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EM AD IA C S A C I A E SCRIPTA VARIA 146 I N C T I I F A I R T V N M O P Edited by JOACHIM VON BRAUN, THOMAS KAUFFELS, PETER RAVEN, JOHANNES VOGEL, MARCELO SÁNCHEZ SORONDO SCIENCE AND ACTIONS SCIENCE AND ACTIONS FOR SPECIES PROTECTION ACTIONS AND SCIENCE FOR SPECIES PROTECTION Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century the 21st for Arks Noah’s Libreria Editrice Vaticana Vatican City 2020 Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarvm Scripta Varia 146 The Proceedings of the Conference on Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century 13-14 May 2019 Edited by Joachim von Braun Thomas Kauffels Peter Raven Johannes Vogel Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo EX AEDIBVS ACADEMICIS IN CIVITATE VATICANA • MMXX The Pontifical Academy of Sciences Casina Pio IV, 00120 Vatican City Tel: +39 0669883195 • Fax: +39 0669885218 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.pas.va The opinions expressed with absolute freedom during the presentation of the papers of this meeting, although published by the Academy, represent only the points of view of the participants and not those of the Academy. ISBN 978-88-7761-098-0 © Copyright 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, pho- tocopying or otherwise without the expressed written permission of the publisher. PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA SCIENTIARVM LIBRERIA EDITRICE VATICANA VATICAN CITY “The earth’s resources are also being plundered because of short-sighted approaches to the economy, commerce and pro- duction. The loss of forests and woodlands entails the loss of species which may constitute extremely important resources in the future, not only for food but also for curing disease and oth- er uses. Different species contain genes which could be key resources in years ahead for meeting human needs and regulating environmental problems. It is not enough, however, to think of different species merely as potential ‘resources’ to be exploited, while overlooking the fact that they have value in themselves. Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and an- imal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever. The great majority become extinct for reasons related to human activity. Because of us, thousands of species will no longer give glory to God by their very existence, nor convey their message to us. We have no such right”. Pope Francis, Laudato Si’, §§ 32-33. 6 Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century 7 8 Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century Contents I. INTRODUCTION, OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SCIENCE AND ACTIONS Joachim von Braun, Thomas Kauffels, Peter Raven, Johannes Vogel, and Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo ..................................... 12 II. LESSONS AND INSIGHTS FROM NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS’ RESEARCH AND OUTREACH 1. Towards a 21st Century Open and Integrated Natural History Museum Maike Weißpflug and Johannes C. Vogel ............................................... 25 2. What Future without Nature? How Natural History Could Help Bruno David ....................................................................................... 39 3. Fostering Community Engagement with Nature at the Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County Gregory B. Pauly, Brian V. Brown, and Lori Bettison-Varga ................... 46 4. History in Action: the Role of Natural History Museums in Conservation Richard W. Lariviere .............................................................................61 III. LESSONS AND INSIGHTS FROM ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS’ RESEARCH AND OUTREACH 5. The Context of Zoos and Aquariums Thomas Kauffels ................................................................................. 69 6. Zoos and Public Conservation Education Gloria Svampa Garibaldi ...................................................................... 78 7. Zoos Mobilizing the Public for Legislative Change Theo B. Pagel ..................................................................................... 89 8. Zoo-Led Science and the Global Conservation of Species Mark Pilgrim ..................................................................................... 100 9. Zoos: Connecting People with Nature and Wellness Building María Clara Domínguez Vernaza ........................................................ 105 Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century 9 CONTENTS IV. LESSONS AND INSIGHTS FROM BOTANICAL GARDENS’ RESEARCH AND OUTREACH 10. Plant Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities Peter Raven ........................................................................................ 113 11. The Center for Plant Conservation Model to Urgently and Effectively Conserve North American Plants John R. Clark .....................................................................................124 12. Can Botanic Gardens Conserve All of the World’s Rare and Threatened Plant Species? Paul P. Smith ....................................................................................... 131 13. Conservation-Oriented Restoration as a Primary Solution Sergei Volis .......................................................................................... 141 14. Erica verticillata, from Extinction to Restoration Anthony Hitchcock ............................................................................153 15. Technologies from Agriculture to Help “Noah” Save Plants Christina Walters .................................................................................176 16. The National Collection of Colombia’s Native Palms: a Testimony of Love for Planet Earth Alberto Gómez-Mejía........................................................................ 188 V. OVERARCHING ISSUES: SCIENTIFIC, MORAL/RELIGIOUS, AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF SPECIES CONSERVATION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR CHANGE 17. Policies in Ethiopia on Protection of Nature and Species Hailemariam Desalegn ........................................................................197 18. Engaging Traditional Populations and Indigenous Peoples in Biodiversity Conservation through Amazon Bioeconomy Virgílio Viana ..................................................................................... 205 19. Conserving the Diversity of Life: A Moral Duty and Imperative for Equitable Development Marco Lambertini ...............................................................................214 10 Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century CONTENTS 20. Community Authority and the Signals of Science: Next Steps in Furthering the Impact of Biodiversity Conservation Science Philippa Jane Benson ........................................................................ 224 21. Plants and Nature in Bible and Quran – How Respect for Nature Connects Us Wilhelm Barthlott ........................................................................... 233 22. From a Sea-Snail to the Heavenly Throne: Wild Fauna in Jewish Law and Spirituality Y.M. Barilan and Yehoshua Weisinger ................................................ 245 23. Climate Crisis and Hope Mikkel Wold ..................................................................................... 258 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS .............................................................................. 269 Science and Actions for Species Protection. Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century 11 I. Introduction, Overview and Recommendations for Science and Actions Joachim von Braun, Thomas Kauffels, Peter Raven, Johannes Vogel, and Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Introduction and objectives of the volume1 The Papal encyclical Laudato si’ represents a strong critique of modern consumerism and its catastrophic effects on biodiversity. It warns us about the planet’s endangered ecology and points to the need for science and politics to engage with religious and moral authorities to review the cur- rent situation and propose joint strategies aimed at changing the trajectory of humankind. In principle, all major world religions are committed to respecting and preserving human dignity and nature and can agree on joint actions for this objective. The subtitle “Noah’s Arks for the 21st Century” refers to the Bible’s story of the destructive flood and Noah rescuing humankind and species with his ark following God’s order (6-9). Today, our common fascination with nature leads us to preserve species threatened by manmade environmental destruction, including climate change and the related loss of species, in zoological and botanical gardens. In these, as well as in natural history museums, endangered and/or extinct species can be studied, so that conservation can have a sound basis. We understand that these attempts to build “Noah’s Arks for the 21st century” may not be sufficient to prevent the threats of global loss of species by building and studying islands of protection. The worldwide communities managing natural history museums, zoological and botanical gardens engage in research as well as inspire millions of visitors. They are ideally placed to act as conveners, change agents and pace-makers, as catalytic and significant allies in the global drive toward species protection nature preservation and nature on our planet. 1 The contributions by Katharina

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