australis,77 S. radicans, 915 improvements, 501 S. tabernaemontani, 1524 Korean coastal areas Sciurus distribution, 1591 S. anomalus, 1192 growth, 1593 S. carolinensis, 675 habitat, 1590–1593 S. vulgaris, 1106 species, 1590 Scleria, 1834 threats, 1593–1595 Sclerocarya birrea, 1272 water temperature, 1593 Scleropages formosus, 1845, 1860, 1863 leaf reddening phenomenon, 82, 85 Scoliopteryx, 338 losses, 79, 83, 84, 89, 442, 1879 Scolopax rusticola, 1610, 1621 meadows, 13, 74, 87, 90, 439, 441–443, Scomberomorus 841, 843, 845, 1876, 1878–1881 S. brasiliensis, 763 in Australia, 453 S. tritor, 1336 Great Barrier Reef, 448 Scophthalmus rhombus, 1083 Malaysian, 1882 Scopus umbretta, 192, 1385 mapped extent, 450 Scotland, see Flow Country, northern Scotland Merambong-Tanjung, 1882 2120 Index of Keywords

Seagrass(es) (cont.) SeagrassNet monitoring project, 1973 Northeastern Australia, 1968–1974 Seagrass-Watch program, 1973 seascape forming, 440 Sea-level rise (SLR), 7, 12, 38, 53, 65, 105, 106, Southeast Asia, 438 156, 349, 367, 502, 623, 647, 648, Sungai Pulai estuary, 1879 675, 706, 714, 755, 952, 955, 956, monitoring, 845 987, 1034, 1109, 1133, 1146, 1253, organic biomass, 78, 80, 85 1258, 1718, 1749, 1783, 1937, 2013 photosynthesis, 88, 89 accelerated, 676 Phyllospadix japonicus,88 in Bay of Bengal, 1721 plants, 89 Camargue, 1109 populations, 80 Caspian, 949 protection, 498 climate change, 220–221, 349, 1109, 1808, recovery, 84, 89, 495–505 1809, 1957 restoration, 89, 503 coastal dunes, 1104 root-rhizome structure, 87 coastal plain subsidence, 65 in Southeast Asia, 438 coastal wetlands, 68 challenges, 443 Ebro River, 1120 coral reef conservation, 441 estuarine marshes, 58, 454, 502, 647 destructive fishing, 442 eustatic, 67 extraction, 443 Everglades, 706, 714 fisheries and food security, 438–441 global warming, 167, 1035 mining, 442 mangrove ecosystems, 105, 106 overfishing, 441–442 Mekong Delta, 1783 stakeholder engagement, 441 negative relative, 68 in Southeastern Brazil post-glacial, 1322 beds, 841, 842 relative, 67, 675, 1120 biology, 842–845 salinization, 221 conservations, 845 saltmarsh with, 454 ecology, 842–845 San Francisco Bay Estuary, 647, 648 geographical regions, 840 Takuu Atoll, Papua New Guinea, 2015 locations, 840 Tampa Bay, 501 model of species interactions, 843–845 tidal freshwater wetlands, 156, 167 oceanographic regions, 840 tropical freshwater swamps, 220 paddle grass, 842 Seals, 149, 530, 569, 570, 629, 692, 993–995, predators, 843 1015, 1094, 1175, 1180, 1320, 1328, seasonal changes, 842–843 1443, 1444, 1481, 1629, 1630, 1632, sexual reproduction, 842 1757, 1870, 2020 shoal grass, 842 Sea mammals, 993, 1871 species and distribution, 840–842 Seasonal flood pulse, 1401, 1405–1406 threats, 845–846 Seasonally flooded palustrine emergents, 581, widgeon grass, 842 700 species, 75–76, 79–82, 85, 89, 840–842, Seasonal pools/ponds, 22, 26, 652–664, 1133 1323, 1590, 1595, 1877, 1880 Seasonal wetland, 110, 584, 585, 645, 681, 682, in coastal waters of Korea, 1592, 1593 685, 698, 700–702, 825, 1219, 1262, Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, 1265, 1284, 1434, 1729, 1730 1970, 1971 Sea turtles, 66, 74, 80, 85, 87, 584, 1325–1326, Halophila, 76, 1970 1338, 1339, 1737, 1739, 1747, 1870, International Union for the Conservation 1877, 1969, 2012, 2019, 2020 of Nature (IUCN), 78 Secchi disk depth, 498, 500 taxonomic groups, 86 Securinegion tinctoriae, 1144 threats and challenges, 88–90 Sedges, 173, 191, 192, 205, 206, 228, 258, 279, volumes, 78 284, 285, 290, 432, 517–519, 523, Zostera marina, 76, 77, 81, 82, 88, 89 525, 560, 561, 581, 586, 612, 735, Index of Keywords 2121

791, 805, 1026, 1029, 1032, 1068, 735, 739, 740, 750, 752, 754, 758, 1069, 1074, 1117, 1151, 1156, 1221, 761, 763, 780, 789–791, 808, 829, 1223, 1236, 1302, 1316, 1402, 1406, 842, 848, 849, 853, 869, 876, 888, 1418, 1426, 1427, 1460, 1465, 1467, 890, 905, 907, 912–914, 920, 937, 1513, 1526, 1534, 1535, 1540–1542, 938, 974, 986–988, 1032, 1060, 1544, 1545, 1569, 1598, 1609, 1627, 1070, 1071, 1081, 1102, 1104, 1109, 1639, 1728, 1736, 1746, 1834, 1945 1114, 1117–1120, 1129, 1138, 1139, Aelurops lagopoides, 1728 1150–1152, 1156, 1175, 1204, 1209, alkaline swamps, 1386 1247, 1252, 1258, 1288, 1291, 1298, beds, 961, 1856 1315, 1316, 1322, 1323, 1334, 1336, Carex aquatilis, 546, 1072 1345, 1353, 1366, 1367, 1384, Carex flacca, 1072 1387–1389, 1399–1401, 1406, 1409, Carex hostiana, 1072 1410, 1426, 1428, 1441, 1443, 1465, Carex lyngbyei, 569 1479, 1484, 1503, 1527, 1529, 1557, Carex panicea, 1072 1561, 1576, 1577, 1580, 1587, 1590, Carex spp., 524, 1556 1595, 1627, 1630, 1664, 1682, 1687, Cladium mariscus, 1427 1688, 1699, 1702, 1709, 1713, 1716, Cyperus haspan, 206 1718, 1720, 1734–1736, 1740, 1744, Cyperus latifolius, 1248 1746, 1748, 1749, 1781, 1805, 1810, Cyperus papyrus, 170, 184 1856, 1862, 1869, 1879, 1880, 1904, Eriophorum angustifolium, 546 1910, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1925, 1933, estuarine marshes, 569 1934, 1937, 1947, 1948, 1960, 1961, fens, 1428, 1534, 1535, 1541–1543 1963–1965, 1985, 1986, 2014 Fimbristylis longiculmis, 1427 accumulation, 85 flooded/semi-flooded, 828 acid-potential, 1917 Hypolytrum capitulatum, 1844 alluvial, 21, 254, 265, 1804 Machaerina teretifolia, 1994, 1995 anaerobic bottom, 483 macrofossils, 1543 anoxic, 78 marshes, 1445, 1525, 1556 Bad River, 432 meadows, 430 Bombah Broadwater, 1936 Mfabeni, 1428 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 758 mud, 1046 clay, 610 peat, 1311 colluvial, 1061 Schoenus brevifolius, 1994, 1995 Copper River, 559 Scirpus confervoides, 1859 Danube River, 912 seasonal floodplains, 1398 deficit, 1120 slender-tufted sedge, 951 deposition, 799, 803, 809, 1129, 1210, social/ceremonial uses, 1263 1264, 1297, 1417, 1582, 1583, 1585, species, 1980 1623 swamps, 952 Ebro River, 1120 vegetation, 1264 fine-textured mineral, 282 Sediments, 7, 8, 38, 43–45, 47–51, 56, 58, fluvial, 1726 64–66, 68, 74, 83, 87–90, 100, 101, Fraser Delta, 567 105–107, 110, 115, 117, 126, 133, glacial, 559 135, 138, 149, 152, 157, 159, 166, land-use change, 138 167, 178, 210, 218, 256, 279, 285, marine, 52 347, 348, 350, 364, 366, 392, 394, Mekong, 1767 398, 400, 407, 451, 456, 457, 473, mineral soil, 246 476, 530, 532, 538, 553, 559, 561, muddy, 162, 1935, 1969 567, 568, 570, 572, 594, 622, 625, nonconsolidated, 333, 334, 346 626, 629, 630, 634, 641, 644, 646, nutrients and, 201, 428, 432–434 647, 655, 660, 661, 673, 683, 684, organic matter in, 776 693, 694, 712, 714, 721, 731, 734, Paraná River, 848 2122 Index of Keywords

Sediments (cont.) Settlement, 45, 50, 60, 62, 64, 105, 110, 117, phosphorus in, 776 161, 193, 321, 326, 363, 366, 419, playa basin, 693 422, 431–433, 452, 462, 531, 532, Polje, 1060 534, 548, 578, 608, 669, 681, 684, River-deposited, 599 685, 768, 802, 808, 824, 901, 906, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 640 914, 917, 1060, 1192, 1210, 1265, seagrass meadows, 1878 1274, 1295, 1309, 1310, 1323, 1346, SFBE, 640 1358, 1371, 1374, 1389, 1390, 1445, soils, 511, 719 1469, 1472, 1473, 1503, 1504, 1507, sulfidic, 1915 1687, 1690, 1699, 1706, 1709, 1717, unvegetated wetlands, 30, 59 1718, 1748, 1802, 1804, 1844, 1861, Volga River, 937 1913, 1914, 1931, 1982, 1988, 1994, Wadden Sea, 986–987 1998 The Wash, 1013 Seyfe Lake, see Lake(s), Seyfe Yellow River, 1585 Shadegan Wetland, Iran Sefid Rood, 1626–1631 conservation status, 1681 Sefid Rud Delta, 1627, 1628, 1631 ecological attributes and functions, Sefid Rud River, 1626, 1627 1678–1681 Seiche, 431, 551, 593, 594, 606 ecosystem services, 1681–1682 Selenarctos thibetanus laniger, 1609 future challenges and developments, Sembilang National Park, 13, 1820, 1832, 1837 1682–1683 biodiversity, 1824–1826 geography, 1676 conservation status, 1826–1827 hydrology, 1676–1678 future aspects, 1827–1828 location, 1676 hydrology, 1820–1822 threats, 1682 location, 1821 Shallow open waters, boreal wetlands, 525, peat carbon stock, 1823 526, 529, 537, 606, 608, 1235 threats, 1827 Shallow peatlands, 277–279 topography, 1821 Shilluk communities, Sudd region, 1304 wetland ecosystems, 1822–1823 Shire River, 1218, 1220, 1221, 1226 Semelai orang asli, 1852, 1861, 1862 Shishig-gol valley, 1541 Semi-permanent and permanent wetlands, 113, Shoal grass, see Halodule wrightii 350, 681, 682, 700, 701, 1262, 1263, Shorea, 240 1281, 1944 S. albida, 1757 Semi-permanently flooded palustrine S. balangeran, 203, 208, 219, 1757 emergents, 655, 700 S. platycarpa, 1834 Semnopithecus cristatus, 1779 S. teysmanniana, 1757, 1834 Senecio paludosa, 159 S. uliginosa, 1834 Senilia, 1325 Shorebirds, 44, 51, 64, 133, 150, 377, 407, 533, S. senilis, 1324, 1325, 1336 544, 547, 552, 561, 568–571, 583, Senna reticulata, 207 585, 630, 631, 633, 641, 645, 647, Sentinel wetland ecosystem, 706 692, 693, 805, 867–868, 870, 970, Serinus 1002, 1320, 1324, 1328, 1480, 1481, S. citrinelloides, 1385 1561, 1569, 1628, 1643, 1870, 1911, S. koliensis, 192 1925, 1955 Sesbania, 200 Bahía Lomas, 867–868 S. javanica, 205, 1774 Bay of Fundy, 630 Sesheke Maramba Floodplain, 1220, 1222 breeding, 965, 966, 980 Sesuvium,61 Copper River Delta, 562 S. portulacastrum, 766, 1728 East Asian–Australasian Flyway, 1870 Setaria, 1236, 1302 Lake Eyre, 1925 S. incrassate, 1272 migration, 45, 47, 408 Setophaga striata, 547 Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 584 Index of Keywords 2123

populations, 50, 378–380, 1867 Rift Valley, 153, 1383 Saemangeum Estuarine System, 408–409 threats and challenges, 1389 Saemangeum Shorebird Monitoring Soft-shore communities, 1002 Program, 409–410 Soil(s), 20, 58, 61, 63, 67, 94, 103, 117, 132, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 642 149, 163, 170, 173, 187, 188, 242, Short grass-dominated saltmarshes, 966 310, 430, 462, 471, 481, 523, 525, Short Pocosin peatlands, 671–674 528–530, 534, 536, 546, 559, 566, Shrub-dominated wetlands, 1445 610, 654, 657, 668, 673, 685, 686, Shrubland swamps, 205–206 690, 692, 712, 731, 732, 738, 765, Shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, 914, 916 766, 782, 802, 825, 851, 878, 916, Sian Ka’an, 324 926, 1070, 1074, 1105, 1116, 1236, Siberia, 161, 319, 516, 1002, 1047, 1479, 1480, 1272, 1294, 1323, 1396, 1433, 1460, 1482, 1515, 1688, 1747 1468, 1470, 1516, 1525, 1533, 1547, Siberian crane, 953, 1444, 1448, 1471–1476, 1598, 1693, 1848, 1862, 1894, 1948, 1481, 1524, 1525, 1559, 1561, 1566, 1960, 1995, 2009, 2017 1569–1571, 1584, 1626, 1631, 1636, acidification, 1804 1641–1645 acid sulfate, 103, 353, 354, 1795, 1804, Siberian salamanders, Kushiro marsh, 1599 1837, 1838, 1949 Siberian sturgeon, 1444, 1447, 1448, 1455, agricultural, 566 1474, 1475, 1480, 1481 archaic peat, 250 Sibiloi/Koobi Fora protected area, 1370 biodiversity, 230, 1894 Siderastrea,86 chemical properties, 879 Siebenrockiella crassicollis, 1845, 1860 clay, 163, 608, 673, 926, 1302, 1687 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), compaction, boreal wetlands, 534 760–762 conditions, 61, 157, 851, 1795 Silene thymifolia, 916 conservation, 1264 Silurus degradation, 1433 S. asotus, 1502 deposits, 529, 536 S. glanis, 953, 1109 drainage, 836, 1838 S. triostegus, 1690 dunes, 690 Simocephalus, 1357 environments, 1314 Sinkholes, 253, 314, 323, 335 erosion, 89, 107, 138, 434, 451, 739, 880, Sipunculus,86 956, 1297, 1359, 1389, 1546, 1598, Sirenia artiodactyla, 1955 1600, 1612, 1862 Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 1049, evaporation, 1701 1051 fens, 510 Sitka Spruce, 560 fertile, 573, 1397, 1729, 1744, 1802, 1904 Sium fertility, 728, 738, 1264, 1720 S. latifolium, 1027 floodplain, 1955 S. suave, 1524 formation, 62, 1294 Skallingen peninsula, 984, 986, 988, 989 humidity, 1140 Sloping and spring highland fens, 1544 hydric organic, 187 Small ruminant husbandry, 1194 inorganic, 1169, 1445 Smart rivers, 927 layers, 229, 272, 279, 343, 693, 1470, 1534 Snowmelt patterned mixed mires, 261 leached, 415 Sobat River, 185, 1247 marshes, 1019 Socio-ecological conflicts, 361, 777–778, 780 mineral content, 671 Soda lakes, 11, 12, 146, 1383 mineral soils, 21, 173, 200–221, 229, 246, Bogoria, 1384–1385 279, 280, 282, 290, 517, 519, 525, Elementeita, 1387 529, 671, 672, 674, 1433, 1533, fish of East Africa, 150 1822, 1834, 1843, 1856 Magadi, 1388–1389 mineral wetlands, 525 Nakuru, 1385–1387 mobilization, 138 2124 Index of Keywords

Soil(s) (cont.) Sorghum, 1302 moisture, 187, 350, 352, 353, 400, 530, S. sudanense, 1294 1236, 1291, 1961, 1964 S. sudanica, 1302 nitrogen, 516 Sorubium lima, 763 non-peat, 246 Sotalia fluviatilis, 735 nutrient-poor, 391, 511 Sousa, 1747 nutrients, 99, 669, 671, 673, 715, 734 S. chinensis, 1825 organic, 63, 187, 242, 272, 279, 285, 671, S. plumbea, 1680 698, 825, 1160, 1161, 1169, 1414 S. teuszii, 1328, 1338 organic carbon, 476, 684 South East Asia, 9, 13, 131, 319, 322, 324, organic matter, 66, 1586 1611, 1824 oxidation, 1433 South-Eastern Anatolian Project, 1692 peat, 208, 246–250, 415, 422, 471, 525, Southern Africa, 186, 370, 1218, 1234, 546, 675, 1019, 1025, 1052, 1171, 1393–1410, 1414, 1418, 1420, 1424, 1433, 1533, 1538, 1816, 1837, 1843, 1992 1856, 1989 Southern and western Arabian Gulf coast, 1174 pH, 1804 Sabkha landforms, 1176–1179 physical compaction, 534 sustainable saline agro-systems, 1180–1181 potential acid sulfate, 1838 Southern Barotse floodplain, 1222 properties, 360 South Florida Water Management District quality, 685 (SFWMD), 707, 711 saline-alkaline, 1730 South Sudan, 201, 202, 210, 216, 220, 1246, 1262 salinity, 764, 949, 1116–1118, 1140, 1467, Bahr el Ghazal, 1269–1276 1693 Machar Marshes, 1279–1286 salinization, 1258, 1468, 1586, 1701 Nile River, 171, 185, 200, 1270–1276 sandy/loamy, 279 Sudd, 189, 1265, 1299–1305 saturation, 61, 361 South-to-North Water Diversion Project, 1586 sediments, 246, 350, 719 Spalax storage capacity, 674 S. giganteus, 953 structure, 1074, 1693, 1985 S. leucodon, 1192 transportation, 364, 400 Sparganium, 510, 612 types, 99, 246, 528, 681, 715, 1302, 1469, S. erectum, 949, 1190, 1639 1486, 1795, 1960 S. hyperboreum,511 volume, 1236 Spartina, 61, 64, 573, 631, 851, 963, 969 wet/damp, 510 S. alterniflora, 26, 49, 52, 57, 58, 384, 630, Solanum, 1313 631, 969 S. dulcamara, 915 S. alterniflora x maritime, 988 Solea solea, 1016, 1083 S. anglica, 969, 970, 1082 Solidago S. foliosa, 641 S. canadensis, 570 S. maritima, 969, 1323 S. verna, 674 S. patens, 57, 67, 630 Solifluction, 510 S. townsendii, 1001 Soligenous, 252, 254–258, 519 Sparus auratus, 1104 Somateria Spatial data, 111, 1363 S. mollissima, 394, 1091 Special Area for Conservation (SAC), 981, S. mollissima borealis, 394 1051, 1052, 1143, 1717, 1728 Sonneratia Special Protection Areas (SPA), 975, 976, 981, S. alba, 1237, 1823, 2008 1004, 1017, 1094–1095, 1118, 1132, S. apetala, 1729 1143 S. caseolaris, 1823 Species composition, 101, 106, 167, 176, 510, S. griffithii, 1737 660, 767, 768, 988, 1105, 1107, S. ovata, 1823 1302, 1330, 1459, 1535, 1561, 1595, Sorbus, 300, 1029, 1043 1757, 1859, 1953 Index of Keywords 2125

Spergularia, 851 Spirlinus, 1190 S. media, 964 Spirochaeta Spermatophyta, 804 S. africana, 1389 Spermophilus citellus, 1142 S. alkalica, 1389 Sphaenorhynchus spp., 735 S. asiatica, 1389 Sphaeroma quoyanum,64 Spirulina, 150, 153, 1728 Sphaerophorus globosus, 279 Spisula subtruncata, 1094 Sphagniana sphagnorum, 533 Spizaetus nanus, 1835 Sphagnum, 21, 26, 218, 228, 234–236, 247, Spondianthus, 207 256, 258–260, 263–265, 271, 279, Sporadanthus, 1980, 1985, 1993, 1994 280, 282, 284, 285, 291, 310, S. ferrugineus, 1981, 1992–1996, 1998, 1999 517–519, 523, 524, 532, 533, 546, S. traversii, 1992, 1993, 1995–1998 612, 831, 876, 877, 879, 1044, 1045, Sporobolum virginicus, 766 1158, 1159, 1163, 1311, 1313, 1314, Sporobolus,61 1418, 1537, 1598, 1980, 1992–1994 S. ioclados, 1385 bog, 247, 291, 877, 879, 1992 S. pyramidalis, 1302 bog moss, 247, 291 S. spicatus, 1368, 1385, 1386 distribution, 236 Sporophila palustris, 817 peats, 234, 280, 284, 532, 533, 879, 1159, Sprattus, 1083 1311, 1418 Spring(s), 53, 67, 110, 119, 121, 254, 327, 364, S. angustifolium, 284, 517, 518 434, 472, 478, 551, 562, 570, 580, S. auriculatum, 1045, 1046, 1160 602, 641, 643, 647, 652, 653, S. australe, 1994, 1996 655–661, 674, 683, 700, 789, 901, S. balticum, 1537 912, 914–916, 918, 937, 940, 942, S. capillifolium, 291, 517, 1044 949, 956, 966, 980, 990, 1035, S. cristatum, 1994–1996, 1999 1061–1063, 1073, 1080, 1081, 1092, S. cuspidatum, 517, 1044, 1045, 1313 1102, 1104, 1105, 1124, 1128, 1142, S. eriophorum vaginatum, 1045 1170, 1171, 1255, 1312, 1322, 1324, S. falcatulum, 1996 1327, 1330, 1384, 1426, 1441, 1442, S. fallax, 264, 291, 518 1452, 1454, 1459, 1472–1475, 1479, S. fimbriatum, 284 1502, 1511, 1526, 1528, 1535–1536, S. flexuosum, 571, 1537, 1540 1544, 1545, 1568, 1571, 1580, 1593, S. fuscum, 261, 282, 517, 1045 1612, 1627, 1630, 1638, 1641, 1662, S. girgensohnii, 284 1672, 1679, 1683, 1686, 1688, 1706, S. jensenii, 518 1903, 1934, 1936, 1960 S. lindbergii, 284 and blanket bogs, 1545 S. magellanicum, 291, 517, 518, 877 fens, 256, 1535–1539, 1543–1545 S. majus, 518 mire, 254, 256–258, 290, 292, 1426 S. novo-zelandicum, 1994 Peace River, 551 S. papillosum, 256, 1044, 1045 periods, 45 S. perichaetiale, 1313 surface water storage and flows, 683 S. riparium, 518 tides, 41, 98, 159, 407, 1035, 1080, 1081, S. skyense, 1045 1322, 1330, 1334, 1335 S. squarrosum, 284 Spur, 267–268, 270, 305, 1080, 1504, 1748 S. subsecundum, 1537 blanket bog, 270 S. tenellum, 256 Squatina guggenheim, 850 S. teres, 518 Stachys S. warnstorfii, 284, 518 S. maritima, 916, 917 Sphyrna, 1325 S. palustris, 915, 952 Spider population, 1082 Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi, 323 Spilanthes, 1313 Stellaria Spiophanes spp., 630 S. aquatica, 915 Spiranthes sinensis, 1816 S. humifusa, 510 2126 Index of Keywords

Stemonurus, 208 Stygobitic (aquatic cave-adapted) species, Stenella attenuate, 1747 322, 323 Stenocaulon kleinii, 205 Stygofauna, 348, 351, 1961 Stenochlaena palustris, 205, 1815, 1848 Suaeda, 61, 1117 Stenodus S. confusa, 951 S. leucichthys, 1444 S. fruticosa, 1001, 1728 S. leucichthys leucichthys, 953 S. glauca, 1525 Stenogobius mekongensis, 1806 S. japonica, 407 Steppe, 824, 827, 828, 876, 916, 934, 937, 938, S. maritima, 916, 1082, 1083 948, 954, 957, 1130, 1188–1190, S. vera, 965 1192, 1255, 1446, 1448, 1467–1469, Submerged aquatic plants, 641, 1237, 1569, 1652 1480, 1492, 1493, 1500–1507, 1510, Zhalong marsh, 1524 1524, 1532, 1534–1540, 1542–1544, Submerged marine flowering plants, 74 1547 Subsidence, 41, 65–67, 238, 311, 352–354, Sterculia apetala, 765 421, 422, 536, 690, 698, 1060, 1109, Sterna 1120, 1138, 1151, 1153, 1163, 1170, S. albifrons, 905, 1141, 1142 1255, 1258, 1400, 1715, 1759, 1786, S. aurantia, 1779 1822, 1837 S. bernsteini, 1870 Subsistence cultivation, 1433 S. dougallii, 633 Subsurface conduits, 363 S. forsteri, 596 Subterranean (hypogean) habitats S. hirundo, 851, 1030, 1142 caves, 332–334 S. maxim, 1324 classification, 332 S. nilotica, 1141, 1142, 1192 composition, 336–337 S. paradisaea, 394, 980 Dinaric Karst, 338–342 S. sandvicensis, 1142 environment, 334–335 Sternula future aspects, 342–343 S. albifrons, 1338, 1912 inhabitants, 335–336 S. antillarum athalassos, 584 interstitial, 332–334 S. caspia, 1338 karst, 332–334 S. hirundo, 1338 karst hydrology, 316 S. maxima, 1338 threats, 342–343 S. nereis, 1912 Subtidal zone, 841, 1876 S. sandvicensis, 1338 definition, 47 Stictonetta naevosa, 1902 intertidal and, 1083 Stikine River, 559 Outer Bay, 626 Stipa, 938 Sudan Community Watershed Management S. borysthenica, 916 Project (SCWMP), 1296 S. capillata, 916 Sudan Wildlife Provisions Act of 2003, 1303 S. pulcherrima, 916 Suddia sagittifolia,211 Stizostedion Sudd, South Sudan, 12, 171, 185, 189, 200, S. lucioperca, 476, 953 201, 204, 206, 209–214, 216, 1244, S. vitreum, 612 1246, 1247, 1249, 1265, 1270–1272, Storage Treatment Areas, 707 1280, 1284, 1414, 1415 Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs), 712, 713 aquatic diversity, 1305 Stratiotes aloides, 914 biodiversity, 1302–1303 Stressors, 9, 82, 89, 138, 139, 361, 366, 434, conservation status, 1303 585, 594, 603, 607, 613, 755, 845, ecosystem services, 1304 1175, 1375, 1973 future aspects, 1304–1305 Stromateus brasiliensis, 850 hydrology, 1300 Strombus, 86, 2018 location, 1300 Struthio camelus, 1385 threats, 1304–1305 Sturnus vulgaris, 1083 wetland ecosystems, 1300–1302 Index of Keywords 2127

Sueda 1744, 1747, 1768, 1795, 1802, 1822, S. fruticosa, 1001 1824, 1844, 1853, 1856, 1889, 1901, S. maritima, 963 1945, 1946, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1985, Suisun Basin, 701 2007, 2008 Sumatra, 113, 203, 216, 1754, 1755, 1758, Amazonian permanent, 732 1820, 1823, 1826, 1827, 1832, boreal wetlands, 525 1835–1838, 1845 Central Africa, 207 Sumphonia, 206 communities, 1236–1237 Sumplands, 1960 Danau Sentarum National Park, 1843 Sundadanio spp., 1759 deepwater bald cypress–tupelo, 177 Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, 1739 defined, 6 Sundarban mangroves depressions, 1237 biodiversity, 1736–1737 ecosystems, 173, 1760, 1852 challenges, 1740 environment, 1754–1756 conservation status and management, floodplain, 172, 200, 203, 208, 209, 211, 1738–1739 1220 ecosystem services, 1737–1738 freshwater, 6, 30, 170–173, 175, 177–180, flora and fauna, diversity of, 1736 200–221, 326, 733, 1190, 1445, geological description, 1735–1736 1769, 1770, 1772, 1822, 1823, 1826, location, 1734–1735 1832, 1834–1836, 1985, 2011 mangrove-dependent people, 1738 grasses, 220, 1777 threats, 1739–1740 habitats, 1862 wetland types, 1736 herbaceous, 177, 204, 205, 214, 1577, 1578, Sundasalanx platyrhynchus, 1845 1824 Sungai Pulai estuary, 1879–1882 inland mangrove, 1237 Suo, 290 mangrove, 27, 57, 58, 114, 174, 246, 322, See also Swamps 758, 1718, 1744, 1777 Suq Al-Shuyukh, 1688–1691, 1693 meadow, 1577 Surface ditches, 363 mineral soil-based freshwater, 6 Surface-flow ‘flush,’, 258–259 mineral soils, 1433, 1834 Surface-flow spring mire/fen, 256–258 mud, 1982 Surface patterning, 230, 264, 268, 270, 271, papyrus, 170, 177, 213, 1227, 1235, 1237, 305, 306, 308, 524, 1043–1047 1247, 1418 Sus peat, 26, 201, 230, 234, 238–240, 264, 265, S. barbatus, 1826, 1836 269, 301, 1415, 1424, 1426, S. scrofa, 220, 1084, 1134, 1621, 1653, 1428–1432, 1434, 1753–1760, 1680, 1737, 1826, 1952 1768–1773, 1808, 1813–1817, 1820, Sustainable development, 178, 400, 492, 737, 1822, 1823, 1826, 1827, 1832, 1834, 767, 810, 1340, 1504 1836, 1837, 1843–1847, 1852, 1856, Sustainable wetland management, 1264 1862 Sutherland, 11, 253, 261, 297, 305, 1039–1054 pond cypress–black gum, 177 Swamps, 7, 20, 22, 27, 137, 157, 159, 160, 163, reed, 22, 170, 1221, 1226 165, 166, 170–180, 184–186, 189, restoration, 26 192, 200–221, 326, 473, 480, 525, shallow, 22, 1220, 1946 529, 531, 538, 671, 709, 728, 730, shrub, 177, 204, 609, 1445 734, 735, 738, 739, 750, 752, 789, South America, 207 791, 808, 827, 829, 938, 1138, 1188, Sudd, South Sudan, 1300 1201, 1203, 1204, 1219–1221, 1223, supratidal, 159 1226–1228, 1235, 1246, 1254, 1262, tree islands, 718–719 1270–1272, 1274, 1283, 1284, 1300, tropical, 192, 211, 213, 1414, 1423–1434 1301, 1303–1305, 1342, 1384, 1386, valley, 185, 186 1396, 1398, 1403, 1445, 1486, 1489, vegetation, 209, 211, 955, 1246, 1491, 1580, 1700, 1713, 1715, 1739, 1824, 1862 2128 Index of Keywords

Swamps (cont.) T. gibbus, 851 wetland type, 1979 T. plebeius, 844–845, 850 woody scrub, 1768–1770, 1772 Taiga-alas landscape, 13, 1463–1470 Swan coastal plain (SCP), 1960, 1961 Takuu Atoll, 2014, 2015 hydrological change, 1965 Tall-grass prairies, 681 sediments, 1960 Tall/low shrub, 545 Swertia multicaulis, 1609 Tall Pocosin peatlands, 671, 672 Sylvia Tamandua tetradactyla, 220 S. cantillans, 1337 Tamarix, 64, 1140, 1666, 1669, 1730 S. conspicillata, 1105 scrubland, 1140 Sylviidae, 939 T. gallica, 1106 Sylvilagus floridanus, 675 T. nilotica, 206 Symmeria paniculata, 207 T. ramosissima, 916, 951 Sympetrum sanguineum, 1073 Tampa Bay, 10, 89 Symphalangus syndactylus, 1825, 1835, 1860 blue carbon benefits, 502 Symphonia, 207 characteristics, 496 S. globulifera, 207 habitat modeling, 502 Symphytum historical loss and recovery stage, S. officinale, 164, 915 498–499 S. officinalis, 915 nutrient loading, 499–500 Sympterigia bonapartei, 850 pH conditions, 501 Synallaxis seagrass cover, 501 S. cinerascens, 851 seagrass loss, 83, 84 S. frontalis, 851 water quality and clarity, 500 Syncerus Tampa Bay Estuary Program (TBEP), 497–500, S. caffer, 1227, 1236, 1274, 1405 502, 504 S. caffer aequinoctialis, 1293 Tampa Bay Nitrogen Management Consortium Syncomistes butleri,211 (TBNMC), 498, 499, 503 Syringodium,74 Tansley, A. G., 290, 296, 298, 304, S. filiforme, 75, 81 305, 1049 S. isoetifolium, 75, 82, 1876, 1971 Tanymastrix stagnalis, 1071 Syzygium, 207, 1221, 1418, 1795, Tanzania, 130, 144, 186, 1218, 1341–1347, 1823, 1834 1414 S. claviflora, 205 Tapirus S. cordatum, 1427 T. bairdii, 324 S. cumini, 207, 1815 T. indicus, 236, 1826, 1835, 1860 S. maire, 1980 T. terrestris, 735 Taraxacum bessarabicum, 916 Tarchonanthus camphoratus, 1386 T Taro pits, 2009 Tabebuia barbata, 207 Tarpon atlanticus, 763 Tabernaemontana juruana, 207 Tasek Bera, 13, 26 Tachybaptus ruficollis, 1073, 1708 cultural heritage, 1861 Tachyglossus aculeatus, 1902 fauna, 1859 Tachyphonus rufus, 851 flora, 1859 Tachys, 1082 formation, 1856 Tadorna future challenges and developments, 1863 T. ferruginea, 1186, 1190, 1610, 1642, habitats, 1856–1859 1665, 1715 key species, 1860–1861 T. tadorna, 1003, 1016, 1030, 1141, 1142, land use, 1861–1862 1190, 1642, 1665 local history, 1861 T. variegata, 1981 location, 1852, 1853 Tagelus physical environment, 1853 T. adamsonii, 1336 site management, factors influencing, 1862 Index of Keywords 2129

Taurotragus Terai, 1612, 1713, 1715–1716 T. derbianus, 1387 Terminalia, 1385 T. oryx, 1227, 1238 T. cambodiana, 205, 208 Taxodium T. copelandii, 208 T. ascendens, 719 T. laxiflora, 1272 T. distichum, 164, 177, 581, Terrapene carolina yucatana, 323 668, 669 Terrestrializing fens, 1418 T. distichum var. nutans, 177 Tessaria integrifolia, 791 Tayassu Testudo graeca, 1142, 1190 T. pecari, 736, 750 Tetramerista glabra, 1834 T. tajacu, 220 Tetrao parvirostris, 1444 Tea plantation project, 1310 Tetraselmis, 1664 Tea-stained blackwater stream, 1756 Tetrax tetrax, 1628 Tectonic, 67, 126, 201, 332, 559, 622, 786, 828, Tevreden Pan, 1416 1186, 1387, 1445, 1713, 1715, 1735, Teysmanniodendron sarawakanum, 208 1744 Thais haemastoma, 845 Tectonic estuaries, 39 Thalasseus Tees estuary, 371, 375, 1004, 1005 T. maximus, 851 Teijsmanniodendron T. sandvicencis, 851 T. hollrungii, 1834 Thalassia T. pteropodum, 1834 T. hemprichii, 75, 82, 1876, 1970, 1971 Telespiza ultima, 2020 T. testudinum, 75, 80–82 Temperate riverine forests, 916 Thalassodendron Temperature, 38, 41, 44, 46, 67, 82, 89, 105, T. ciliatum, 75, 82, 1876, 1877, 117, 119, 132, 133, 138, 144, 146, 1970, 1971 153, 238, 266, 271, 281, 286, 298, T. pachyrhizum,75 335, 349, 391, 442, 457, 519, 531, Thalassornis leuconotus, 1354 559, 630, 647, 652, 655, 658, 660, Thaleichthys pacificus, 569 709, 748, 749, 774, 799, 827, 956, Thalia 1042, 1090, 1094, 1124, 1150, 1157, T. geniculata, 791 1163, 1168, 1211, 1254, 1281, 1293, T. multiflora, 791 1294, 1365, 1384, 1390, 1441, 1442, Thalictrum flavum, 951 1444, 1464, 1479, 1511, 1532, 1547, Thamnophis sirtalis, 612 1555, 1561, 1577, 1579, 1583, 1616, Thelypteris 1651, 1676, 1678, 1688, 1701, 1726, T. confluens, 1313 1767, 1782, 1871, 1899, 1926, 1948, T. palustris, 915 1954, 1960, 1988 T. striata, 191 air, 106, 476, 760, 799, 935, 947, 1114, Thermaikos Gulf, 1138, 1139, 1355, 1387, 1608, 1678 1142, 1145 mean annual temperature, 530, 536, 1293, Thermal corridor, 786 1442, 1503, 1994, 1995 Thermocyclops, 1357 ocean, 89 Thermo-isolation, 286 water, 119, 256, 434, 479, 614, 625, 640, Thermokarst, 545, 1443, 1454, 1458 655, 660, 739, 761, 1091, 1175, depression, 1466, 1468, 1469 1366, 1541, 1561, 1593, 1934 kettle hole peatlands, 284 Temporarily flooded marshes, 1105 lakes, 284, 1446, 1447, 1464–1466 Temporary marshes, 1127 ponds, 278–280, 283, 286 Temporary ponds, pools or waters, 652–654, Thespesia populnea, 1823 656, 657, 1071, 1124, 1127–1131, Thessaloniki, 1138, 1139, 1143, 1145 1133, 1445, 1946 Thinocorus rumicivorus, 867 Tenualosa ilisha, 1702, 1737 Thinornis rubricollis, 1912 Tepuales, 877, 878 Thoracostachyum, 1834 Tepualia, 829 T. sumatranum, 204 T. stipularis, 825, 878 Threatened seagrass, in Korea, 1593–1595 2130 Index of Keywords

Threatened species, 53, 164, 323, 325, 377, fauna, 165–166 455, 490, 817, 889, 953, 1071, 1073, flora, 163–165 1115, 1130, 1131, 1188, 1354, 1525, fresh water hydrology, 157 1558–1560, 1584, 1595, 1622, 1729, global warming and sea level rise, 167 1737, 1758, 1846, 1860, 1956, 2019, gradient water–land, 158–160 2020 human impacts, 160–161 amphibians and reptiles, 1190 physical and chemical processes, 162–163 biodiversity, 1628, 1787–1788, 1870 survival, 157 Bujagh National Park, 1629 in USA, 159 Dactylorhiza hatagirea, 1609 Tidal immersion mire, 254 ecosystem services, 1956 Tidal saltmarshes, 960, 1019, 1021 flooded forest areas, 1788 biodiversity, 961–966 Nardostachys grandiflora, 1609 conservation status, 966–968 Nardostachys scrophulariflora, 1609 geographic distribution, 960 Paraná River Delta, 817 threats and challenges, 968–971 Tasek Bera, 1860 Tidal wetlands, 56, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65–68, 156, threatened biota, 1894 158, 160, 164–166, 406, 407, 410, tidal freshwater wetlands, 164 502, 560, 638, 643, 646, 647, 668, waterbirds, 377 733, 816, 833, 1553, 1557 Yangtze River, 1158–1560 Tierra del Fuego, 268, 299, 301, 307, 830, 831, Three Gorges Dam, 1560, 1571 834, 866–868, 874, 876–878, 880, Threskiornis 1043 T. aethiopicus, 1109, 1238, 1338 Tiger reserve, 1738, 1739 T. melanocephalus, 213, 1444, 1525, 1787, Tilapia, 1863 1796, 1816, 1824, 1835 T. zillii, 1357 T. molucca, 1902, 1955 Tilia, 938 T. spinicollis, 1902, 1926 T. cordata, 916 Thrombolites, 148, 149 T. tomentosa, 916 Thryonomys, 1315 Tillandsia usneoides, 585 Thuja Timonius, 207 T. occidentalis, 612 T. salicifolius, 205 T. plicata, 571 Tinca tinca, 476, 953, 1480 Thylogale bruinii,211 Tindallia magadii, 1388 Thymallus Tipperne Reserve, 974–976, T. arcticus, 1448 978–981 T. grubii, 1502 Titanethes, 339 T. nigrescens, 1480 Tivela mactroides, 845 T. thymallus, 939 Tollund Man, 248 Thymus zygoides, 916 Tolypella, 1105 Tidal flats, 56, 406, 407, 410, 562, 569, 572, T. salina, 1104 829, 866–868, 1001, 1006, 1016, Tomenthypnum, 518 1019, 1324, 1325, 1338, 1556, 1590, Tomistoma schlegelii, 1825, 1835, 1845, 1860 1593, 1744 Tonle Sap Lake, 13, 205, 1808 biodiversity, 641 biodiversity, 1787 conservation status, 645, 994, 1955 conservation status, 1787 hydrology, 1335 damming (off-site) and LU changes marshes and, 629–632 upstream, 217 plants and benthos, 988, 1324 dependent peoples, 1789 sediments, 986, 987 ecosystem services, 1789 Yangtze River Estuary, 1557–1558 extent of landscape, 1786 Tidal freshwater wetlands (TFWs), 7 flood-pulse hydrology, 1804 description, 156 future challenges and developments, distribution, 160–161 1790–1791 Index of Keywords 2131

location, 1786 Transition, 132, 156, 252–254, 263, 270, 534, management, 1788–1789 536, 608, 681, 798, 804, 984, 988, swamp forests, 207 1017, 1069, 1075, 1193, 1525, threats, 1790–1791 1536–1541, 1552, 1822, 1933 wetland diversity, 1786 Transitional (driftline) marsh, 964 Tope System, 230 Trapa, 1272, 1301, 1708 Topogenous, 252, 254, 518, 1856 T. bispinosa, 1556 Tor, 1715 T. natans, 482, 914, 1443, 1717 T. tor, 1715 T. potaninii, 1524 Tourism, Zhalong marsh, 1527 Travis wetland, 1988 Tournefortia argentea, 2009 Trebon Biosphere Reserve, 473 Tower karst, 326 Treed domed bog, 229 Trachemys Tribulus terrestris, 952 T. scripta, 1134 Trichechus T. scripta ssp. elegans, 1107 T. inunguis, 735 Trachycardium muricatum, 845 T. manatus, 86, 87, 324, 584, 750, 764 Trachypithecus T. senegalensis, 86, 1337, 1338 T. cristatus, 1825, 1836 Trichodrama, 1630 T. francoisi, 325 Trichophorum cespitosum, 1045 T. germaini, 1788 Trichosurus vulpecula, 1902–1903, 1986 Traditional ﬁshery, 364, 400, 764, 1208, 1871 Tridacna spp., 2018 Tragelaphus Trifolium, 1105 T. scriptus bor, 1294 T. dubium, 916 T. spekii, 192, 211, 1274, 1315, 1405 T. fragiferum, 916 T. strepsiceros, 1371, 1384, Triglochin,61 1385, 1405 T. maritima, 964 Tragulus T. maritimum, 570, 1538 T. javanicus, 1826, 1836 T. palustre, 1543 T. napu, 1826 Trigonoceps occipitalis, 1354 Tram Chim National Park, 365, 366, Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation, 994 1806–1808 Tringa biodiversity, 1796 T. erythropus, 980 conservation status, 1797 T. guttifer, 1825, 1835, 1870 ecosystem services, 1796 T. nebularia, 980, 1044, 1915, 1955 future challenges and developments, 1798 T. stagnatilis, 1448, 1469, 1481 location, 1794 T. totanus, 965, 989, 1003, 1016, 1030, physical environment, 1795 1073, 1105, 1337, 1665 threats and challenges, 1798 Trionyx triunguis, 1274 wetland ecosystems, 1795 Triphosa, 338 Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (TBR), Triplophysa 906–908, 921 T. kashmiriensis, 1708 Transboundary cooperation, 921, T. marmorata, 1708 926, 1505 Tripolium pannonicum, 951 Transboundary Mekong River Delta, Triportheus magdalenae, 763 see Mekong River Delta Trisopterus luscus, 1083 Transboundary Sundarban mangroves, Tristania, 207 see Sundarban mangroves T. suaveolens, 208 Transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Tristaniopsis obovata, 208 “Mura-Drava-Danube” (TBR Triturus, 939 MDD), 906–908 T. carnifex, 1142 Transboundary Wetland, 911–921, 1496, T. dobrogicus, 918 1505–1507 T. pygmaeus, 1131 Transdisciplinary approach, 4, 14 T. vulgaris, 918 2132 Index of Keywords

Troglocaris, 341 Tumulus mound springs, 1961 T. anophthalmus, 342 Tundra, 26, 276–279, 282, 283, 285, 392, 547, Troglogloea, 336 552, 825, 878, 1040, 1041, 1052, Troglohyphantes, 339 1443, 1445, 1447, 1448, 1453, 1469, Troglophilus, 338 1480, 1482, 1525, 1534, 1544 Tropical freshwater swamps, 6, 171, 175, 177 Tupinambis biodiversity, 210–213 T. merianae, 817 buffering water levels, 208–209 T. teguxin, 852 carbon storage, 213 Turbidity front, 848, 853, 854 climate change, 220–221 Turbine, 52, 417–420, 423, 1052, 1095 damming and flooding, 216–217 Turbine towers, 418–419 dependent peoples, 213–215 Turbo spp., 2018 distribution and area, 202 Turdidae, 939 diversity, 200–201 Turdoides altirostris, 1681, 1691 erosion, 218 Turf-cutting, 239 fires, 219 Turkana Lake, see Lake(s), Turkana forests, 207–208 Turloughs, 11, 253 herbaceous swamps, 204–205 conservation status, 1075 invasive species, 220 description, 1069 land use changes upstream and damming, dry phase, 1069, 1072–1073 217–218 flooded phase, 1071 phenological adaptations, 204 hydrology, 1070–1071 physiological adaptations, 204 inundated phase, 1069 pollution, 218 threats and management challenges, productive systems, 210 1073–1075 reclamation and conversion, 216 wetland description, 1069–1070 reproductive adaptations, 204 Turnix sylvaticus, 1131 resource over-utilisation, 219–220 Tursiops savanna swamps, 206–207 T. gephyreus, 850–851 shrubland swamps, 205–206 T. truncatus, 850–851, 918, 1328, 1338 structural adaptations, 204 Turtles, 46, 82, 118, 166, 219, 323–325, 448, water quality, 209 453, 454, 456, 610, 612, 735, 741, woody/shrubby vegetation, 203 750, 843, 939, 1131, 1206, 1336, Tropical Pacific Ocean, 10, 1862, 2001–2023 1337, 1655, 1679, 1796, 1845, 1856, Tropical peatland, 231, 236, 238, 242, 1754 1860–1863, 1871, 1956, 2016, 2018, Rugezi Marsh, 1307–1316 2021 Tropical swamp forests, 1414 freshwater, 113, 115, 1778–1779, 1825, future challenges and developments, 1835 1759–1760 sea, 74, 80, 85, 87, 584, 1325–1326, 1338, Maputaland coastal plain (see Maputaland 1339, 1737, 1739, 1747, 1870, 1877, coastal plain (MCP)) 1969, 2012, 2019, 2020 peat, 301 (see also Peat, swamp forests) Tympanuchus cupido attwateri, 584 Tropical wetlands, 184, 221, 706, 733, 1270, Typha, 26, 159, 185, 189, 204, 385, 386, 552, 1300, 1969 612, 712, 713, 851, 915, 1117, 1223, Trumpeter swan, 562, 569, 571 1255, 1628, 1642 Trypanosoma T. angustifolia, 163, 428, 613, 777, 914, T. evansi, 809 915, 952, 1190, 1524, 1639, 1654, T. vivax, 809 1655, 1679, 1680, 1746 Tsuga heterophylla, 560 T. australis, 205 Tubifex, 977 T. domingensis, 190, 713, 750, 1156, T. costatus, 977 1171, 1221, 1265, 1272, 1302, Tubificids, 165 1353, 1354, 1900 Tubificoides benedii, 977 T. dominguensis, 750, 765 Index of Keywords 2133

T. latifolia, 163, 432, 569, 915, 1140, 1237, Urochloa mutica, 765, 1952 1447 Uromiyeh Lake, see Lake(s), Uromiyeh T. laxmannii, 952 Urophyllum arboreum, 1834 T. orientalis, 1980, 1982 Ursus T. x glauca, 432, 598 U. americanus, 675 Typhlachirus elongates, 1806 U. americanus luteolus, 584 Typhlogammarus mrazeki, 341 U. arctos, 1514 Tyto capensis, 1796 U. maritimus, 1444, 1454 U. thibetanus, 1514, 1609 1948 U.S. Congressional Flood Control Act, U 706 Uapaca, 207 U.S. Farm Bill, 685, 694 U. guineensis, 207 Ussuri-Wusuli River, 1510 Ubangi, 1204, 1206–1211 conservation status, 1517 Uca developmental history, 1514–1516 U. rapax, 763 from Lake Khanka-Xingkaihu to U. tangeri, 1324, 1336 Khabarovsk, 1511 U. vocator, 763 Ramsar sites, 1517 Ulmus, 581 Utricularia, 613, 717, 914, 1237, 1272, 1689, U. carpinifolia, 1639 1859, 1994 U. foliacea, 916 U. australis, 1171 U. minor, 1106 U. delicatula, 1995–1997 Ulva, 86, 498 U. exoleta, 1834 Ulz-gol valley, 1543 U. ﬂexuosa, 1746 U Minh peat swamp forest U. punctata, 1859 agriculture, 1815 U. stellaris, 1746 biodiversity, 1816 U. vulgaris, 952, 1046 conservation status, 1816 Uvalas and dolines, 1060–1061 ecosystem services, 1816 Uvaria welwitschii, 206 future challenges and developments, 1817 location, 1813 physical environment, 1815 V threats, 1817 Vaccinium, 545, 612, 1998 wetland ecosystems, 1815 V. microcarpum, 1044 Uncaria, 207 V. stanleyi, 1313 Uncia uncia, 1608 V. vitis-idaea, 1537 UNEP/GEF Siberian Crane Wetland Project, Vajgar ﬁshpond, 473, 474 1524, 1644 Valencia hispanica, 1116 Unique climatic conditions, 1442 Valikrood River, 1638 Unique Trucial Coast Sabkha, 1175 Valley, 12, 38, 58, 167, 185, 186, 238, 277, 280, United States Prairie Pothole Region, 363, 685 285, 325, 337, 473, 529, 717, 786, Upland fens, 1156 825, 879, 880, 912, 924, 928, 938, Upper Congo rapids, 1202, 1203, 1207 1048, 1223, 1226, 1247, 1262, 1264, Upper Indus Basin, 1699, 1700 1308, 1310, 1398, 1400, 1401, 1416, Upper (high) marsh, 964 1419, 1420, 1425, 1426, 1442, 1446, Upper Paraguay Basin, 799 1454, 1473, 1479, 1533, 1535–1536, Upper Volga Basin, 938, 939 1541, 1544–1546, 1580, 1586, 1660, Upper Zambezi, 1218, 1221–1222, 1408 1712, 1717–1718, 1754, 1764, 1767, Upwelling, 138, 448, 624, 628, 629, 640, 840, 1914, 1978 1322, 1323, 1334, 1335, 2013 blind and pocket valleys, 1061 Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive bog, 254–256 (UWWTD), 893–894 bottom wetlands, 348 Uria aalge, 1094 California’s Central Valley, 638, 697–702 2134 Index of Keywords

Valley (cont.) 1747–1749, 1780, 1806, 1824, 1826, Doon valley, 218 1860, 1866, 1869, 1870, 1882, 1888, fen, 254–256, 938, 1540, 1542–1543 1904, 1905, 1912, 1934, 1936, 1942, Hula Valley, 1168, 1170 1955, 1956, 1974, 1986–1988, 1997, Kamiranzovu valley, 1309, 1311 1998, 2003 Kashmir valley, 1706, 1708 cultural values, 1982–1983 Kazeroun valley, 1648 drought, 1194 Kilombero Valley, 1341–1347 ecosystem service, 85, 1947 MAV, 577–588 electrical conductivity, 862 meadow-fens, 1542 freshwater ecosystems, 120 mire, 254–256, 258, 270, 1547 Hula wetland, 1171 Nile valley, 184, 1248, 1253 Macquarie Marshes, 1904 Orkhon valley, 1547 natural resources, 63 Pokhara Valley, 1715 of papyrus marshes, 191 Rhône valley, 1103 Patagonian peatlands, 880–881 Rift Valley, 152, 153, 1202, 1208, 1246, resource, 491–492 1349–1359, 1381–1390, 1479 swamps/ﬂoodplains, 137 Rugezi valley, 1309, 1311, 1313 Vanellus Sacramento Valley, 698 V. albiceps, 1344 San Joaquin Valley, 698, 701 V. gregarius, 953, 1629 side, 255, 256, 267, 268, 270–271 V. miles, 1915 Valleyside, 255, 256, 267, 305 V. spinosus, 1142, 1190 blanket bog, 270–271 V. vanellus, 965, 980, 989, 1016, 1029, eccentric raised bog, 268 1073, 1448, 1469, 1481, 1640 Vallisneria, 1272, 1569 Varanus, 192, 1354 V. americana, 613 V. indicus, 1955 V. natans, 1746 V. niloticus, 1238, 1274 V. spiralis, 952 V. salvator, 1825 Values, 22, 29, 32, 50, 62, 74, 76, 85, 116, 117, Vascular plants, 176, 236, 279, 280, 285, 512, 120, 136, 137, 152, 153, 156, 158, 525, 552, 584, 611, 733, 816, 824, 160, 161, 165, 173, 177, 178, 189, 880, 1071, 1130, 1206, 1443, 1454, 191, 192, 195, 217, 234, 240, 241, 1469, 1502, 1517, 1543, 1546, 1718, 287, 316, 317, 321, 323, 326–328, 1859, 1980–1981, 2013 335, 370, 372, 375, 377, 394, 398, Vatica 401, 417, 428, 438, 440, 441, 443, V. cf. umbronata, 208 451, 454, 455, 462, 471, 478, 531, V. lancaefolia, 207 533, 538, 553, 571, 583, 586, 587, V. papuana, 208 594, 634, 644, 645, 654, 682, 711, V. ressak, 208 720, 738, 761, 762, 807, 817–818, Vaucheria, 1323 848, 880, 881, 890, 892, 900, 902, Vegetation, 6, 49, 60, 138, 158–160, 167, 179, 905, 906, 908, 929, 937, 953, 955, 186, 192, 193, 201, 216–219, 230, 987, 1032, 1034, 1035, 1054, 1068, 232–234, 237, 240, 246, 247, 250, 1075, 1081, 1083, 1086, 1110, 1114, 267, 280, 282–285, 298, 323, 348, 1116, 1118, 1132, 1133, 1138, 1142, 395, 414, 422, 464, 482, 510, 518, 1144–1146, 1152, 1171, 1174–1176, 523–527, 534, 601, 643, 669, 672, 1181, 1182, 1194, 1203, 1208, 1226, 674, 681, 700, 709, 711, 712, 728, 1229, 1239, 1266, 1267, 1304, 1324, 732, 748, 750, 767, 777, 791, 803, 1328, 1329, 1334, 1337, 1338, 1340, 808, 825, 828, 831, 833, 836, 859, 1346, 1357, 1372, 1382, 1387, 1455, 887, 890, 914, 938, 956, 961, 1460, 1467, 1482, 1487, 1503, 1516, 1043–1047, 1082, 1104, 1117, 1130, 1527, 1570, 1611, 1621, 1628, 1645, 1156, 1159, 1171, 1236, 1246, 1262, 1679, 1689, 1690, 1698, 1702, 1708, 1281, 1291, 1293, 1300, 1302, 1715, 1716, 1719, 1721, 1729, 1737, 1315–1316, 1324, 1343, 1386, 1398, Index of Keywords 2135

1401–1403, 1406, 1409, 1419, 1446, structure, 7, 179, 1074, 1545, 1795, 1957 1468, 1469, 1525, 1527, 1528, submerged vegetation, 977–979, 981, 1649 1533–1536, 1541, 1558, 1566, 1569, tropical freshwater swamps, 177, 211 1571, 1619, 1628, 1639, 1666, 1682, types, 173, 174, 177, 203–208, 246, 1454, 1687, 1736, 1740, 1746, 1815, 1822, 1524 1848, 1862, 1869, 1888, 1894, 1905, wetland, 194, 365, 517, 657, 1367, 1513, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1960, 1963, 1980, 1805, 1900, 1901, 1947, 1955, 1981 1993, 2007, 2009, 2020 woody vegetation, 62, 203, 204, 206, 1754 acid rain, 535 zonation, 1069, 1071, 1072, 1140 aquatic vegetation, 133, 600, 646, 660, 779, Velkovrhia enigmatica, 341 780, 851, 917, 1107, 1258, 1466, Vermivora bachmanii, 584 1579, 1642, 1706, 1717 Vernal temporary pools, 656 associations, 1081 Veronica anagallis-aquatica, 949, 951 bog, 971, 1544, 1998 Vertically homogeneous estuary, 41 characteristics, 569–570 Vetiveria nigritana, 1236, 1272 Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 764–766 Viburnum Colombia, 750 V. opulus, 1029 composition and soil nutrient status, 669 V. tinus, 1106 decision tree, 559 Victoria amazonica, 735 delta wetlands, 1746 Vigna nilotica, 1272 emergent vegetation, 151, 187, 191, 200, Vimba 209, 552, 561, 598, 607, 608, V. vimba, 1630 915, 1445 V. vimba persa, 953 estuarine marshes, 58, 569 Vipera ammodytes, 1142 Everglades, 714–720 Virola, 206, 750 fauna, 735 V. calophylla, 207 features of, 20, 1271 Vitex holoadenon, 205 fishpond management, 477–479 Vitis sylvestris, 916 flora, 163, 1952 Voacanga, 207 foraging in floodplain, 214 V. thouarsii, 1427 fresh and saline water, 228 Vochysia, 750 fringing, 191, 1273, 1274, 1357, 1358 V. divergens, 206 growth of, 928, 935 Volga Delta, 912, 934, 937, 938, 940 halophilous vegetation, 1115 biodiversity, 949 herbaceous vegetation, 6, 171, 175, 184, climate, 947 200, 203, 393, 561, 914, 916, 1227, conservation status, 954 1586, 1728, 1786, 1822 discharge regulation, 956 littoral vegetation, 472, 473, 480 ecosystem services, 955 marginal, 915 future aspects, 956 marsh, 162, 172, 598, 641, 644, 960, 1313 hydrology, 949 mires, 252, 264, 1043, 1542 land usage, 953 natural vegetation, 7, 152, 166, 799, 956, location, 946 1309, 1584, 1601, 1701, 1754, 1805, meadows, 949 1862, 2017 MSR image, 948 peat-forming, 252, 256, 263, 266, 290, 291, natural environmental variability, 955 305, 1043, 1415 sub regions, 947 peat swamp forest, 1756–1759 unsustainable natural resource exploitation, Pocosin, 671, 674 956 removal of, 534, 536 wetland natural resources, 955 riparian forest, 1834 Volga River Basin, 887 riparian vegetation, 859, 956, 1209, 1823, biodiversity, 939–940 1834, 1891, 1948 biomes, 934 saltmarsh, 969, 971, 1006 central basin, 938 2136 Index of Keywords

Volga River Basin (cont.) conservation status, 1017 climate, 935–936 intertidal mud and sand flats, 1014 future aspects, 942 land-claim and conversion, 1018 future challenges and developments, 942 maps of, 1013 human impacts, 940–942 sediment, 1013 hydrological network, 936–937 threats, 1019 landscapes, 937 tidal embayment, 1012 location, 934 tourism and recreation, 1015 lower basin, 938 Wash estuary, 11, 1003, 1011–1021 natural lakes, 938 Wasmannia auropunctata, 2017 origin, 934 Wastewater treatment, 49, 89, 117, 162, 190, threats, 942 434, 498, 503, 639, 740, 780, 894, upper basin, 938 942, 1445 Volume, 31, 78, 110, 127, 131, 147, 151, 158, Water 160, 175, 179, 206, 209, 216, 218, Anillo de Cenotes, 323 234, 238, 310, 355, 364, 388, 421, biota, 100, 133, 149, 286 473, 536, 568, 592, 623, 624, 652, consumption, 115, 1504, 1663, 1672 655, 691, 710, 711, 774, 886, 887, distribution, 145–146, 160, 777, 1576 937, 940, 947, 956, 1062, 1145, estuaries, 39, 43 1175, 1236, 1239, 1257, 1270, 1275, HWF, 466 1366, 1377, 1382, 1386, 1400–1402, hydroelectric production/ irrigation, 53 1414, 1479, 1500, 1546, 1552, 1553, hydrological cycle, 314 1670, 1682, 1683, 1694, 1708, 1783, levels (see Water levels) 1892, 1913, 1914, 1933 management (see Water management) discharge, 113, 545, 559, 949, 950, 1300 open-water transition mire, 253 flow volume, 111, 112, 1809 peatland, 233, 234 hydric soil-defined volume, 693, 694 physical and chemical processes, 162–163 lakes, 128–129, 146 quality (see Water quality) peat, 1311, 1313 regimes, 20, 31, 32, 136, 151, 173, 177, of seawater, 1080 179, 277, 360, 363, 365, 534, 682, water volume, 128, 473, 720, 887, 912, 698, 718, 780, 818, 828, 917, 955, 1188, 1204, 1244, 1281, 1311, 1376, 1720, 1748, 1960 1458, 1576, 1577, 1580, 1585, 1608, withdrawals, 5, 8, 116, 117, 137, 179, 360, 1627, 1649, 1663, 1678, 1804, 1917 362–364, 554, 1258, 1650 Voluta ebraea, 845 Waterbirds, 20, 135, 136, 150, 151, 366, 377, von Post, 246 395, 547, 583, 584, 682, 692, 764, von Post humification scales, 246, 1311, 1312 889, 918, 954, 976, 981, 984, Vormela peregusna, 953 1002–1003, 1089–1095, 1106, 1131, Vossia cuspidata, 189, 205, 1265, 1272, 1302 1132, 1188, 1190, 1192, 1223, 1236, Vulpes vulpes, 547, 980, 989, 1106, 1142 1238, 1255, 1344, 1448, 1469, 1480, Vulpia spp., 1104 1502, 1504, 1513–1515, 1518, 1558, 1561, 1569–1571, 1580, 1582, 1628, 1639–1641, 1645, 1681, 1787, 1790, W 1816, 1823, 1866, 1871, 1916, 1917, W.A.C. Bennett dam, 553, 554 1922, 1925, 1947, 1955 Wadden Sea (Denmark), 960, 984–995, 1000 Anzali Wetland, 1621 Wading birds, 64, 86, 717, 718, 805, 1388, breeding, 395, 600, 682, 1338, 1517, 1622, 1796, 1916, 1917 1790, 1901 Wailagi Lala Atoll, 2005 British estuaries, 1002, 1003 Wallagonia leerii, 1860 colonial waterbirds, 133, 395, 600, Warnstorfia exannulata, 284 950, 1131 Wash and North Norfolk Coast, UK conservation status, 377, 954, 1094, 1338 biodiversity importance, 1015 Danish Wadden Sea, 992 Index of Keywords 2137

ecosystem services, 1132 conservation status, 585 Fereydoon Kenar, 1640 habitat, 74, 86, 161, 166, 472, 533, 552, habitats, 134, 135, 408, 1104, 1446, 1447, 563, 568, 583–585, 595, 612, 1468, 1708, 1717, 1900, 1901, 1926 681–682, 692, 1559, 1988 inner Danish waters (see Inner Danish human impacts, 161, 370 waters) hunting, 480, 582, 587, 600, 601 international importance, 683, 1016 populations, 285, 370 Lake Parishan, 1653 SFBE, 642 lakes, 150, 153, 583 use, 702 Macquarie Marshes, 1902, 1904 wetland impacts, 285 migration, 133, 134, 151, 153, 323, 364, wintering, 581, 584, 585, 698, 702, 1105, 406, 682, 692, 994, 1002, 1095, 1619, 1640–1642, 1665 1130, 1557, 1583, 1621, 1626, 1640, Water Framework Directive (WFD), 892, 893, 1644, 1652, 1654, 1669, 1682, 1718, 895, 907, 1027, 1069 1820, 1824, 1835, 1912 Water hyacinth, see Eichhornia crassipes Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 578, 583, 584, Water levels, 41, 131, 134, 137, 145, 146, 157, 600 160, 167, 188, 192, 217, 314, 349, nonbreeding, 1015, 1016 351, 360, 364, 432, 526, 550, 572, populations, 136, 366, 377, 409, 1002, 580, 583, 593–595, 598–601, 603, 1003, 1015, 1016, 1019, 1107, 1469, 606, 614, 624, 682, 698, 715–717, 1481, 1528, 1638–1639, 1653, 1666, 732, 735, 736, 765, 780, 790, 799, 1747, 1824, 1905, 1915 801, 877, 878, 906, 914, 920, 942, Saemangeum estuarine system, 408 949, 952, 955, 974, 986–988, 1025, species, 984, 987, 989, 990, 992, 1015, 1027, 1061, 1070, 1072, 1074, 1103, 1095, 1227, 1238, 1622, 1628, 1644, 1117, 1124, 1129, 1150, 1207, 1235, 1653, 1806, 1825, 1870, 1901, 1902, 1290, 1302, 1305, 1309–1311, 1342, 1912, 1922 1344, 1350, 1352, 1353, 1356, 1364, staging, 981, 1094, 1628 1366, 1370, 1377, 1384, 1442, 1541, Ussuri-Wusuli River Basin, 1517 1544, 1561, 1566, 1570, 1571, 1586, wetland, 365, 547 1616, 1618, 1619, 1623, 1651, 1660, wintering, 364, 641–642, 692, 1091, 1094, 1663, 1672, 1708, 1767, 1783, 1791, 1131, 1566, 1622, 1624, 1628, 1642, 1794, 1797, 1804, 1815, 1843, 1844, 1680 1846, 1847, 1853, 1862, 1871, 1912, Yenisei River Basin, 1480 1914, 1917, 1932, 1933, 1937, 1944, Yukom and Kuskokwim, 547 1961, 1963, 1997 Water clarity, 48, 49, 78, 83, 84, 89, 138, 327, analysis, 1572 496, 503, 610, 840, 1879, 1934 buffer, 208–209 Water Conservation Areas (WCAs), 706–708, Caspian Sea, 1616 712, 716, 720 Coorong, 1912 Water dissolution hypothesis, 690 dynamics, 431 Water diversion, 146, 217, 361, 1073, 1218, ﬂuctuations, 133, 157, 320, 431, 434, 482, 1350, 1577, 1586, 1687, 1688, 1730, 734, 779, 802, 920, 1061, 1364, 1888, 1904 1370, 1376, 1453, 1458, 1465 Water-divide, 267, 268, 270, 304, 305, 307, 420 lagg fen, 311 Waterfowl, 47, 48, 64, 74, 166, 532, 533, 544, Lake Manitoba, 600, 603 547, 554, 562, 563, 568, 571, 630, Lake Turkana, 1365, 1376 641, 642, 645, 681, 682, 686, 692, Lake Uromiyeh, 1664 702, 804, 806, 905, 955, 978, 982, LakeWinnipeg, 592, 603 1029, 1073, 1133, 1445, 1469, 1470, management, 365, 431 1475, 1561, 1626, 1628, 1631, 1632, Myall River, 1932 1638, 1643–1645, 1726, 1845, 1847, Peace River, 551 1870, 1925, 1955 Poyang, 1568 abundance of, 472 Rift Valley, 1353 2138 Index of Keywords

Water levels (cont.) Weeds, 364, 384, 385, 388, 580, 584, 777, salt lakes, 151 1304, 1368, 1394, 1710, 1859, 1905, short and long term, 431 1948, 1952, 1957, 1963, 1985, 1998, Tasek Bera, 1853 2013, 2017, 2020 wetland biodiversity, 365 Western Alaska, 544 Waterlogging, 230, 238, 246, 254, 256, 257, Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve 261, 270, 305, 310, 531, 792, 1701, Network (WHRSN), 562, 633, 641, 1721, 1745, 1748, 1754 867 Water management, 119, 324, 364, 365, 464, Western sandpiper, 547, 562, 569, 642 482, 701, 708, 710, 720–721, 900, Wet alpine heath, 297 1104, 1162, 1263, 1266, 1296, 1496, Wet Graminoid communities, 546 1518, 1524, 1570, 1655, 1656, 1672, Wetland(s), 509–513 1731, 1797, 1817, 1905–1906, 1949, alteration, 533–537 1988 Amur River Basin, 1485–1497, 1499–1507 Water provision, 116, 126, 807, 892, 900, assessing change, 361–362 908, 1372 atolls (see Atolls) Water quality, 6, 20, 63, 78, 103, 137, 151, 161, Baro-Akobo system, 1261–1267 217, 238, 352, 361, 362, 411, 414, Bay of Fundy, 621–635 443, 453, 455, 480, 483, 496, 498, Berbak National Park, 1831–1838 499, 505, 532, 548, 586, 587, biodiversity, 5, 6, 28, 178, 361, 364–366, 601–603, 612–614, 638, 643, 647, 818, 948, 954, 955, 957, 998, 1560, 663, 684, 754, 767, 774, 779, 780, 1561, 1584, 1644, 1893 817, 830, 836, 880, 891, 919, 926, Central Valley of California, 697–702 976, 981, 987, 1027, 1032, 1035, challenges, 14 1053, 1103, 1130, 1170, 1212, 1249, changes, 1913–1916 1255, 1258, 1297, 1305, 1390, 1410, natural and anthropogenic drivers, 8–9, 1504, 1516, 1528, 1571, 1585, 1586, 359–367 1613, 1623, 1663, 1664, 1683, 1693, Chile, 823–836 1709, 1853, 1882, 1910, 1915, 1942, common names in English, 21 1963 complex, 4, 6, 9–11, 13, 26, 173, 174, 176, buffering, 209 428, 429, 529, 548, 558, 709, 752, changes in, 434, 501, 1859 769, 774, 782, 786, 876, 878, 888, characteristics, 761–762 889, 920, 1143, 1145, 1168, 1408, deforestation and reduction, 1209, 1210 1454, 1482, 1600, 1611, 1623, 1700, ecosystem services, 1304, 1570, 1701, 1713, 1715, 1717, 1911, 1913, 1729, 1996 1988 geochemistry, 1353, 1365–1366 conservation, 7, 180, 317, 402, 409, 537, management, 456, 457 737, 1102, 1119, 1284, 1291, 1719, pollution and declining, 1782, 1983 1797, 1894, 1895, 1968, 1982, 2017, River Rhine restoration, 927–928 2021 swamps and marshes, 173, 174 conversion to agriculture, 1780 targets, 503 Danube Delta, 911–921 vernal pools, 654–655 deﬁnition, 5, 20 Water-related vertebrates, 1469, 1474 degradation, 8, 12, 361, 362, 365, 1120, Water retention, 247, 348, 476, 483, 532, 712, 1229, 1264 817, 898, 902, 1309, 1503 Dinaric karst, 1057–1064 Watershed-based nutrient reduction, 500, 503 distribution, 20, 539, 888–889, 1518, Watershed (water-divide) blanket bog, 270 1744–1746 Watershed or spur raised bog, 267–268 diversity, 5–7, 20, 21, 278, 569, 750 Watershed water balance, 876 Doñana wetlands, 1123–1134 Wattled crane, 1222, 1225, 1227, 1229, 1236, dynamics, 803, 1502 1238, 1407 ecosystems (see Wetland ecosystems) Weed control, 388, 1948 extent and distribution of, 26–31 Index of Keywords 2139

fauna, 1859–1860, 1981 vegetation, 194, 350, 365, 517, 593, 657, functions, estuarine marsh, 62, 347, 527, 1236, 1367, 1459, 1513, 1639, 1805, 534, 537, 1557, 1693, 1749 1900, 1901, 1947, 1955, 1981 Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin, 1711–1721 water level management, 365 global area, Ramsar regions, 29 water withdrawals, 363–364 global distribution of, 30 Zhalong wetlands, 1521–1529 Great Barrier Reef, 447–458 Wetland-dependent species, 52, 377–380 HAWs, 1605–1613 Wetland ecosystems, 7, 14, 21, 112, 156, 171, Hula wetland, 1167–1172 284, 346, 347, 402, 476, 552, 602, hydrology, 346, 362–365, 535, 1230, 706, 816–817, 833, 888, 1119 1249, 1904 Anzali Mordab Complex, 1618–1619 Indus River Basin, 1697–1702 Australia, 1944–1945 infrastructure development, 364 Berbak National Park, 1834 inputs of water, 366 Bijagós archipelago, 1336–1337 of International Importance, 1710 biodiversity, 949–953 inventory, 31–32 Bujagh National Park, 1627–1628 Kakadu National Park, 1951–1957 Camargue, 1104–1106 land conversion, 363 cryo-arid conditions, 1465–1468 locations of, 10, 11, 13 Danau Sentarum National Park, 1843–1844 loss(es), 8, 12, 28, 32, 68, 180, 193, 363, Danube Delta, 914–917 369–380, 534, 537, 539, 683–685, distributaries, 791 698–700, 741, 1516, 1978 disturbances and threats, 836 long-term, 372–373 Fereydoon Kenar Ramsar, 1638–1640 natural, 375 floodplain channels, 791 in 20th and early 21st centuries, floodplain lakes, 791 373–375 fluvial forests, 792 Mahanadi Delta, 1743–1749 Greek, 1140 Makgadikgadi wetlands, 487–494 high altitude wetlands, 1608–1609 management, 779–781, 1194, 1264, 1797, Indus Basin, 1699–1700 1890, 1982, 1998 Kilombero floodplain, 1343–1344 management plan, Lake Seyfe, 1194 Lake Baringo, 1353–1355 man-made, 1771 Lake Naivasha, 1357–1358 Mekong River Basin, 1763–1783, Lake Turkana, 1366–1367 1785–1791, 1793–1798 Lena Delta, 1453–1454 natural, 360, 1771 Macquarie Marshes, 1900–1901 natural processes and anthropogenic main channel and anabranches, 790–791 activities, 8–9 marshlands, flooded grasslands, and New Zealand, 1977–1989 savannas, 791 Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, middle Aldan River, 1473–1474 1023–1036 Nile, 1270–1271 Playas, 689–694 Paraná-Paraguay Fluvial Corridor, 790–792 regional compilations, 9 Peace-Athabasca Delta, 552 restoration, 644, 684, 857–864, 894–895, pocosin, 669–670 920, 921, 1120, 1571, 1601, restoration, 401 1693, 1749, 1797, 1918, 1965, Sembilang National Park, 1987–1988 1822–1823 saline wetlands, 1725–1731 soil humidity and salinity, 1140 Shadegan wetland, 1675–1683 Sudd, 1300–1302 species, 804 thermokarst kettle hole peatlands, 284 Sudd, South Sudan, 1300–1302 Tram Chim, 1795–1796 Tasek Bera, 1851–1863 U Minh, 1815 of Tram Chim National Park, 365 Volga Delta, 949–953 types (see Wetland types) water bodies, 914–915 2140 Index of Keywords

Wetland ecosystems (cont.) White Storks, 482, 918, 1127, 1188, 1192, Zambezi Delta, 1235 1254, 1274, 1520 Zhalong Marsh, 1524–1525 White-water rivers, 729, 731, 738, 1848 Wetlands International (WI), 319, 1487, 1720, Widgeon grass, see Ruppia maritima 1825, 1826, 1872 Wildfires, Amur-Heilong River Basin, 1497 Wetlands of Chile, 823–836 Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT), 1872 Wetlands Reserve Easement, 694 Wildlife, 10, 153, 184, 365, 366, 370, 398, 400, Wetland trends-estuarine marsh, 64–68 428, 462, 488, 490–493, 513, 519, Wetland types, 12, 19–32, 59, 68, 163, 173, 534, 535, 539, 548, 553, 561, 562, 211, 213, 214, 277, 326, 327, 349, 568, 571, 573, 594, 595, 597, 600, 373, 430, 431, 482, 488, 669, 613, 633, 648, 682, 686, 694, 702, 681–682, 694, 728, 734, 738, 790, 767, 814, 816–818, 994, 1000, 1014, 801, 825, 1228, 1414, 1424, 1444, 1015, 1017, 1027, 1029, 1035, 1041, 1488, 1553, 1580, 1582, 1583, 1599, 1049, 1050, 1143, 1176, 1229, 1235, 1700, 1721, 1805, 1888, 1893, 1911, 1239, 1240, 1249, 1265, 1266, 1979, 1983 1273–1274, 1281, 1290, 1291, Amazon of Europe, 904–905 1293–1297, 1302–1305, 1315, 1345, boreal wetlands, 523–528 1358, 1359, 1375, 1376, 1384, 1389, Central Valley, 700 1390, 1396, 1409, 1501, 1502, 1504, coastal wetlands, 7, 733 1511, 1515, 1519, 1598, 1612, 1636, definition and classification, 21–22 1681, 1694, 1701, 1719, 1729, 1730, distribution, 1728, 1978 1738, 1739, 1787, 1788, 1816, 1828, diversity, 510–511, 1728, 1736 1832, 1836, 1837, 1847, 1863, 1866, East and Southeast Asia, 1866–1867 1956, 1987, 2021 Ebro Delta, 1115–1117 Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), 1790 estimates of area, 30 Wildlife Management Area (WMA), 599 extent, 1728 Wild rice, 159, 428, 430–432, 434, Greenland, 510–511 532, 533, 553, 611, 612, interfluvial wetlands, 732 1302, 1717, 1776 large-river floodplains, 729–731 Willow, 160, 279, 285, 524, 525, 545, 560, 561, Lena River Basin, 1445–1448 581, 717–719, 791, 888, 915, 952, Lower Danube, 898–899 1029, 1072, 1140, 1171, 1193, 1194, Mekong River, 1768–1769 1337, 1482, 1536, 1541, 1545, 1584, New Zealand, 1978 1640, 1708–1710, 1980, 1985, 1986 Paludified Shallow Peatland, 279 Wind, 38, 49, 132, 160, 391, 536, 551, 559, patterned string fen (aapa mire) and raised 593, 595, 599, 606, 759, 761, 874, bogs, 283 879, 915, 938, 981, 984, 1294, 1323, peatlands, 6 1330, 1353, 1359, 1369, 1375, 1378, Ramsar classification, 278 1390, 1547, 1568, 1569, 1934 Ramsar wetland, 5 dissolution hypothesis, 690 riparian mires, 285 Eichhornia crassipes, 134 Riverine, 607, 608 erosion hypothesis, 690 Saline wetlands, 1728 farms, 413–423, 1040, 1052, 1095 Sundarban mangroves, 1736 lake, 1365 Tidal freshwater wetlands, 7 peat, 415, 417 Tonle Sap lake, 1786–1787 seed transport, 414 Wet meadows, Zhalong marsh, 1524 water movements, 43 Wet-season sub-tropical/tropical patterned Windfarms on peatlands mixed mires, 262, 263 carbon balance, 423 Wet Tropics, 1941–1949 construction, 417–418 Whitelees Wind Farm, 417 global wind resources map, 415, 416 White Nile, 1244, 1246–1249, 1262, 1281, landscapes, 415–417 1283, 1300, 1305 mires and climate, 415 Index of Keywords 2141

roads, 419–423 Yellow River Basin, 1582 turbine tower, 418 biodiversity, 1584 Wintering waterfowl, 581, 584, 585, 698, 702, distribution, 1576 1105, 1619, 1640–1642, 1665 future challenges and developments, Wood Buffalo National Park, 553 1586–1587 Wood frog, 658, 659 Ramsar sites, 1579 Working with nature, 927 regional climate and runoff features, 1577 World Heritage Site, 317, 320, 321, 324–326, reservoirs, 1587 553, 888, 994, 1054, 1086, 1132, sediment deposition, 1585 1222, 1223, 1363, 1386, 1397, 1482, soil salinization, 1586 1694, 1717, 1746, 2020, 2021 types and distribution of wetlands, 1578 World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 1486 water pollution, 1585 Worms, 191, 917, 918, 1002, 1481, 1870, 1952 Yellow River Delta, 1583, annelid, 1324 1584, 1586 aquatic, 612 Yenisei River Basin, 13 bait, 47 biodiversity, 1480 polychaete, 630, 843, 867, 1002 conservation status, 1482 rag, 977–978, 988 description, 1479 Wular Lake, Kashmir FEOW definition, 1480 biodiversity and ecosystem services, 1708 future challenges and developments, 1484 catchments, 1706 human uses, 1482–1483 conservation status, 1710 location, 1479 hydrological regimes, 1706 threats and future challenges, 1484 location, 1706 Yueguzonglie River, 1579 management plan, 1710 Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve, 547 threats, 1708–1710 Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 10 biodiversity, 547 conservation status, 548 X hydrology, 544–545 Xanthium strumarium, 956 wetlands, 160, 545–546 Xanthophyllum affine, 208 Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta National Wildlife Xanthopsar flavus, 817 Refuge, 544, 548 Xolmis dominicanus, 817 Yukon River, 543–548, 559 Xylocarpus, 1823 Yukon River Inter-tribal Watershed Council, X. granatum, 1823 548 X. moluccensis, 1823 Xyris validus, 1313 Z Zaire River, 1552 Y Zambezian Phytochoria, 1408 Yangtze River Basin, 13, 115, 325, 1565–1572, Zambezi Delta, 1219, 1227 1701 biodiversity, 1237–1238 challenges, 1561–1562 conservation status, 1238 future challenges and developments, ecosystem services, 1239 1561–1562 hydrology, 1235 habitats and threatened species, location, 1234 1558–1559 threats, 1239–1240 headstream, 1554–1555 wetland ecosystems, 1235–1237 human disturbances, 1561 Zambezi River Basin, 12, 186, 1233–1240, hydrology and climate, 1552–1553 1408 water pollution, 1561 biodiversity and productivity, 1228 wetlands in middle and lower reaches, climate change, 1230 1556–1557 dambos, 1219–1221 wetlands in upper reaches, 1555–1556 dams and wetland areas, 1219 2142 Index of Keywords

Zambezi River Basin (cont.) Zizania, 164, 532 future challenges and developments, 1230, Z. aquatica, 159, 163 1239–1240 Z. palustris, 428, 611 lower Zambezi, 1226 Zizaniopsis, 791 major wetlands, 1220 Z. bonariensis, 163, 851 middle Zambezi, 1222–1226 Z. miliacea, 163 origin, 1218 Zonation, 46, 47, 98, 99, 102, 163, 164, 189, population, 1230 207, 510, 561, 692, 963, 1068, 1069, Ramsar wetlands, 1229 1071, 1072, 1081, 1082, 1085, 1237 Riparian reed swamps, 1221 Zoning categories, Colombian mangrove role in hydrology, 1228 legislation, 753 role in livelihoods and wellbeing, 1229 Zonotrichia atricapilla, 547 swamps, marshes and foodplains, Zooplankton, 44, 45, 100, 165, 394, 471, 472, 1219–1221 477, 479, 625, 762, 1105, 1131, threats, 1229–1230 1273, 1303, 1353, 1357, 1371, tributary dams, 1219 1385, 1406, 1569, 1728, 1859, 1860, upper Zambezi, 1221–1222 1936, 1937 Zannichellia, 1105, 1117 of turloughs, 1071 Zapovednik, 1449, 1452, 1454, 1490–1492, Zoothera sibirica, 1825 1519 Zootoca vivipera, 1047 Zelkova carpinifolia, 1639 Zospeum spp., 339 Zeya Hydro Reservoir, 1495 Zostera, 48, 80, 81, 1590, 1592 Zhalong Marsh, 26, 1522–1524, 1526–1529 Z. asiatica, 76, 1590–1592, 1595 Zhalong wetlands, 13 Z. caespitosa, 76, 1590–1593, 1595 biodiversity, 1525–1526 Z. capensis,76 conservation status, 1526 Z. caulescens, 76, 1590–1593, 1595 ecosystem, 1524–1525 Z. chilensisa,76 fishery, 1527 Z. geojeensis, 76, 1595 flood control, 1527 Z. japonica, 76, 569, 573, 1590–1593, 1595 frequent fires, 1528 Z. marina,76–78, 81, 82, 88, 89, 569, 641, geographical map, 1522 988, 1091, 1590–1595 hydrology, 1523–1524 Z. muelleri, 76, 1971 location, 1522 Z. nigricaulis,76 population declines, 1528 Z. noltei, 1104, 1106 reed harvesting, 1527 Z. noltii, 76, 81, reed marshes with shallow water, 1523 988, 1323 tourism, 1527 Z. pacifica,76 water quality decline, 1528 Z. polychlamys,76 water shortage, 1528 Z. tasmanica,76