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Review Report of Soil-Improving Cropping Systems

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Review Report of Soil-Improving Cropping Systems A review of soil- improving cropping systems Editors: Oene Oenema, Marius Heinen, Rene Rietra, Rudi Hessel Report number: 07 Deliverable: - Report type: Scientific Report Issue date: 01/11/2017 Project partner: Wageningen Environmental Research, NL Version: Full Report www.soilcare-project.eu i DOCUMENT SUMMARY Project Information Project Title: Soil Care for profitable and sustainable crop production in Europe Project Acronym: SoilCare Call Identifier: H2020-SFS-2015-2b Grant agreement no.: 677407 Starting Date: 01.03.2016 End Date: 28.02.2021 Project duration 60 months Web--Site address: www.soilcare-project.eu Project coordinator: Wageningen Environmental Research (WEnR) EU project representative & Dr. Rudi Hessel - ([email protected]) +31 317 486 530 coordinator of the project: Project manager(s): Erik van den Elsen ([email protected]), Simone Verzandvoort ([email protected]), Falentijn Assinck ([email protected]) Report Information Report Title: A review of soil- improving cropping systems Principle Author(s): Oene Oenema, Marius Heinen, Yang Peipei, Rene Rietra, Rudi Hessel (eds.) Principle Author e-mail: [email protected] Deliverable Number: - Work Package: WP2 WP Leader: Wageningen Environmental Research, the Netherlands Nature: PU Dissemination: Document Editor (s): Erik van den Elsen E--Mail(s): [email protected] Telephone Number(s): +31 317 486533 Report Due Date 31-08-2017 Report publish date: Full Report - 01-11-2017 Copyright ©2017 the SoilCare project and Partners Copyright notice and disclaimer: http://tinyurl.com/soilcare-disclaimer ii No. Participant organisation name Abbreviation Country 1 Wageningen Environmental Research WEnR Netherlands 2 University of Newcastle upon Tyne UNEW United Kingdom 3 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven KUL Belgium 4 University of Gloucestershire UoG United Kingdom 5 University Hohenheim UH Germany 6 Research Institute for Knowledge Systems RIKS Netherlands 7 Technical University of Crete TUC Greece 8 Joint Research Centre JRC Italy 9 University of Bern UNIBE Switzerland 10 Milieu LTD MLTD Belgium 11 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research NIBIO Norway 12 Bodemkundige Dienst van België BDB Belgium 13 Aarhus University AU Denmark 14 Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust GWCT United Kingdom 15 Teagasc TEAGASC Ireland 16 Soil Cares Research SCR Netherlands 17 Instituto Politecnico De Coimbra IPC/ESAC Spain 18 National Research and Development Institute for ICPA Romania Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Environmental Protection 19 University of Padova UNIPD Italy 20 Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Academy of IAPAN Poland 21 Wageningen University WU Netherlands 22 University of Pannonia UP Hungary 23 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU Sweden 24 Agro Intelligence Aps. AI Denmark 25 Crop Research Institute VURV Czech Republic 26 University of Almeria UAL Spain Fédération Régionale des Agrobiologistes de FRAB 27 France Bretagne 28 Scienceview Media BV SVM Netherlands iii Review of soil-improving cropping systems (SICS) O. Oenema, M. Heinen, R. Rietra and R. Hessel (eds.) Contributing authors per chapter: 1 – O. Oenema and R. Hessel 2 – R. Rietra 3 – R. Rietra 4 – M. Heinen 5 – M. Heinen 6 – J. Cuevas, J.J. Hueso, F. del Moral, I. Tsanis and I. Daliakopoulos 7 – J. Stolte, R. Hessel, L. Øygarden, O. Green, A. Ferreira, G. Edwards, J. Poesen and M. Riksen 8 – A. Alaoui, A. Berti, G. Edwards, O. Green, T. Seehusen and P. Yang 9 – X. Yang, V. Silva, E. Huerta and V. Geissen 10 – M.A. Bolinder, F. Crotty, A. Elsen, M. Frac, T. Kismanyoky, T. Kätterer, J. Lipiec, M. Tits and Z. Toth 11 – F. Crotty, A. Termorshuizen, E. Hannula and E. Kandeler 12 – J. Poesen and J. Stolte 13 – G. Wyseure and H. van Helden 14 – A.J.D. Ferreira, J. Cuevas González, G. Wyseure, O. Vizitiu, V. Pinillo, Y. Canton, C. Stoate, A.K. Boulet and C.S.S. Ferreira 15 – P. Cermak, L. Mensik, H. Kusa, E. Kunzova, M. Frac, B. Toth, Z. Toth and J. Lipiec 16 – T. Dalgaard, C. Christen, G.L. Lövei, M. Ferrante, V. Bhaskar, C. Kjeldsen, A. Ferreira, O. Green, I.S. Kristensen, M. Heinen, R. Rietra, P. Yang, R. Hessel and O. Oenema 17 – O. Oenema 1 Contents Executive summary................................................................................................................... 9 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 References ............................................................................................................................................... 14 2 Overview of farming and cropping systems in Europe ............................................... 17 2.1 Farming systems ................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Crop rotations........................................................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Agronomic management techniques ........................................................................................... 19 2.4 Manure management ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Irrigation .................................................................................................................................................. 22 2.6 Animal grazing and housing ............................................................................................................ 23 2.7 Landscape features .............................................................................................................................. 24 2.8 References ............................................................................................................................................... 24 3 Overview of driving forces of farm and cropping systems ........................................ 27 3.1 References ............................................................................................................................................... 31 4 Overview of soil threats in Europe ................................................................................ 33 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 33 4.2 Soil threats .............................................................................................................................................. 33 4.2.1 Salinization .................................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.2 Erosion............................................................................................................................................. 35 4.2.3 Compaction ................................................................................................................................... 36 4.2.4 Contamination or pollution ..................................................................................................... 37 4.2.5 Decline in organic matter ......................................................................................................... 38 4.2.6 Decline in soil biodiversity ....................................................................................................... 39 4.2.7 Landslides ...................................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.8 Flooding and water logging ................................................................................................... 41 4.2.9 Desertification .............................................................................................................................. 42 4.2.10 Acidification................................................................................................................................... 43 4.3 References ............................................................................................................................................... 44 5 An analytical framework for assessing soil-improving cropping systems ................ 47 5.1 Concept of soil-improving cropping systems ........................................................................... 47 3 5.2 Methodology of assessing SICS ..................................................................................................... 53 5.3 Analytical framework .......................................................................................................................... 54 5.4 References ............................................................................................................................................... 56 6 Soil-improving cropping systems for soil salinization ................................................ 57 6.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 57 6.2 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 58 6.3 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 59 6.3.1 Concept ..........................................................................................................................................
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