Pattern of Agricultural Development in Southern Parts of Katsina State, Nigeria: Notion for Rational Planning
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IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372.Volume 7, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. 2014), PP 14-20 www.iosrjournals.org Pattern of Agricultural Development in Southern Parts of Katsina State, Nigeria: Notion for Rational Planning J. O. Adefila (Phd) Senior Lecturer Department Of Geography Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria Abstract: Environmental contrasts in terms of climate, soil, vegetation, and natural endowments coupled with other processes at work often produce differing levels of development. While some areas are privileged, other areas may be lagging behind in some attributes. The study aimed at assessing the level of agricultural development in southern parts of Katsina State. It adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to obtain 200 samples among the seasoned farmers. The questionnaire was a major research instrument. A descriptive statistics was adopted to summarize the data. In addition, standardized score (Z-score) technique was employed to assess level of agricultural development. The study revealed that six out of the ten local government areas (LGAs) selected for the study are advantaged while the remaining four areas are disadvantaged. Bakori area enjoyed maximum benefits from the facilities with a score value of (8.47), followed by Funtua (7.39), Sabuwa (7.17), Malunfashi (6.09), Kankara (4.25), and Dandume (2.49) in that descending order of performance. These areas are categorized into upper third and middle third respectively. Also, the following areas suffered different shades of disadvantages namely, Ijusawa (-4.81), Danja (-3.16), Fasakari (-3.96), and Fafur (-4.08) and they are categorized as bottom third. The study area experiences differing levels of deprivation in agricultural development. The major constraints to agricultural development include high cost of agro-chemical which accounts for (21.0%), nefarious activities of the middle-men (24.0%), shortage of farm labour (15.0%), and poor storage facilities (15.0%). On the basis of the findings one recommends among other things that government needs to actively promote the establishment of agro-based industries that are capable of processing agricultural raw-materials in order to reduce wastes arising from poor storage facilities. There should be distributive justice in the allocation of resources in favour of lagging areas in order to have a balanced agricultural development over space. Key Words: Agricultural Development Pattern Planning Spatial I. Introduction In spite of the increased significance of oil and gas sector, Nigeria largely remained an agrarian economy since a high percentage of the labour force continues to engage in agricultural production. The sector remains labour intensive and this explains in part the reason for down-ward trend in productivity. At independence, sector accounted for about 60 percent of the GDP but it declined sharply during the mid-1970s due to the growth of the mining and industrial sector as well as changes in government policies [1]. The growth of agricultural sector during the period of the so-called „oil-boom‟ marked the beginning of down-turn and a serious stagnation in food and cash crop production [2]. The domestic food production reached a marginal level such that supply had to be augmented through importation of food items such as rice, wheat, sugar, milk and vegetable oils [3]. The British colonial administration had profound influence on the pattern of agricultural development in Nigeria by regionalizing department of agriculture along with the Federal Constitution in 1956. It placed much emphasis on research and extension services at a regional level with the establishment of a botanical research station in Lagos (1893); cotton plantation in Ibadan (1912), rice cultivation in Sokoto, Niger, Ilorin, Abeokuta and Ondo provinces. There was introduction of wheat cultivation in the northern parts of Nigeria and made arrangements for the establishment of irrigation schemes in the northern parts of Nigeria [4]. Besides, there was monetization of the economy by introducing cash rewards in exchange of goods and services. It introduced industrial cash crops such as cocoa, palm-produce, rubber and ground-nut. Each cash crop has a Marketing Board that oversees the preparation of the crops for export trade. Moreover, the ecological zones in the country help to polarize the different types of crops being cultivated in Nigeria. For instance, the climate in the south favours cultivation of tree crops such as cocoa, palm- produce, rubber, and kola-nut within the forest belt while grain crops such as maize, guinea-corn, ground-nut and millet are cultivated in the drier northern parts of the country [5]. The post-independence period witnessed extensive planning and regional competition in agricultural development in Nigeria. It has to do with modification and modernization of the existing traditional practices in agriculture noting the incapacitation of the sector to produce adequate food for the teeming population. However, the second national development plan (1970-74) emphasized the introduction of modern agricultural www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page Pattern Of Agricultural Development In Southern Parts Of Katsina State, Nigeria: Notion For methods through farm settlements, cooperatives among producers and supply of farm implements. The witnessed establishment of specialized agricultural development schemes included farm settlements, national accelerated food production programme (NAFPP), Operation Feed the Nation launched in 1976, river basin and rural development authority (RBRD) in 1976, green revolution in 1980 and of recent is the World Bank-Funded in collaboration with Federal government, Agricultural Development Projects (ADP) [6]. Perhaps of all the programmes initiated to improve agricultural production in the country, the ADPs represented the major practical demonstration of an integrated approach to agricultural development in Nigeria. It started in Funtua, Gombe and Gusau in 1974, Ayangba and Lafia in 1977, Bida 1979, and Ilorin in 1980 [7]. In collaboration with the World Bank, the project has radiated to all states in the country including the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. It has encouraged the establishment of agricultural research institutes and their extension research liaison services as in Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Service (AERLS) at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria that was established in 1963. It is against this backdrop that one finds it necessary to examine the spatial pattern of agricultural development in southern parts of Katsina State having gained first-hand experience in the agricultural development project since 1974. II. The Study Area The study area covers the relatively wet southern parts in Katsina State of Nigeria. The local government areas include; Bakori, Dandume, Danja, Faskari, Funtua, Ijusawa, Kafur, Kankara, Malunfashi and Sabuwa. It is located between Latitude 11º 05´ north of the Equator and Longitude 7º 08´ east of the Green Wich Meridian. The study area is bounded in the north by Dan-Ijusa and Ijatazu local government areas, in the east by Kano State, in the west by Zamfara State and in the south by Kaduna State. The study area has been carefully selected for this study following the memory lane, Katsina State was part of the first set of agricultural development project (ADP) being established in the country. The study area is part of the tropical intercontinental north where the annual rainfall ranges between 50 cm to 100 cm. It enjoys some four months of rainfall and has some eight months of aridity. Also, the relative humidity is always low about 40 percent in January and rise to about 60 percent in July. There are two principal winds that govern the climate of the area namely, the Tropical Maritime air mass (Tm) and the Continental air mass (Tc) [8]. While the former air mass brings rain to the entire study area during the wet season, the latter air mass brings aridity, since it originates from the desert area it is always cold, dry and dusty locally known as harmattan wind [9]. Soils in this area are formed under condition of aridity and deposition of sand by the wind. The soils are fine sandy loam, relatively easy to cultivate with little leaching hence, it is generally good for cultivation of groundnuts, grains and cotton especially in Funtua where cotton ginneries plant was first established. Both vegetation and soils are somehow related since they are affected by the climate, geology and relief of the area. The soil determines to a large extent the type of plants that grow and in like manner, the soil helps to enrich the plant cover. The study area shares some characteristics of a sudan type of savanna vegetation. The trees are scattered with poor grassland. Some of the tree species include shear-butter tree, locust bean and date palms. Regarding peoples, the most predominant tribes are the Fulanis and Hausas. However, there are Yorubas, Igbos and other tribes occupying some pocket areas. The Fulanis are noted for their animal husbandry and do engage in seasonal migration with their cattle, goats, sheep and donkey. The Hausas also engage in animal rearing but mostly occupied with sedentary agriculture. The major crops grown by the farmers include maize, guinea-corn, millet, soya-beans and groundnuts at both commercial and subsistence levels [9]. In addition, horticulture is practised mostly along the main streams and rivers where vegetables like okro, tomatoes, onion, sugar-cane, lettuce and spinach are cultivated. III. Recent Studies In Agricultural Development In Nigeria The agricultural sector has the potential to be the industrial springboard from which economic development can take off. Essentially, agricultural activities are usually concentrated in the rural areas where there is a critical need for socio-economic transformation, and wealth redistribution [10]. At independence, agricultural sector largely remained engine of economic growth contributing some 54.7 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP). But after a decade with the emergence of oil and gas this giant agricultural sector ceased to be the prime mover of economic growth.