DOCSLIB.ORG

Edwards's Pheasant from Vietnam Critically Endangered and Possibly

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Edwards's Pheasant from Vietnam Critically Endangered and Possibly Edwards's Pheasant from Vietnam Critically endangered and possibly extinct in the wild Edwards's Pheasant was only found in the lowland forests of central Vietnam. It was always extremely rare but loss of its forest habitat, poaching and defoliation during the Vietnam war has resulted in no sightings of wild birds since the year 2000. For this reason, it now seems likely that the species is extinct in the wild. Many field surveys and camera traps have been deployed throughout its home range in recent years without success. To date, no researcher has ever seen or studied this species in the wild. History The species was originally only known from four skins of three males and one female sent by a missionary to the Paris Museum in 1895. The bird was named after a well-known French ornithologist at that time, Alphonse Milne-Edwards. In 1923, Jean Delacour, probably the greatest expert on pheasant species the world has ever known, went to Vietnam and was able to capture 22 Edwards's Pheasants and 15 survived the long journey back to France on a ship. Only three of these were females, but Delacour managed to breed the species successfully and now there may be as many as a thousand in captivity throughout the world. In 1994, the species had not been seen in Vietnam for many years, so WPA sent four pairs to Hanoi Zoo from the UK. Two year later, a wild male was discovered in a snare and taken to Hanoi Zoo, where it was able to breed successfully with one of the UK females. A small population of these birds continues to live in Hanoi Zoo and four additional birds were sent in 2015 from EAZA (the European Zoos Association) and WPA to provide additional bloodlines within Vietnam. DNA research Jean Delacour also brought back one pair of Imperial Pheasants from Vietnam with his Edwards's Pheasants in 1923. These birds were also extremely rare in Vietnam and the captive population was only kept going by selective crossing with female silver pheasants. In the 1970s another pheasant species was discovered in central Vietnam by Prof Vo Quy which looked similar to Edwards's but had white tail feathers. Some of these birds were taken to Hanoi Zoo in the 1990s where a breeding programme allowed some of them to be sent to Europe. These birds were given the name Vietnamese Pheasant (Lophura hatinhensis). In 2012, DNA research by a team led by Alain Hennache (WPA France Chairman) discovered that the Imperial Pheasant was actually a naturally occurring hybrid between an Edwards's Pheasant and a Silver Pheasant. The Vietnamese Pheasant was found to be a genetic variation of Edwards's Pheasant, possibly evolving from inbreeding . So both these birds have been officially removed from the list of pheasant species. Since that time, WPA has conducted detailed DNA investigations into the majority of the captive population of Edwards's Pheasants throughout the world. Greater genetic diversity has been found than might have been expected from a species that has been in captivity for almost 100 years. The DNA results are now being used to create pairs with the greatest genetic variation and it is planned to send some of the birds from these new pairings to Vietnam to start a reintroduction programme. Reintroduction in Vietnam VietNature is a national conservation organisation in Vietnam which evolved from many years' involvement with Birdlife International. It has carried out numerous field surveys for the Edwards's Pheasant, including the use of hundreds of camera traps. Many other extremely rare animal species have been recorded in its research, but there has been no sign of any Edwards's Pheasant since 2000. Unfortunately, the calls of this species are very quiet and little known, so it seems unlikely that it might be found from its calling behaviour. VietNature is working closely with WPA and EAZA on a long-term Action Plan to return Edwards's Pheasant to the wild. A large area of good lowland rainforest (768 hectares) has been leased for the next 30 years in Khe Nuoc Trong Nature Reserve, a former site for the species. In addition, the first breeding station site has been identified in Le Thuy District of Quang Binh Province and aviary plans have been proposed by WPA and EAZA. WPA has agreed to donate £20,000 to help provide these first aviaries. Since Bird Flu is rife in Vietnam, there will need to be several such breeding stations with high levels of bio-security. Breeding pheasants for reintroduction is very different to just breeding them in an aviary, and WPA has experience with this which it is sharing with VietNature. It is agreed by all those with experience that only parent-reared pheasants stand a realistic chance of survival when released. Moreover, after nearly a hundred years in captivity, it is believed that it may take several generations of parent-rearing before birds are available which are suitable for release. 2017 marks the Year of the Chicken (or pheasant) in Vietnam; it is planned to have Edwards's Pheasant back in the wild by the next Year of the Pheasant - 2029. Lowland forest in Khe Nuoc Trong Nature Reserve - formerly home to Edwards's Pheasant (photo Le Trong Trai) If you are able to offer any funding to support the reintroduction of Edwards’s Pheasant in Vietnam, WPA guarantees to ensure that every penny will be sent to Vietnam for this project The World Pheasant Association, Middle, Ninebanks, Hexham, NE47 8DL Phone: 01434 345526 Email: [email protected] www.pheasant.org.uk .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Keeping Pheasants
    KKKEEEEEEPPPIIINNNGGG PPPHHHEEEAAASSSAAANNNTTTSSS AAASSS AAA HHHOOOBBBBBBYYY Text and photos: Jan Willem Schrijvers Photo above: Siamese Fireback pheasant male(Lophura diardi). ORIGIN AND LIFESTYLE OF THE WILD PHEASANT Pheasants are wild gallinaceous birds all originating in Asia. One exception is the Congo peacock from Africa. (The pheasants also include game fowl and peacocks.) Each species has its own characteristics and life habits. There are species that live in tropical rain forests, but there are species that live in the mountains, on cold plains. This is something to take in account when housing our pheasants (with or without a night coop, with or without heating). Most species live in and around the mountains with a woodland vegetation, where they can find lots of berries, greens and seeds. It is of utmost importance to first consider the habits and living conditions of the species you want to keep. Only with proper housing will these beautiful birds show to their fullest, and reproduce. PHEASANTS IN AVIARIES In the past there were some "pheasant farms" which mainly bred the common pheasant (also known as ring-neck pheasant). The birds on these farms were bred for sport hunting. They were released en masse in the autumn in the fields and other areas to be shot for the sport. Some escaped from the hunters and that is why today we can see wild pheasants roam our fields and woods. These pheasants have also succeeded in reproducing themselves, even though they are not native birds. The birds are also kept for their colourful feathers. Each year I see Prince Carnival walk again with the beautiful feathers of the Reeves's Pheasant at his cocked hat.
    [Show full text]
  • CITES Cop16 Prop. 17 IUCN-TRAFFIC Analysis (PDF, 88KB)
    Ref. CoP16 Prop. 17 Deletion of Imperial Pheasant Lophura imperialis from Appendix I Proponent: Switzerland, as Depositary Government, at the request of the Animals Committee (prepared by France) Summary: The Imperial Pheasant Lophura imperialis is a rare dark-blue pheasant known in the wild from just four records from Viet Nam. First described in 1924 from a single live pair, it is now accepted as being an occasional naturally-occurring hybrid between Silver Pheasant L. nycthemera and Edward’s Pheasant L. edwardsi. A bird captured in 1990 was likely a hybrid between L. nycthemera and Vietnamese Pheasant L. hatinhensis which itself has been found to be an inbred form of L. edwardsi. There have been no other confirmed reports of Imperial Pheasant in the wild. A captive stock was established in Europe and the USA from a pair caught in 1923, which were subsequently cross-bred with Lophura nycthemera to create new stock. Birds with Imperial Pheasant phenotype have also been created in captivity by hybridizing Silver Pheasant and Edward’s Pheasant. Lophura imperialis and L. edwardsi were both listed in CITES Appendix I in 1975. Since 1975 international trade in 31 L. imperialis individuals has been reported in the CITES trade database, all but four declared as captive-bred. These four comprise animals exported before 1999 from non-range States with no source code included in the record. There is no reason to suppose that these were not also captive-bred. Lophura imperialis is proposed for removal from Appendix I on the basis that it is no longer recognised as a species.
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus Pictus
    Young Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus What is the history of my relationship to man? The Golden Pheasant is commonly found in zoos and aviaries, but often as impure specimens that have the similar Lady Amherst's Pheasant in their lineage. Habitat / Climate Where am I from? dark young conifer forests The Golden Pheasant or "Chinese Pheasant",is a parrot like Map with sparse undergrowth gamebird of the order Galliformes. It is native to forests in mountainous areas of western China but feral populations have been established in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Other family members: Caspian snowcock Who are my relatives? Gray partridge Silver Pheasant, Little chachalaca, Yellow- knobbed curassow and Western capercaillie the Turkey Breeding Potential How am I born? We lay 8-12 eggs at a time and will then incubate these for around 22-23 days. Clutch size 8 to 12 eggs When we hatch we are able to walk and look for food with in hours. By a few weeks we will loose our down and have our feathers in. How long does it take me to grow up and how long do I live Once we have gotten our feathers we will keep getting bigger. By 3 months we will be full Breeding Season grown, we might add a few pounds after that but wont get larger. We can live up to 6 years. J F M A M J J A S O N D A E A P A U U U E C O E N B R R Y N L G P T V C What kind of family life do I have? We are extremely territorial.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybridization & Zoogeographic Patterns in Pheasants
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Paul Johnsgard Collection Papers in the Biological Sciences 1983 Hybridization & Zoogeographic Patterns in Pheasants Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/johnsgard Part of the Ornithology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "Hybridization & Zoogeographic Patterns in Pheasants" (1983). Paul Johnsgard Collection. 17. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/johnsgard/17 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Paul Johnsgard Collection by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. HYBRIDIZATION & ZOOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN PHEASANTS PAUL A. JOHNSGARD The purpose of this paper is to infonn members of the W.P.A. of an unusual scientific use of the extent and significance of hybridization among pheasants (tribe Phasianini in the proposed classification of Johnsgard~ 1973). This has occasionally occurred naturally, as for example between such locally sympatric species pairs as the kalij (Lophura leucol11elana) and the silver pheasant (L. nycthelnera), but usually occurs "'accidentally" in captive birds, especially in the absence of conspecific mates. Rarely has it been specifically planned for scientific purposes, such as for obtaining genetic, morphological, or biochemical information on hybrid haemoglobins (Brush. 1967), trans­ ferins (Crozier, 1967), or immunoelectrophoretic comparisons of blood sera (Sato, Ishi and HiraI, 1967). The literature has been summarized by Gray (1958), Delacour (1977), and Rutgers and Norris (1970). Some of these alleged hybrids, especially those not involving other Galliformes, were inadequately doculnented, and in a few cases such as a supposed hybrid between domestic fowl (Gallus gal/us) and the lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) can be discounted.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for Amendment of Appendix I Or II for CITES Cop16
    Original language: French CoP16 Prop. 17 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3-14 March 2013 CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II A. Proposal Delete Lophura imperialis from Appendix I and Amend the standard reference for birds adopted by the Conference of the Parties in the Annex to Resolution Conf. 12.11 (Rev. CoP15): "Dickinson, E. C. (ed.)(2003): The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Revised and enlarged 3rd Edition. 1039 pp. London (Christopher Helm)", inserting the following text in square brackets: [for all bird species – except for Lophura imperialis and the taxa mentioned below] B. Proponent Switzerland, as Depositary Government, at the request of the Animals Committee (proposal prepared by France)1. C. Supporting statement 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class: Aves 1.2 Order: Galliformes 1.3 Family: Phasianidae 1.4 Genus, species, including author and year: Lophura imperialis, Delacour et Jabouille, 1924 Birdlife International no longer recognizes the imperial pheasant (Lophura imperialis) as a species (2011). According to the IUCN Species Survival Commission / World Pheasant Association Galliformes Specialist Group, Lophura imperialis is no longer a valid name and the taxon should be considered a natural hybrid between the species Lophura edwardsi (Oustalet, 1896) and Lophura nycthemera (Linné, 1758). As a result, Lophura imperialis has been removed from the IUCN Red List. 1 The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat or the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • 31St August 2021 Name and Address of Collection/Breeder: Do You Closed Ring Your Young Birds? Yes / No
    Page 1 of 3 WPA Census 2021 World Pheasant Association Conservation Breeding Advisory Group 31st August 2021 Name and address of collection/breeder: Do you closed ring your young birds? Yes / No Adults Juveniles Common name Latin name M F M F ? Breeding Pairs YOUNG 12 MTH+ Pheasants Satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra Satyr tragopan (TRS ringed) Tragopan satyra Temminck's tragopan Tragopan temminckii Temminck's tragopan (TRT ringed) Tragopan temminckii Cabot's tragopan Tragopan caboti Cabot's tragopan (TRT ringed) Tragopan caboti Koklass pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha Himalayan monal Lophophorus impeyanus Red junglefowl Gallus gallus Ceylon junglefowl Gallus lafayettei Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii Green junglefowl Gallus varius White-crested kalij pheasant Lophura l. hamiltoni Nepal Kalij pheasant Lophura l. leucomelana Crawfurd's kalij pheasant Lophura l. crawfurdi Lineated kalij pheasant Lophura l. lineata True silver pheasant Lophura n. nycthemera Berlioz’s silver pheasant Lophura n. berliozi Lewis’s silver pheasant Lophura n. lewisi Edwards's pheasant Lophura edwardsi edwardsi Vietnamese pheasant Lophura e. hatinhensis Swinhoe's pheasant Lophura swinhoii Salvadori's pheasant Lophura inornata Malaysian crestless fireback Lophura e. erythrophthalma Bornean crested fireback pheasant Lophura i. ignita/nobilis Malaysian crestless fireback/Vieillot's Pheasant Lophura i. rufa Siamese fireback pheasant Lophura diardi Southern Cavcasus Phasianus C. colchicus Manchurian Ring Neck Phasianus C. pallasi Northern Japanese Green Phasianus versicolor
    [Show full text]
  • Save Pdf (0.81
    FFPS news The Oryx 100% Fund threat from the cage-bird trade in Trinidad. The second will be concerned with forest regenera- tion on the Tobago Main Ridge, which was Grants awarded devastated by Hurricane Flora in 1965. The team At its meeting on 7 June the FFPS Council will assess natural regeneration and compare it approved funding for the following projects. with growth in areas replanted with fast-growing exotic species to combat erosion. The results £800 for a project focusing on conservation of should be of wide interest in the Caribbean forest birds in Vietnam. The team consists of where forests are ever prone to hurricane damage i three people from the UK and two from Vietnam, (Project number 89/22/8). who will carry out surveys to discover good populations of Vietnamese pheasant Lophura £300 for the University of East Anglia Comoro hatinhensis and Edward's pheasant L.edwardsi Islands Expedition 1989. One British and three in areas suitable for protection as part of a five- Comorian people will reassess the status of year agreement with the Government of Viet- Livingstone's giant fruit bat Pteropus livingstonii nam. The team will also carry out preliminary following cyclone Calasanji in January 1989. surveys for orange-necked partridge Arboro- The team will also census the rare Grand Com- phila davidi, green peafowl Pavo muticus and oro scops owl Otus pauliani and the mongoose Germain's peacock-pheasant Polyplecton ger- lemur Lemur mongoz. Conservation recommen- maini. All these birds are considered to be dations and the possibility of a breeding pro- threatened (Project number 89/24/9).
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnam Edwards's Pheasant Working Group Action Plan for The
    Vietnam Edwards’s Pheasant Working Group Action Plan for the Conservation of the Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi 2015 – 2020 Hanoi, March 2015 1 Table of content List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. The Species.................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Taxonomy and Ecology ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Distribution: .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Habitat Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Population Size and Trends ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado Birds the Colorado Field Ornithologists’ Quarterly
    Vol. 45 No. 3 July 2011 Colorado Birds The Colorado Field Ornithologists’ Quarterly Remembering Abby Modesitt Chipping Sparrow Migration Sage-Grouse Spermatozoa Colorado Field Ornithologists PO Box 643, Boulder, Colorado 80306 www.cfo-link.org Colorado Birds (USPS 0446-190) (ISSN 1094-0030) is published quarterly by the Colo- rado Field Ornithologists, P.O. Box 643, Boulder, CO 80306. Subscriptions are obtained through annual membership dues. Nonprofit postage paid at Louisville, CO. POST- MASTER: Send address changes to Colorado Birds, P.O. Box 643, Boulder, CO 80306. Officers and Directors of Colorado Field Ornithologists: Dates indicate end of current term. An asterisk indicates eligibility for re-election. Terms expire 5/31. Officers: President: Jim Beatty, Durango, 2013; [email protected]; Vice President: Bill Kaempfer, Boulder, 2013*; [email protected]; Secretary: Larry Modesitt, Greenwood Village, 2013*; [email protected]; Treasurer: Maggie Boswell, Boulder, 2013; trea- [email protected] Directors: Lisa Edwards, Falcon, 2014*; Ted Floyd, Lafayette, 2014*; Brenda Linfield, Boulder, 2013*; Christian Nunes, Boulder, 2013*; Bob Righter, Denver, 2012*; Joe Roller, Denver, 2012* Colorado Bird Records Committee: Dates indicate end of current term. An asterisk indicates eligibility to serve another term. Terms expire 12/31. Chair: Larry Semo, Westminster; [email protected] Secretary: Doug Faulkner, Arvada (non-voting) Committee Members: John Drummond, Monument, 2013*; Peter Gent, Boulder, 2012; Bill Maynard, Colorado Springs, 2013; Bill Schmoker, Longmont, 2013*; David Silver- man, Rye, 2011*; Glenn Walbek, Castle Rock, 2012* Colorado Birds Quarterly: Editor: Nathan Pieplow, [email protected] Staff: Glenn Walbek (Photo Editor), [email protected]; Hugh Kingery (Field Notes Editor), [email protected]; Tony Leukering (In the Scope Editor), GreatGrayOwl@aol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Introduced Silver Pheasant (Lophura Nycthemera) in Patagonia: Abundance, Group Structure, Activity Patterns and Association to Human Disturbance
    2017Hornero 32(2):227–236, 2017 SILVER PHEASANT IN PATAGONIA 227 THE INTRODUCED SILVER PHEASANT (LOPHURA NYCTHEMERA) IN PATAGONIA: ABUNDANCE, GROUP STRUCTURE, ACTIVITY PATTERNS AND ASSOCIATION TO HUMAN DISTURBANCE VALERIA L. MARTIN-ALBARRACIN 1,3, GUILLERMO C. AMICO 1 AND MARTÍN A. NUÑEZ 2 1 Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. 2 Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Av. de los Pioneros 2350, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT.— Phasianids are one of the groups of introduced birds with highest impact on native ecosystems. In Patagonia several phasianids are established or in process of establishment, thus it is relevant to know their impacts on ecosystems. The Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) was introduced to Isla Victoria in the 1950’s and successfully established all over the island. The aim of this work is to study the population of this species on Isla Victoria in terms of abundance and association to human disturbance as a first step to know its potential impact in the ecosystem. We conducted camera-trapping and direct observations in linear transects located in highly dis- turbed and in lowly disturbed areas. Using camera-trapping data we estimated an index of rela- tive abundance to compare habitat use between areas. We used the distance-sampling approach to estimate population density with the data from direct observations. The Silver Pheasant used much more frequently areas with a high level of disturbance, suggesting that the presence of disturbed habitats could facilitate establishment and spread of this species in Patagonia.
    [Show full text]
  • Gamebird Conservation
    Threatened Ducks and Geese West Indian Whistling Duck Hawaiian Goose Gamebird Conservation Freckled Duck by Jack Clinton-Eitniear Crested Shelduck San Antonio, Texas Baykal Teal New Zealand Brown Teal Laysan Duck Pink-headed Duck Madagascar Pochard During the first half of the nine­ from the list at the end of this article, Scaly-sided Merganser teenth century, had you ventured into they have a rather formidable chal­ Lesser White-fronted Goose a meat market in ew York or Balti­ lenge ahead of them. Red-breasted Goose more, you might well have encoun­ While it is encouraging to note that Ruddy-headed Goose tered a rather "fishy" tasting duck a number of species facing troubles in White-winged Duck offered for sale. That duck, often said the wild are well represented in cap­ Madagascar Teal to have rotted as few desired to eat tivity it is equally saddening that Hawaiian Duck them, was that of a Labrador Duck most are not. Having had the pleasure Marbled Teal (Camptorhynchus labradorius)~ a of working with tragopans, as well as Baer's Pochard now extinct species. While dis­ brown-, blue- and white-eared pheas­ Brazilian Merganser covered inhabiting the northeast sea­ ants in the late sixties, I know well of White-headed Duck board in 1789, the duck, for reasons their awe-inspiring beauty. Anyone unknown, had disappeared by 1878. who is tempted to associate bright Threatened Pheasants, While at least four species of water­ colors of enchanting combinations Francolins, Quail & Peafowl fowl have passed into extinction, I with only small birds needs to visit a Bearded Wood-partridge know of only one Gallinaceous bird, pheasant collection.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 5 PRODUCTS of ANIMAL ORIGIN, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED I 5-1 Notes: 1
    )&f1y3X CHAPTER 5 PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN, NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED I 5-1 Notes: 1. This chapter does not cover: (a) Edible products (other than guts, bladders and stomachs of animals, whole and pieces thereof, and animal blood, liquid or dried); (b) Hides or skins (including furskins) other than goods of heading 0505 and parings and simlar waste of raw hides or skins of heading 0511 (chapter 41 or 43); (c) Animal textile materials, other than horsehair and horsehair waste (section XI); or (d) Prepared knots or tufts for broom or brush making (heading 9603). 2. For the purposes of heading 0501, the sorting of hair by length (provided the root ends and tip ends, respectively, are not arranged together) shall be deemed not to constitute working. 3. Throughout the tariff schedule, elephant, walrus, narwhal and wild boar tusks, rhinoceros horns and the teeth of all animals are regarded as "ivory." 4. Throughout the tariff schedule, the expression "horsehair" means hair of the manes or tails of equine or bovine animals. Additional U.S. Note 1. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this note, the importation of the feathers or skin of any bird is hereby prohibited. Such prohibition shall apply to the feathers or skin of any bird: (i) Whether raw or processed; (ii) Whether the whole plumage or skin or any part of either; (iii) Whether or not attached to a whole bird or any part thereof; and (iv) Whether or not forming part of another article. (b) Paragraph (a) shall not apply: (i) In respect of any of the following birds (other than any such bird which, whether or not raised in captivity, is a wild bird): chickens (including hens and roosters), turkeys, guineas, geese, ducks, pigeons, ostriches, rheas, English ring-necked pheasants and pea fowl; (ii) To any importation for scientific or educational purposes; (iii) To the importation of fully manufactured artificial flies used for fishing; (iv) To the importation of birds which are classifiable under subheading 9804.00.55; and (v) To the importation of live birds.
    [Show full text]