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Table of Contents

3.1 PREREQUISITES: ADOPTION BY THE LOCAL GOVERNING BODY ...... 1

3.2 THE PLANNING PROCESS ...... 3

3.2.1 OPEN PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ...... 3 3.2.2 OPPORTUNITY FOR PUBLIC COMMENT ...... 8 3.2.3 OPPORTUNITY FOR PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTICIPATION...... 9 3.2.4 REVIEW AND INCORPORATION OF EXISTING PLANS, STUDIES, REPORTS, AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION...... 9 3.2.5 DOCUMENTATION OF THE PLANNING PROCESS...... 12

3.3 RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 13

3.3.1 IDENTIFYING HAZARDS ...... 13 3.3.2 PROFILING HAZARD PROFILES ...... 52 3.3.3 ASSESSING VULNERABILITY: IDENTIFYING ASSETS...... 100 3.3.4 ASSESSING VULNERABILITY: ESTIMATING POTENTIAL LOSSES ...... 130 3.3.5 ANALYZING DEVELOPMENT TRENDS...... 132

3.4 MITIGATION STRATEGY...... 137

3.4.1 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT ...... 138 3.4.2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION GOALS ...... 153 3.4.3 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION MEASURES...... 160 3.4.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 165

3.5 PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES ...... 189

3.5.1 MONITORING, EVALUATING, AND UPDATING THE PLAN...... 189 3.5.2 IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH EXISTING PROGRAMS...... 191 3.5.3 CONTINUED PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ...... 191

i Appendices

APPENDIX 1: LOUISVILLE METRO COUNCIL DISTRICT AND CENSUS TRACT MAPS...... 192

APPENDIX 2: SIGNED PARTNERING AGREEMENT ...... 194

APPENDIX 3: LOUISVILLE METRO COUNCIL ORDER ...... 197

APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY...... 198

APPENDIX 5: PLAN DEVELOPMENT MEMBER INVITATIONS...... 210

APPENDIX 6: PLANNING TEAM AND ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS ...... 211

APPENDIX 7: PLANNING TEAM AND ADVISORY COMMITTEE AGENDAS...... 220

APPENDIX 8: COMPENDIUM OF MAPS RELATIVE TO THE PLAN...... 236

APPENDIX 9: LOUISVILLE METRO HAZUS-MH PILOT SUMMARY ...... 247

APPENDIX 10: EXISTING PLANS, STUDIES, REPORTS, AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION ...... 248

APPENDIX 11: PROFILING HAZARD EVENTS: TABLES AND DATA ...... 269

APPENDIX 12: HAZUS-MH PILOT PROJECT EARTHQUAKE ASSESSMENT ...... 283

APPENDIX 13: IDENTIFYING ASSETS: TABLES AND DATA ...... 291

APPENDIX 14: ESTIMATING POTENTIAL LOSSES: LOSS ESTIMATION TABLES AND DATA...... 347

APPENDIX 15: STATE HAZARD MITIGATION CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT ...... 380

APPENDIX 16: LOUISVILLE METRO HAZARD FACT SHEETS ...... 389

APPENDIX 17: LOUISVILLE METRO MITIGATION ACQUISITIONS ...... 405

REFERENCES...... 430

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan ii 3.1 PREREQUISITES

Adoption by the Local Governing Body

The Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan, hereafter known as “the Plan” adheres to the guidelines outlined in 44 CFR, Section 201.6.

Adoption Process: Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency (EMA), applicant agency, submits the Plan to the Kentucky Division of Emergency Management (KyEM) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IV for review and comment. Once the State and Federal reviewers certify the Plan approvable, EMA will submit the Plan for formal adoption. A signed copy of the executed order is included in the final Plan. See Appendix 3 for a map of Metro Council Districts and a map of the Census Tracts.

Partnering Agreement MISSION STATEMENT Project Staff met with the Public Health and Safety Committee of the Metro Council, early in the planning The Louisville Metro All Hazards process to introduce the all hazard planning process Mitigation Plan will be a proactive and a “Partnering Agreement”. The Public Health and and cooperative program to help our Safety Committee agreed to formally recognize the community to be better prepared to planning process and the Partners by sponsoring a prevent and reduce losses from natural disasters. Resolution to be adopted by Louisville Metro’s 26- member Metro Council.

The Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Planning Team and Advisory Committee signed the Partnering Agreement during the Public Kick-Off Meeting (May 24, 2004). The signed Partnering Agreement includes the Mission Statement, signatures, and states the commitment to the planning process by the Planning Team and Advisory Committee. The text of the Agreement follows. The signed Partnering Agreement is in an Appendix 2. A copy of the Resolution is in Appendix 3.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 1

Louisville Metro All Hazards Mitigation Plan

MISSION STATEMENT: The Louisville Metro All Hazards Mitigation Plan will be a proactive and cooperative program to help our community to be better prepared to prevent and reduce losses from natural disasters.

PARTNERING AGREEMENT

We, the members of the Louisville Metro All Hazards Mitigation Plan Development Team, are committed to working to establish unity and open communication in the implementation of a comprehensive all hazards mitigation plan.

We pledge our representation as a partner in the goal to develop:

• A Disaster Resistant Community • An appropriate Hazard Mitigation Plan and Mitigation Strategy • Regulatory practices • Maximum community trust, support, and involvement

To maintain the All Hazard Mitigation Plan as a working plan, we pledge to reconvene at least annually to keep our goals and recommendations viable. As we achieve the priority recommendations in the Plan, we will report on the progress to the community and continue to update the plan for the future.

The signed Partnering Agreement is in an Appendix 2.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 2 3.2 THE PLANNING PROCESS

See a list of Acronyms and a Glossary of Terms in Appendix 4.

Developing the Planning Process Louisville Metro Planning Process

In early 2004, the Project Coordinator In order to develop a more comprehensive approach contacted the State National Flood to reducing the effects of natural disasters, the Insurance Program (NFIP) Coordinator, KY planning process included: EM, KY Division of Water (DOW), and (1) An opportunity for the public to comment on the FEMA Region IV to state the intent of plan during the drafting stage and prior to plan beginning the process of developing a approval; (2) An opportunity for neighboring communities, natural hazards plan and requested local and regional agencies involved in hazard participation, assistance, and resources. mitigation activities, and agencies that have the authority to regulate development, as well as businesses, academia and other private and non-profit interests to be involved in the planning process; (3) Review and incorporation, if appropriate, of existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information.

3.2.1 OPEN PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

The Louisville Metro planning process is designed to maximize stakeholder involvement and participation, which is essential in creating a viable mitigation strategy. Public involvement has been an integral part of the development of Louisville Metro’s Mitigation Plan in order to develop a mitigation plan that is supported by a broader cross section of public and private stakeholders.

Moreover, the planning process relied on stakeholder involvement and participation as the main source of guidance for all phases of the plan. The majority of public involvement has taken the form of the two stakeholder groups: a Planning Team and an Advisory Committee. Other public involvement included public meetings, one-on- one interviews by Project Staff, a presentation to Metro Council’s Public Health and Safety Committee, phone interviews and contact with various officials from Metro offices, and State and Federal agencies.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 3 Following is a description of the Louisville Metro “Plan Development Team”.

Plan Development Team Members: As a whole the Team represents the following:

• Project Staff • LOJIC GIS Staff • Planning Team • Advisory Committee

Project Staff: Project Staff has been involved in all phases of plan development. Project Staff includes:

• Program Coordinator: Jim McKinney • Mitigation Specialist: Pamela Moore • Technical Advisors: Bob Smith, Chris Dickinson, Randy Stambaugh, and Justin Gray • GIS Specialists: Curt Bynum, Paul Freibert, and Josh Human

The Project Staff was responsible for collecting data, reviewing plans/studies, facilitating public input, and drafting the Plan. In addition, Project Staff facilitated the process to review the hazard assessments and profiles, assisted in developing a mitigation strategy, including the design of a detailed action plan, and stakeholder participation.

LOJIC GIS Staff: LOJIC was LOJIC primarily responsible for Louisville/Jefferson County Information Consortium gathering critical spatial data and developing the risk LOJIC is the proprietor of a countywide geographic information assessment. system (GIS) built using ESRI’s (Environmental Systems Research Initiative) ArcInfo and ArcView software. Created in 1987, LOJIC was formed from an MSD study of benefits of the GIS. MSD is the lead To prepare for the Risk agency, and other agencies help finance and use the GIS system. Assessment, the project LOJIC’s technical support staff is housed at MSD as part of MSD’s coordinator requested FEMA commitment to the consortium. LOJIC represents a multi-agency Region IV staff to provide effort to build and manage a comprehensive GIS. Presently HAZUS- Multi-Hazards (MH) participants include MSD, Louisville Metro, the Property Valuation training to LOJIC GIS staff. Administrator, the Louisville Water Company, as well as over a dozen FEMA Region IV selected licensees that include the University of Louisville, Louisville Gas & Louisville Metro as a HAZUS- Electric, Greater Louisville, Inc., and fire districts. LOJIC also has MH Pilot Community. HAZUS- cooperative agreements and provides services to the following MH is a GIS-based, nationally agencies: Community Services Office (MetroCall and Operation standardized, loss estimation Brightside), Planning and Development Services, Board of Elections, Emergency Management Agency, Public Works, Office of Health and tool developed by FEMA. the Environment, Housing and Urban Development, Revenue Commission, Police, Fire, and EMS. While LOJIC staff was familiar with HAZUS-MH software, For in-depth info on LOJIC, go to: WWW.LOJIC.ORG. training provided all the skills

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 4 and tools necessary to use the software for an earthquake risk assessment, and perform tasks required for the risk assessment. A basic HAZUS-MH training course for local GIS staff and other neighboring communities was provided on June 9 – 10, 2004 at the University of Louisville campus.

Convening Planning Team and Advisory Committee Representatives To convene a group of stakeholders from various hazard-related agencies/organizations, Louisville Metro Mayor Jerry Abramson requested participation on a Planning Team and an Advisory Committee. Letters from the Mayor requested participation and involvement in all phases of plan development. As a result, both the Planning Team and an Advisory Committee are composed of staff from those community departments that are implementing the majority of the Plan’s recommendations and represent the public at-large.

• In April 2004, letters from the Mayor were sent to 21 stakeholders (hazard- related agencies/organizations) requesting participation on the Planning Team • In April 2004, letters from the Mayor were sent to 24 stakeholders (businesses, agencies, and citizens) requesting participation on an Advisory Committee.

See Appendix 5 for a complete list of agencies/organizations and citizens invited by the Mayor to participate in the planning process.

Planning Team: composed of 20 hazard-related agencies/organizations from local, state, and federal agencies, as well as community representatives, local business leaders, and educators interested in hazard mitigation. In total, the Planning Team met twelve times.

PLANNING TEAM REPRESENTATIVES

American Red Cross Division of KY Emergency Management Area 6 Jefferson County Public Schools KIPDA, Area Development District Louisville & Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District Louisville Fire & Rescue Louisville Gas & Electric Energy Services Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency Louisville Metro Health Department Louisville Metro Planning Commission Louisville Metro Police Dept Louisville Metro Public Works Louisville Water Company National Weather Service Natural Resources Conservation Service

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 5 Suburban Fire Districts University of Louisville, Center for Hazards Research US Army Corps of Engineers US Geological Survey

Advisory Committee: The existing Louisville/Jefferson County Floodplain Management Plan members, as well as others, were requested to serve as public and private stakeholders. The Advisory Committee represents agencies, government, businesses, academia, neighborhoods, citizens, and others interested in hazard mitigation. In total, the Advisory Committee met ten times.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIIVES

American Red Cross Two Citizens for Louisville Metro Three Development / Environmental Businesses representatives Greater Louisville Board of REALTORS Greater Louisville Inc Jefferson County EMS Jefferson County Property Valuation Administrator Louisville & Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District Louisville Metro Council Louisville Metro Development Authority Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency Louisville Metro Parks Metro Louisville Dept of Inspections, Permit, License MetroCall US Census Bureau US Army Corps of Engineers

In April and May 2004, Project Staff convened the two committees for a kick-off meeting. Members received numerous handouts including: a summary of the planning process, HAZUS-MH info, FEMA CD of Mitigation Success Stories, a booklet on “Planning for a Sustainable Future”, and the series of DMA 2000 “How-To-Guides”.

During the two kick-off meetings, the Planning Team and Advisory Committee were assigned key roles; established a meeting schedule; and set agendas and a timeline. In addition, during the planning process, the Committees: • Developed a mission statement and a Partnering Agreement, • Provided input on development of the public involvement process, • Analyzed and reviewed hazard data for the risk assessment, • Created a mitigation strategy, • Established local mitigation goals and objectives, • Determined the procedure for the implementation of mitigation measures, • Established plan maintenance procedures, • Provided comment on the final plan content.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 6

See Appendix 6 for a complete list of the local Plan Development Team. Also, included in the Appendix is the Attendance List for both Committees.

Following are the planning requirements presented to stakeholders.

Planning Requirements The Planning Process - Public Meeting: Open Public Involvement - Review and Incorporation of Materials

Risk Assessment - Identifying Hazards - Profiling Hazard Events - Assessing Vulnerability: Identifying Assets and Estimating Potential Losses - Analyzing Development Trends

Mitigation Strategy - Develop Local Hazard Mitigation Goals - Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Measures - Implementation of Mitigation Measures

Plan Maintenance Procedures - Monitoring, Evaluating & Updating the Plan - Implementation Through Existing Programs - Continued Public Involvement

KYEM & FEMA Plan Review Public Meetings Adoption by Local Governing Body

The Planning Team and Advisory Committee provided guidance throughout the process and ensured stakeholder input. Moreover, all Committee meetings were open to the public and provided an opportunity for comments. Following is the schedule and a summary for the meeting purpose for the Planning Team and Advisory Committee Meetings. (See Appendix 7 for Committee Agendas.)

YEAR DATE PURPOSE OF MEETING LOCATION

2004 April 14 Informal Kick-Off with Planning Team MSD Board Room May 10 Informal Kick-Off with Advisory Committee MSD Board Room May 24 HAZUS-MH Kick-Off (Public Meeting) U of L Shelby Campus June 9 & 10 HAZUS-MH training U of L Belknap Campus June 16 Data Collection City Hall September 22 Identify Hazards MSD Board Room December 1 Update on Risk Assessments MSD Board Room

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 7 2005 January 25 Risk Assessment U of L Shelby Campus February 8 Risk Assessment/ Presentations by Agencies USGS February 15 Presentations from all hazard representatives USGS March 2 Develop Mitigation Strategy USGS March 30 Develop Mitigation Strategy Action Plan U of L Shelby Campus April 12 Finalize Mitigation Strategy and Develop Plan Maintenance Procedures MSD Board Room May 26 Public Meeting Air Pollution Control

3.2.2 OPPORTUNITY FOR PUBLIC COMMENT

The public was offered numerous opportunities to comment and provide input throughout the planning process, on the draft Plan at all stages, before Plan approval, and/or at a public meeting. A public meeting was held May 24, 2004 at the University of Louisville’s Shelby Campus to publicly kick-off the planning process and to introduce the HAZUS-MH capabilities. Mayor Jerry Abramson hosted the public meeting, which was attended by approximately 100 people, including print and news media. The focus of the meeting was to introduce the planning process, HAZUS-MH, request assistance from the public/private sector and citizens, collect hazard data, and to request partnerships. Todd Davison, Joe Rachael, and Sam Winningham from FEMA Region IV presented at the meeting, as well as Mike Lynch (State Hazard Mitigation Officer) and local officials: Doug Hamilton (EMA), Derek Guthrie (MSD), Curt Bynum (LOJIC), and Jim McKinney (EMA). Two local TV stations interviewed Todd Davison and the interviews were shown on the noon and evening news at both stations.

The public meeting notices as well as a press release for the HAZUS-MH pilot project were widely distributed via print media, e-mail, fax, mass mailings, and websites. Additionally, public information activities were implemented to explain the planning process and encourage input to the Planning Team or Project Staff. Furthermore, to reach the community at-large, including those who do not attend the public meetings, the draft Plan was distributed to public places, such as the library, agencies, and planning and zoning departments. See Appendix 8 for a Compendium of Maps shown at the public meeting and used for the risk assessment. These maps and others have been shown at every Committee meeting and showcases the existing GIS capabilities. See Appendix 9 for an overview of the HAZUS-MH pilot program.

To facilitate comments, all solicitations included a contact name and agency (Jim McKinney, Louisville Metro EMA), phone number, and postal and email addresses. In addition, all draft documents were stored on an ftp site dedicated to the Louisville Metro Hazards Plan (ftp://ftp.lojic.org/outgoing/MetroHazardsPlan/).

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 8 Opportunity for public comment was provided in the following ways: 1) Committee meetings were open to the public; 2) Open public meetings were held to inform the public of the planning process and to request participation; 3) One-on-one visits by Project Staff with numerous agencies/organizations; 4) Presentation to the Metro Council Public Health and Safety Committee; 5) Phone interviews with various officials from Metro offices and state agencies; 6) Open public meeting for review of the final Plan; and 7) Placement of draft Plan at executive offices as well as public libraries, government centers, and health department.

The Project Staff reviewed comments received to determine their impact on the Plan content. Relevant feedback was considered and incorporated as appropriate in all phases of Plan development.

3.2.3 OPPORTUNITY FOR PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTICIPATION

Project Staff facilitated the opportunity for public/private participation from numerous hazard or mitigation-related agencies/organizations early on in the planning process. The focus of the public and private participation was derived from the Planning Team and Advisory Committee. Additionally, public meetings at the beginning and at the end of the planning process ensure every stakeholder (public and private) adequate opportunity to participate or offer input.

At the May 24, 2004 Kick-Off public meeting attendees who signed-in indicated by a checkmark whether they wanted to receive a copy of the draft Plan for review. Project Staff ensured all received notice of the final Plan. Project Staff documented sign-in sheets, media notices, and meeting summaries, all of which are available in the office of the Louisville Metro EMA.

3.2.4 REVIEW AND INCORPORATION OF EXISTING PLANS, STUDIES, REPORTS, AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information was collected from agencies during one-on-one stakeholder meetings, and at Planning Team and Advisory Committee meetings. In addition, Project Staff requested agencies/organizations to review common problems, development policies, mitigation strategies, and inconsistencies and conflicts in policies, plans, programs, and regulations.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 9

One-on-One w/ Stakeholders: Project Staff members contacted and visited numerous agencies seeking local hazard data, existing plans, partnerships, common goals, projects, and commitment to an all hazards mitigation plan. Local Stakeholder Agencies included all members of the Planning Team and Advisory Committee:

Project Staff researched the collected data in order to determine any relevance to the development of the hazard mitigation plan. Project Staff also talked to experts from federal, state, and local agencies and universities and researched national data sources related to natural hazards to ensure all available information was reviewed and presented to the Planning Team and Advisory Committee and used in the Risk Assessment.

Following are examples of the types information collected to assist in developing the identified natural hazards, historical damage, vulnerable areas and assets, mitigation actions, and mitigation projects.

Emergency Operations Plan (EOP): Louisville Metro creates and maintains an emergency response plan in accordance with KRS Chapters 39A to 39F. The plan was a source for hazard analysis and hazard maps. Analysis includes organizational charts and mutual aid agreements. The EOP proved to be a valuable source of information for both risk assessment and vulnerability assessment for this hazard mitigation plan. The EOP includes the following topics:

Hazard Analysis for Jefferson County, Kentucky 2003: prepared by the Louisville Metro EMA, the analysis identifies natural hazards and includes information on magnitude, frequency, and historical events. Information from this plan was used to develop the risk assessment.

Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM): Through LOJIC, MSD worked with FEMA to digitize the Jefferson County FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) into the GIS and obtained FEMA approval as the official floodplain maps for the county. On February 2, 1994, the GIS-based FIRMS became effective.

National Flood Insurance Program: The City of Louisville and Jefferson County both became an NFIP (National Flood Insurance Program) community in 1978/79. The Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM), updated in 1994 and maintained in the LOJIC GIS, are used to enforce floodplain regulations and the local floodplain ordinance.

Community Rating System (CRS) Program: Beginning in 1990, both Louisville and Jefferson County volunteered to join the CRS Program. The Louisville/Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) is the CRS Program Coordinator and is responsible for completion of all CRS activities. Since 2001, both the City of Louisville and Jefferson County rank a Class 6 Rating due to strong stormwater, floodplain, mapping, and emergency service programs. As a result, residents receive

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 10 a 20% discount on flood insurance premiums. A Class 6 Rating is the highest-class rating in Kentucky.

Floodplain Management Plan: The local Floodplain Management Plan adopted in 2001 meets CRS criteria and is the foundation for the local flood analysis and risk assessment. Data from the Floodplain Management Plan was used to analyze flooding. To view the entire Floodplain Management Plan go to: http://www.msdlouky.org/programs/crssite/fpmp.html.

MSD and Army Corps of Engineers projects. MSD has a long, established history of a partnership with the Louisville District Army Corps of Engineers. MSD has worked with the Army Corps of Engineers on floodplain modeling, Flood Insurance Studies (FIS), greenway projects, flood storage programs, and wetlands banking programs. Following are samples of projects with the Army Corps of Engineers: • Pond Creek Flood Prevention Project, including the following components o Melco Greer Detention Basin o Vulcan Quarry Detention Basin o Pond Creek Channel Improvement o Environmental Restoration South of Southern Ditch • Pond Creek Watershed Restoration Plan • South Fork of Beargrass Creek • Mill Creek Basin Project • Southwest Louisville Project • Floodplain Studies of Floyds Fork • Floodplain Studies of Harrods Creek • Floodwalls and levees protecting from Ohio River floods

Existing plans, reports, and studies are incorporated or referenced throughout the Plan. See Section 3.4.1 Capability Assessment for a detailed analysis of state and local land use and code summaries, and 3.4.3 Identification And Analysis of Mitigation Measures for other on-going programs. See Appendix 10 and 15 for additional local and state existing plans, ordinances, land use regulations, and technical information. These summaries were widely distributed, reviewed, and presented in Committee meetings.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 11 3.2.5 DOCUMENTATION OF THE PLANNING PROCESS

Project Staff documented all steps taken in the development of the Plan. These steps include the planning process, how the public was involved, the timeframe for preparing the Plan, development planning activities, data collection, how the risk assessment and vulnerability assessments were developed, how each part of the mitigation strategy was developed, how the plan maintenance procedures were established, and the process of plan adoption.

Meeting documentation includes: sign-in sheets, agendas, and meeting summaries. Appendix 6 is a compilation of the Agendas and Attendance by the Planning Team and Advisory Committee meetings. All other documentation is located in the offices of EMA.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 12 3.3 RISK ASSESSMENT

The Risk Assessment is divided into five sections so that a comprehensive analysis and review is completed for Louisville Metro’s vulnerabilities. The risk assessment sections provide a comprehensive overview.

Risk Assessment ƒ Identifying Hazards ƒ Profiling Hazard Events ƒ Assessing Vulnerability: Identifying Assets ƒ Assessing Vulnerability: Estimating Potential Losses ƒ Assessing Vulnerability: Analyzing Development Trends

As a HAZUS-MH pilot community, Louisville Metro received hands-on knowledge for using FEMA’s software for the risk assessment, which was invaluable to Louisville Metro. See Appendix 9 for a summary of the pilot program in Louisville Metro.

Throughout the Risk Assessment, maps are used whenever possible to convey where the spatial data and at-risk areas are located. The maps also provided a GIS visual tool for analysis for the Planning Team and Advisory Committee.

Data, maps, research, and guidance were developed using the best available data, which often came from the approved Kentucky Hazard Mitigation Plan, See References.

3.3.1 IDENTIFYING HAZARDS

During the process of the “Hazard Identification”, LOJIC Staff used GIS resources to identify hazards that affect the area. Project Staff researched current hazard data, reports, plans, flood ordinances, past hazard events, flood insurance claims, land use regulations for hazard data, local records of the Emergency Management offices, local newspapers, historical knowledge of committee participants, local officials and community members, as well as GIS information from LOJIC and HAZUS-MH. Two Committee meetings focused on identifying the hazards and data collection. Members of the Planning Team and Advisory Committee provided rich sources of data. Project Staff also talked to experts from federal, state, regional, and local agencies and universities.

Additional research used to identify hazards included interviews of knowledgeable officials and residents in the planning area, the use of FEMA and other web based databases and information sources that identify hazards by geographic locations, Corps of Engineers flood data, Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM), Flood Insurance Studies

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 13 (FIS), GIS, and additional available historic data including information on past hazard events.

Natural hazards in the U. S. occur in many forms. They can be weather related such as flash floods, severe thunderstorms (hail, wind, & tornadoes), severe winter storms (snow, ice, & frigid temperatures), and coastal storms (hurricanes, storm surges, & tsunamis). • Geological hazards include volcanoes, earthquakes, and landslides. • Climatological hazards include drought, excessive heat, and wildfires. • Topography and hydrology can affect riverine flooding from upstream rain or snow events. • Man made dams, dikes, and floodwalls can be a source of inundation or flooding if they fail.

A list of U. S. natural hazards includes: ƒ Avalanche ƒ Coastal Storms ƒ Dam Failure ƒ Drought ƒ Earthquake ƒ Extreme Heat ƒ Flood ƒ Hailstorm ƒ Hurricane ƒ Mine Subsidence ƒ Severe Winter Storm ƒ Tornado ƒ Tsunami ƒ Volcano ƒ Wildfire ƒ Windstorm

Natural Hazards not Identified in the Louisville Metro Plan: Some natural hazards have little or no affect on the Louisville Metro area or in Kentucky and will not be addressed in this plan (italicized above). The hazards showed negligible impact and were not part of federal disaster declarations. This determination does not preclude the plan from including these hazards in future updates of the plan as new information is discovered concerning these types of hazards. Any new information on hazard identification will be included in future updates of this plan.

Following are the natural hazards that will not be addressed in the Louisville Metro All Hazards Mitigation Plan. • Avalanche • Coastal Storms • Hurricane • Mine Subsidence

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 14 ƒ Tsunami ƒ Volcano

Some of these hazards are interrelated, and some consist of hazardous elements that are not listed separately. This section provides general descriptions for each of the emphasized hazards along with their hazardous elements.

Avalanche: The topography and climate of the Louisville Metro area are not conducive to the occurrence of avalanches. No historical events have been recorded in the Louisville Metro area; and, as a result, this hazard will not be addressed in the plan.

Coastal Storms: The Louisville Metro area is more than 400 miles from the Gulf of Mexico coast and over 500 miles from the Atlantic Ocean coast. The immediate effects of coastal storms (hurricanes, storm surge and tsunamis) are not felt in the Louisville Metro area. The secondary effects or remnants of hurricanes may produce severe thunderstorms and flooding in the Louisville Metro area and those hazards will be addressed.

Mine Subsidence: Mine subsidence is defined as the collapse of underground coalmines resulting in direct damage to a surface structure. Land subsidence occurs when the ground sinks to a lower than normal level. Louisville Metro has no active mines and will cover the topic of Land Subsidence under Karst/Sinkholes.

Volcanoes: More than 50 volcanoes in the U. S. have erupted one or more times in the past 200 years. Volcanoes produce a wide variety of hazards that can kill people and destroy property. Active volcanoes in North America are in California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Mexico, Canada, and the Caribbean islands. Large explosive eruptions can endanger people and property hundreds of miles away and even affect global climate. However, there are no active volcanoes within 1,000 miles of the Louisville Metro area. Volcanic activity as a hazard is judged to be minimal and will not be addressed in this plan.

Natural Hazards Identified in the Louisville Metro Plan: The Plan includes natural hazards where there is a historical record of damage caused to people and property or where the potential for such damage exists. Due to Louisville’s climate, geology, and geographical setting, the metro area is vulnerable to a wide array of natural hazards that threaten life and property.

Through research of the Louisville Metro Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), historic impacts, past federal disaster declarations, probability rates, dollar losses to date, and discussions with key agencies, the following twelve hazards are identified in the Plan. These natural hazards, in alphabetical order, include:

Dam Failure Drought Earthquake

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 15 Extreme Heat Flood Hailstorm Karst/Sinkhole/Land Subsidence Landslide Severe Storm Severe Winter Storm Tornado Wildfires

Following are detailed discussions of each hazard.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 16 Dam / Levee Failure

Description: Kentucky statute KRS 150.100 defines a In the U. S. dam as any artificial barrier including appurtenant works that do, or can, impound or divert water and: Currently, there are about 2,000 • Is 25 feet or more high from the natural bed of "unsafe" dams in the U.S. There are the stream or watercourse at the downstream unsafe dams in almost every state. toe of the barrier, as determined by the Natural A majority of states and federal Resources and Environmental Protection agencies define an "unsafe" dam as Cabinet; one that has been found to have • Has or will have an impounding capacity of 50 deficiencies that leave it more acre feet or more at the maximum water susceptible to failure. storage elevation.

There are about 80,000 dams in the U. S., the majority of which are privately owned. Other owners are state and local authorities, public utilities, and federal agencies. The benefits of dams are numerous; they provide water for drinking, navigation, and agricultural irrigation. Dams also provide hydroelectric power and create lakes for fishing and recreation. Most important; dams save lives by preventing/reducing floods.

If dams have many benefits, they can also pose a risk to communities if not designed, operated, and maintained properly. In the event of a dam failure, the energy of the water stored behind even a small dam is capable of causing loss of life and great property damage if there are people downstream of the dam. Historically, dams that failed had some deficiency, as characterized above, which caused the failure. These dams are typically termed "unsafe”. The National Dam Safety Program is dedicated to protecting the lives of American citizens and their property from the risks associated with the development, operation, and maintenance of America's dams.

Dam-and Levee-Failure Flooding are potentially the worst flood events. A dam failure is usually the result of neglect, poor design, or structural damage caused by a major event such as an earthquake. When a dam fails, an excess amount of water is suddenly let loose downstream, destroying anything in its path. Many dams and levees are built for flood protection. They usually are engineered to withstand a flood with a computed risk of occurrence. For example, a dam or levee may be designed to contain a flood at a location on a stream that has a certain probability of occurring in any one year. If a larger flood occurs, then that structure may be overtopped. If during the overtopping the dam or levee fails or is washed out, the water behind it is released and becomes a flash flood. Failed dams or levees can create floods that are catastrophic to life and property because of the tremendous energy of the released water.

Dam Types Manmade dams may be classified by: 1) The type of materials used; 2) The methods used in construction; 3) The slope or cross-section of the dam;

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 17 4) The way the dam resists water pressure forces; 5) The means for controlling seepage; and/or 6) The purpose of the dam.

Materials used for dams may include earth, rock, tailings from mining or milling, concrete, masonry, steel, timber, and/or miscellaneous materials (such as plastic or rubber). • Embankment dams are the most common type of dam in use today. Materials include natural soil or rock, or waste materials obtained from mining or milling operations. An embankment dam is termed an “earth-fill” or “rock-fill” dam depending on whether it is comprised of compacted earth or of dumped rock. The ability of an embankment dam to resist the reservoir water pressure is primarily a result of the mass weight, type and strength of the materials from which the dam is made. • Concrete dams may be categorized as gravity or arch dams according to the design used to resist the stress of reservoir water pressure. Concrete gravity dams use the mass weight of concrete and friction to resist reservoir water pressure. A buttress dam is a specific type of gravity dam in which the large mass of concrete is reduced, and the forces are diverted to the dam foundation through vertical or sloping buttresses. • Concrete arch dams are typically thin in cross-section. The reservoir water forces acting on an arch dam are carried laterally into the abutments. The shape of the arch may resemble a segment of a circle or an ellipse, and the arch may be curved in the vertical plane as well. Such dams are usually constructed of a series of thin vertical layers that are keyed together; barriers to stop water from flowing are provided between layers. • Coal impoundments are defined by the Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) as any structure associated with coal mining operations built to impound water and, are either at least 20 feet high, or capable of impounding at least 20 acre feet of water. Coal impoundments store coal slurry (wastewater and impurities that result from coal washing and processing). A bulkhead or embankment is made of coarse coal refuse and acts as a dam. Behind it lies a pond of coal slurry. Sediment settles out of this turbid mixture, filling the pond, while wastewater is recycled back into the coal washing process. The sizes of the ponds and bulkheads vary, but pond basins are often hundreds of feet deep and hold millions of gallons of slurry. As of this year, coal impoundment failures have resulted in property damage, environmental contamination and, in one case, loss of life.

Dam Facts • The federal government owns only 2.7% of the nation’s dams. • 81% of the dams in the inventory are earthen dams. • 1,595 significant hazard dams are within one mile of a downstream city. • The average age for a dam is 40 years.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 18 Drought

Description: A drought is defined as the cumulative deficit In the U. S. of precipitation relative to what is normal for a region over an extended period of time. Unlike other natural hazards, Droughts can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, a drought is a non-event that evolves as a prolonged dry decreased land values, and Agro- spell. Droughts occur when a long period passes without business losses. In 1998, over 2 substantial rainfall. A heat wave combined with a drought billion dollars in property loss was is a very dangerous situation. credited to drought in the U. S.

When a drought begins or ends may be difficult to determine. A drought can be short, lasting just a few months, or persist for years before climatic conditions return to normal. While drought conditions can occur at any time throughout the year, the most apparent time is during the summer months. High temperatures, prolonged high winds, and low relative humidity can aggravate drought conditions.

Because the impacts of a drought accumulate slowly at first, a drought may not be recognized until it has become well established. The many aspects of drought reflect its varied impacts on people and the environment. While the impacts of precipitation deficit may be extensive, it is the deficit, not the impacts, that defines a meteorological drought.

Primary Effects • Crop failure is the most apparent effect of drought in that it has a direct impact on the economy and, in many cases, health (nutrition) of the population that is affected by it. Due to a lack of water and moisture in the soil, many crops will not produce normally or efficiently and, in many cases, may be lost entirely. • Water shortage is a very serious effect of drought in that the availability of potable water is severely decreased when drought conditions persist. Springs, wells, streams, and reservoirs have been known to run dry due to the decrease in ground water, and, in extreme cases, navigable rivers have become unsafe for navigation as a result of drought.

Secondary Effects • Fire susceptibility is increased with the absence of moisture associated with a drought. Dry conditions have been known to promote the occurrence of widespread wildfires.

Tertiary Effects • Environmental degradation in the forms of erosion and ecological damage can be seen in cases of drought. As moisture in topsoil decreases and the ground becomes dryer, the susceptibility to windblown erosion increases. In prolonged drought situations, forest root systems can be damaged and/or destroyed resulting in loss of habitat for certain species. In addition, prolonged drought conditions may result in loss of food sources for certain species.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 19 • In prolonged drought situations the soil surrounding structures subsides, sometimes creating cracks in foundations and separation of foundations from above ground portions of the structure.

The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) shows the relative dryness or wetness effecting water sensitive economies. The PDSI indicates the prolonged and abnormal moisture deficiency or excess.

Palmer Drought Severity Index

The PDSI is an important climatoligical tool for evaluating the scope, severity, and frequency of prolonged periods of abnormally dry or wet weather. It can be used to help delineate disaster areas and indicate the availability of irrigation water supplies, reservoir levels, range conditions, amount of stock water, and potential intensity of forest fires.

Palmer Classifications System (PDSI) +4.0 in. or more Extremely wet 3.0 in to 3.99 in Very wet 2.0 in to 2.99 in Moderately wet 1.0 in to 1.99 in Slightly wet 0.5 in to 0.99 in Incipient wet spell 0.49 in to -0.49 in Near normal -0.5 in to -0.99 in Incipient dry spell -1.9 in to -1.99 in Mild drought -2.0 in to -2.99 in Moderate drought

-3.0 in to -3.99 in Severe drought

-4.0 in or less Extreme drought (Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA))

Drought is measured in the Palmer Drought Severity Index according to the level of recorded precipitation against the average, or normal, amount of precipitation for a region.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 20

In the 100-year map for 1895 to 1995, the Bluegrass Zone is within the 5% to 9.99% range. For the 10-year interval of 1985-1995, the Bluegrass Zone had a severe drought rating of 5% to 9.9%.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 21 Earthquake

Description: An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock In the U. S. beneath the Earth's surface. For hundreds of millions of years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the Earthquakes strike suddenly and Earth as the huge plates that form the Earth's surface without warning and can occur at any time of the year and at any move slowly over, under, and past each other. time of the day or night. On a Sometimes the movement is gradual while at other times, yearly basis, 70 to 75 damaging the plates are locked together, unable to release the earthquakes occur throughout the accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy world. Estimates of losses from a grows strong enough, the plates break free releasing the future earthquake in the U. S. stored energy and producing seismic waves generating approach $200 billion. an earthquake. The areas of greatest tectonic instability occur at the perimeters of the slowly moving plates, as There are 45 states and territories these locations are subjected to the greatest strains from in the U. S. at moderate to very plates traveling in opposite directions and at different high risk from earthquakes. speeds. However, some earthquakes occur in the middle of plates.

Earthquakes result from crustal strain, volcanism, landslides, or the collapse of caverns. An earthquake is the motion or trembling of the ground produced by sudden displacement of rock in the Earth's crust. Ground motion, the movement of the earth’s surface during earthquakes or explosions, is the catalyst for most of the damage during an earthquake. Produced by waves generated by a sudden slip of a fault or sudden pressure at the explosive source, ground motion travels through the earth and along its surface. Ground motions are amplified by soft soils overlying hard bedrock, referred to as ground motion amplification. Ground motion amplification can cause an excess amount of damage during an earthquake, even to sites very far from the epicenter.

Earthquakes can affect hundreds of thousands of square kilometers; cause damage to property measured in the tens of billions of dollars; result in loss of life and injury to hundreds of thousands of persons; and disrupt the social and economic functioning of the affected area. Ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse buildings and bridges, disrupt gas, electric, phone service, and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and destructive ocean waves (tsunamis). During an earthquake, buildings with foundations resting on unconsolidated landfill and other unstable soil, and trailers and homes not tied to their foundations are at risk because they can be shaken off their mountings. When an earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause deaths, injuries, and extensive property damage.

Most property damage and earthquake-related deaths are caused by the failure and collapse of structures due to ground shaking. The level of damage depends upon the amplitude and duration of the shaking, which are directly related to the earthquake size, distance from the fault site and regional geology. Other damaging earthquake effects

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 22 include landslides, the down-slope movement of soil and rock (mountain regions and along hillsides), and liquefaction, in which ground soil loses the ability to resist shear and flows much like quick sand. In the case of liquefaction, anything relying on the substrata for support can shift, tilt, rupture, or collapse.

The Northridge, California, earthquake of January 17, 1994, struck a modern urban environment generally designed to withstand the forces of earthquakes. Its economic cost, nevertheless, has been estimated at $20 billion. Fortunately, relatively few lives were lost. Exactly one year later, Kobe, Japan, a densely populated community less prepared for earthquakes than Northridge, was devastated by the most costly earthquake ever to occur. Property losses were projected at $96 billion, and at least 5,378 people were killed. These two earthquakes tested building codes and construction practices, as well as emergency preparedness and response procedures.

California experiences the most frequent damaging earthquakes. However, Alaska experiences the greatest number of large earthquakes-most located in uninhabited areas. The largest earthquakes felt in the U. S. were along the New Madrid Fault in Missouri, where a three-month long series of quakes from 1811 to 1812 included three quakes larger than a magnitude of 8 on the Richter Scale. These earthquakes were felt over the entire eastern U. S., with Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi experiencing the strongest ground shaking.

Earthquake probability map from USGS

Earthquake Types Earthquakes are measured in terms of their magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is measured using the Richter Scale that describes the energy release of an earthquake through a measure of shock wave amplitude. Intensity is most commonly measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 23

The Richter magnitude scale measures an earthquake’s magnitude using an open- ended logarithmic scale that describes the energy release of an earthquake through a measure of shock wave amplitude. The earthquake’s magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions. Each whole number increase in magnitude represents a 10-fold increase in measured wave amplitude, or a release of 32 times more energy than the preceding whole number value.

The Modified Mercalli Scale measures the effect of an earthquake on the Earth’s surface. Composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity that range from unnoticeable shaking to catastrophic destruction, the scale is designated by Roman numerals. The roman numerals, with I corresponding to imperceptible (instrumental) events, IV corresponding to moderate (felt by people awake), to XII for catastrophic (total destruction). The lower values of the scale detail the manner in which people feel the earthquake, while the increasing values are based on observed structural damage. The intensity values are assigned after gathering responses to questionnaires administered to postmasters in affected areas in the aftermath of the earthquake.

A detailed description of the Modified Mercalli Scale of Earthquake Intensity and its correspondence to the Richter Scale is given in the table.

o Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale for Earthquakes Corresponding Richter Scale Intensity Description Scale magnitude I Instrumental Detected only on seismographs II Feeble Some people feel it <4.2 III Slight Felt by people resting; like a truck rumbling by IV Moderate Felt by people walking V Slightly Strong Sleepers awake; church bells ring <4.8 Trees sway; suspended objects swing, objects fall off VI Strong <5.4 shelves VII Very Strong Mild Alarm; walls crack; plaster falls <6.1 Moving cars uncontrollable; masonry fractures, poorly VIII Destructive constructed buildings damaged IX Ruinous Some houses collapse; ground cracks; pipes break open <6.9 Ground cracks profusely; many buildings destroyed; X Disastrous <7.3 liquefaction and landslides are widespread Most buildings and bridges collapse; roads, railways, pipes XI Very Disastrous <8.1 and cables destroyed; general triggering of other hazards XII Catastrophic Total destruction; trees fall; ground rises and falls in waves >8.1

Earthquake Facts Although earthquakes in the central or eastern U. S. occur less frequently, they effect much larger areas than earthquakes of similar magnitude in the western U. S. For example, the San Francisco, California earthquake of 1906 (magnitude 7.8) was felt 350 miles away in the middle of Nevada, whereas the New Madrid earthquake of December

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 24 1811 (magnitude 8.0) rang church bells in Boston, Massachusetts, 1,000 miles away. Differences in geology east and west of the Rocky Mountains cause this strong contrast.

Likelihood of Occurrence The goal of earthquake prediction is to give warning of potentially damaging earthquakes early enough to allow appropriate response to the disaster, enabling people to minimize loss of life and property. The USGS conducts and supports research on the likelihood of future earthquakes. This research includes field, laboratory, and theoretical investigations of earthquake mechanisms and fault zones. A primary goal of earthquake research is to increase the reliability of earthquake probability estimates. Ultimately, scientists would like to be able to specify a high probability for a specific earthquake, on a particular fault, within a particular year. Scientists estimate earthquake probabilities in two ways: by studying the history of large earthquakes in a specific area, and by the rate at which strain accumulates in the rock.

Scientists study the past frequency of large earthquakes in order to determine the future likelihood of similar large shocks. For example, if a region has experienced four magnitude 7 or larger earthquakes during 200 years of recorded history, and if these shocks occurred randomly in time, then scientists would assign a 50 percent probability (that is, just as likely to happen as not to happen) to the occurrence of another magnitude 7 or larger quake in the region during the next 50 years.

But in many places, the assumption of random occurrence with time may not be true, because when strain is released along one part of the fault system, it may actually increase on another part. Four magnitude 6.8 or larger earthquakes and many magnitude 6 - 6.5 shocks occurred in the San Francisco Bay region during the 75 years between 1836 and 1911. For the next 68 years (until 1979), no earthquakes of magnitude 6 or larger occurred in the region. Beginning with a magnitude 6.0 “shock” in 1979, the earthquake activity in the region increased dramatically; between 1979 and 1989, there were four, magnitude 6 or greater earthquakes, including the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake. This clustering of earthquakes leads scientists to estimate that the probability of a magnitude 6.8 or larger earthquake occurring during the next 30 years in the San Francisco Bay region is about 67 percent (twice as likely as not).

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 25 Extreme Heat

Description: Temperatures that hover 10 degrees or In the U. S. more above the average high temperature for the region and last for several weeks are defined as Heat kills by taxing the human extreme heat. body beyond its abilities. In a normal year, about 175 Heat Index Americans succumb to the demands of summer heat. In the Our bodies dissipate heat by varying the rate and depth 40-year period from 1936 through of blood circulation, by losing water through the skin 1975, nearly 20,000 people were and sweat glands, and as a last resort, by panting, killed in the U. S. by the effects of when blood is heated above 98.6°F. Sweating cools heat and solar radiation. In the the body through evaporation. However, high relative disastrous heat wave of 1980, humidity retards evaporation, robbing the body of its more than 1,250 people died. ability to cool itself.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 26

(http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pub/heat.htm) (Due to the nature of the heat index calculation, the values in the table have an error +/- 1.3F.)

NOAA’s National Weather Service Heat Index Program

Based on the latest research findings, the NWS has devised the “Heat Index” (HI). The HI, given in degrees F, is an accurate measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity (RH) is added to the actual air temperature. The NWS will initiate alert procedures when the HI is expected to exceed 105°- 110°F for at least two consecutive days. The Heat Index is the temperature the body feels when heat and humidity are combined. The chart below shows the HI that corresponds to the actual air temperature and relative humidity.

Considering the tragic death toll which occurred in 1980, the NWS has stepped up its efforts to alert more effectively the general public and appropriate authorities to the hazards of heat waves-those prolonged excessive heat/humidity episodes.

Heat Index/Heat Disorders Impacts Heat Index Heat Disorders I 130° or Higher Heatstroke/sunstroke highly higher likely with continued exposure 105°- 130° Sunstroke, heat cramps or heat exhaustion likely, and heatstroke possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity 90°- 105°: Sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 27 Heat Index/Heat Disorders Impacts Heat Index Heat Disorders I possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity 80° - 90° Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity

Types of Heat Disorder Symptoms

When heat gain exceeds the level the body can remove, body temperature begins to rise, and heat related illnesses and disorders might develop. Elderly persons, small children, chronic invalids, those on certain medications and persons with weight and alcohol problems are particularly susceptible to heat reactions, especially during heat waves in areas where a moderate climate usually prevails. Heat disorders generally have to do with a reduction or collapse of the body’s ability to shed heat by circulatory changes and sweating, or a chemical (salt) imbalance caused by too much sweating. When heat gain exceeds the level the body can remove, or when the body cannot compensate for fluids and salt lost through perspiration, the temperature of the body’s inner core begins to rise and heat-related illness may develop.

Ranging in severity, heat disorders share one common feature: the individual has overexposed or over exercised for his age and physical condition in the existing thermal environment. Studies indicate that, other things being equal, the severity of heat disorders tend to increase with age. Heat cramps in a 17-year-old may be heat exhaustion in someone 40, and heat stroke in a person over 60.

• Sunburn: Redness and pain. In severe cases swelling of skin, blisters, fever, and headaches. Sunburn, with its ultraviolet radiation burns, can significantly retard the skin’s ability to shed excess heat. • Heat Cramps: Painful spasms usually in muscles of legs and abdomen possible. Heavy sweating. • Heat Exhaustion: Heavy sweating, weakness, skin cold, pale and clammy. Pulse thready. Normal temperature possible. Fainting and vomiting. • Heat Stroke (or sunstroke): High body temperature (106° F. or higher). Hot dry skin. Rapid and strong pulse. Possible unconsciousness.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 28 Flood

Description: A flood is a natural event for rivers and In the U. S. streams and is caused in a variety of ways. Floods can be slow, or fast rising, but generally develop Flooding is the most frequent and costly over a period of days. Winter or spring rains, natural hazard in the U S. Property coupled with melting snows, can fill river basins too damage from flooding now totals over $1 quickly. Torrential rains from decaying hurricanes billion each year in the U.S. More than or other tropical systems can also produce flooding. $4 billion is spent on flood damage in the The excess water from snowmelt, rainfall, or storm U.S. each year. surge accumulates and overflows onto the banks During the 20th century, floods were the and adjacent floodplains. number one natural disaster in the U.S. in terms of number of lives lost and Floods are generally the result of excessive property damage, and floods are the precipitation, and can be classified under two number one weather-related killer. categories: flash floods, the product of heavy Flooding has caused the deaths of more localized precipitation in short time period over a than 10,000 people since 1900. given location; and general floods, caused by precipitation over a longer time period and over a given river basin.

The severity of a flooding event is determined by a combination of stream and river basin What is a Flood? topography and physiography, precipitation and A flood, as defined by the National Flood weather patterns, recent soil moisture conditions Insurance Program (NFIP) is a general and the degree of vegetative clearing. Flood and temporary condition of partial or currents also possess tremendous destructive complete inundation of two or more power as lateral forces can demolish buildings acres of normally dry land area, or of and erosion can undermine bridge foundations two or more properties from: and footings, leading to the collapse of • Overflow of inland or tidal waters; structures. • Unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source; Flash flooding events usually occur within • A mudflow; or, minutes or hours of heavy amounts of rainfall, • A collapse or subsidence of land along from a dam or levee failure, or from a sudden the shore of a lake or similar body of release of water held by an ice jam. water as a result of erosion or undermining caused by waves or General floods are usually longer-term events currents of water exceeding anticipated and may last for several days. The primary cyclical levels that result in a flood. types of general flooding include riverine flooding, coastal flooding, and urban flooding.

Periodic flooding of lands adjacent to rivers, streams, and shorelines is a natural and inevitable occurrence that can be expected to take place based upon established recurrence intervals. The recurrence interval of a flood is defined as the average time interval, in years, expected between a flood event of a particular magnitude and an

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 29 equal or larger flood. Flood magnitude increases with increasing recurrence interval. A "floodplain" is the lowland area adjacent to a river, lake, or ocean.

Floodplains are designated by the frequency of the flood that is large enough to cover them. One way of expressing the flood frequency is the chance of occurrence in a given year, which is the percentage of the probability of flooding each year. For example, the 100-year flood has a 1% chance of occurring in any given year.

Types Floods are the result of a multitude of Common Flood-Related Terms naturally occurring and human-induced factors, but they all can be defined as the 100-Year Flood Plain. The area that has a 1% accumulation of too much water in too little chance, on average, of flooding in any given year. time in a specific area. Types of floods (Also known as the Base Flood.) include regional floods, river or riverine floods, flash floods, urban floods, ice-jam 500-Year Flood Plain. The area that has a 0.2% floods, storm-surge floods, and debris, chance, on average, of flooding in any given year. landslide, and mudflow floods. For information on dam- and levee-failure floods, Base Flood. Represents a compromise between minor floods and the greatest flood likely to occur see Dam Failure in this section of the Plan. in a given area. The elevation of water surface • Regional Flooding can occur resulting from a flood that has a 1% chance of seasonally when winter or spring rains occurring in any given year. coupled with melting snow fill river basins with too much water too Floodplain. The land area adjacent to a river, quickly. The ground may be frozen, stream, lake, estuary, or other water body that is reducing infiltration into the soil and subject to flooding. This area, if left undisturbed, thereby increasing runoff. Extended acts to store excess floodwater. The floodplain is wet periods during any part of the year made up of two sections: the floodway and the can create saturated soil conditions, flood fringe.

after which any additional rain runs off Floodway. The NFIP floodway definition is “the into streams and rivers, until river channel of a river or other watercourse and capacities are exceeded. Regional adjacent land areas that must be reserved, in floods are many times associated with order to discharge the base flood without slow-moving, low-pressure or frontal cumulatively increasing the water surface storm systems including decaying elevation more than one foot.” The floodway hurricanes or tropical storms. carries the bulk of the floodwater downstream and • River or Riverine Flooding is a high is usually the area where water velocities and flow or overflow of water from a river forces are the greatest. NFIP regulations require or similar body of water, occurring that the floodway be kept open and free from over a period of time too long to be development or other structures that would obstruct or divert flood flows onto other properties. considered a flash flood. Riverine flooding is a function of excessive Flood Fringe. The flood fringe refers to the outer precipitation levels and water runoff portions of the floodplain, beginning at the edge of volumes within the watershed of a the floodway and continuing outward. stream or river.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 30 • Flash Floods are quick-rising floods that usually occur as the result of heavy rains over a short period of time, often only several hours or even less. Several factors can contribute to flash flooding. Among these are rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, surface conditions, and topography and slope of the receiving basin. Flash floods can occur within several seconds to several hours and with little warning. They can be deadly because they produce rapid rises in water levels and have devastating flow velocities. Most flash flooding is caused by slow- moving thunderstorms in a local area or by heavy rains associated with hurricanes and tropical storms. Although flash flooding occurs often along mountain streams, it is also common in urbanized areas where much of the ground is covered by impervious surfaces. • Urban Flooding is possible when land is converted from fields or woodlands to roads and parking lots; thus, losing its ability to absorb rainfall. Urbanization of a watershed changes the hydrologic systems of the basin. Heavy rainfall collects and flows faster on impervious concrete and asphalt surfaces. The water moves from the clouds, to the ground, and into streams at a much faster rate in urban areas. Adding these elements to the hydrological systems can result in floodwaters that rise very rapidly and peak with violent force. During periods of urban flooding, streets can become swift moving rivers and basements can fill with water. Storm drains often back up with vegetative debris causing additional, localized flooding. • Ice-Jam Flooding occurs on rivers that are totally or partially frozen. A rise in stream stage will break up a totally frozen river and create ice flows that can pile up on channel obstructions such as shallow riffles, log jams, or bridge piers. The jammed ice creates a dam across the channel over which the water and ice mixture continues to flow, allowing for more jamming to occur. Backwater upstream from the ice dam can rise rapidly and overflow the channel banks. Flooding moves downstream when the ice dam fails, and the water stored behind the dam is released. At this time the flood takes on the characteristics of a flash flood, with the added danger of ice flows that, when driven by the energy of the flood-wave, can inflict serious damage on structures. An added danger of being caught in an ice-jam flood is hypothermia, which can quickly kill. • Storm-surge flooding is water that is pushed up onto otherwise dry land by onshore winds. Friction between the water and the moving air creates drag that, depending upon the distance of water (fetch) and the velocity of the wind, can pile water up to depths greater than 20 feet. Intense, low-pressure systems and hurricanes can create storm-surge flooding. The storm surge is unquestionably the most dangerous part of a hurricane as pounding waves create very hazardous flood currents. • Debris, Landslide, and Mudflow Flooding is created by the accumulation of debris, mud, rocks, and/or logs in a channel, forming a temporary dam. Flooding occurs upstream as water becomes stored behind the temporary dam and then becomes a flash flood when the dam is breached and rapidly washes away. Landslides can create large waves on lakes or embayments and can be deadly.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 31 Urban areas are susceptible to flash floods because a high percentage of the surface area is composed of impervious streets, roofs, and parking lots where runoff occurs very rapidly. Mountainous areas also are susceptible to flash floods, as steep topography may funnel runoff into a narrow canyon. Floodwaters accelerated by steep stream slopes can cause the flood-wave to move downstream too fast to allow escape, resulting in many deaths.

Factors determining the severity of floods include: • Rainfall intensity and duration o A large amount of rain over a short time can result in flash flooding o Small amounts may cause flooding where the soil is saturated o Small amounts may cause flooding if concentrated in an area of impermeable surfaces • Topography and ground cover • Water runoff is greater in areas with steep slopes and little vegetation

Flood Facts for the U. S. • On average, there are about 145 deaths each year due to flooding. 80% of flood deaths occur in vehicles, and most happen when drivers try to navigate through floodwaters. • Only six inches of rapidly moving floodwater can knock a person down and a mere two feet of water can float a vehicle. • One-third of flooded roads and bridges are so damaged by water that any vehicle trying to cross stands only a 50% chance of making it to the other side. • Six to eight million homes are located in flood-prone areas. • About one-third of insurance claims for flood damages are for properties located outside identified flood hazard areas.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 32 Hailstorm

Description: Hail is precipitation in the form of spherical or In the U. S. irregular pellets of ice larger than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter (American Heritage Dictionary). Hailstones can fall at speeds of up to 120 mph. Hail is Hail is a somewhat frequent occurrence associated with responsible for nearly $1 severe thunderstorms. Hailstones grow as ice pellets are billion in damage to crops and lifted by updrafts, and collect super-cooled water droplets. property each year in the U.S. As the pellets grow, hailstones become heavier and begin to fall. Sometimes, hailstones are caught by successively stronger updrafts and are re-circulated through the cloud growing larger each time the cycle is repeated. Eventually, the updrafts can no longer support the weight of the hailstones. As hailstones fall to the ground, they produce a hail-streak (i.e. area where hail falls) that may be more than a mile wide and a few miles long.

(Source: http://kyclim.wku.edu/climate/)

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 33 Hail Types Hail is a unique and common hazard capable of producing extensive damage from the impact of these falling objects. Hailstorms occur more frequently during the late spring and early summer months. Most thunderstorms do not produce hail, and ones that do normally produce only small hailstones not more than one-half inch in diameter.

Hail Conversion Chart Diameter of Hailstones Description (inches) 0.50 Marble 0.70 Dime 0.75 Penny 0.88 Nickel 1.00 Quarter 1.25 Half Dollar 1.50 Walnut 1.75 Golf Ball 2.00 Hen Egg 2.50 Tennis Ball 2.75 Baseball 3.00 Tea Cup 4.00 Grapefruit 4.50 Softball

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 34 Karst/Sinkhole In the U. S. Description: Karst is an area of irregular limestone in which erosion has produced fissures, sinkholes, Sinkhole collapses are commonly underground streams, and caverns. A sinkhole is a repaired by dumping any available material into the hole. This natural depression in a land surface communicating with technique usually diverts water to a subterranean passage, generally occurring in limestone other locations and lessons the regions and formed by solution or by collapse of a cavern likelihood of collapse. roof (American Heritage Dictionary).

Karst refers to a type of topography formed in limestone, dolomite, or gypsum by dissolution of these rocks by rain and underground water. It is characterized by closed depressions or sinkholes and underground drainage. During the formation of Karst terrain, water percolating underground enlarges subsurface flow paths by dissolving the rock. As some subsurface flow paths are enlarged over time, water movement in the aquifer changes character from one where ground water flow was initially through small, scattered openings in the rock, to one where most flow is concentrated in a few, well- developed conduits. As the flow paths continue to enlarge, caves may be formed and the ground water table may drop below the level of surface streams. Surface streams may then begin to lose water to the subsurface. As more of the surface water is diverted underground, surface streams and stream valleys become a less conspicuous feature of the land surface and are replaced by closed basins. Funnels or circular depressions called sinkholes often develop at some places in the low points of these closed basins.

Land subsidence occurs when large amounts of ground water have been withdrawn from certain types of rocks, such as fine-grained sediments. The rock compacts because the water is partly responsible for holding the ground up. When the water is withdrawn, the rock falls in on itself. Land subsidence can occur unnoticed because it covers large areas rather than in a small spot, like a sinkhole. Subsidence not only damages structures built immediately above the subsiding area, but also sets up lateral stresses that may severely damage adjacent structures.

Sinkhole Types • Cover-Collapse Sinkholes occur in the soil or other loose material overlying soluble bedrock. Sinkholes that suddenly appear form in two ways. In the first way, the bedrock roof of a cave becomes too thin to support the weight of the bedrock and the soil material above it. The cave roof then collapses, forming a bedrock-collapse sinkhole. Bedrock collapse is rare and the least likely way a sinkhole can form, although it is commonly incorrectly assumed to be the way all sinkholes form. The second way sinkholes can form is much more common and much less dramatic. The sinkhole begins to form when a fracture in the limestone bedrock is enlarged by water dissolving the limestone. As the bedrock is dissolved and carried away underground, the soil gently slumps or erodes into the developing sinkhole. Once the underlying conduits become large enough,

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 35 insoluble soil and rock particles are carried away too. Cover-collapse sinkholes can vary in size from 1 or 2 feet deep and wide, to tens of feet deep and wide. The thickness and cohesiveness of the soil cover determine the size of a cover- collapse sinkhole. • Collapse sinkholes occur when the bridging material over a subsurface cavern cannot support the overlying material. The cover collapses into the cavern and a large, funnel-shaped depression forms. • Solution sinkholes result from increased groundwater flow into higher porosity zones within the rock, typically through fractures or joints within the rock. An increase of slightly acidic surface water into the subsurface continues the slow dissolution of the rock matrix, resulting in slow subsidence as surface materials fill the voids. • Alluvial sinkholes are older sinkholes that have been partially filled with marine, wetland, or soil sediments. These features are common in places like Florida, where the water table is shallow, and typically appear as shallow lakes, cypress “domes”, and wetlands. • Raveling sinkholes form when a thick overburden of sediment over a deep cavern caves into the void and pipes upward toward the surface. As the overlying material or “plug” erodes into the cavern, the void migrates upward until the cover can no longer be supported and then subsidence begins.

Sinkhole Flooding Sinkhole flooding is a naturally occurring event that usually follows the same storms that cause riverine flooding, so it is often not recognized as Karst-related. Flood events will differ not only because of the amount of precipitation, but also because the drainage capacity of individual sinkholes can change, sometimes very suddenly, as the Karst landscape evolves. Sinkholes can also flood when their outlets are clogged, preventing water from being carried away as fast as it flows in. Trash thrown into a sinkhole can clog its throat, as can soil eroded from fields and construction sites, or a natural rock fall near the sinkhole’s opening. Sometimes the conduit itself is too narrow because it has recently (in the geologic sense) captured a larger drainage basin. The reach of a conduit downstream from constriction could carry a higher flow than it is receiving were it not for this restriction.

Sinkholes flood more easily around development (roofs, parking lots, highways), which increases both the total runoff and the rapidity of runoff from a storm. Another reason that sinkholes flood is back-flooding, the outcome when the discharge capacity of the entire Karst conduit network is exceeded. Some up-gradient sinkholes that drain normally during the short, modest accumulation of storms may actually become springs that discharge water during prolonged rainfall. Sinkhole flooding is one of the more tragic hazards because it affects private residences the most.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 36 Land Surface Indicators of Sinkhole Collapse • Circular and linear cracks in soil, asphalt, and concrete paving and floors • Depressions in soil or pavement that commonly result in ponds of water • Slumping, sagging, or tilting of trees, roads, rails, fences, pipes, poles, sign boards, and other vertical or horizontal structures • Downward movement of small-diameter vertical or horizontal structures • Fractures in foundations and walls, often accompanied by jammed doors and windows • Small conical holes that appear in the ground over a relatively short period of time • Sudden muddying of water in a well that has been producing clear water • Sudden draining of a pond or creek

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 37 Landslide

Description: Landslides occur when masses of rock, earth, In the U. S. or debris move down a slope. Landslides may be very small or very large, and can move at slow to very high speeds. Landslides are a major Many landslides have been occurring over the same terrain geologic hazard because they occur in all 50 states causing since prehistoric times. They are activated by storms and approximately $2 billion in fires and by human modification of the land. New landslides damages and 25 to 50 deaths occur because of rainstorms, earthquakes, volcanic a year. eruptions, and various human activities.

Mudflows or debris flows differ from landslides because they are rivers of rock, earth, and other debris saturated with water. Mudflows develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground, such as during heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a flowing river of mud or "slurry”. A slurry can flow rapidly down slopes or through channels, and can strike with little or no warning at avalanche speeds. A slurry can travel several miles from its source, growing in size as it picks up trees, cars, and other materials along the way. Landslides pose serious threats to highways and structures that support fisheries, tourism, timber harvesting, mining, and energy production as well as general transportation.

Most losses from landslides and soil creep occur in cities developed on gently sloping hillsides. Although a landslide may occur almost anywhere, from man-made slopes to natural, pristine ground, most slides occur in areas that have experienced sliding in the past. All landslides are triggered by similar causes. These can be weaknesses in the rock and soil, earthquake or volcanic activity, the occurrence of heavy rainfall or snowmelt, or construction activity changing some critical aspect of the geological environment. Landslides that occur following periods of heavy rain or rapid snowmelt worsen the accompanying effects of flooding.

Areas that are generally prone to landslide hazards include existing old landslides; the bases of steep slopes; the bases of drainage channels; and developed hillsides where leach-field septic systems are used.

Areas that are typically considered safe from landslides include areas that have not moved in the past; relatively flat-lying areas away from sudden changes in slope; and areas at the top or along ridges, set back from the tops of slopes.

Landslide Types • Slides of soil or rock involve downward displacement along one or more failure surfaces. The material from the slide may be broken into a number of pieces or remain a single, intact mass. Sliding can be rotational, where movement involves turning about a specific point. Sliding can be translational, where movement is down slope on a path roughly parallel to the failure surface. The

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 38 most common example of a rotational slide is a slump, which has a strong, backward rotational component and a curved, upwardly-concave failure surface. • Flows are characterized by shear strains distributed throughout the mass of material. They are distinguished from slides by high water content and distribution of velocities resembling that of viscous fluids. Debris flows are common occurrences in much of North America. These flows are a form of rapid movement in which loose soils, rocks, and organic matter, combined with air and water, form a slurry that flows downslope. The term “debris avalanche” describes a variety of very rapid to extremely rapid debris flows associated with volcanic hazards. Mudflows are flows of fine-grained materials, such as sand, silt, or clay, with high water content. A subcategory of debris flows, mudflows contains less than 50 percent gravel. • Lateral spreads are characterized by large elements of distributed, lateral displacement of materials. They occur in rock, but the process is not well- documented and the movement rates are very slow. Lateral spreads can occur in fine-grained, sensitive soils such as quick clays, particularly if remolded or disturbed by construction and grading. Loose, granular soils commonly produce lateral spread through liquefaction. Liquefaction can occur spontaneously, presumably because of changes in pore-water pressures, or in response to vibrations such as those produced by strong earthquakes. • Falls and Topples. Falls occur when masses of rock or other material detach from a steep slope or cliff and descend by free fall, rolling, or bouncing. These movements are rapid to extremely rapid and are commonly triggered by earthquakes. Topples consist of forward rotation of rocks or other materials about a pivot point on a hill slope. Toppling may culminate in abrupt falling, sliding, or bouncing, but the movement is tilting without resulting in collapse. Data on rates of movement and control measures for topples is sparse

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 39 Severe Storm (Thunderstorm and Lightning)

Descriptions:

A thunderstorm is formed from a combination of In the U. S. moisture, rapidly rising warm air and a force capable of

lifting air such as a warm and cold front, a sea breeze or Thunderstorms affect relatively a mountain. All thunderstorms contain lightning and may small areas as the average storm occur singly, in clusters or in lines. Thus, it is possible for is 15 miles in diameter and lasts several thunderstorms to affect one location in the course an average of 30 minutes. Nearly of a few hours. Some of the most severe weather occurs 1,800 thunderstorms are occurring when a single thunderstorm affects one location for an at any moment around the world, extended period time. The NWS considers a however, of the estimated thunderstorm as severe if it develops ¾ inch hail or 50- 100,000 thunderstorms that occur knot (58 mph) winds. each year in the U. S. only about 10 percent are classified as severe. Lightning is an electrical discharge that results from the buildup of positive and negative charges within a Lightning is the second most thunderstorm. When the buildup becomes strong frequent killer in the U.S. Each enough, lightning appears as a "bolt”. This flash of light year, lightning is responsible usually occurs within the clouds or between the clouds for an average of 93 deaths and the ground. A bolt of lightning reaches a (more than tornadoes), 300 injuries, and several hundred temperature approaching 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit in a million dollars in damage to split second. The rapid heating and cooling of air near property. the lightning causes thunder.

Radar observers use the intensity of the radar echo to distinguish between rain showers and thunderstorms. Lightning detection networks routinely track cloud-to-ground flashes, and therefore thunderstorms.

Thunderstorms occur when clouds develop sufficient upward motion and are cold enough to provide the ingredients (ice and super cooled water) to generate and separate electrical charges within the cloud. The cumulonimbus cloud is the perfect lightning and thunder factory, earning its nickname, "thunderhead”.

All thunderstorms are dangerous and capable of threatening life and property in localized areas. Every thunderstorm produces lightning, which results from the buildup and discharge of electrical energy between positively and negatively charged areas.

While thunderstorms and lightning can be found throughout the U. S., they are most likely to occur in the central and southern states. Thunderstorms can also produce large, damaging hail, which causes nearly $1billion in damage to property and crops annually. Thunderstorms are also capable of producing tornadoes, wind, heavy rain that can lead to flash flooding, and hail. These hazards will be addressed as individual hazards in the plan.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 40

Types of Thunderstorms • Single Cell (pulse storms). Typically last 20-30 minutes. Pulse storms can produce severe weather elements such as downbursts, hail, some heavy rainfall, and occasionally weak tornadoes. This storm is light to moderately dangerous to the public and moderately to highly dangerous to aviation. • Multicell Cluster. These storms consist of a cluster of storms in varying stages of development. Multicell storms can produce moderate size hail, flash floods, and weak tornadoes. This storm is moderately dangerous to the public and moderately to highly dangerous to aviation. • Multicell Line. Multicell line storms consist of a line of storms with a continuous, well-developed gust front at the leading edge of the line. Also known as squall lines, these storms can produce small to moderate size hail, occasional flash floods, and weak tornadoes. This storm is moderately dangerous to the public and moderately to highly dangerous to aviation. • Supercell. Even though it is the rarest of storm types, the supercell is the most dangerous because of the extreme weather generated. Defined as a thunderstorm with a rotating updraft, these storms can produce strong downbursts, large hail, occasional flash floods, and weak to violent tornadoes. This storm is extremely dangerous to the public and aviation. • Straight-line winds, which in extreme cases have the potential to exceed 100 miles per hour, are responsible for most thunderstorm wind damage. One type of straight-line wind, the downburst, can cause damage equivalent to a strong tornado and can be extremely dangerous to aviation.

Thunderstorm Facts • The NWS estimates more than 100,000 thunderstorms in the U. S. each year. • In the last 25 years, severe storms have been involved in over 300 federal disasters.

Number of lightning deaths by state from 1959 to 1994

(Source: http://kyclim.wku.edu/climate/)

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 41

Number of Lightning Injuries by State from 1959 to 1994

(Source: http://kycclim.wku.edu/climate/)

Types of Lightning Lightning is a component of all thunderstorms. Flashes that do not strike the surface are called cloud flashes. They may be inside a cloud, travel from one part of a cloud to another, or from cloud to air. Lightning flashes can have more than one ground point. Roughly, there are five to ten times as many cloud flashes than cloud to ground flashes. Overall, there are four different types of lightning: • Cloud to sky (sprites) • Cloud to ground • Intra-cloud • Inter-cloud

Cloud to ground lightning can injure or kill people and destroy objects by direct or indirect means. Objects can either absorb or transmit energy. The absorbed energy can cause the object to explode, burn, or totally destruct. The various forms of transfer are: 1) Tall object transferred to person 2) Tall object to ground to person 3) Object (telephone line, plumbing pipes) to a person in contact with the appliance

Effects of Lightning • Fires o Fires may occur in structures such as storage and processing units, aircraft and electrical infrastructure and components. o Forest fires may be initiated by lightning. Lightning causes half the wildfires in the western U.S. • Injury and death to people o 85% of lightning victims are children and young men ages 10 to 35. o 25% of victims die and 70% of survivors suffer long-term effects.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 42

Lightning Strike Victims, Denoted Effects Frequency 25% or greater Memory Deficits & Loss 52% ** Depression 32% * Attention Deficits 41% ** Inability to Sit Long 32% Sleep Disturbance 44% * External Burns 32% Numbness/ Parathesias 36% ** Severe Headaches 32% ** Dizziness 38% * Fear of Crowds 29% * Easily Fatigued 37% * Storm Phobia 29% * Stiffness in Joints 35% Inability to Cope 29% * Irritability/ Temper Loss 34% * General Weakness 29% ** Photophobia 34% Unable to Work 29% ** Loss of Strength/Weakness 34% ** Reduced Libido 26% * Muscle Spasms 34% Confusion 25% ** Chronic Fatigue 32% * Coordination Problems 28% ** Hearing Loss 25% * Denotes Psychological ** Denotes Psychological or Organic No Asterisk Denotes Organic

(Source: http://www.lightningsafety.com) Lightning Facts • The peak temperature of lightning is around 60,000 degrees Fahrenheit, or about 5 times hotter than the surface of the Sun. • Lightning most commonly occurs in thunderstorms, but it can also occur in snowstorms, sandstorms, and in the ejected material over volcanoes.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 43 Severe Winter Storm

Description: A winter storm can range from moderate In the U. S. snow over a few hours to blizzard conditions with blinding wind-driven snow, sleet and/or ice and extreme cold that Every state in the continental lasts several days. U.S. and Alaska has been impacted by severe winter A severe winter storm is defined as an event that drops storms. The super-storm of four or more inches of snow during a 12-hour period or six March 1993 caused over $2 or more inches during a 24-hour span. Severe winter billion in property damage in storms are fueled by strong temperature gradients and an twenty states and Washington active upper-level cold jet stream. Some winter storms D.C. At least 79 deaths and 600 injuries were attributed to may be large enough to affect several states while others the storm. may affect only a single community. Most winter storms are accompanied by low temperatures and blowing snow, which can severely reduce visibility.

Snow and ice are threats to most of the U. S. during the northern hemisphere's winter, which begins December 21 and ends March 21. During the early and late months of the winter season, snow becomes warmer, giving it a greater tendency to melt on contact or stick to the surface. The beginning and end of the winter season also brings a greater chance of freezing rain and sleet.

Severe Winter Types • Blizzards are by far the most dangerous of all winter storms. They are characterized by temperatures below twenty degrees Fahrenheit and winds of at least 35 miles per hour. In addition to the temperatures and winds, a blizzard must have a sufficient amount of falling or blowing snow. The snow must reduce visibility to one-quarter mile or less for at least three hours. With high winds and heavy snow, these storms can punish residents throughout much of the U.S. during the winter months each year. In mid-March of 1993, a major blizzard struck the Eastern U.S., including parts of Kentucky. • Ice storms occur when freezing rain falls from clouds and freezes immediately on impact. Ice storms occur when cold air at the surface is overridden by warm, moist air at higher altitudes. As the warm air advances and is lifted over the cold air, precipitation begins falling as rain at high altitudes then becomes super cooled as it passes through the cold air mass below, and, in turn, freezes upon contact with chilled surfaces at temperatures of 32º F or below. In extreme cases, ice may accumulate several inches thick, though just a thin coating is often enough to do severe damage.

Possible Effects Freezing rain can result in extensive damage to utility lines and buildings while making any type of travel extremely dangerous. The results are sometimes devastating: entire states can be almost entirely without electricity and communication for several weeks.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 44 Winter storms can paralyze a community by shutting down normal day-to-day operations. Heavy snow can also lead to the collapse of weak roofs or unstable structures. Storm effects can cause hazardous conditions and hidden problems, including the following: • Power outages result when snow and ice accumulate on trees causing branches and trunks to break and fall onto power lines. Blackouts vary in size from one street to an entire city. Loss of electric power means loss of heat for some residents, which poses a significant threat to human life, particularly the elderly. • Extreme cold temperatures may lead to frozen water mains and pipes, damaged car engines, and prolonged exposure to cold resulting in frostbite. • Flooding may occur after precipitation has accumulated and then temperatures rise once again, which melts snow and ice. In turn, as more snow and ice accumulate the threat of flooding increases. • Snow and ice accumulation on roadways can cause severe transportation problems in the form of extremely hazardous roadway conditions.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 45 Tornado In the U. S. Description: A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud extending Over the past 25 years, more to the ground. It is spawned by a thunderstorm (or than 100 federal disaster sometimes as a result of a hurricane) and produced when declarations included damage cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air associated with tornadoes. On to rise rapidly. April 3, 1974, 148 tornadoes in 13 states killed 315 people and The damage from a tornado is a result of the high wind is the largest recorded tornadic velocity and wind-blown debris with paths that can be in event in history. excess of one mile wide and fifty miles long. Tornado season is generally March through August, although tornadoes can occur at any time of year. They tend to occur in the afternoons and evenings; over 80 percent of all tornadoes strike between noon and midnight.

Most tornadoes are just a few dozen yards wide and touch down only briefly, but highly destructive tornadoes may carve out a path over a mile wide and several miles long. The destruction caused by tornadoes may range from light to catastrophic depending on the intensity, size, and duration of the storm. Effects of tornadoes may include crop and property damage, power outages, environmental degradation, injury, and death. Tornadoes are known to blow off roofs, move cars and tractor-trailers, and demolish homes.

Typically, tornadoes are localized in impact and cause the greatest damages to structures of light construction, such as residential homes. A tornado can move as fast as 125 mph with internal winds speeds exceeding 300 mph.

The maps below illustrate the predictability of tornadic activity according to NOAA.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 46

Tornado Types The magnitude of a tornado is categorized by the damage pattern (i.e. path) and wind velocity, according to the Fujita-Pearson Tornado Measurement Scale. This scale is the only widely used rating method with the aim to validate classification by relating the degree of damage to the intensity of the wind.

The Fujita Scale for Tornadoes Type MPH General Description Moderate Damage - Peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or F1 73 - 112 overturned; moving autos blown off roads. Considerable Damage - Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; F2 113 - 157 boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; light object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground. Severe Damage - Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; trains F3 158 - 206 overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown. Devastating Damage - Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak F4 207 - 260 foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated. Incredible Damage - Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; F5 261 - 318 automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters (109 yards); trees debarked; incredible phenomena will occur. Source: FEMA State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To-Guide: Understanding Your Risks)

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 47 Thunderstorm Facts • Worldwide, annually about 1,000 tornadoes are generated by severe thunderstorms. • Earthquake-induced fires and wildfires may also produce tornadoes. • Powerful tornadoes have lifted and moved objects weighing more than 300 tons a distance of thirty feet and have tossed homes greater than 300 feet way from their foundations. • The path of a single tornado can be dozens of miles long, but tornadoes rarely last longer than 30 minutes.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 48 Wildfire

Description: A wildfire is an unplanned fire, which includes In the U. S. grass fires, forest fires, and scrub fires either man-made or According to the NWS, natural in origin. There are three different classes of more than 100,000 wildfires wildland fires. A wildfire is an uncontrolled burning of occur in the U. S. each grasslands, brush, or woodlands. year. Since 1985, approximately 9,000 homes Humans, either through negligence, accident, or intentional have been lost to urban / arson, have caused approximately 90% of all wildfires in the wild land interface fires last decade. Accidental and negligent acts include across the U. S. unattended campfires, sparks, burning debris, and irresponsibly discarded cigarettes. The remaining 10% of fires are mostly caused by lightning, but may also be caused by other acts of nature such as volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.

Wildfires become significant threats to life and property along what is known as the “wildland/urban interface”. The wildland/urban interface is defined as the area where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wild land or vegetative fuels.

Source: Kentucky Division of Forestry www.forestry.ky.gov/programs/firemanage/Fire+Statistics.htm)

The potential for wildfire Fires in Kentucky (1993-2002) depends upon surface fuel characteristics, weather conditions, recent climate conditions, topography, and fire behavior. Fuels 2396 2097 are anything that fire can 2072

and will burn, and are the 1802

combustible materials 1545 that sustain a wildfire. Number ofFires 1140 1068 976 973

Typically, this is the most 913 prevalent vegetation in a given area. Weather is one of the most significant factors in 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 determining the severity Year of wildfires. The intensity of fires and the rate with which they spread is directly rated to the wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity. Climatic conditions such as long-term drought also play a major role in the

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 49 number and intensity of wildfires, and topography is important because the slope and shape of the terrain can change the rate of speed at which fire travels.

Wildfire Types • Surface fires are the most common type and burn along the floor of a forest, moving slowly and killing or damaging trees. • Ground fires are usually started by lightning and burn on or below the forest floor. • Crown fires spread rapidly by wind and move quickly by jumping along the tops of trees. • Spotting can be produced by crown fires as well as wind and topography conditions. Large burning embers are thrown ahead of the main fire. Once spotting begins, the fire will be very difficult to control.

Possible Effects Wildland fires are usually signaled by dense smoke that fills the area for miles around. The average forest fire kills most trees up to 3-4 inches in diameter, in the area burned. These trees represent approximately 20 years of growth. In the case of up-slope burning, under severe conditions, almost every tree is killed regardless of size or type. When the trees are burned and everything is killed, then the forest is slow to reestablish itself, because of the loss of these young seedlings, saplings, pole, and sawtimber trees.

Included in the destruction by fires are the leaf and other litter on the forest floor. This exposes the soil to erosive forces, allowing rainstorms to wear away the naked soil and wash silt and debris downhill, which will clog the streams and damage fertile farmlands in the valleys. Once the litter and humus (spongy layer of decaying matter) is destroyed, water flows more swiftly to the valleys and increases flood danger.

Other consequences of wildfires are the death of and loss of habitat for the forest’s wildlife. The heaviest wildlife lost is felt by game birds since they have ground nesting habits. Fish life also suffers because of the removal of stream shade and the loss of insect and plant food is destroyed by silt and lye from wood ashes washed down from burned hillsides.

Wildfire Fuel Categories • Light fuels such as shrubs, grasses, leaves, and pine needles (any fuel having a diameter of one-half inch or less) burn rapidly and are quickly ignited because they are surrounded by plenty of oxygen. Fires in light fuels spread rapidly but burn out quickly, are easily extinguished, and fuel moisture changes more rapidly than in heavier fuels. • Heavy fuels such as limbs, logs, and tree trunks (any fuel one-half inch or larger in diameter) warm more slowly than light fuels, and the interiors are exposed to oxygen only after the outer portion is burned. • Uniform fuels include all of the fuels distributed continuously over an area. Areas containing a network of fuels that connect with each other to provide a continuous path for a fire to spread are included in this category.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 50 • Patchy fuels include all fuels distributed unevenly over an area, or as areas of fuel with definite breaks or barriers present, such as patches of rock outcroppings, bare ground, swamps, or areas where the dominant type of fuel is much less combustible. • Ground fuels are all of the combustible materials lying beneath the surface including deep duff, tree roots, rotten buried logs, and other organic material. • Surface fuels are all of the combustible materials lying on or immediately above the ground, including needles or leaves, duff, grass, small deadwood, downed logs, stumps, large limbs, and low shrubs. • Aerial fuels are all of the green and dead materials located in the upper canopy, including tree branches and crowns, snags, hanging moss, and tall shrubs.

Fuel Types • Grass. Found in most areas, but grass is more dominant as a fuel in desert and range areas where other types of fuel are less prevalent. It can become prevalent in the years after a fire in formerly timbered areas. • Shrub (brush). Shrub is found throughout most areas of the U.S. Some examples of highly flammable shrub fuels are the palmetto/ gallberry in the Southeast, sagebrush in the Great Basin, and chaparral in the Southwest. • Timber litter. This type of fuel is most dominant in mountainous topography, especially in the Northwest. • Logging slash. This fuel is found throughout the country. It is the debris left after logging, pruning, thinning, or shrub-cutting operations. It may include logs, chunks, bark, branches, stumps, and broken understory trees or shrubs.

Fuel Characteristics • Fuel moisture is the amount of water in a fuel. This measurement is expressed as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the greater the content of moisture within the fuel. How well a fuel will ignite and burn is dependent, largely, on its moisture content. Dry fuels will ignite and burn much more easily than the same fuels when they are wet (contain a high moisture content). As a fuel's moisture content increases, the amount of heat required to ignite and burn that fuel also increases. Light fuels take on and lose moisture faster than heavier fuels. Wet fuels have high moisture content because of exposure to precipitation or high relative humidity, while dry fuels have low moisture content because of prolonged exposure to sunshine, dry winds, drought, or low relative humidity.

Wildfire Facts • Homeowners can do much to help save their homes from wildfires, such as constructing the roof and exterior structure of a dwelling with non- combustible or fire resistant materials such as tile, slate, sheet iron, aluminum, brick or stone. • One of the worst wildfire seasons, in terms of number of acres burned, was 2000 when wildfires burned 8.4 million acres. Scientific analysis of the 2000 fire season revealed that the vast majority of burned acres were located in previously logged and roaded areas. The worst fire seasons were in 1963, 1988, and 2004.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 51 3.3.2 PROFILING HAZARD PROFILES

The following section profiles historical occurrences of those natural hazards previously identified as affecting Louisville (see section titled, Identifying Hazards). Due to Louisville’s geology, climate, and geographical setting, the metro area is vulnerable to a wide array of natural hazards that threaten life and property.

Through research of the Louisville Metro Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), historic impacts, past federal disaster declarations, NCDC and Sheldus databases, newspaper and web searches, dollar losses to date, and discussions with key agencies, twelve hazards are identified in the Plan.

The Louisville Metro Hazard Profiles have been created using the best available data from a variety of resources, including but not limited to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Weather Service (NWS), LOJIC, Corps of Engineers: Louisville District, Kentucky Office of Geographical Information, Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS), Kentucky State Climatology Center, Midwestern Regional Climate Center (MRCC), FEMA Hazard Mapping website, local agencies and newspaper articles, and the approved Kentucky State Hazard Mitigation Plan .

Project Staff also used the FEMA Local Mitigation planning “How To Guide” series to guide the planning committees in the planning process. GIS hazard maps, damage history spreadsheets, and historical documentation are used to profile each event.

During the planning process, public input from the planning committees led to the creation of Profile Maps that document and illustrate where the Hazard prone areas are in Louisville Metro. Public input was an invaluable local resource in the planning process. Committee members attended meetings and discussed information gathered from the sources listed above. Committee members also discussed particular issues such as, past events and significant occurrences that did not warrant a declared disaster and how those events impacted the community.

Limited or no available data to conduct a complete hazard profile: The Planning Team and Advisory Committee identified 12 hazards to address in this Plan. Of the 12 hazards, there is one, wildfire, where there is little historical data. The Planning Committees chose to include this hazard because it is listed in the EOP as a hazard as possible and probable in Louisville Metro. Although it is impossible to profile this hazard in the detail required by the DMA 2000 guidelines and regulations, the committee has chosen to address mitigation strategies for wildfire.

Past disaster damage information was provided to Project Staff by the state hazard mitigation office. The following table is the Louisville Metro summary of past Declared Disasters, provided by FEMA. Throughout the plan, reference will be made to this table as the hazard events are profiled.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 52 Louisville Metro Declared Disasters

# of KY Declared DR # Declaration Date Disaster Type Counties 420 4/4/1974 Tornadoes 34 568 12/12/1978 Severe Storms, Flooding 37

821 2/24/1989 Severe Storms, Flooding 67

1089 1/13/1996 Blizzard 120

1163 3/4/1997 Flooding 101

1471 6/3/2003 Landslide, Severe Storm, Tornado, Flooding 44

How the Profiles Are Setup The following sections provide a “profile” of each identified hazard in the Louisville Metro area. This portion of the Risk factors are characteristics of a hazard that plan identifies the following information: contribute to the potential • A risk factor table and hazard risk gauge, which losses that may occur in the summarize the overall risk. area. • A description of each identified hazard and potential impact. The hazard risk gauge is a • Historical background on each identified hazard graphic icon used during the and a brief description of known events. initial profile ranking process to • Profile Maps, if applicable, of the locations and convey the relative risk of a areas affected by Hazard events. Maps are a key given hazard. The scale ranges from green, indicating component for communication with the Planning relatively low or no risk, to red, Team, Advisory Committee, Metro Council, and at indicating severe risk. the public meetings. Hazard maps also will assist in determining the mitigation strategy.

BACKGROUND

Louisville Metro Climate

Louisville’s climate is described as "moist-continental”. Winters are moderately cold with temperatures rarely below zero degrees Fahrenheit, with January being the coldest month. Average annual snowfall is about 17 inches. Summers are hot (although rarely above 100 degrees Fahrenheit) and humid, with July being the hottest month. Spring and summer months are characterized by changeable, wet weather. March has the greatest total rainfall. Yearly precipitation is approximately 43 inches. The driest month is October.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 53 The climate of Louisville, while continental in type, is of a variable nature because of its position with respect to the paths of high and low pressure systems and the occasional influx of warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. In winter and summer, there are occasional cold and hot spells of short duration. As a whole, winters are moderately cold and summers are quite warm. Temperatures of l00 degrees or more in summer and zero degrees or less in winter are rare. Thunderstorms with high rainfall intensities are common during the spring and summer months. The precipitation in Louisville is nonseasonal and varies from year to year. The fall months are usually the driest. Generally, March has the most rainfall and October the least. Snowfall usually occurs from November through March. As with rainfall, amounts vary from year to year and month to month. Some snow has also been recorded in the months of October and April. Mean total amounts for the months of January, February, and March are about the same with January showing a slight edge in total amount. Relative humidity remains rather high throughout the summer months. Cloud cover is about equally distributed throughout the year with the winter months showing somewhat of an increase in amount. The percentage of possible sunshine at Louisville varies from month to month with the greatest amount during the summer months as a result of the decreasing sky cover during that season. Heavy fog is unusual and there is only an average of l0 days during the year with heavy fog and these occur generally in the months of September through March.

The average date for the last occurrence in the spring of temperatures as low as 32 degrees is mid-April, and the first occurrence in the fall is generally in late October.

The prevailing direction of the wind has a southerly component and the velocity averages under l0 mph. The strongest winds are usually associated with thunderstorms.

Louisville Metro Watersheds

Jefferson County has eleven major stream systems: Mill Creek, Pond Creek, South Fork Beargrass Creek, Middle Fork Beargrass Creek, Muddy Fork Beargrass Creek, Goose Creek, Harrods Creek, Floyds Fork, Cedar Creek, Pennsylvania Run and Ohio River. Approximately 790 miles of streams are found within these six stream systems. The land drained by each of these streams is called a "watershed."

Louisville Metro Topography Louisville is located on the south bank of the Ohio River, 604 miles below Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and 377 miles above the mouth of the river at Cairo, Illinois. The city is divided by Beargrass Creek and its south fork into two portions with entirely different types of topography. The eastern portion is rolling, containing several creeks, and consists of plateaus and rolling hillsides. The highest elevation in this area is 565 feet.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 54 The western portion is mostly flat with an average elevation about l00 feet lower than the eastern area. Much of the western section lies in the flood plain of the Ohio River.

Louisville Metro Geology

For Jefferson County, the geology consists of limestone, shale, and dolomite plus alluvial and lacustrine deposits. The five major geological areas are as follows:

1. The loam soils in the northeastern part of the county tend to overlie limestone, are relatively deep, and generally well drained. They are best suited for pasture. 2. The northern and western most parts of the county are adjacent to the Ohio River. The soils found within this area are well-drained alluvial soils with a silty sand texture. These floodplain soils represent some of the best agricultural soils in the county. 3. The central portion of the county is in poorly drained clay-based soils. Much of this area was once considered a wetland. 4. The geology within the southern part of the county is on steep slopes or upland areas. The soils are generally well-drained, moderate in depth, composed of shaly limestone or silty loam, and are best used for maintaining forested areas. 5. The southeastern part of the county is mostly hills, with moderate to steep slopes, and numerous sinkholes. The soils overlie limestone, and limestone fragments are commonly mixed into the soils. The soils are moderate to deep in most areas, generally well drained, and are a mixture of wind blown sediments, silt, loam, and clays. They are well suited for forest and pasture.

See Appendix 11 for a detailed list of background NCDC tables and data.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 55 Dam / Levee Failure Profile

SUMMARY OF DAM FAILURE RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: At any time Number of Events to-date 0 Infrequent. Dams that fail, historically, have some deficiency, which caused the Probability of event(s): failure. Chance of failure increases with heavy rain or earthquake. Minimal, depends on frequency of Warning time: inspection. Impacts human life and public safety. Potential Impact(s): Economic loss, environmental damage, and/or disruption of lifeline facilities Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

State, MSD, Metro Parks, Corp of Responsible for Monitoring Engineers, private owner, and Dam Maintenance development community

Potential Facility Shutdown 30 days or more

Background: Since 1948, anyone in Kentucky proposing to In Kentucky construct a dam has been required to submit a plan to the state for review in order to obtain a permit. In 1966, Kentucky There are about 1,133 adopted a set of guidelines for evaluating dams. In 1974, the dams in Kentucky. The permit system was revised to include regular state inspection MSHA has identified 121 of dams. KRS 150.295 directs the Secretary of the Natural impoundments in Kentucky Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet to inspect and 60 of those as “high dams and reservoirs on a regular schedule. hazard” structures.

The Dam Safety and Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-310): signed into law on December 2, 2002, addresses safety and security for dams through the coordination by FEMA of federal programs and initiatives for dams and the transfer of federal best practices in dam security to the states. The Act of 2002 includes resources for the development and maintenance of a national dam safety information network and the development of a strategic plan that establishes goals, priorities, and target dates to improve the safety and security of dams in the US.

Potential Damage by Dam Failure: Dam-and Levee-Failure Flooding is potentially the worst flood events. A dam failure is usually the result of neglect, poor design, or structural damage caused by a major event such as an earthquake. When a dam fails, an excess amount of water is suddenly let loose downstream, destroying anything in its

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 56 path. Many dams and levees are built for flood protection and usually are engineered to withstand a flood with a computed risk of occurrence. For example, a dam or levee may be designed to contain a flood at a location on a stream that has a certain probability of occurring in any one year. If a larger flood occurs, then that structure may be overtopped. If during the overtopping the dam or levee fails or is washed out, the water behind it is released and becomes a flash flood. Failed dams or levees can create floods that are catastrophic to life and property because of the tremendous energy of the released water.

Likelihood of Occurrence: Signs of Potential Dam Failure • Seepage. The appearance of seepage on the downstream slope, abutments, or downstream area is cause for concern. If the water is muddy and is coming from a well-defined hole, material is probably being eroded from inside the embankment and a potentially dangerous situation can develop. • Erosion. Erosion on the dam and spillway is one of the most evident signs of danger. The size of erosion channels and gullies can increase greatly with slight amounts of rainfall. • Cracks. Cracks are of two types: transverse and longitudinal. Transverse cracks appear perpendicular to the axis of the dam and indicate settlement of the dam. Longitudinal cracks run parallel to the axis of the dam and may be the signal for a slide, or slump, on either face of the dam. • Slides and Slumps. A massive slide can mean catastrophic failure of the dam. Slides occur for many reasons and their occurrence can mean a major reconstruction effort. • Subsidence. Subsidence is the vertical movement of the foundation materials due to failure of consolidation. Rate of subsidence may be so slow that it can go unnoticed without proper inspection. Foundation settlement is the result of placing the dam and reservoir on an area lacking suitable strength, or over collapsed caves or mines. • Structural. Conduit separations or ruptures can result in water leaking into the embankment and subsequent weakening of the dam. Pipe collapse can result in hydraulic failures due to diminished capacity. • Vegetation. A prominent danger signal is the appearance of "wet environment" types of vegetation such as cattails, reeds, mosses and other wet area vegetation, which can be a sign of seepage. • Boils. Boils indicate seepage water exiting under some pressure and typically occur in areas downstream of the dam. • Animal Burrows. Animal burrows are a potential danger since such activity can undermine the structural integrity of the dam. • Debris. Debris on dams and spillways can reduce the function of spillways, damage structures and valves, and destroy vegetative cover.

Historical Impact: In Kentucky, there have been six dam failures reported to the National Performance Dam Program, none in Louisville Metro. Dams are classified based on the evaluation of damage possible downstream. The FEMA guide to dam classifications uses the following system:

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 57

Classification of Dams Classification Description Class A (Low) No loss of human life is expected and damage will only occur to the dam owner's property

Class B Loss of human life is not probable, but economic loss, environmental damage, and/or (Moderate/Significant) disruption of lifeline facilities can be expected Class C (High) Loss of one or more human life is expected (Source: FEMA 333; Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety, Hazard Potential Classifications for Dams, October 1998)

Types of Dam Failures • Hydraulic Failure. Hydraulic failures result from the uncontrolled flow of water over the dam, around the dam and adjacent to the dam, and the erosive action of water on the dam and its foundation. Earth dams are particularly vulnerable to hydraulic failure since earth erodes at relatively small velocities. • Seepage Failure. All dams exhibit some seepage that must be controlled in velocity and amount. Seepage occurs both through the dam and the foundation. If uncontrolled, seepage can erode material from the foundation of an earth dam to form a conduit through which water can pass. This passing of water often leads to a complete failure of the structure, known as piping. • Structural Failure. Structural failures involve the rupture of the dam and/or its foundation. This is particularly a hazard for large dams and for dams built of low strength materials such as silts, slag, fly ash, etc. Dam failures generally result from a complex interrelationship of several failure modes. Uncontrolled seepage may weaken the soils and lead to a structural failure. Structural failure may shorten the seepage path and lead to a piping failure. Surface erosion may lead to structural or piping failures.

Following is an inventory of Louisville Metro dams maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Kentucky Cabinet for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, Division of Water. The nine Class C dams are at the highest risk and are required to have an emergency action plan, which is maintained by the dam owner.

Dam Inventory for Louisville Metro Summary of Dams Class A, B & C

Class A (low) Class B (moderate) Class C (high) STATE 18 12 9 USACE 1 TOTAL 40

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 58 Following is a map of the dams located in Louisville Metro.

LouisvilleLouisville MetroMetro DamDam VulnerabilityVulnerability ScoreScore { # andand DamDam CategoryCategory "

Dam Vulnerability # Score 0 " # # # # ! 1 - 20 " ! # 21 - 38 39 - 58 ! # ! 59 - 80 # 81 - 105 " # Dam Grade " # # # # 1 # !! ! 2 #

" 3 " ! " " # # ! # ! ! " ! "

!

18,0009,000 0 18,000 Feet

Copyright (c) 2004, LOUISVILLE AND JEFFERSON COUNTY METROPOLITAN SEWER DISTRICT (MSD), LOUISVILLE WATER COMPANY (LWC) and LOUISVILLE METRO GOVERNMENT All Rights Reserved.

Map by LOJIC, 2005

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 59 Drought Profile

SUMMARY OF DROUGHT RISK FACTORS Summer months or extended periods of Period of occurrence: no precipitation. Number of Events to-date 28 1895- 2004 Probability of event(s): Infrequent Warning time: Weeks

Activities that rely heavily on high water usage may be impacted significantly, including agriculture, tourism, wildlife protection, municipal water usage, commerce, recreation, electric power generation, and water quality Potential Impact(s): deterioration. Droughts can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, decreased land values, and Agro- business losses. Minimal risk of damage or cracking to structural foundations, due to soils.

Cause injury or death No Potential Facility Shutdown None

Background: Louisville Metro is located in Division 2 according to the four climate zones set for Kentucky. Drought is measured by the

Palmer Drought Severity Index

Louisville Metro Drought History: Palmer Classifications System (PDSI) Research includes: local NWS, EMA, and -2.0 in to -2.99 in Moderate drought newspaper archives. Below is the NWS -3.0 in to -3.99 in Severe drought data for Division 2 outlining all moderate -4.0 in or less Extreme drought to severe droughts, occurring during 1895 (Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association – 2004. (NOAA))

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 60 Kentucky, Division 02 Palmer Drought Severity Index for Drought 1895- 2004

Years of Moderate Years and PDSI for 1936 03 -3.24 10 -3.80 Drought: Severe Drought: 1914 06 -3.07 04 -3.22 11 -4.20 2.0 – 2.99 PDSI 3.0 & above PDSI 01 -3.73 07 -3.63 05 -3.00 12 -3.90 Year/Month/PDSI 05 -3.12 08 -4.50 1895 1901 06 -3.68 09 -4.23 1943 1955 1896 07 -3.58 07 -4.01 10 -3.95 12 -3.13 01 -4.15 1897 08 -3.26 08 -3.30 11 -4.02 1899 11 -3.32 1944 1963 1900 12 -3.00 1915 1939 01 -3.66 12 -3.42 1903 04 -3.27 12 -3.23 02 -3.30 1906 1902 06 -3.15 1964 1919 08 -3.36 1930 1940 07 -3.85 01 -3.41 1921 07 -4.16 01 -3.67 02 -3.44 1922 1904 08 -4.76 02 -3.02 1952 1925 10 -3.22 09 -4.76 10 -3.54 11 -3.40 1988 1959 11 -4.04 10 -5.19 11 -3.27 12 -3.55 06 -3.34 1980 12 -3.80 11 -5.75 12 -3.26 1981 12 -6.30 1953 1999 1986 1905 1941 01 -3.22 08 -3.07 1987 01 -3.78 1931 01 -3.34 02 -3.53 09 -3.48 1991 02 -3.63 01 -6.67 02 -3.86 09 -3.60 10 -3.31 1998 03 -3.58 02 -6.63 03 -4.31 10 -4.25 11 -3.96 2001 04 -3.68 03 -6.21 04 -4.19 11 -4.94 12 -4.12 04 -5.56 05 -4.78 12 -5.41 19 YEARS TOTAL 1908 05 -5.57 06 -4.14 2000 -12 -3.26 06 -5.61 07 -3.69 1954 01 -3.84 07 -6.00 08 -3.48 01 -4.64 02 -3.41 1909 08 -5.25 09 -4.18 02 -4.67 03 -3.53 - 01 -3.12 09 -5.20 10 -3.71 03 -5.01 10 -4.81 11 -3.78 04 -4.63 28 YEARS TOTAL 1913 11 -4.77 12 -3.81 05 -4.42 08 -3.10 06 -4.34 09 -3.26 1934 1942 07 -4.86 11 -3.23 12 -3.07 01 -3.57 08 -4.52 12 -3.52 02 -3.43 09 -4.05

Drought Potential Impacts: High temperatures, prolonged high winds, and low relative humidity can aggravate drought conditions. In Louisville Metro, a secondary effect of a drought could be low river levels on the Ohio River. Low water can become unsafe for navigation in some areas. As a result, fully loaded barges may not be able to safely navigate the river, and tonnage may have to be reduced by 10 to 20 percent.

During periods of drought, some activities that rely heavily on high water usage may be impacted significantly. These activities include agriculture, tourism, wildlife protection, municipal water usage, commerce, recreation, wildlife preservation, electric power generation, and water quality deterioration.

Droughts can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, decreased land values, and Agro-business losses. In addition, there is minimal risk of damage or cracking to structural foundations, due to soils.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 61 Earthquake Profile

SUMMARY OF EARTHQUAKE RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Year-round 0 epicenter occurrences in Louisville Number of Events to-date Metro, however regional events have affected the area. Probability of event(s): Infrequent Warning time: None Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, fire, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases. Can Potential Impact(s): cause severe transportation problems and make travel extremely dangerous.

Aftershocks and secondary events could trigger landslides, releases of hazardous materials, and/or dam and levee failure and flooding. Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths.

Potential Facility Shutdown Months

Background: Specific fault systems in Kentucky include the Rough Creek and Pennyrile Fault Systems, running east- In Kentucky west to the southwest of the Louisville Metro area, and the Cincinnati Arch that runs roughly north-south through Earthquakes can be Lexington some 75 miles to the east. experienced in any part of Kentucky, putting Kentucky’s

entire population and building In general, these faults have been inactive for thousands of stock at risk. Each county years. Earthquakes may occur in areas where faults have has at least one fault running not yet been identified; this situation presented itself when beneath it. an earthquake occurred in Sharpsburg in 1980 in an area previously not known to include a fault.

Historical Impact: Thousands of minor earthquakes have occurred in and around Kentucky in the New Madrid seismic zone in the west, to Greenup County in the northeast, and in Bell County in the Southeast. Earth tremors also have been recorded (for example, a series of these tremors occurred in April 1974). Since 2000, several minor earthquakes have been felt in the Louisville Metro.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 62

Major earthquake events have occurred. From December 1811 through February 1812, the New Madrid Fault experienced three earthquakes, each of which was over a “magnitude” of 8. These quakes were accompanied by a series of aftershocks, at least 15 of which were felt as far away as Washington DC (LMEMA 2003).

The University of Memphis estimates that, for a 50-year period, the probability of a repeat of the New Madrid 1811-1812 earthquakes with: • A magnitude of 7.5 - 8.0 is 7 to 10% • A magnitude of 6.0 or larger is 25 to 40%

Louisville Metro Potential Earthquake Damage: Seismic events generate energy waves that attenuate as they move away from the epicenter of the event. The nature of the crustal rock of the Central U.S. results in a low degree of wave attenuation. Therefore, seismic shocks that occur in the central portion of the U.S. will affect a far greater area than similar events on the western coast.

The HAZUS-MH pilot program results show that an earthquake of 8.6 M in the New Madrid seismic zone would result in structural building damage ranging from minor to significant extending well into the Louisville Metro area. A similar earthquake magnitude event in the western U.S. would impact a much more limited geographic area. Earth scientists estimate that enough energy has built up in the New Madrid seismic zone to produce an earthquake with a 7.6M. Everyone in Kentucky could feel such a quake, while the Louisville Metro area would experience the effects at a Modified Mercalli Intensity Zone 7 (LMEMA 2003). The effects of such an earthquake could include: (1) ruptured pipelines, (2) downed electrical and communication lines, (3) releases of hazardous materials, (4) fires, (5) collapsed bridges and overpasses, and (6) damaged or destroyed critical facilities. See Appendix 12 for the HAZUS-MH pilot project results for earthquake.

Damage associated with the major earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 was not significant due to the low level of development in the area at the time. However, today over 12.5 million people live in the region impacted by the 1811 to 1812 events.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 63 Damage associated with the Sharpsburg earthquake was $3 million (largely located in Maysville, Kentucky, rather than at the epicenter in Sharpsburg) (LMEMA 2003).

Areas of softer soil and potential liquefaction generally result in increased vulnerability to the impacts of an earthquake. In Louisville Metro, old portions of the city and heavy industry are located on the alluvial deposits adjacent to the Ohio River. New portions of the city, including malls and the surrounding suburbs are constructed on the clay materials derived from limestone bedrock (ULY CIR 2004). (Source: Kentucky Geological Survey) http://www.uky.edu/KGS/geologichazards/eqinky.htm)

As part of the pilot project, available soil maps were obtained from the Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS 2004). Data for approximately one-third of the study area was available and was applied to evaluate the risk to buildings and infrastructure.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 64 Extreme Heat Profile

SUMMARY OF EXTREME HEAT RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Summer 9 events during 1952 to 2005 Number of Events to-date: 6 deaths 1999- 2002 Probability of event(s): Likely Several days of high temperatures Warning time: hovering over 90 degrees. Public health and safety, especially the elderly. Heavy use of water and Potential Impact(s): electrical facilities due to air conditioners, fans, etc… Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

Potential Facility Shutdown None

Background: Temperatures that hover 10 degrees or more above the average high temperature for the region are defined by NOAA as extreme heat. A temperature of 90°F is significant in that it ranks at the "caution" level of the NOAA's Apparent Temperature chart even if humidity is not a factor. July 1999 Heat Wave Extreme Heat Impacts: Main impacts are to public health and safety, especially the elderly. Additionally, During the last two weeks of July heavy use of utilities (electric and water) cause a strain 1999, the Midwest experienced a on the system due to air conditioners, fans, and water lengthy series of days with temperatures in excess of 90F. usage, etc… Before it was over, some 232 deaths were attributed to the heat in the 9- Kentucky Historical Climate Data: Data from a thirty- state Midwest region. year time span of 1970-1999 was obtained from the Kentucky Climate Center for 52 in-state and 13 out-of-state sites. This data showed the mean amount of days that temperatures rose to or beyond 90°F. The map below shows Kentucky’s normal occurrence of days when temperatures equal or exceed 90°F.

History of Extreme Heat In Louisville Metro: Research has shown there is limited Louisville Metro data for tracking the damages, injuries, or deaths for extreme heat. Death certificates kept by the Jefferson County Health Department show six deaths due to extreme heat occurred during 1999 - 2002. These deaths occurred as following: four in 1999, 1 in 2000, and 1 in 2002.

Following is information from the NWS indicating time periods and number of days during 1888 to 2005 when the temperature rose above 100 degrees.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 65 LOUISVILLE AIRPORT 1952 - 2005

Conditions that are Maximum Temperature greater than or equal to 100 deg F

Time Period > # of days 07/26/1952 to 07/28/1952 3 08/31/1953 to 09/02/1953 3 07/12/1954 to 07/14/1954 3 09/04/1954 to 09/06/1954 3 07/21/1983 to 07/23/1983 3 08/20/1983 to 08/22/1983 3 07/07/1988 to 07/10/1988 4 07/29/1999 to 07/31/1999 3 08/03/2002 to 08/05/2002 3 TOTAL 9 events

1999 Heat Wave During the last two weeks of July 1999, the Midwest experienced a lengthy series of days with temperatures higher than 90 Louisville Metro degrees F. While only a relatively small number of maximum The Jefferson County temperature records were set, the combination of high heat, Health Department reported record dew points, strong solar inputs, and weak winds led to a four (4) deaths due to dangerous situation for people. Before it was over, some 232 extreme heat in 1999. deaths were attributed to the heat in the 9-state area served by the MRCC; there were additional health, infrastructure, and economic impacts that were quite significant.

The major loss of life was in large cities where the urban heat island amplified temperatures by 3 to 5 degrees or more. The majority of those who died were elderly persons, living alone in the inner city regions, and either were without air conditioning or without the funds to pay for continuous operation of their air conditioning units. Most of the people who died on the 29th and 30th lived in large cities with an old infrastructure of non-air-conditioned brick buildings. A comparison of hourly temperatures between stations inside large cities and nearby suburban stations demonstrates the strong urban heat island affects during the heat wave.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 66 Flood Profile

SUMMARY OF FLOOD RISK FACTORS Ohio River: January through May Period of occurrence: Flash floods: anytime, but primarily during Summer rains Number of Events to-date: 40+ 1832 - 2004 Probability of event(s): Highly likely

River flooding – 3 –5 days

Flash flooding – minutes to hours Warning time: Out-of-bank flooding – several hours/days Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural

damage, fire, damaged or destroyed Potential Impact(s): critical facilities, and hazardous material releases. Can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, decreased land values, and Agro-business losses. Floodwaters are a public safety issue due to contaminants and pollutants. Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

Potential Facility Shutdown Weeks to months

Background: Flooding is probably the most significant In Kentucky natural hazard in Kentucky. Major flooding occurs within the state almost every year and it is not unusual for several Flooding is common along floods to occur in a single year. Kentucky's major waterways, particularly the Kentucky, Kentucky Flood Related Presidential Declarations: Green, Licking, Ohio, and Flooding is Kentucky’s most costly natural disaster. About Mississippi Rivers. Cities 300 communities have identified flood-prone areas. For such as Frankfort, Louisville, Owensboro, and Paducah many, the economic, social, and physical damage resulting have been seriously affected from floods can be severe. The following is a list of flood- by flooding. related Presidential Declarations in Kentucky from 1970 to 2002. Only major disasters are included; numerous isolated events are not listed.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 67 Flood Presidential Declarations in Kentucky (1970-2002) Date Number of Counties February 2, 1970 12 June 5, 1970 13 May 15, 1972 10 March 29, 1975 17 April 6, 1977 15 December 12, 1978 37 May 15, 1984 23 February 24, 1989 67 June 30, 1989 12 October 30, 1989 11 January 29, 1991 19 March 16, 1994 68 June 13, 1995 69 March 3, 1997 101 August 15, 2001 20 April 4. 2002 30 May 7, 2002 32 (Source: Kentucky Division of Emergency Management)

Potential Flood Impacts: Flooding impacts human life, health, and public safety. Community-wide the potential for risks is severe for: utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, fire, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases. Flooding also can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, decreased land values, and Agro-business losses.

Analysis performed for the Floodplain Management Plan Floodplain Management Plan indicated the watersheds with the greatest risk for loss of life and/or property damage relative to number of The local floodplain management plan (FPMP) adopted in 2001 buildings and primary structures is Pond Creek, estimated the total buildings at Beargrass Creek, and Mill Creek. Based on an analysis risk for the 100-year flood as of repetitive loss sites, the North County watershed approximately 6 percent. This represents an area of extraordinary high risk, although result aligns with the HAZUS-MH there are a relatively low total number of structures in result (approximately 6.8 percent the floodplain. of buildings).

History of Flooding in Louisville Metro: The following table shows the flood-related Presidentially Declared Disasters for Louisville Metro.

Disaster Number Declaration Date Disaster Type 568 12/12/1978 Severe Storms, Flooding 821 2/24/1989 Severe Storms, Flooding 1163 3/4/1997 Flooding 1471 6/3/2003 Flooding, Landslide, Severe Storm, & Tornado

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 68

Newspaper accounts and historical records show Ten Greatest Recorded that during the 19th century large floods occurred Flood Events of the Ohio River in 1832, 1847, 1859, 1867, 1883, and 1884. Major Month Year NGVD Elevation floods in the 20th century have occurred in 1907, Upper Gauge 1913, 1933, 1937, 1945, 1948, 1964, and 1997. February 1883 447.5 Thus, it can be seen that serious flooding has February 1884 449.7 occurred in the Louisville area on the average of January 1907 444.4 about once every 10 years. January 1913 442.5 April 1913 447.4 The normal elevation of the upper pool of the Ohio January 1937 460.2 River is approximately 420' above mean sea level March 1945 450.1 April 1948 444.0 (NGVD). Overbank flooding occurs at March 1964 449.2 approximate elevation 431', and the base flood March 1997 445.1 elevation (BFE) varies between 443' and 455'.

In general, the two most common types of flooding that occur in Louisville Metro area are flash floods and Ohio River flooding. • Flash flooding occurs in all parts of the state as the result of excessive rainfall over a short time. Flash floods can happen any time of the year, but are more prevalent during spring and summer months. • River basin flooding is more common during winter and early spring.

The major flooding problem in Louisville/Jefferson National Flood Insurance Program County is related to out-of-bank flooding. Out-of- Louisville and Jefferson County both became an bank flooding is defined as flooding that occurs NFIP (National Flood Insurance Program) when the natural embankments of a watercourse community in 1978/79. The Flood Insurance Rate are breached. Additionally, ponding also may Maps (FIRM), updated in 1994, are used to enforce floodplain regulations and the local result in certain areas, at their lowest elevations. floodplain ordinance. The community is also vulnerable to other flooding situations due to street runoff, erosion, CRS Program and sewer and drainage problems. Beginning in 1990, both Louisville and Jefferson County volunteered to join the CRS (Community The main flood season for the Ohio River is Rating System) Program. The Louisville/Jefferson between the months of January and May. All of County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) is the the highest floods on record have resulted from CRS Program Coordinator and is responsible for general heavy rains throughout the Ohio River completion of all CRS activities. Since 2001, both Basin. In both summer and fall, intense local the City of Louisville and Jefferson County rank a thunderstorms also can contribute significantly to Class 6 Rating due to strong stormwater, floodplain, mapping, and emergency service local flash flooding and interior drainage programs. As a result, residents receive a 20% problems. discount on flood insurance premiums. A Class 6 Rating is the highest-class rating in Kentucky.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 69 The average duration of Ohio River floods of record in Jefferson County is about 12 days. However, the sustained flood duration in 1937 was 23 days, in 1945 it was 18 days, and in 1964 and 1997 it was 14 days. The rate of rise at levels above flood stage varies in relation to rainfall and runoff rates for specific storms. Typical rates of rise for the Ohio River, at levels above flood stage, range from 2.5 to 5 inches per hour with the record rate of rise being 4.7 feet in 12 hours and 8.4 feet in 24 hours in 1964.

Louisville Metro’s Watersheds: In June 1997, MSD launched a watershed-based approach to managing its wastewater and stormwater programs. MSD’s holistic overview of watershed management integrates service activities such as planning, enforcement, emergency management, best management practices, preservation, hydrology, hydraulics, and geography. The watershed approach also promotes a comprehensive effort to address multiple causes of water quality and habitat degradation in a watershed.

MSD recognizes that each watershed area presents its own set of challenges. For management purposes, MSD consolidated Louisville’s 11 natural watersheds into five main management areas. The five areas are as follows: Pond Creek; Beargrass Creek, Floyds Fork; Mill Creek, and North County (see map below). MSD formed watershed management teams called Area Teams with the mission to be more responsive to MSD customers and to streamline the process of planning, design and construction of capital wastewater and stormwater projects.

Following is a map comparing the natural watersheds and MSD’s Area Team Watershed approach.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 70

Map from the Louisville/Jefferson County Floodplain Management Plan

Historical Flood Information by Watershed

Pond Creek was not heavily developed until the 1950’s so Watershed the 1937 flood did not severely affect the area. Originally, much of Pond Creek was a wetland area, but in the A watershed is a geographic 1920’s, the wetlands were drained in order to allow room area defined by boundaries that for farming and other development. Over time, the eventually drains into a single watershed has become heavily developed in areas with outlet, such as a stream or a flat terrain and a wide floodplain. The increase in creek. Water falling in any part impervious area in the watershed has also increased of the watershed eventually runoff times and discharge levels. finds its way through drainage swales, storm sewers and ditches, and into a tributary or The Pond Creek watershed has many major tributaries major stream that flows out of that flow into Pond Creek, which ultimately flows into the the watershed. In Jefferson Ohio River. Northern and Southern Ditch are man-made, County, all streams eventually major conveyance streams with very straight alignments. drain into the Ohio River. Wet Woods Creek (formerly Slop Ditch), Roberson Run, Filson Fork, and Mud Creek are also major tributaries that have flood issues associated with them. Other tributaries affected by flooding include Bee Lick Creek, Fern Creek, and Fishpool Creek.

Flood frequency in Pond Creek has been recognized as the worst in the County. Depths for the Flood of 1997 reached over three feet in many areas. Inundation in this watershed caused approximately 80 million dollars in estimated damage during the flood. This represents 40 percent of the damage estimated for the entire county.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 71

As implied by its name, Pond Creek displays rather low flow velocities. For a storm with a 100-year frequency, velocities would range from three to four feet per second on average. A significant portion of Pond Creek soil is a silty clay. Wet Woods Creek, Northern Ditch, and Southern Ditch generally bound this area. This type of soil minimizes the amount of rainfall infiltration into the ground; therefore, more runoff is produced in this area than in areas with more permeable soils.

Beargrass Creek has experienced severe damage from historical floods. The flood of 1937 inundated almost 50% of the watershed. The flood of 1997 caused the Ohio River (outside of the Flood Protection System) to rise as far as Mellwood Avenue for a 3 to 4 day period. Major streams contributing to flow in this watershed are the Muddy, South and Middle Forks of Beargrass Creek as well as the Buechel Branch and the Ohio River.

The Beargrass Creek watershed has a high level of residential and commercial development. This development has created large amounts of impervious area and adversely affected water quality. Structures along the Ohio River run a great risk of flooding because they are outside of the protective floodwall.

Flood depths in Beargrass Creek reach between one and three feet during severe flood events. Flood velocities can reach as high as six to eight feet per second for a 100-year storm.

Floyd’s Fork the main streams in this watershed are Floyds Fork, Chenoweth Run, the Long Run tributaries and Pope Lick Creek. Flood effects in Floyds Fork are minimal because large areas have not been developed along streams and other natural corridors. Flood depths are not very severe outside the floodplain. Floyds Fork has steep banks, carries a very large flow, and can produce flood depths of four to six feet or more within its floodplain. Velocities in the Floyds Fork floodplain during a 100-year flood can be severe, up to seven or eight feet per second. Normal flow velocities are in the range of three to five feet per second.

Mill Creek watershed experienced severe flooding near the Ohio River in the 1937, 1964, and 1997 floods. The main streams are the, Upper and Lower Mill Creek, Stephan Ditch, Valley Creek, Blackbird Creek, Lynnview Ditch and Cane Run which all drain into the Ohio River. Much of the flooding in this area is caused by ponding of floodwater near the Ohio River. Many of the other reported flood issues occur from the surcharge of streams in residential and commercial areas. Flood depths for the 1997 flood ranged from 1 to 2 feet. Stream velocities range from 4 to 6 feet per second on average for a 100-year storm. The only area where soil type affects runoff is around Big Run Diversion and Stephan Ditch because this area contains silty clay with limited infiltration potential.

North County The Ohio River floodplain receives the most frequent flooding in Jefferson County. Major streams in this watershed are Goose Creek, Little Goose Creek, Hite

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 72 Creek, and Harrods Creek. Flood velocities in this watershed are likely between four and seven feet per second for a 100-year flood. Flood depths in the susceptible areas may reach between one and two feet. Ohio River flooding can exceed 20’. Most damage occurs along the unprotected areas along River Road, which suffers annually from 10-year to 25-year flood events.

Development Constraints: The following table from the Floodplain Management Plan presents a summary of the total area of floodplain that exists within the various watershed areas. Based on an analysis of this data, the greatest impacts on development and redevelopment should be occurring and will likely continue within the Pond Creek and Floyds Fork watersheds.

Development Area Team Watershed Area Team Floodplain Ratio Floodplain / Ranking w/ Total Constraints Area (acres) Area (acres) Watershed Area (%) Floodplain Area Pond Creek 55,820 10,822 19 1 Floyds Fork 81,733 7,566 9 2 Beargrass 54,433 3,816 7 3 North County 29,113 3,316 11 4 Mill Creek 24,650 447 2 5 Totals 245,749 25,967 10 -

Natural and Beneficial Functions: The following table from the Floodplain Management Plan presents a summary of the total area of wetlands within each of the various watersheds. Wetlands provide a broad array of wildlife habitat and water quality related benefits. The higher the ratio of wetlands to watershed area the better the watershed is at buffering the impacts of urbanization. Based on this table, Pond Creek and Floyds Fork watersheds have the best potential for managing the impacts of urbanization. It is important that the wetlands to watershed ratios be protected and whenever and wherever possible increased.

Natural and Beneficial Area Team Watershed Wetlands Area Ratio Wetlands / Ranking w/ Total Functions Area (acres) (acres) Watershed Area (%) Wetlands Area Pond Creek 55,820 1,171 2.10 1 Floyds Fork 81,733 1,048 1.28 2 Mill Creek 24,650 447 1.81 3 North County 29,113 319 1.10 4 Beargrass 54,433 154 0.28 5 Totals 245,749 3,139 1.28 -

Repetitive Loss: As the floodplain administrator, MSD determines Louisville Metro’s repetitive loss areas by reviewing the community’s official repetitive loss list, provided through FEMA according to flood insurance claims. A property is considered repetitive loss when the structure has experienced more than one flood-related loss and received flood insurance for more than $1,000 in damages within a 10-year period. These areas are designated so that appropriate enforcement, mitigation, and emergency measures are taken.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 73 Louisville Metro has 167 Repetitive Loss Properties according to the 2004 NFIP insurance claims, which is the highest number of repetitive loss properties in Kentucky. Because much of River Road lies outside the protection of the floodwall, it is obviously considered a repetitive loss area. Other areas within the community are also at-risk due to tributaries, ponding and drainage problems.

Following is a map identifying the locations of Louisville’s Repetitive Loss areas. Note Louisville’ many streams and tributaries. The red markers indicate the location of a repetitive loss property, which shows the surrounding area is potentially at-risk.

Louisville Metro Repetitive Loss Map, LOJIC 2000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 74 Local flood data detail: Following is local flood event information.

• January 1913: The New Year in 1913 brought extensive rains to Kentucky and surrounding states causing every major river and stream in Kentucky to flood. Kentucky's total average rainfall for January was 11.41 inches, three times the normal amount. The U.S. Weather Bureau described the lowland areas of the state as being "vast inland seas”. The Monthly Weather Review for January of that year collected details of the damage in dollar amounts. For the Louisville district, it reported property damages from the flood at $200,000, a very large sum for 1913. Total crop losses in the Louisville district totaled $50,000.

• January 1937: In January of 1937, rains began to fall throughout the Ohio River Valley; eventually triggering what is known today as the "Great Flood of 1937”. Overall, total precipitation for January was four times its normal amount in the areas surrounding the river. In fact, there were only eight days in January when the Louisville station recorded no rain. These heavy rains, coupled with an already swollen river, caused a rapid rise in the river's level.

The morning of January 24 the entire Ohio River was above flood stage. In Louisville, the river rose 6.3 feet from January 21-22. As a result, the river reached nearly 30 feet above flood stage. Louisville, where light and water services had failed, was the hardest hit city along the Ohio River. On January 27, the river reached its crest at 460 feet above sea level or 40 feet above its normal level, which is well over a 100-year event. Almost 70 percent of the city was under water, and 175,000 people were forced to leave their homes. The U.S. Weather Bureau reported that total flood damage for the entire state of Kentucky was $250 million, an incredible sum in 1937. The number of flood-related deaths rose to 190. The flood completely disrupted the life of the community, inundating 60% of the city and 65 square miles in Jefferson County.

• 1964 Flood: In 1964, the community experienced its Floodplain Administrator third greatest flood of the 20th century. This flood approximated the 100-year base flood. Most of the flood Since 1986, the Louisville damage occurred in the southwest section of the county Jefferson County MSD with about 1,200 homes being flooded. Property damage coordinates Louisville Metro’s was estimated at $3,600,000 (approximately $21 million flood management efforts, with in 2000 dollars based on Engineering News Record support from FEMA. MSD building cost index data). conducts ongoing flood hazard profiling and modeling, using a watershed-based approach. • December 1978: A storm entered the southwest corner of Kentucky and moved northeast producing record- Additional information is breaking rainfall totals for the entire. On December 3, the available at the MSD website at: Louisville Metro area received 2.77 inches of rain. http://www.msdlouky.org/ Severe flooding occurred on the Licking, Kentucky, Salt, Green, and Ohio Rivers. Thirty-seven Kentucky counties

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 75 received a federal disaster declaration due to five lives lost, and property damage at approximately $50 million.

In this flood, recurrence intervals ranged from 50 years to over 200 years. Although the flood on the Ohio River resulted in significant losses to private property, none of the peaks recorded exceeded a 10-year recurrence interval. Flooding concentrated in Louisville and upstream with total damages of approximately $20 million.

• February 1989: Precipitation was above normal in Kentucky in the months of December 1988 and January 1989, following an extreme drought during the summer and fall of 1988. By the end of January 1989, minor flooding had occurred on most rivers and streams in Kentucky, setting the stage for major flooding in February 1989. Between February 12-16 rain totals were 8 to 12 inches for an area stretching from Paducah to Lexington. On During February, the Louisville Metro area received 9.02 inches of rain, one of the highest totals on record. The President issued a disaster declaration for 67 counties in Kentucky.

• May 26 1996: Several roads across southern Jefferson County were closed due to high waters as 4 inches of rain fell between 11 pm EST May 25 and 11 am EST May 26. Area creeks were already backed up due to the near-flooded Ohio River. Fifty residents of a nursing home on Dixie Highway had to be relocated when a sump pump failure allowed the halls to be filled with water. Property damage estimated at $10.0K.

• March 1997: 01 Mar 1997 - 03 Mar 1997: Numerous strong thunderstorms along a stalled out warm front triggered a record 24-hour rainfall for Louisville Metro. On March 1, the Louisville Metro area received 7.22 inches of rain, the highest total on record for one-day. The combination of flooding and/or flash flooding from the record rainfall resulted in an estimated 50,000 homes effected by flooding. Many of these homes had basements entirely flooded with water into the main floor. The Ohio River crested on March 7 in Louisville at about 16 feet above flood stage.

Inland Ponding: The hardest hit areas were in the southwestern section of Jefferson County along the Ohio River. Two other inland areas hit hard were in the Pond Creek watershed south of Louisville and along Floyds Fork in the east. More than 50,000 residences experienced some level of flooding. In addition, high water briefly closed Interstates 64 and 65, as well as scores of secondary roads. The pump station at the mouth of Pond Creek alone moved 2.6 billion gallons of water a day, draining the flood-ravaged neighborhoods of Okolona and Fairdale. During the first few days of the flood, MSD received more than 7,000 calls mostly about sewer backups and surface flooding. MSD estimated that as many as 25,000 customers may not have reported basement backups during the March 1997 flood.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 76 Ohio River Flood: As floodwaters began receding in southern Jefferson County, the flood stage of the river became a threat. A week after the rains, the Ohio River crested in Louisville 15.8 feet above flood stage. Flooding along the Ohio River continued for two weeks throughout Kentucky. The President declared over 87 of the 120 counties in Kentucky federal disaster areas eligible for federal aid statewide.

Damage was estimated at 65 million dollars not including the river flooding on the Ohio River. The southwest floodwall closures passed their first test and protected many areas that flooded in 1964. The Ford factory on Fern Valley Road had damage to up to 1,500 Explorers. 24-hour rainfall totals beginning around February 28 to March 1 ranged from around 6 inches along the Ohio River to 11.5 inches across the communities of Okolona and Fairdale in the southern part of the county. The previous record 24-hour total was 6.97 inches. An estimated 2,500 homes in numerous subdivisions in Okolona and Fairdale and across other parts of the county had to be evacuated with hundreds relocated in temporary shelters. Okolona and Fairdale lie in the Pond Creek floodplain, which was formerly swampland. National Guard had to get many of these people out by boat or dump trucks. Thousands of cars were evacuated or stalled out due to the high waters. Numerous rescues were made with people trapped in cars and in houses. Bloated storm sewers popped off manhole covers that left cars quickly inundated in advancing high water. Several roads were closed around the Jefferson County Memorial Forest due to mudslides. A 16-year-old boy was killed near Jeffersontown as his van was swept off the road by the swollen Chenoweth Creek. Numerous roads including parts of Interstate 65 and 64 were closed through the morning of March 2. Because of all the damage, the County-Judge Executive declared the county a state of emergency.

In Kentucky, twenty-one people were killed and an estimated $250 to $500 million in damages where caused by the flooding. The damages incurred by the entire Ohio River flood exceeded $1 billion and over 67 deaths. Fortunately, floodwalls partially protected Louisville, preventing even more damage.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 77 Hailstorm Profile

SUMMARY OF HAILSTORM RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Year-round Number of Events to-date: 59+ 1961 - 06/30/2004 Likely, usually associated with severe Probability of event(s): thunderstorms. Warning time: Minutes to hours Large hailstorms can include minimal to Potential Impact(s): severe property and crop damage and destruction. Cause injury or death Injury

Potential Facility Shutdown Days

Historical Impact: The effects of large hailstorms can In Kentucky include minimal to severe property and crop damage and destruction. Most thunderstorms do not produce hail, and According to the NOAA, ones that do normally produce only small hailstones not 1,972 reported hailstorms have happened in Kentucky more than one-half inch in diameter. since 1980. These storms of varying sized hail have Potential Impacts of Hail: Large hailstorms can include caused $1.3 billion worth of minimal to severe property and crop damage and property damage and $5.4 destruction. The combination of gravity and a downward million worth of crop damage. wind known as a downburst (a common occurrence during severe thunderstorms) can propel a hailstone at speeds upwards of 90 mph. At such excessive speeds, large hailstones have been known to penetrate straight through roof coverings and the deck to which they are attached. Although the majority of hailstorms are not quite so severe, even moderate hailstorms can damage buildings, automobiles, crops, and other personal property.

The following event detail information is typical of damage and injury due to hailstorms. The NCDC’s website archives lists 59 hail events occurring during 1961 – 2004.

ƒ 20 Apr 1996, Thunderstorm Wind/hail: A garage was destroyed, a roof damaged, and 1-inch hail was reported on Dale Lane in Fisherville. Magnitude reported at 50 and Property Damage estimated at $3.0K.

ƒ 03 May 1996, Hail: Hail from golf ball to baseball size totaled numerous cars across various parts of Louisville including Churchill Downs, the International Airport, Highview, Fern Creek, Okolona, Jeffersontown, Camp Taylor, and Hikes Point. Three rental-car lots near the International Airport were totaled. Baseball size hail at Jeffersontown, Fern Creek, Highview, and Camp Taylor accumulated

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 78 to 8 inches. Accumulations were also substantial along the Gene Snyder Freeway just south of Fern Creek. The hail shift was approximately 5 miles wide and went all the way through the county. Several insurance companies have had over 100 hundred claims due to car and home damage. Most of the home damage was to shingles, siding and windows. Magnitude measured at 2.75 inches. Property Damage estimated at $20.0M.

ƒ 11 May 2001: Several cars were damaged by hail near Valley Station. Magnitude measured at 1.75 inches and Property Damage estimated at $5.0K.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 79 Karst/Sinkhole Profile

SUMMARY OF KARST/SINKHOLE RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: At any time Number of Events to-date Unknown Probability of event(s): Infrequent Weeks to months, according to Warning time: monitoring or maintenance. Economic losses such as decreased land values and Agro-business losses. May cause minimal to severe property Potential Impact(s): damage and destruction. May cause geological movement, causing infrastructure damages. Cause injury or death Injury

Potential Facility Shutdown Days to weeks

Background: Karst landscapes and aquifers form when In Kentucky water dissolves limestone, gypsum, and other rocks. The surface expression of Karst includes sinkholes, sinking About 38% of the state has streams and springs. Karst hazards include: sinkhole sinkholes that are recognizable flooding, sudden cover collapse, leakage around dams, on topographic maps, and 25% and collapse of lagoons resulting in waste spills and radon has obvious and well-developed Karst features. Much of the infiltration into homes. Sinkholes are among the most state’s beautiful scenery is a common problems of living in a karst area. direct result of the development of a Karst landscape.

Historical Impact: Kentucky contains one of the world’s largest Karst-ridden topographies. Springs and wells in Karst areas supply water to tens of thousands of homes. Much of Kentucky’s prime farmland is underlain by Karst, as is a substantial amount of the Daniel Boone National Forest with its important recreational and timber resources.

Caves are also important Karst features, providing recreation and unique ecosystems. Mammoth Cave is the longest surveyed cave in the world, with more than 350 miles of passages. Two other caves in the state stretch more than 30 miles, and nine Kentucky caves are among the 50 longest caves in the U.S.

The most noticeable hazards in Kentucky are sinkhole flooding and cover collapse. Soil collapses are common in karst terrain, where water drains to caves through fissures in the bedrock. Over time, domes of soil form over these fissures and new development increases the drainage into these fissures, forming a sinkhole. Unfortunately, collapses are seldom reported to any central agency.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 80

See the following map of karst areas in Kentucky.

(Source: www.esri.com/news/arcnews/winter0203articles/winter0203gifs/p31p1-1g.jpg)

Karst Potential Impact in Louisville: Damage to infrastructure from sinkhole flooding and cover collapse is so common in Kentucky that it is typically dealt with by local authorities as a routine matter. Throughout the state, many reservoirs of all sizes have leaking dams or leakage through carbonate bedrock around the dam. Louisville Metro is vulnerable to karst and sinkhole flooding. Following is a map of the sinkholes and karst areas in Louisville Metro.

Strategies to Avoid Sinkhole Collapse • Karst areas should be mapped thoroughly to help identify buried sinkholes and fracture trends. Geophysical methods, aerial photography, and digitally enhanced multi-spectral scanning can identify hidden soil drainage patterns, stressed vegetation, and moisture anomalies in soils over sinkholes. • In large sinkholes, use bridges, pilings, pads of rock, concrete, special textiles, paved ditches, curbs, grouting, flumes, overflow channels, or a combination of methods to provide support for roads and other structures. • Large buildings should not be built above domes in caves.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 81

Karst Map, LOJIC 2005

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 82 Landslide Profile

SUMMARY OF LANDSLIDE RISK FACTORS At any time. Chance of occurrence Period of occurrence: increases after heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or construction activity. Number of Events to-date: 4 + 1990 - 2003 Infrequent. . More likely in SW portion of county where areas prone to landslide. Probability increases at the Probability of event(s): base of steep slope; the base of drainage channel; and developed hillsides where leach-field septic systems are used. Weeks to months, depends on inspection for weaknesses in rock and soil. Some landslides move slowly and cause damage gradually, Warning time: whereas others move so rapidly that they can destroy property and take lives suddenly and unexpectedly. Economic losses such as decreased land values, Agro-business losses, disruption of utility and transportation Potential Impact(s): systems, and costs for any litigation. May cause geological movement, causing infrastructure damages ranging from minimal to severe. Cause injury or death Injury Potential Facility Shutdown Days to weeks

Background: Gravity is the force driving landslide movement. Factors that allow the force of gravity to overcome the resistance of earth material to landslide movement include: saturation by water, steepening of slopes by erosion or construction, alternate freezing or thawing, and earthquake shaking.

Slope failures are major natural hazards in many areas throughout the world. Slope failures are also referred to as mass movements. A slope failure is classified based on how it moves and the type of material being moved.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 83 Five major types of slope failures have been identified: Creep: very slow movement of rock or soil downslope. Falls: very rapid fall of rock and earth material from vertical or near vertical slopes. Flows: slow to rapid movement of rock, soil, snow, or ice. Types of flows include mudflows, earthflows, debris flows, and snow avalanches. Slides: Very slow to very rapid movement of soil or rock. This category includes rockslides, earth slides, and slumps. Subsidence: slow to very rapid collapse of rock or soil into underlying spaces. Sinkholes in karst landscapes are a common example.

In many locations, both geologic and atmospheric processes may play a role in the movement of a slope. Slope failures can occur in any season, but are more likely to be triggered by weather events such as rain, snow, or freezing and thawing of soil water. With the exception of slope failures triggered by geologic processes, most slope failures in North America occur between spring and fall.

 In early spring, snowmelt can increase pore pressures in the soil, increasing the risk of slope failures.  During summer and fall, intense or prolonged rainfall can trigger slope failures.  Freeze-thaw events, which usually happen during spring and fall but also during warm winters, can increase the potential for slope failure.

Landslide Potential Impact in Louisville Metro: Landslides are more likely to occur in the SW portion of the county where areas are prone to landslide. Probability increases at the base of steep slope; the base of drainage channel; and developed hillsides where leach-field septic systems are used. Several studies have shown that almost any modification of a slope by people increases the risk of slope movement, especially in areas already susceptible.

Landslide problems are usually related to certain rock formations that yield soils that are unstable on moderate to steep slopes. Often, slopes are cut into or oversteeped to create additional level land for development. Individuals can take steps to reduce their personal risk.

• Steep slopes are more susceptible to landslides and should be avoided when choosing a building site. • Slope stability decreases as water moves into the soil. Springs, seeps, roof runoff, gutter down spouts, septic systems, and site grading that cause ponding or runoff are sources of water that often contribute to landslides. • Changing the natural slope by creating a level area where none previously existed adds weight and increases the chance of a landslide. • Poor site selection for roads and driveways. • Improper placement of fill material. • Removal of trees and other vegetation. Plants, especially trees, help remove water and stabilize the soil with their extensive root systems.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 84

Public and private economic losses from landslides include not only the direct costs of replacing and repairing damaged facilities, but also the indirect cost associated with lost productivity, disruption of utility and transportation systems, reduced property values, and costs for any litigation. Some indirect costs are difficult to evaluate, thus estimates are usually conservative or simply ignored. If indirect costs were realistically determined, they likely would exceed direct costs.

Much of the economic loss is borne by Federal, State, and local agencies responsible for disaster assistance, and highway maintenance and repair. Flood insurance does not cover landslides. Private costs involve mainly damage to land and structures. A severe landslide can result in financial ruin for the property owners because landslide insurance (except for debris flow coverage) or other means of spreading the costs of damage are unavailable.

Louisville Metro Landslide History: No reports are available from USGS, NWS, NCDC, or the State Mitigation Plan for landslide incidences. However, Louisville Metro has experienced Landsliding and Slope Failure affecting roads and infrastructure items. During the planning process, community members and community officials identified slope failure areas that have repeat occurrences.

Unstable soils also contribute to landslide potential in Louisville Metro as shown on “Core Graphic 4” of the Louisville and Jefferson County Comprehensive Plan: Soil types that are subject to mass wasting such as creep, slump or even landslides and mudslides coincide with slopes over 6 percent and the presence of underlying shale bedrock. Listed below are the soil types that are considered unstable due to the presence of underlying shale. Any highly sloped area may be subject to unstable conditions regardless of the presence of underlying shale.

Louisville Metro Soil Types: HgD Holston gravelly silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes HgE Holston gravelly silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes MpD2 Memphis silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded MpE2 Memphis silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, eroded RcE Rockcastle silt loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes ZaC2 Zanesville silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded ZaD2 Zanesville silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded

Source: Soil Survey: Jefferson County, Kentucky, US Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (June 1966)

The following unofficial reports of landslides are located in the vulnerable area of SW Louisville Metro (see map on next page).

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 85 ƒ Louisville Metro Public Works reports two properties along Pine Mountain Road were acquired due to landslides; with estimated loses at around $150,000 each or $300,000 total. ƒ Public Works reports several properties (~60) along Cardinal Hill show signs of under-pinning. ƒ EMA reports, after the severe storm of 2003, 2 properties experienced minor to major landslide damage. ƒ Reports of landslides in Iroquois park, around Mitchell Hill, are commonly known for eroding.

Following is a map of the areas vulnerable to landslide in Louisville Metro. The inset shows areas in the southwest portion of the area where landslides have occurred.

Landslide Map, LOJIC 2005

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 86 Severe Storm Profile

SUMMARY OF SEVERE STORMS RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Spring, Summer and Fall Number of Events to-date: Thunderstorms NCDC: 176 1950 - 09/30/2004 Lightning NCDC: 8 Probability of event(s): Frequent

Warning time: Minutes to hours Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), Potential Impact(s): structural damage, fire, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases. Impacts human life, health, and public safety.

Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths Potential Facility Shutdown Days to weeks

Background: The Midwest and Great Plains regions of the U.S. average between 40 and 60 days of thunderstorms per In Kentucky year. These two regions are prone to some of the most severe thunderstorms on Earth. In Kentucky, during 1996 Potential Impacts of Severe Storms: Due to the destructive and 2003, there were eleven nature of thunderstorms and lightning these events impact Presidential Declarations human life, health, and public safety. The community is at-risk due to severe storms and for: utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage other storm-related events. (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, fire, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases.

Louisville Metro Severe Storm History: Louisville Metro has received three presidential declarations for severe storms, as shown in the following table.

# of KY Declared DR # Declaration Date Disaster Type Counties 568 12/12/1978 Severe Storms, Flooding 37

821 2/24/1989 Severe Storms, Flooding 67

1471 6/3/2003 Landslide, Severe Storm, Tornado, Flooding 44

Historical Impact: The NCDC’s website archives table shows 176 thunderstorm events occurring during 1957 – 2004. The following narratives are typical of severe storms and

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 87 provide detailed information on 11 severe storms that resulted in a death, injury, or property damage over $50K.

ƒ 15 April 1993: Trees blown over in the SE portion of A thunderstorm is the county, causing $50.0K in Property Damage. considered severe when it produces winds of 58 mph ƒ 14 November 1993: Numerous trees and power lines or greater, hail of an inch or were blown down in Prospect. The front of a children's greater, or a tornado. clothing store was blown off causing $50.0K in Property Damage.

ƒ 14 May 1994: A severe weather spotter reported an overturned trailer and uprooted trees 5 to 10 miles East of Louisville. In the same area, a WHAS-TV meteorologist relayed a report of a twisted off sign being blown through a window of a Sizzler restaurant. Three people were injured and $500.K in Property Damage.

ƒ 05 May 1996: Fallen trees heavily damaged ten homes in Fairdale. Trees were also reported down throughout Jefferson County as the line of the thunderstorms moved through. HAM radio operators received reports of 70 to 80 mph wind gusts. $100.0K reported in Property Damage.

ƒ 10 May 1996: Winds of Magnitude 50 knocked down numerous trees across Louisville. Hardest hit was Middletown where five homes were seriously damaged. One home was damaged beyond repair Middletown; Property Damage at $200.0K.

ƒ 10 November 1998: In Louisville, one woman was killed and two injured when a mature tree fell on top of a sport utility vehicle. Across much of the area, trees and power lines were downed by winds, with over 20,000 people without power during the event in Jefferson and neighboring counties. One fatality, and $42.0K in Property Damage.

ƒ 20 April 2000: An elderly woman was killed when a tree was blown on to a mobile home at the Pioneer Mobile Home Park. Wind Magnitude 70. One fatality, and $15.0K in Property Damage.

ƒ 08 July 2001: A section of steel roof was peeled off a hangar at the Louisville International Airport. There was some property damage as trees were blown on to vehicles. Wind magnitude 80, and $75.0K in Property Damage.

ƒ 20 April 2003: A tree was blown onto a house near St. Andrews Church Rd. Another tree was struck by lightning and fell onto a house. A minor house fire occurred when trees were blown onto power lines. Numerous trees and power lines were downed, and up to 27,000 residents were without power. Wind Magnitude 65 and $75.0K in Property Damage.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 88

ƒ 02 August 2003: Harrods Creek: numerous trees and power lines were downed. Three vehicles were destroyed when trees were blown onto them. Thirteen thousand Jefferson County customers were without power. Wind magnitude 60, and $75.0K in Property Damage.

ƒ 30 May 2004: At 34th and Rudd Streets, there was shingle and chimney damage to houses and extensive damage to trees and power lines. Wind magnitude 70, and $50.0K in Property Damage. Also, in Fairdale, at the Autumn Lake Mobile Home Park, around six mobile homes received extensive damage and numerous trees were downed. A man was taken to the hospital with a back injury. One injury, wind magnitude 70, and $150.0K in Property Damage.

Lightning Profile

Local data and NCDC website archives show eight lightning events. Following is a description of sample lightning events that caused injury or property damage.

• 22 July 1995: A man was slightly injured when lightning struck a utility pole and traveled through the phone lines into his living room.

• 07 August 1995: Lightning stuck two houses destroying one and damaging another; property damage was estimated at $100.0K.

• 26 May 1996: Lightning caused a fire that damaged the basement and some of the first floor walls of a brick two-story house. Property Damage was estimated at $2.0K. Lightning struck a house heavily damaging the second floor. Property Damage was estimated at $10.0K.

• 07 July 1996: Lightning hit a condominium complex and damaged three units in Middletown. Property Damage was estimated at $10.0K.

• 25 May 2004: A house fire started due to a lightning strike in the 6700 block of Green Manor Drive in Highview. Property Damage was estimated at $10.0K. Lightning blew a three-foot hole in the side of a house in Lyndon and a fire caused moderate damage to the second floor and attic. Property Damage was estimated at $20.0K. • 27 May 2004: A tree was struck by lightning and fell on a car, destroying it. Property Damage was estimated at $10.0K.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 89 Severe Winter Storm Profile

SUMMARY OF SEVERE WINTER STORMS RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Winter Number of Events to-date: 12 1976 - 09/30/2004 Probability of event(s): Likely Days for snow Warning time: Minutes to hours for ice.

Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, and damaged or destroyed critical facilities Can cause severe transportation problems and make travel extremely dangerous. Potential Impact(s): Power outages, which results in loss of electrical power and potentially loss of heat, and human life. Extreme cold temperatures may lead to frozen water mains and pipes, damaged car engines, and prolonged exposure to cold resulting in frostbite. Injury and slight risk of death. Cause injury or death Significant threat to the elderly. Potential Facility Shutdown Days

Background: Kentucky's location makes it vulnerable to In Kentucky heavy snowfall due to the state’s proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, which provides a necessary moisture source, yet it According to NOAA data, is far enough north to be influenced by polar air masses. 132 winter storms have Low-pressure systems that bring heavy snow to Kentucky affected the state of usually track eastward across the southern U.S. before Kentucky since 1993. turning toward the northeast. Frequently, these systems These storms have caused move up the east coast and have little effect on Kentucky. $43.3 million in property Sometimes, however, storms turn and move along the damage, injured 5, and western margin of the Appalachian Mountains. With cold caused 12 deaths. air in place over Kentucky, these storms bring moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and can dump heavy snow.

Potential Impact to Louisville Metro: Due to the destructive nature of snow and ice these events impact human life, health, and public safety. Community-wide impacts include:

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 90 power outages, which results in loss of electrical power and potentially loss of heat, and human life. Extreme cold temperatures may lead to frozen water mains and pipes, damaged car engines, and prolonged exposure to cold resulting in frostbite. Community-wide impacts include: Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, and damaged or destroyed critical facilities. Can cause severe transportation problems and make travel extremely dangerous.

The level of impact severe winter weather will have upon a community greatly depends on its ability to manage and control its effects, such as the rapid mobilization of snow removal equipment. Louisville Metro has experienced several crippling winter storms over the years, which is common to the region due to its geographical location. It is expensive to acquire and maintain the necessary resources to combat winter’s effects such as generators, snow removal equipment, and trucks. Preparedness includes, planning for emergency shelters and power outages.

Historical Impact: Following is a table showing the only Presidentially declared snow event in Louisville Metro.

Louisville Metro Presidentially Declared Snow/Ice event Declaration # of KY Declared DR # Date Disaster Type Counties 1089 1/13/1996 Blizzard 120

(Source: FEMA)

According to the NWS, the following snowfall totals are normal for the Louisville area.

NCDC Snowfall Summary Station: 154954 LOUISVILLE WSO AIRPORT, KY 1971 - 2000 Averages

Element JAN FEB MAR APR OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

Snow (in) 5.1 4.5 2.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 2.0 14.6

Louisville Metro Historic Snow Events:

In Louisville Metro, severe winter weather conditions normally occur during the months of January and February. The Louisville Metro EOP lists the following years as the most recent severe winters: 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1994, and 1998. Following is event detail for some of Louisville Metro’s snow winter storm events.

• January 1994: Known locally as the perfect storm, which caused 16 inch-blanket of snow. Snow came atop a downpour of rain that froze, forming a glassy smooth layer

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 91 of ice under the snow. Frigid temperatures that plunged to a record 22 degrees below cemented it all in place. About 20,000 residents lost electrical power and at last three people died from exposure. The storm paralyzed businesses such as UPS and the hub operations as well as Ford Motor Co, which were forced to close down. Commerce also was restricted because Interstate highways were closed for two days, and government for four days. It took Louisville five days to dig out.

ƒ January 1996: A major snowstorm hit Kentucky on Blizzards January 6-7. The notorious “Blizzard of 96’” brought a significant amount of snowfall to the Greater Snow does not have to Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky airport, and was the be falling during a largest 24-hour snowfall on record. Total snowfall from blizzard. Winds need to the storm at the airport was 14.3 inches, while in a be 35mph or greater for typical entire season this location normally receives 23 at least 3 hours to be officially called a blizzard. inches of snowfall.

ƒ March 1996: A deep low-pressure system moved across Kentucky drawing in large amounts of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Heavy snow was reported across mainly west central Kentucky from March 19 to March 20. Many areas lost power due to the heavy wet snow. The Governor declared a state of emergency for 22 counties across west central Kentucky. The state ordered 185 National Guard troops into the worst areas to help police, doctors, and road crews. As many as 37,100 customers were without power.

ƒ February 1998: A freak winter storm dumped as much as 25 inches of snow on parts of Kentucky from February 3 to February 6. The storm system took a typical wintertime path from the Gulf Coast and northeast along the Atlantic coast. However, due to the strength of the system and its slow movement, enough deep layered moisture was pulled into the system from the Atlantic Ocean, that the moisture was able to negotiate the Appalachian Mountains bringing heavy snows much further west than typical "nor'easters". Most Kentucky counties were declared states of emergency by the morning of February 5 as trees and power lines were down across a large area of the Louisville Warning Area and roads became snow covered, slick, hazardous and in some remote places impassable. Over the three days, three people were killed and four injured across Louisville. One four- year-old boy was killed and four injured in a multi-car pileup on Interstate 65 in Louisville. A 71-year-old man was run crushed by his own truck as he and another man tried to free it from a snowdrift. A 35-year-old man was killed in a traffic accident in Taylorsville. By February 4, an area of 10 plus inch accumulations totals stretched all the way to the Ohio River. Louisville had an all-time storm total snowfall of 22.4 inches eclipsing the old record (15.9 inches

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 92 on January 16-17, 1994) by 6.5 inches. Fatalities: 3. Injuries: 4. Property Damage estimated at $180.0K.

ƒ December 2000: The Midwestern region of the U. S. experienced its second coldest December in the 106-year record of observations. The average temperature was 14.3°F, just missing the 1983 record of 13.9°F. At least 15 first- order stations broke all-time records for December snowfall, including Louisville. The NWS reports that in 2000, winter storms caused approximately $1 billion of damage in the U. S.

ƒ February 2003: Freezing rain began on the 15th and changed to sleet by evening, through most of the 16th. A thick coating of mostly sleet and some freezing rain accumulated one to two inches in most locations. Most of the property damage assessment in the area was due to expenses associated with the restoration of power and post storm cleanup of tree damage at $180.0K. Sections of Interstate 64 were periodically shut down during the storm.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 93 Tornado Profile

SUMMARY OF TORNADO RISK FACTORS Year-round, primarily during March Period of occurrence: through August Number of Events to-date: 9 1964 – 9/30/2004 Probability of event(s): Infrequent Minutes to hours. Over 80 % of all Warning time: tornadoes strike between noon and midnight. Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), Potential Impact(s): structural damage, and damaged or destroyed critical facilities. Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths Potential facilities shutdown? 30 days or more

Background: Kentucky is located in the most severe In Kentucky wind zone (ZONE IV 250 mph) in the country. This signifies that most of the state is highly vulnerable to The occurrence of a Kentucky tornadic weather. Tornadoes are somewhat common tornado is predictable because a throughout Kentucky and have occurred in every month tornado touches down somewhere of the year. Conversely, the occurrence of a tornado is in the Commonwealth every year. highly unpredictable in it is impossible to forecast the Tornadoes have caused $707.7 exact time and location that it will touch down and the million in property damage, path that it will take $186,000 in crop damage, 115 deaths, and 2,593 injuries. Most tornadoes occur between March and July, with the month of May normally experiencing the greatest According to NOAA, 661 tornadoes have been reported since 1950, an number of tornadoes. The strongest tornadoes, which average of about 12 per year. usually result in the highest number of deaths and • 3 in the F5 class, greatest destruction of property, occur between April • 37 in the F4 class, and June. Most deaths occur in April, which is • 82 in the F3 class considered the beginning of the tornado season.

Tornado Potential Impact: Due to the destructive nature of tornadoes and wind, these events impact human life, health, and public safety. Community-wide impacts include: utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, and damaged or destroyed critical facilities. Tornadoes can also cause severe transportation problems and make travel extremely dangerous.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 94 Historical Impact: Following is a table showing the number of tornadoes from 1950 – 2003 in Kentucky.

Breakdown of Kentucky Tornadoes by Class 1950-2003 Fujita Class Tornadoes F0 125 F1 237 F2 158 F3 82 F4 37 F5 3 N/A 23 TOTAL 665

Louisville Metro Tornado History: One tornado event has been Presidentially declared for Louisville Metro, as shown in this table.

Total Declared Counties in DR # Declaration Date Disaster Type Deaths Injuries Kentucky 420 4/4/1974 Tornado 3 226 34

Following are descriptions of the major tornadoes in Louisville Metro and shows the level of typical historical damage.

• March 25 1964: March 25, 1964, two tornadoes touched down in a 15-minute span. 19:00 pm: Length 10 miles, width 33 yards, Magnitude F2, 1 injury, and $250.0K in Property Damage. • 19:15 pm: Length 5 miles, width 33 yards, Magnitude F2, and $250.0K in Property Damage.

• 01 April 1970: Length 2 miles, width 33 yards, Magnitude F1, and $25.0K in Property Damage.

• 03 April 1974: On April 4, 1974, an F5 tornado with a length of 10 miles and a width of 440 yards ripped through Jefferson/Meade County. The 1974 tornado was among about 20 in Kentucky and 148 that struck from Alabama to Michigan that day and became know as the “Super Outbreak”. In Kentucky, there were 1,377 injuries and $110 million in damages in 39 counties.

Forecasters failed to predict just how violent the weather would be and could not provide enough warning about where the funnels would begin dropping from thunderstorms. The tornado crossed Interstate-65 at the Kentucky Fair & Exposition Center, blew the horse barns down, and tore open the roofs of Freedom Hall and the

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 95 Three decades after the 1974 East Wing. In Cherokee Park, the twisters uprooted tornadoes, a similar swarm of about 80% of nearly 2,000 hardwood trees, and experts tornadoes probably would estimated 10,000 were lost in 90 seconds. The cause fewer deaths because tornadoes caused 257 injuries, and numerous deaths in of dramatic innovations in Louisville. weather forecasting and warning tools, spawned in • 29 May 1974: Magnitude F1, and $25.0K in Property part by the 1974 tornadoes. Damage.

• 30 June 1977: Length 2 miles, width 100 yards, Magnitude F0, 1 injury, and $25.0K in Property Damage.

• 28 May 1996: The supercell that crossed the Ohio River from Harrison County produced the second most destructive tornado in history. A second tornado formed 4 miles northwest of Brooks in south central Jefferson County. The tornado was initially estimated at F0-F1 intensity and moved east-southeast and quickly strengthened as it moved into north central Bullitt County near Holsclaw Hill road and Top Hill road where numerous trees were snapped off and some tree bark was stripped. The tornado crossed near the Brooks exit at interstate 65 turning over five tractor-trailers and damaging a Comfort Inn, Arby’s, and a Cracker Barrel. Widespread severe structural damage occurred to over 1000 homes in these towns and ten people required hospital care. The tornado was rated a strong F3 in Pioneer Village and Hillview, where winds were estimated at around 200 mph. Eyewitnesses, the NWS survey, as well as video footage revealed multiple-vortices within the parent tornado. This multiple-vortex tornado appeared to consolidate into one funnel as it moved through the Northfield subdivision near Mount Washington and was categorized as an F3. The tornado then moved into Spencer County 3 miles west of Mount Washington. The total path length across the three counties was estimated at 30 miles.

• 04 October 2002: A riverboat captain spotted a waterspout on the Ohio River near Louisville moving inland over eastern Jefferson County, touching down intermittently. It knocked down trees and blew the roofs off several homes in the Springhurst area in NE potion of the county. The backside of the clubhouse at the Indian Springs Country Club was blown out. Thunderstorm winds downed trees over parts of eastern Jefferson County near the path of the tornado. Length 6 miles, width 50 yards, Magnitude F1, and $150.0K in Property Damage.

• 30 May 2004: A weak tornado touched down just east of Bardstown Road near the entrance to the Glenmary subdivision. Significant large tree damage occurred. Roofs showed minor structural damage, but most damage was due to structures being hit by falling trees. The tornado lifted just east of the subdivision, and a funnel cloud was reported near the Gene Snyder Freeway and Billtown Road. The width 30 yards, Magnitude at F0, 1 injury, and $100.0K in Property Damage.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 96 Wildfire Profile

SUMMARY OF WILDFIRE RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Year-Round, primarily Summer Number of Events to-date Unknown Infrequent. Chances of occurrence Probability of event(s): increase with drought or earthquake. None, unless related to drought. Humans, through negligence, Warning time: accident, or intentional arson, have caused approximately 90% of all wildfires in the last decade. Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Loss of wildlife habitat, increased soil erosion, and degraded water quality. Utility Potential Impact(s): damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases.

Cause injury or death Injury and risk of death Potential facilities shutdown? 30 days or more

Background: Since 1977, Kentucky has experienced In Kentucky

2,033 reported wildfires and 78,710 acres burned. Of Kentucky’s 25,288,300 acres of Approximately 86% of these fires were caused by land area, over half (12,700,000 humans; and of those approximately 50% were arson. acres) is forested. Another 22% of The damage to Kentucky‘s timber resource is valued the land is cropland while 18% is at $85.58 per acre: an average yearly loss of pastureland. Through the $6,736,001. This figure does not account for the loss abandonment of marginal forestland, of wildlife habitat, increased soil erosion, and contrary to popular belief, Kentucky degraded water quality. has continued to gain forestland.

Wildfire Potential Impact: Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Loss of wildlife habitat, increased soil erosion, and degraded water quality. Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases.

Wildfire is listed in the Louisville Metro EOP and the potential for wild or grass fire is apparent. However, local records of fire are limited. Project Staff determined the best way to determine wildfire potential, until better data is gathered, is to target at-risk areas

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 97 in the area. Therefore, it was determined 3-acre increments of tree cover would show the most vulnerable area in Louisville Metro. A Wildfire Vulnerability Map of vulnerable 3-acre tree stands is located in Section 3.3.3.

Historical Impact: While all but seven of the state’s counties have reported fires of some magnitude in the last several years, fire most threatens the eastern part of Kentucky because of the extensively forested areas in the region and the poor accessibility of many areas which makes fire suppression more difficult. Arson was responsible for more than half of the wildfires occurring on private woodlands during the past 10 years; debris burning 28%; and carelessness from smoking at 3% (see table below).

Causes of Kentucky Wildfires 1993-2002 Cause Number of Fires Percent of Fires Arson 8233 55

Campfire 199 1

Children 288 2

Debris Burning 4108 27

Equipment Use 360 2

Lightning 70 <1 Miscellaneous 1250 9 Railroad 110 1 Smoking 364 2 Total 14,982

(Source: Kentucky Division of Forestry www.forestry.ky.gov/programs/firemanage/Fire+Statistics.htm)

BRUSH: A collective term that refers to stands of vegetation dominated by shrubby, woody plants, or low-growing trees, usually of a type undesirable for livestock or timber management.

BRUSH FIRE: A fire burning in vegetation that is predominantly shrubs, brush, and shrub growth.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 98 Hazard Profile Ranking for 12 Natural Hazards in Louisville Metro

The Risk Matrix provides a qualitative assessment of various hazards that could occur.

Flooding SEVERE RISK HAZARDS Severe Thunderstorms

Hailstorm HIGH RISK HAZARDS Tornado

Earthquake MODERATE RISK HAZARDS Severe Winter Storms

Dam Failure

Extreme Heat

LIMITED RISK HAZARDS Karst/Sinkhole Landslides Wildfire LOW RISK HAZARDS Drought

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 99 3.3.3 Assessing Vulnerability: Identifying Assets

The Louisville Metro hazard vulnerability section incorporates best available data from national, state, and local data sets. The vulnerability assessment methodology was influenced by Kentucky, North Carolina, and Rhode Island’s hazard plan methods. The vulnerability estimates are being developed to understand relative risk and potential losses from the identified hazards. Please note: uncertainties are inherent in any loss estimation methodology, arising in part from incomplete scientific knowledge concerning natural hazards and their effects on the built environment. Uncertainties also result from approximations and simplifications that are necessary for a comprehensive analysis (such as incomplete inventories, demographics, or economic parameters).

LOJIC staff used best available data and methods, to determine Louisville Metro’s vulnerability to twelve natural hazards. Following is the method used.

Vulnerability Assessment Methodology

Research shows there is no single way to determine Hazard Vulnerability. Staff spent numerous hours researching and conducting test runs to determine the best methodology for Louisville Metro. The final model was selected because it relies heavily on GIS software and provides the reader several layers of information that can be used individually for their own information needs.

To facilitate data collection and analysis, census tract boundaries were used to organize the data inputs (See Appendix 1 For Census Tract Map). This approach enabled the creation of a “vulnerability score” for each census tract and for each hazard. As a result, the Planning Team, Advisory Committee, and decision makers can concentrate mitigation actions on specific areas of the metro area.

Model Hazard Vulnerability Score = Exposure Score X Hazard Score

To determine a Hazard Vulnerability Score, staff measured what census tracts would be exposed to each natural hazard. For our model, the Exposure Score is comprised of seven different variables called “ranks” and, as a result, the exposure score places human variables into the hazard vulnerability score.

Exposure Score

Exposure Score = total of seven variables (Population Rank + Building Rank + Essential Facilities Rank + Utility Facilities Rank + Social Vulnerability Rank + Potential High Loss Rank + Transportation Rank). See the Exposure Score map, in this section, and Appendix 13 for exposure scores by census tract.

See Appendix 13 for all of the tables referenced below.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 100 Definition of Seven Variables 1. Population Rank – Census tract population is taken from Census 2000. See the Population Rank map in this section and Appendix 13 for the population and rank by census tract.

2. Building Rank – Real Property Assessments and building content, by parcel, from the Jefferson County PVA data. Plus, a count of buildings built before 1980, because building code upgrades and implementation of floodplain ordinances occurred after 1980.

See the Building Rank Map in this section and Appendix 13 for the property value, total buildings built before 1980, and ranks by census tract.

3. Essential Facilities Rank – Census tract count of several different essential facilities. This data was derived from HAZUS-MH, Louisville Metro databases, EOP, Jefferson County Public Schools, LOJIC, Louisville Water Co., EMA, Jefferson County Fire Districts, Metropolitan Sewer District, and state databases. Essential facilities include: a. Hospitals, schools, emergency operation centers, fire stations, police stations, and nursing homes.

See the Essential Facilities Rank map in this section and Appendix 13 for the number of essential facilities and rank by census tract.

4. Utility Facilities Rank – Census tract count of several different utility facilities. This data was derived from LOJIC, HAZUS-MH, Louisville Metro databases, Louisville Water Company, and state databases. Utility facilities include: a. Communication facilities, electric power facilities, potable water facilities, sewer lines, gas lines, water lines and waste water treatment facilities.

See the Utility Facilities Rank map below and Appendix 13 for the number of utility facilities and rank by census tract.

5. Social Vulnerability Rank – Totals, by census tract, of the following data from the 2000 Census: a. Population living with poverty, total number of families with a female head of household, total number of population renting, population receiving disability assistance, population that is considered linguistically isolated, population that does not own a vehicle, population that is over the age of 65, total number of manufactured homes, and population receiving public assistance.

See the Social Vulnerability Rank map in this section and Appendix 13 for the rankings by census tract, per issue.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 101 6. Transportation Rank – Census tract information and total count is based on several different transportation facilities. This data was derived from LOJIC, HAZUS-MH, Louisville Metro databases, and the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Transportation includes: a. Airports, bus stations, highway bridges, railroad stations, railroad track footage, and highway footage.

See the Transportation Facilities map in this section and Appendix 13 for the number of transportation facilities and rank by census tract.

7. Potential High Loss Rank – Count of hazardous material storage sites and military instillations within each census tract. This data was derived from LOJIC, HAZUS-MH, and Louisville Metro databases.

See the Potential High Loss Rank map in this section and Appendix 13 for the number of high loss locations and rank by census tract.

Each variable (see list above) was calculated and then ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method provided in ArcGIS as a classification choice. Next, the ranks were added to produce an Exposure Score, one of the variables used to equate the Hazard Vulnerability Score. A more detailed explanation of each “Rank” can be found in the corresponding sections.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 102 Population Rank Map

Population for each census tract was obtained from the 2000 Census and then ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method provided in ArcGIS as a classification choice.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 103 Building Rank Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 104 Property values include both the improved value by parcel from Jefferson County PVA and building content value derived by using the formula provided in the FEMA “How to Guide’s” (P. 3-11).

Values were ranked 1-5 (1=Low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method provided in ArcGIS; producing a property value rank per census tract.

Second, because building code upgrades occurred after 1980, a count of buildings built before 1980 was created for each census tract and those totals also ranked.

Next, the property value rank and building age rank were totaled to produce the Building Score (See Building Rank Table in Appendix 13). The Building Score was ranked, by census tract, using the method described above to produce the Building Rank. This variable represents property value and building age, for each census tract, in the Exposure Score.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 105 Essential Facilities Rank Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 106 An Essential Facilities count by census tract was derived from HAZUS-MH, Louisville Water Company, LOJIC, Jefferson County Public Schools, Metro and Suburban Fire Districts, EMA, Metro Sewer District, state databases, and other Louisville Metro databases.

The total number of essential facilities is the sum of: hospitals, fire stations, schools, emergency operation centers, nursing homes, and police stations, by census tract.

The total number of essential facilities, by census tract, was ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method producing an essential facility rank, used later in the Exposure Score (See Essential Facility Table in Appendix 13).

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 107 Utility Facility Rank Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 108 A Utility Facility count by census tract was derived from HAZUS-MH, Louisville Water Company, LOJIC, state databases, and Louisville Metro databases.

The total number of utility facilities is the sum of communication, potable water (water storage tanks and water pumps), waste water (waste water treatment and waste water pump stations), electric power, and natural gas facilities, for each census tract.

The total number of utility facilities, by census tract, was ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method producing a facility rank.

Next, the total mileage of gas, water, and sewer lines were totaled for each census tract and ranked as above (See Utility Facility Table in Appendix 13) producing a line rank.

Finally, the facility rank and the line rank were totaled producing a utility score. This score was ranked as above for each census tract producing the final utility rank shown in the Utility Facility Rank Map and also used to calculate the Exposure Score.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 109 Social Vulnerability Rank Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 110 Natural hazards do not discriminate among populations, but the impacts in terms of loss and the ability to recover vary greatly among socio-economical populations. Special consideration areas are those locations where individual resources are minimal and personal resources for dealing with hazards can be extremely limited. These census tracts may be more dependent on emergency and public resources after a disaster and thus could be good investment areas for hazard mitigation activities.

The process to measure Louisville Metro’s social vulnerability at the census tract level was conducted using the Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data and Summary File 3 (SF 3) Detailed Tables. These tables were used to analyze each census tract based on nine different variables of social vulnerability.

The following variables were chosen: • Population living in poverty as defined by the Census Bureau • Total number of families with a female head of household, no husband • Total number of renters • Population that receives disability assistance • Population that is considered linguistically isolated • Population that does not own a vehicle • Population that is over the age of 65 • Households that receive public assistance • Total number of manufactured homes.

The total number for each variable is graded on a scale of 1-5. The Natural Breaks (Jenks) method within ArcGIS was used to establish the grading, with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest.

Once each variable was graded, the grades were summed by census tract to achieve an overall Social Vulnerability Score and that score was ranked, using the previously described method, to produce a Social Vulnerability Rank for each census tract.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 111 Transportation Facility Rank Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 112 Transportation Rank is a census tract total of several different transportation facilities, including: airports, railroad stations, bridges and tunnels, bus stations, and ports. Once totaled, these facilities were ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method provided in ArcGIS producing a facilities rank.

Second, railroad and road mileage, for each census tract, was totaled and ranked 1-5 producing a road and railroad rank.

Third, the facilities rank was added to the road and railroad rank producing a transportation facility score.

Finally, this score was ranked 1-5 to produce an overall Transportation Rank by census tract. The Transportation Rank is used to represent transportation vulnerability in the Exposure Score. Transportation facility information was obtained from HAZUS-MH, LOJIC, and the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 113 Potential High Loss Rank Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 114 Potential high loss facilities include the total amount of hazardous material and military locations in each census tract. These were obtained from HAZUS-MH and LOJIC.

Totals were ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method provided in ArcGIS, producing a Potential High Loss Rank.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 115 Exposure Map

The Exposure Score is derived by totaling the following rankings: population, building, essential facilities, utility facilities, social vulnerability, potential high loss, and transportation facilities.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 116 Calculating the Hazard Score

Hazard Score = Occurrence Rank OR Area Affected Rank

When measuring vulnerability, the effects of natural hazards on Louisville Metro census tracts had to be measured. The Hazard Score assigns a hazard variable to the Hazard Vulnerability Score. The hazard score is represented by one of two variables: area effected rank or occurrence rank. These two variables were chosen because of the differences in information recorded for natural hazards. Some hazards have boundaries for analysis; such as flooding, while total numbers of occurrences are best used to analyze those hazards occurring anytime or anywhere, such as tornadoes.

Vulnerability Assessment of Drought, Extreme Heat, Hail, Severe Winter Storm, Severe Storm (includes Lightning), Tornado, and

Occurrence Rank - Due to the size of the Louisville Metro area and the census tract’s within, Drought, Extreme Heat, Hail, Severe Winter Storm, Severe Storm, Tornado, and Wildfire have the potential of affecting the entire county when they occur. When combined with the unpredictability of these hazards it can be assumed that these hazards have an equal probability of occurring in all census tracts at any given time. In other words, no one census tract is more likely to experience these hazards than any other. (See Occurrence Rank Maps below.) Thus, the only determination of vulnerability is the Exposure Score. Those census tracts with a higher Exposure Score are more vulnerable to Drought, Extreme Heat, Hail, Severe Winter Storm, Severe Storm, Tornado, and Wildfire.

Predicting location and magnitude of the above hazards is not possible, but, by listing past number of occurrences from the years 1960-2000, derived from local NCDC, and Mid-West Climate Center databases, it can be shown 1) which of the six hazards have occurred most often (See Table below) and, 2) by ranking these occurrences, which hazards are more likely to occur in the future.

Occurrence Rank Table

Hazard # of Occurrences Occurrence Rank Severe Storm 77 5 Hail 24 4 Extreme Heat 16 3 Winter Storm 15 3 Drought 12 2 Tornado 8 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 117 Occurrence Rank Maps

Severe Storm Occurrence Rank = 5 Hail Occurrence Rank = 4

Winter Storm Occurrence Rank = 3 Extreme Heat Occurrence Rank = 3

Drought Occurrence Rank = 2 Tornado Occurrence Rank = 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 118 Vulnerability Assessment of Dam Failure, Earthquake, Flood, Karst/Sinkhole, Landslide, and Wildfire

This section illustrates each census tract’s vulnerability to Dam Failure, Flood, Karst/Sinkhole, Landslide, and Wildfire based on the area affected by each hazard.

For HAZUS-MH Pilot project) Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment, see Appendix 12.

Area Affected Rank – Percent of each census tract’s total area that is affected by the hazard. The area affected boundary files were obtained from different data sources discussed in the Hazard Vulnerability sections. The area affected in each census tract, by each of the above hazards, was calculated, and then ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high), using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method provided in ArcGIS. This produced a Hazard Score for each of the above five hazards.

Once the Hazard Score were determined, the equation was set into motion to produce a Hazard Vulnerability Score, per hazard, for each census tract. The Hazard Vulnerability Scores contain some bias toward the more populated census tracts. This is due to a correlation between more populated areas and their tendency to have higher numbers of critical facilities, properties, transportation facilities, etc. This resulted in higher populated census tracts having greater exposure. However, with the data provided, other equations can be developed with or without one or more variables, or a different weighting system. The goal of this model was to assess the most vulnerable areas throughout the county. Since the most populated areas have the most at risk, this model achieved that goal.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 119 Dam Failure Vulnerability Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 120 First counting and categorizing dams within each census tract as high, medium, and low hazard dams determined a Dam Failure Vulnerability Score. This information was obtained from the Kentucky Division of Water.

Fourteen (14) Louisville Metro census tracts contain a levee. This levee was categorized as a high hazard dam and scored the same as all other high hazard dams.

There are ten (10) high hazard dams as classified by the Kentucky Division of Water; but, when the levee is added into those census tracts containing it, the high hazard dam total increases to twenty-four (24). Those census tracts containing the levee are highlighted in gray within the Dam Failure Vulnerability Table. This method also increases the total number of dams from forty (40) to fifty-four (54).

A high hazard dam was given a score of 3, medium a score of 2, and low a score of 1. Second, scores for high, medium, and low hazard dams were added together producing a total dam score for each census tract (See Dam Failure Vulnerability Table Appendix 13). Next, census tracts were ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high) based upon their total dam score producing a Hazard Score. Finally, a Dam Failure Vulnerability Score was calculated for each census tract by multiplying a census tract’s Exposure Score by its Hazard Score.

Note: Some census tracts have zero dams which equaled a 0 Total Dam Score, and a 0 Hazard Score; thus, equaling a 0 Dam Failure Vulnerability Score.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 121 100 Yr. Flood Vulnerability Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 122 Once it is known that a census tract contains a 100-year floodplain, it must be determined how vulnerable that census tract is to this flood event having a 1% probability of occurring in any given year.

First, by using floodplain boundary data from 1994 local DFIRM data sets, each census tract’s percent of area within the 100 year floodplain was determined (See Flood Vulnerability Table in Appendix 13).

Next, the census tracts were ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high) based upon the above percentage, producing a Hazard Score.

Finally, a 100 year Flood Vulnerability Score was calculated for each census tract by multiplying the Exposure Score by the Hazard Score.

Note: Some census tracts have 0 flood zones which equaled a 0 100 Year Floodplain Hazard Score, thus, equaling a 0 100 Year Flood Vulnerability Score.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 123 Karst/Sinkhole Vulnerability Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 124 Karst/sinkhole vulnerability was determined by first, mapping Louisville Metro with the Kentucky Geological Survey’s major and moderate Karst regions.

Second, those census tracts with a majority of area lying within a major Karst region received a score of 3 (See Karst/sinkhole Vulnerability Table Appendix 13). The tracts with a majority of area lying within a moderate Karst region received a score of 2 and those census tracts with a majority of area not within a major or moderate Karst region received a score of 1.

Next, the census tracts were ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high) based upon the above scores, producing a Hazard Score. Finally, a Karst/sinkhole Vulnerability Score was calculated for each census tract by multiplying the Exposure Score by the Hazard Score.

As shown in the map inset, sinkholes have occurred in Louisville Metro outside of the major and moderate Karst regions; thus, a likelihood of sinkhole occurrence does exist for all census tracts no matter if they are located in a major or moderate Karst region.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 125 Landslide Vulnerability Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 126 Once it is known that a census tract contains an area susceptible to landslide, it must be determined how vulnerable that census tract is to landslide events.

First, areas of Louisville Metro that included a 12 percent or greater slope and unstable soils were obtained from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).

Next, these areas were mapped and a percent of area susceptible to landslide was determined for each census tract (See Landslide Vulnerability Appendix 13).

Next, the census tracts were ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high) based upon the above percentage, producing a Hazard Score.

Finally, a Landslide Vulnerability Score was calculated for each census tract by multiplying the Exposure Score by the Hazard Score.

Note: Some census tracts do not contain slopes of 12% or greater, so they received a 0 Landslide Hazard Score; thus, equaling a 0 Landslide Vulnerability Score.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 127 Wildfire Vulnerability Map

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 128 A census tracts vulnerability to wildfire was determined by first, mapping those areas containing three acres or more of tree cover, derived from LOJIC databases.

Second, the percent of each census tract’s area susceptible to wildfire was calculated (See Wildfire Vulnerability Table Appendix 13).

Next, the census tracts were ranked 1-5 (1=low, 5=high) based upon the above percentage, producing a Hazard Score.

Finally, a Wildfire Vulnerability Score was calculated for each census tract by multiplying the Exposure Score by the Hazard Score.

Note: Some census tracts do not contain areas susceptible to wildfire, so they received a 0 Wildfire Hazard Score; thus, equaling a 0 Wildfire Vulnerability Score.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 129 3.3.4 Assessing Vulnerability: Estimating Potential Losses

Existing buildings located within a hazard area are listed by the census tract they are located within and their Estimating Potential Losses occupancy classification. (See Appendix 1 for Louisville Metro’s Census Tract map.) Facilities located within a The estimate of losses hazard area are only listed by address. considers how community assets will be impacted by Facilities identified in this section include: highway hazard events. bridges and tunnels, RR stations, bus stations, ports, airports, potable water facilities, waste water facilities, For each hazard, the natural gas facilities, electric power facilities, appropriate risk assessment communication facilities, hospitals, emergency operation methodology is used to centers, fire stations, police stations, and schools. estimate losses, including:

The loss estimation dollar values for the above listed facilities are building values derived from both HAZUS-MH and local sources.

Methodology

The loss estimates show the potential hazard impact on local facilities and buildings, thus resulting in vulnerability and potential loss for the community. Uncertainties are inherent in any vulnerability and loss potential methodologies, arising in part from incomplete scientific knowledge concerning natural hazards and their effects on the built environment. Uncertainties also result from approximations and simplifications that are necessary for a comprehensive analysis (such as incomplete inventories, demographics, or economic parameters).

Following are the facility and building total values for Louisville Metro. • The total value of all facilities is approximately $4.7 billion. • The total value of all buildings is approximately $54 billion.

Drought, hailstorm, severe storm, severe winter storm, tornado, and wildfire: Because of the unpredictable nature of drought, hailstorm, severe storm, severe winter storm, tornado, and wildfire, all buildings and facilities have an equal vulnerability to these hazards. Also, for these hazards, the lack of proper data prohibits accurate loss estimation modeling on buildings and critical facilities. Thus, for this risk assessment, all buildings and critical facilities are estimated to have an equal potential for loss.

Dams: Although the dam inventory can be located, currently, there is no loss estimation modeling or best available data that shows areas potentially affected from a dam failure, such as a dam inundation model. Thus, potential losses cannot be calculated for dam failure. Also, due to the fixed locations of the dams, not all identified critical facilities are at a potential for loss from a dam or levee failure.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 130

Earthquake: Louisville Metro HAZUS-MH Pilot was used for the earthquake vulnerability assessment and loss estimations (see Appendix 12 for results of the HAZUS-MH risk assessment).

Flood, Karst/Sinkhole, Landslide: Using existing building and facility location points, those structures vulnerable to Flood, Karst/Sinkhole, and Landslide were identified and their potential loss estimated.

Flood, Karst/Sinkhole, and Landslide have known High Hazard potential boundary areas. Existing building and facility points were put into a GIS mapping session with the hazard boundary areas overlaid. By doing this, the existing building and facilities located in these hazard boundary areas were pulled out of the database and labeled “vulnerable”. It is assumed that these structures have the potential to be substantially damaged. This method provided location and loss estimates for existing buildings and facilities found in the tables in this section.

See Appendix 14 for loss estimate tables and a listing of existing buildings which are vulnerable to Flood, Karst/Sinkhole, and Landslide. Appendix 14 also categorizes these buildings by occupancy class.

See Appendix 14 for a listing of the facilities vulnerable to Flood, Karst/Sinkhole, and Landslide including potential loss represented by the value of the facility.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 131 3.3.5 ANALYZING DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

To anticipate and prepare for the future demands on land and mitigation efforts in Louisville Metro, projections of the likely number of people and households are provided in the tables below. The distribution of population throughout Louisville Metro will depend on the geography of residential development, vacancy rates, and household size. A current depiction of past, present and future residential subdivision development is shown in the Residential Subdivision Development Trends map on the next page.

Jefferson County Historical and Projected Population

All Persons Census Projected Projected Projected Projected Projected Projected 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Total 693,604 699,869 710,120 724,447 738,732 752,184 763,393 Change 11,461 6,265 10,251 14,327 14,285 13,452 11,209 % Change 1.7 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 Births 48,350 47,937 47,196 47,376 47,543 47,535 47,302 Deaths 34,851 36,459 35,548 35,155 35,145 35,784 37,623 Net Migration -2,038 -5,213 -1,397 2,106 1,887 1,701 1,530 Source: Kentucky State Data Center

Historical and Projected Household Populations, Number of Households, and Average Household Size Projected Jefferson Census 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Household Population 680,809 687,074 697,325 711,652 725,937 739,389 750,598 Number of Households 287,012 292,986 300,819 308,797 314,996 320,833 325,696 Pop per Household 2.37 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 Source: Kentucky State Data Center

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 132 Residential Subdivision Development Trends

Housing growth is projected primarily in eastern and southern parts of Louisville Metro. The vacancy rate, as a whole, is expected to stay at about six percent.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 133 The following population pyramids showing projected population by gender and age group demonstrate the aging of the population in Louisville Metro as larger numbers of the population enter the categories of 50 years of age and over. Aging of the population causes changes in living arrangements and family composition, and declining fertility will combine to decrease average household size.

2005

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 Males 40-44 Females 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 00-04

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000

2010

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 Males 40-44 Females 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 00-04

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 134 2015

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 Males 40-44 Females 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 00-04

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000

2020

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 Males 40-44 Females 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 00-04

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 135 2025

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 Males 40-44 Females 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 00-04

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000

2030

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 Males 40-44 Females 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 00-04

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 136 3.4 MITIGATION STRATEGY

Overview for Developing a Mitigation Strategy

Louisville Metro’s Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (the Plan) includes a mitigation strategy that provides a blueprint for reducing the potential losses identified in the risk assessments, based on existing authorities, policies, programs and resources, and its ability to expand on and improve these existing tools.

The Mitigation Strategy was developed through a series of Planning Team and Advisory Committee working sessions. The entire planning process relied on stakeholder involvement and participation, especially in creating a viable mitigation strategy.

Hazard Profile Ranking for 12 Natural Hazards

The following Risk Matrix provided a qualitative assessment or systematic framework within which to compare and prioritize hazards that occur in the Louisville Metro area.

FLOODING SEVERE RISK HAZARDS SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS HAILSTORM HIGH RISK HAZARDS TORNADO

EARTHQUAKE MODERATE RISK HAZARDS SEVERE WINTER STORMS

DAM FAILURE

EXTREME HEAT

LIMITED RISK HAZARDS KARST/SINKHOLE

LANDSLIDES WILDFIRE

LOW RISK HAZARDS DROUGHT

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 137 3.4.1 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT

To set the stage for a mitigation strategy it is imperative to know the capability of the community to perform mitigation, regulate, and design outreach. Reducing hazards is a priority for Louisville Metro and the Commonwealth of Kentucky. State regulations affect all of Kentucky and each local community is subject to them. However, a community may adopt laws that are even more restrictive.

Below are the hazard mitigation activities listed in the State Hazard Mitigation Plan that evaluate state regulations, policies, and state-funded or administered programs. Following this description of State capabilities there is a similar section/description of Louisville Metro’s capabilities. The intent in listing both the State and Local capabilities is to develop a better understanding of state government activities related to hazard mitigation and their impact on local communities. In addition, an analysis of the regulatory functions with respect to mitigation and hazards planning is imperative to good planning.

Among the best examples of hazard mitigation in State government are the floodplain management program, the dam safety program, and the FEMA-funded State administered hazard mitigation programs. However, a number of other programs, funding sources, executive orders, and interagency agreements have elements that can support or facilitate hazard mitigation. The state’s capability is the foundation of similar capabilities by local government. As mentioned, following this section is a detailed discussion of Louisville Metro’s capability, regulations, and ordinances.

Following is a synopsis of the State Regulatory Analysis. The expanded State Hazard Mitigation Capability Matrix can be found in Appendix 15.

State Regulatory Analysis Summary Kentucky Pre- and Post- Disaster Legislation

The Kentucky General Assembly realizes the Commonwealth is subject at all times to disaster or emergency occurrences which can range from crises affecting limited areas to widespread catastrophic events, and that response to these occurrences is a fundamental responsibility of elected government. Therefore, the General Assembly established a statewide comprehensive emergency management program, and through it an integrated emergency management system, in order to provide for adequate assessment and mitigation of, preparation for, response to, and recovery from, the threats to public safety and the harmful effects or destruction resulting from all major hazards.

In July of 1998, KRS 39A.010 established the Kentucky Division of Emergency Management (KyEM) and local emergency management agencies, replacing the Kentucky Disaster and Emergency Services. In addition, the Governor, the county

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 138 judges/executives, the mayors of the cities and urban-county governments, and the chief executives of other local governments were conferred the emergency powers provided in KRS Chapters 39A to 39F. In addition, provisions were established for mutual aid among the cities, counties, and urban-county or charter county governments of the Commonwealth, with other states, and with the federal government with respect to the performance of disaster and emergency preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation functions. Finally, a statewide comprehensive emergency management program and integrated emergency management system were established.

Following is an overview of the major regulations and landuse for Kentucky:

1. Floodplain ordinance, all jurisdictions participating in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) are required to have a floodplain ordinance. These ordinances are enforced locally and in many cases, local requirements are identical to state requirements. All jurisdictions are encouraged to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program so that flood insurance will be available, there will be active Floodplain Management, and FEMA will provide flood hazard mapping for each community.

2. The Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division of Water, has major responsibility among state agencies for floodplain management in Kentucky. Within the Division of Water (DOW), the Water Resources Branch, Floodplain Management Section is responsible for the following: • Analyze and issue permits for proposed construction within the 100-year floodplain. • Issue permits for construction, reconstruction, and repair of dams. • Provide liaison for the National Flood Insurance Program. • Administer the state-owned Dam Repair Program. • Coordinate and provide technical assistance for floodplain management activities within the Commonwealth. • Construction in a floodplain without a permit violates KRS 151 and becomes the responsibility of the Dam Safety and Floodplain Compliance Section of the Division of Water. • All jurisdictions are encouraged to require local permits, in addition to required state permits, for development in floodways and floodplains.

3. Building Codes, The State of Kentucky has established building codes and all jurisdictions are encouraged to comply with the state building code. The Building code must be enforced at the local level by a building, electrical, and/or plumbing inspector or as a function of Planning and Zoning. The KY state building code can be found at the following web site: http://hbc.ppr.ky.gov/BCE.htm

4. Planning and Zoning (Land Use), Updates are required every five years to each county’s comprehensive land use plan. Generally, planning and zoning functions work to create partnerships with elected officials, public agencies, the development

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 139 community, the business community, and citizens to contribute toward shaping community development.

5. KRS There are numerous sections in KRS that address the issues of emergency systems, hazard safety, and hazard mitigation. See the Appendix 15 for a detailed list (State Hazard Mitigation Capability Matrix).

Kentucky’s Pre-disaster mitigation: Following are revised statutes that specifically pertain to pre-disaster mitigation.

KRS 39. The Division of Emergency Management shall coordinate for the Governor all matters pertaining to the comprehensive emergency management program and disaster and emergency response of the Commonwealth. The division shall be the executive branch agency of state government having primary jurisdiction, responsibility, and authority for the planning and execution of disaster and emergency assessment, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery (KRS 39A.050).

KRS 147. Any general fund appropriations made for the Local Match Participation Program may be used for flood control planning and mitigation activities and straight sewage pipe removal and mitigation activities (KRS 147A.029).

KRS 151. The Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet shall administer KRS 151 and establish the requirements for obtaining a floodplain development permit (KRS 151.250). The water resources authority shall develop a public information program for use by local units of government which will assist them in the development of flood plain management and flood hazard mitigation programs (KRS 151.600).

KRS 158. The board of each local school district, and the governing body of each private and parochial school or school district, shall establish an earthquake and tornado emergency procedure system in every public or private school building in its jurisdiction having a capacity of 50 or more students, or having more than one classroom (KRS 158.163). The earthquake and tornado emergency procedure systems shall include, but not be limited to: • A school building disaster plan, ready for implementation at any time, for maintaining the safety and care of students and staffs • A drop procedure, an activity by which each student and staff member takes cover under a table or desk, dropping to his or her knees, with the head protected by the arms, and the back to the windows • A safe area, a designated space including an enclosed area with no windows, a basement or the lowest floor using the interior hallway or rooms, or taking shelter under sturdy furniture • Protective measures to be taken before, during, and following an earthquake or tornado

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 140 • A program to ensure that the students and the certificated and classified staff are aware of, and properly trained in, the earthquake and tornado emergency procedure system

KRS 198B. The Uniform State Building Code (KRS 198B.050) addresses issues concerning seismic and severe wind construction in response to the Commonwealth’s potential earthquake and wind threats.

KRS 211. The Cabinet for Health Services shall develop and conduct programs for evaluation and control of activities related to radon including laboratory analyses, mitigation, and measurements (KRS 211.855).

In addition to KRS legislation, the following are other initiatives being undertaken that address state hazard mitigation: • When purchasing a home located within the boundary of a special flood hazard area (SFHA), the buyer is required to purchase flood insurance. • Jurisdictions that participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) have established ordinances related to floodplain development.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 141 Louisville Metro Capability Assessment

Legal Authority of Counties and Cities in Kentucky Local governments in Kentucky have a wide range of tools available to them for implementing mitigation programs, policies and actions. A hazard mitigation program can utilize any or all of the four broad types of government powers granted by the State of Kentucky, which are (a) Regulation; (b) Acquisition; (c) Taxation; and (d) Spending.

A. Regulation General Police Power Local governments have been granted broad regulatory powers in their jurisdictions. Kentucky Revised Statutes assign general police power to local governments, allowing them to enact and enforce ordinances that define, prohibit, regulate or abate acts, omissions, or conditions detrimental to the health, safety, and welfare of the people, and to define and abate nuisances (including public health nuisances).

Since hazard mitigation can be included under the police power (as protection of public health, safety and welfare), towns, cities and counties may include requirements for hazard mitigation in local ordinances. Local governments may also use their ordinance-making power to abate “nuisances,” which could include, by local definition, any activity or condition that threatens the general health and safety of the public.

Louisville Metro has enacted and enforces regulatory ordinances designed to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare of its citizenry.

Building Codes and Building Inspection Many structural mitigation measures involve constructing and retrofitting homes, businesses, and other structures according to standards designed to make the buildings more resilient to the impacts of natural hazards. Many of these standards are imposed through the use of building codes. Jurisdictions have the opportunity and the power to develop and enforce building codes. Louisville Metro has adopted and enforces a building code.

Land Use Regulatory powers granted by the state to local governments are the most basic manner in which a local government can control the use of its land. Through various land use regulatory powers, a local government can control the amount, timing, density, quality, and location of new development. All these characteristics of growth can determine the level of vulnerability of the community in the event of a natural hazard. Land use regulatory powers include the power to engage in planning, enact, and enforce zoning ordinances, floodplain ordinances, and subdivision controls. Louisville Metro has adopted Cornerstone 2020, the community’s comprehensive plan, and the Land Development Code

Planning Local jurisdictions have the authority to perform a number of duties related to

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 142 planning, including: make studies of the area; determine objectives; prepare and adopt plans for achieving those objectives; develop and recommend policies, ordinances, and administrative means to implement plans. The Louisville Metro Planning Commission oversees planning activities. The Louisville Metro Planning and Design Services Department is responsible for overseeing development activities and advises the Planning Commission.

Zoning Zoning is the traditional and most common tool available to local governments to control the use of land. The statutory purpose for the grant of power is to promote health, safety, morals, or the general welfare of the community. Land “uses” controlled by zoning include the type of use (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial) as well as minimum specifications for use such as lot size, building height and set backs, density of population, etc. The Louisville Metro Development Code is the basis for all zoning decisions in the Metro Area. The Planning and Design Services staff is responsible for review of all zoning cases within Louisville Metro and the Planning Commission makes recommendations on whether or not they should be approved. The Louisville Metro Council is ultimately responsible for approval of all zoning requests except for zoning cases located within the boundaries of cities of the 4th Class and higher. In these cities, the appropriate city council makes the final decision. These cities are: Anchorage, Douglass Hills, Greymoor-Devondale, Hurstbourne, Indian Hills, Jeffersontown, Lyndon, Middletown, Prospect, St. Matthews, St. Regis Park and Shively.

Subdivision Regulations Subdivision regulations control the division of land into parcels for the purpose of building development or sale. Flood-related subdivision controls typically require that subdividers install adequate drainage facilities and design water and sewer systems to minimize flood damage and contamination. They prohibit the subdivision of land subject to flooding unless flood hazards are overcome through filling or other measures, and they prohibit filling of floodway areas. Subdivision regulations require that subdivision plans be approved prior to the division/sale of land. Subdivision regulations are a more limited tool than zoning and only indirectly affect the type of use made of land or minimum specifications for structures. The Louisville Metro Subdivision Regulations are included in the Land Development Code.

Floodplain Ordinance The purpose of the local floodplain ordinance is to (1) minimize the extent of floods by preventing obstructions that inhibit water flow and increase flood height and damage; (2) prevent and minimize loss of life, injuries, property damage and other losses in flood hazard areas; and (3) promote the public health, safety and welfare of citizens living in flood hazard areas. The ordinance is a requirement for participation in the NFIP.

The incentives for local government to adopt a floodplain ordinance are that it provides residents the ability to purchase flood insurance through the NFIP and to be eligible for state Hazard Mitigation funding after a disaster. Floodplain regulations were adopted in Louisville Metro and are included in the Land

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 143 Development Code. Also, refer to the Louisville Metro Floodplain Management Plan for additional information.

Louisville Metro is a participant in FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) program, which rewards communities with reductions in flood insurance rates. Due to Louisville Metro’s participation in implementing projects to mitigate the impacts of flooding, the community is currently rated as Class 6. A Class 6 Rating results in a 20% reduction in flood insurance rates for property owners in the floodplain.

B. Acquisition The power of acquisition can be a useful tool for pursuing local mitigation goals. For example, local governments may find the most effective method for completely “hazard- proofing” a particular piece of property or area is to acquire the property (either in fee or a lesser interest, such as an easement), thus removing the property from the private market and eliminating or reducing the possibility of inappropriate development occurring. The Commonwealth of Kentucky legislation empowers cities, towns, counties, and other government entities, such as the Metropolitan Sewer District and Louisville Water Company to acquire property for public purpose.

C. Taxation The power to levy taxes and special assessments is an important tool delegated to local governments by the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The power of taxation extends beyond merely the collection of revenue, and can have a profound impact on the pattern of development in the community.

Local governments can also raise funds through the implementation of special fees. One fee in particular which has relevance to hazard mitigation is the Stormwater User Fee implemented by MSD in January 1987. This fee is charged to all property owners within the MSD Service Area and is based on the amount of impervious surface on developed property. The money generated by this fee (approximately $22 million in FY’04) is used for flood protection, drainage maintenance, capital projects, and administration of the community’s stormwater management program.

D. Spending The fourth major power that has been delegated from the Kentucky General Assembly to local governments is the power to make expenditures in the public interest. Hazard mitigation principles can be integrated into routine spending decisions by the local government, including the adoption of annual budgets.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 144 Louisville Metro Code Summaries

Louisville Metro has numerous authorities and codes in place. The following chart shows the relationship between the local development regulations and the Louisville Metro identified hazards.

Existing Authorities & Codes Chart

Code Summary:

Existing Authorities & Hail Flood Wildfire Drought Tornado Codes in Louisville Metro Landslide Earthquake Dam Failure Extreme Heat Severe Storm Karst/Sinkhole Severe Winter Storm Winter Storm Severe “Y” means that the regulation addresses at least partially the identified hazard “YP” means that the regulation is the primary one for that hazard “N” means that the regulation does not currently address the hazard Building Code N N YP Y YP Y Y Y YP YP YP N Residential Code N N YP Y YP Y Y Y YP YP YP N Floodplain Ordinance Y N N N N YP N N N N N N Cornerstone 2020 N N N N N Y Y Y N N Y Y Land Development Code N N N N N Y YP YP N N Y YP Subdivision Regs N N N N N Y Y Y N N N N

Following is a synopsis of regulations, land use plans, and authorities for Louisville Metro. For a detailed summary, see Appendix 10.

Cornerstone 2020 Summary: Comprehensive Plan Cornerstone 2020 is the official title of Louisville Metro’s Comprehensive Plan that was adopted on June 15, 2000 by the Louisville and Jefferson County (now Louisville Metro) Planning Commission.

KRS Chapter 100 authorizes local governments to regulate the use and development of land only after the adoption of a Comprehensive Plan, which establishes the goals, and public policies that define the governmental interest in such regulations. KRS 100 provides for a method of development of the Comprehensive Plan and prescribes that the Plan should be based on research and analysis of the community including:

1. The general distribution of past and present population and a forecast of the extent and character of future population; 2. An economic survey and analysis of the major existing public and private business activities and a forecast of future economic levels, and;

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 145 3. The nature, extent, adequacy and the needs of the community for the existing land and building use, transportation, and community facilities in terms of their general location, character and extent.

In addition to the required research component, KRS100 requires the Plan to include a Statement of Goals and Objectives and at least three Plan Elements, a Community Facilities Plan Element, a Transportation Element and a Land Use Element. After the completion of the research and analytical work, the Planning Commission during 1996 drafted and submitted to Jefferson County and the cities within the County with zoning authority (including Louisville) a Statement of Goals and Objectives for the new Comprehensive Plan. The legislative bodies studied and adopted the Goals and Objectives during 1997. The Planning Commission on February 19, 1998 then adopted them.

The final phase of the adoption of the new Comprehensive Plan was the publication and adoption of the Plan Elements. These were developed and drafted to implement the Goals and Objectives and were the product of an extensive public review process. The draft document was the subject of a public hearing on September 30, 1999. The Planning Commission accepted the revised version of the Plan elements and forwarded it to the legislative bodies for review and adoption. All 13 legislative bodies with zoning powers adopted the Plan Elements, which were officially adopted by the Planning Commission on June 15, 2000.

Besides the three statutorily required Plan Elements, namely Community Form/Land Use (Guidelines 1-5), Mobility/Transportation (Guidelines 7-9) and Community Facilities (Guidelines14 and 15) the Plan contains two additional Plan Elements, Marketplace (Guideline 6 and Livability/Environment (Guidelines 10-13). The 15 guidelines are to be used for the assessment of proposed amendments to the Zoning District Map, Land Development Code text and the Community Form Core Graphics. They are regarded as fundamental planning statements and are intended to be read and applied in an interrelated manner and in conjunction with the Goals and Objectives to determine whether a proposed land use change is in agreement with the Comprehensive Plan.

Land Development Code Summary The “Land Development Code For All of Jefferson County, Kentucky” (LDC) was adopted by the Louisville Metro Planning Commission, pursuant to KRS 100.137, and became effective on March 1, 2003. It provides the detailed regulations for all development in Louisville Metro in conformance with the Comprehensive Plan (Cornerstone 2020). Under the LDC, Louisville Metro is vested with zoning authority for all areas of the County except for properties located within the boundary of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Class Cities. The cities which retain zoning authority are: Anchorage, Douglass Hills, Graymoor-Devondale, Hurstbourne, Indian Hills, Jeffersontown, Lyndon, Middletown, Prospect, Shively, St. Matthews and St. Regis Park. The Louisville Metro Planning Commission reviews and makes recommendations to the cities on rezoning issues using the LDC as a guideline. All of the cities also utilize the LDC as their guidelines, however, as of July 2004, four cities (Anchorage, Indian Hills, Prospect and

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 146 St. Matthews) are still in the process of adopting the current LDC and still utilize the Development Code that was in effect prior to March 2003.

The LDC provides for government agency review of development plans utilizing the regulations and guidelines of the LDC in their review and approval. Agencies involved in the review of development plans include: ƒ Planning Commission staff ƒ MSD (drainage, floodplain management, sewers, slopes, unstable soils, karst, erosion and sediment control, hazardous materials etc.) ƒ Inspections, Permits and Licenses ƒ Public Works ƒ Health Department ƒ Fire Departments ƒ NRCS (soils, slopes, etc.) ƒ Air Pollution Control District ƒ Police ƒ Other agencies depending on type and location of development such as the Waterfront Development Corporation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, KIPDA, TARC, and Historic Preservation.

Following are specific sections of the LDC which relate to natural hazards. Zoning Districts W-1 – Waterfront District (flooding) W-2 – Waterfront District (flooding) W-3 – Waterfront District (flooding) WRO – Waterfront Development Review Overlay District (flooding)

Louisville/ Jefferson County Floodplain Regulations Summary The NFIP is a voluntary FEMA program. To join the program a community must adopt and enforce a local floodplain ordinance.

The Post-FIRM date refers to when the community first adopted floodplain regulations and the FIRMs (Flood Insurance Rate Maps) for that community. The Corps of Engineers developed the original floodplain maps for FEMA in the early 1970’s and covered only the area within each of the jurisdictions. They were prepared using different map scales and were difficult to use particularly for properties located on or near the borders of the maps. The maps were updated in 1994 by the Corps in partnership with Jefferson County, LOJIC, and MSD utilizing the then new LOJIC mapping for the county and some new hydrologic and hydraulic models developed by MSD. The maps were the first approved by FEMA that were based on a local community’s digital base maps. The maps are still in effect and cover the entire Louisville Metro area. Currently, MSD is revising the maps under a grant from FEMA as part of the Cooperating Technical Partners (CTP) program. The new maps will be ready for approval in 2005.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 147

Building Codes Summary The currently adopted building codes effective in Louisville Metro are the 2002 Kentucky Building Code and the 2002 Kentucky Residential Code. Enforcement of the building code is the responsibility of the Louisville Metro Department of Inspections, Permits, and Licenses (IPL). These codes were promulgated under the Kentucky Administrative Regulations (KAR), 815 KAR 7:120 and 125, under authority of Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS), KRS 198B.060. They are essentially the same codes as the 2000 International Building Code modified to reference specific Kentucky conditions. The Kentucky Building Code was originally approved in 1978 and was adopted by the City of Louisville and Jefferson County in 1980 in accordance with State law. It was officially re-adopted by Louisville Metro on August 12, 2004 and is Section 150.001 – .003 of the Louisville Metro Code of Ordinances. The Kentucky Residential Code is a new code and was also adopted by Louisville Metro on August 12, 2004

Jurisdictional Support Most residents of Louisville Metro have a general knowledge about the potential hazards that their community faces. However, residents have had little education concerning mitigation actions that increase or decrease the communities’ vulnerability to certain hazards. Education concerning mitigation strategies and potential losses are a key factor for Louisville Metro.

Because of the Louisville area’s history with natural disasters in the past 10 years, it is expected that there is generalized support for advancing hazard mitigation strategies. Louisville Metro has attended and participated in the mitigation planning process, largely because the community has been widely affected by these natural disasters.

The following table analyzes the tools Louisville Metro has available at this time. The table is a local capability assessment showing which authorities, policies, programs, and resources are currently in place.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 148

LOCAL CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT

Existing Authorities Programs Resources Building Codes Zoning Regulations Subdivision Regulations Community Rating System Emergency Operations Plan NWS Storm Ready Program Fire Prevention Codes (State) Local Economic Developments Regional Development Agency Stormwater Management Plans Floodplain Management Ordinance Local Emergency Management Agency Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)

Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y A Y Y Y Y = Yes N = None A= Authority

Both the Local Capabilities Assessment Matrix and the Local Code Summary demonstrate the local planning mechanisms available for incorporating the requirements of the hazard mitigation plan. During the review, updating, and standard enforcement of the existing authorities and programs, mitigation actions listed in this Plan will be incorporated, implemented, and enforced.

See Appendix 10 for a detailed explanation of Existing Plans, Studies, Reports, and Technical Information. Included in the Appendix is details for the following: ƒ Cornerstone 2020 ƒ Land Development Code ƒ 2002 Building Code ƒ Louisville/ Jefferson County Floodplain Ordinance ƒ Building Codes Summary

Louisville Metro Capability Assessment Matrix

The following Capability Assessment Matrix identifies the most significant local funded or local administered programs, related regulations, or practices with respect to hazard mitigation or loss reduction. Many of the listed programs provide funding for various hazard mitigation activities.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 149

Louisville Metro Effect on Mitigation of Hazards Capable of Funding Capability Assessment Matrix Affects Mitigation Pre- Post- Development Initiatives Hazard Mitigation Application Authorities disaster disaster in Hazard prone areas Metro level floodplain ordinances/regulations that regulate development within floodplains through Floodplain special permitting. Floodplain regulations are a minimum requirement for participation in the National Management X X X Flood Insurance Program Ordinance CRS is a FEMA voluntary program that ranks a community for going beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP to reduce flood risk. Such activities can fall under one or more of the Community Rating X X following categories: Flood Preparedness; Flood Damage Reduction; Mapping and Regulations; and System (CRS) Public Awareness.

KRS 100.201(2) states the local jurisdictions may enact permanent land use regulations, including zoning and other growth management regulations to promote public health, safety, morals, and Zoning general welfare of the jurisdiction. X X Regulations Louisville Metro has adopted Cornerstone 2020, the community’s comprehensive plan, and the Land Development Code. Subdivision The Louisville Metro Subdivision Regulations are included in the Land Development Code. Subdivision regulations Regulations control the division of land into parcels for the purpose of building development or sale. Flood-related subdivision controls typically require that sub dividers install adequate drainage facilities and design water and sewer systems to minimize flood damage and contamination. They prohibit the subdivision X X X of land subject to flooding unless flood hazards are overcome through filling or other measures, and they prohibit filling of floodway areas. Subdivision regulations require that subdivision plans be approved prior to the division/sale of land. Subdivision regulations are a more limited tool than zoning and only indirectly affect the type of use made of land or minimum specifications for structures. Fire Prevention KRS 227.320 Local authorities will adopt and enforce the standards of safety promulgated by the Codes (State) commissioner. Rules and regulations set up by the commissioner prescribes a standard of safety from X X fire loss; these rules and regulations establish a minimum requirement concerning the matters covered.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 151 Louisville Metro Effect on Mitigation of Hazards Capability Assessment Matrix Stormwater Federal mandated program for Urban Areas as designated by the 2000 Census. The plans must Management Plan provide six minimum controls on the management of storm water run off to include; public education X and outreach on storm water impacts, Public Involvement/Participation, Illicit discharge detection and elimination, construction site storm water runoff control, and post-construction storm water management in new development and redevelopment.

Local Emergency Establishes policies and provision to coordinate local and state emergency response to natural, Operations Plan X X X X technological or war related disasters and emergencies. This plan is reviewed and approved annually.

Resources

Local Economic A possible resource for supporting growth and development through out the county, some counties Development X have economic development authorities some only have foundations Agencies

KIPDA: Regional KIPDA is the regional resource that assists in the development of a local hazard mitigation plan, grant Development X writing, and possible funding sources Agency Local Emergency Louisville Metro EMA is the conduit for the Local authority to manage and disseminate actions in pre- Management X X X disaster and post-disaster localities. Agency

Local Emergency Review of local emergency operations plan, identifies resources and capabilities at the local level to Planning support emergency management and assistance during disasters X X X Committees (LEPC)

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 152 3.4.2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION GOALS

To kick-off the process of setting goals and objectives, the Project Staff requested the stakeholders have the first word on Louisville’s potential to mitigate hazards. In order to understand the comprehensive nature of the agencies involved and to educate others about the mitigation projects and programs already in place, the Project Staff asked each member agency /organization to give an overview of their programs and projects. As a result, participants made 17 presentations during two Committee meetings. The presentations gave each member of the Plan Development Team a sense of the types of mitigation projects currently implemented and set the stage for partnerships. Moreover, members left the meetings with a better understanding of what Louisville Metro is capable of and a vision for projects and programs for Louisville Metro.

Following is a list including the name of the agency and the presenter. Presentations from Local Agency/Organizations for Mitigation Capabilities February 8 and 15, 2005

AGENCY/ORGANIZATION PRESENTERS National Weather Service (NWS) John Gordon Louisville Metro Health Dept. Bill Wetter Army Corps of Engineers Richard Pruitt US Geological Survey (USGS) Mike Griffin Jefferson County Public Schools Chuck Fleischer LOJIC Curt Bynum Louisville Metro EMA Doug Hamilton, Mike Brown & Jim McKinney American Red Cross George Betz Louisville Metro Public Works Rick Storm MSD Randy Stambaugh, & Vince Bowlin Louisville Metro Parks Bill Herron/ Katie Moss Louisville Water Company Glen Mudd Suburban Fire Districts Michael Willett U of L, Center for Hazards Research Josh Human

Developing Local Hazard Mitigation Goals:

During the February 15 meeting, the Planning Team and Advisory Committee received a series of “hazard fact sheets” for each hazard (see Appendix 16). The fact sheets were used to help determine the best goals, objectives, mitigation programs, and projects for the Action Plan. See Appendix 16 to review the hazard fact sheets. In

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 153 addition to the presentation, the hazard fact sheets provided the Planning Team and Advisory Committee with tools to make wise decisions for mitigation projects.

Brainstorming Session for an Action Plan: During the March 2, 2005 meeting, the Planning Team and Advisory Committee began to brainstorm a series of general problems, concerns, and specific activities to mitigate the hazards. Committee members reviewed the hazard fact sheets, analyzed the loss estimates in the risk assessment, and brainstormed ideas to mitigate the hazards to reduce or avoid long- term vulnerabilities. The following summary of the brainstorming session gave the Project Staff the vehicle needed to draft initial goals and to draft activities and projects for an action plan.

General Concerns: ƒ Lack of data causing gaps in potential to model a hazard ƒ Community has not learned from past lessons regarding flooding along the river ƒ Review Siren systems and detail any need for expansion and maintenance ƒ Lack of Hazard Identification Education ƒ Promote NWS Education ƒ Concern for how will Plan continue after All Hazard Grant is complete ƒ Loss of Power- LGE plans and community expectations ƒ Develop Public Education and encourage Public responsibility ƒ Promote Health preparedness ƒ Combine planning efforts, committees, and community organizations active in disasters with Weapons of Mass Destruction training. ƒ Expand Red Cross Disaster Preparedness Kit – Pizometer. Include Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) all hazards brochure in kit

Summary of Problems and Potential Mitigation Actions

Dam & Levee Failure: ƒ Seek more data for dams ƒ Attain better GIS location data for existing state dams ƒ Ensure all Class C dams have an Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) ƒ Review existing dams and determine if classifications are out-of-date ƒ Consider requiring EOP for Class B dams ƒ Require dam owner to maintain EOP and annual drills ƒ Develop a local definition for dams that do not fit the state’s definition of a dam ƒ Develop a local inventory of dams by locating all local dams. ƒ Metro Parks staff determining local dam sites in parks, will submit data to LOJIC ƒ Place a benchmark or similar point on dams to help determine if movement is occurring ƒ Post a sign/landmark on dams with classification type (A, B, or C), a description of materials, and the potential for movement ƒ Evaluate damage to levee and flood protection system ƒ Develop better local dam construction and inspections criterion

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 154 Drought: Need a central local agency or avenue to report and receive info for

Earthquake: ƒ Seek more data ƒ Need better soils data, especially for downtown/urban area, to determine potential liquefaction ƒ Need year built , type of foundation, and building construction type ƒ Outreach on existing fault lines

Extreme Heat: Need a central local agency or mechanism to report and receive info for extreme heat

Flood: ƒ Enforce Floodplain Ordinance for repetitive loss ƒ Code Plus – Pre and Post Flow – Requires Stricter Rules ƒ Review and update High Water Emergency Plans ƒ Review and update FWEEPS and make available ƒ Review Flood Warning Gauges and effectiveness ƒ Target public buildings damaged by flood

Hailstorm

Karst/Sinkholes ƒ Need a central local agency or avenue to report and receive info for karst/sinkhole ƒ Consider hazard disclosure laws ƒ Review all codes for karst regulations ƒ Further develop soils and building data info from karst census tracks and then target areas

Landslide ƒ Need a central local agency or avenue to report and receive info for landslide ƒ Enforce Binding Elements on development ƒ Consider hazard disclosure laws ƒ Further develop soils and building data info from landslide census tracks and target areas

Severe Thunderstorm and Lightning ƒ Loss of Power- LGE plans and community expectations ƒ LGE has an Outage Management System ƒ LGE developing a Vegetation Management Program ƒ Metro Parks and other government agencies are participating in developing a community-wide Tree Ordinance.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 155 Severe Winter Storm ƒ Loss of Power- LGE plans and community expectations ƒ LGE has an Outage Management System ƒ LGE developing a Vegetation Management Program ƒ Metro Parks and other government agencies are participating in developing a community-wide Tree Ordinance.

Tornado ƒ Manufactured housing a major concern ƒ Need Safe Place designated in Manufactured Housing parks ƒ Encourage new construction to include a safe room ƒ Require hurricane clips through the State Building Code ƒ Require structure’s foundation is secure ƒ Loss of Power- LGE plans and community expectations ƒ LGE has an Outage Management System ƒ LGE developing a Vegetation Management Program ƒ Metro Parks and other government agencies are participating in developing a community-wide Tree Ordinance.

Wildfire: ƒ Seek more data and a standard for reporting grass, wild fire, etc…. ƒ Metro Parks and other government agencies are participating in developing a community-wide Tree Ordinance.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 156 Louisville Metro All Hazards Mitigation Goals and Objectives

A summary of the March 2, 2005 Planning Team and Mitigation Goals are designed to be Advisory Committee Brainstorming Session assisted general guidelines of what is to be Project Staff in drafting a list of goals, objectives, and achieved. These goals are for long- possible mitigation actions. During the March 30, term and represent the overall vision of 2005 meeting, Project Staff presented the draft goals, the mitigation plan. objectives, and actions to the Planning Team and The Objectives define the strategies Advisory Committee and they further refined the and implementation steps to attain the mitigation plan. All agreed to accept the following identified goals. These objectives are goals and objectives and to move to the next step for specific, measurable, and have a refining the Action Plan (see Section 3.4.3 defined completion. Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Measures).

Goal 1—Minimize the loss of life and injuries that could be caused by natural hazards.

• Objective 1.1—Promote the use of early-warning systems to alert people of severe weather, such as thunderstorms, floods, and tornadoes.

• Objective 1.2—Encourage the development or amendment of laws so they may more effectively address hazard mitigation.

• Objective 1.3—Ensure building codes addressing the construction of engineered and residential structures are properly enforced.

• Objective 1.4—Improve the safety of high-hazard dams to minimize the threat to people and structures that would be impacted by their failure.

• Objective 1.5—Make existing manufactured housing more resistant to movement from their sites by high winds and swift floodwaters.

• Objective 1.6—Promote the installation of tornado safe rooms in homes and construction of community tornado shelters.

• Objective 1.7—Reduce repetitive losses, especially those caused by flooding.

• Objective 1.8—Continue to conduct studies assessing flood hazards and risks.

Goal 2—Facilitate a sustainable economy by protecting agriculture, business, and other economic activities from natural hazards.

• Objective 2.1—Reduce the vulnerabilities of Louisville Metro owned facilities and infrastructure to natural hazards.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 157 • Objective 2.2—Reduce the vulnerability of Louisville Metro’s structures and infrastructure to the effects of geologic hazards including landslides, earthquakes, and sinkhole collapse.

• Objective 2.3—Provide incentives for mitigation planning and actions.

• Objective 2.4—Support efforts that will assist with the continuity of critical business operations.

• Objective 2.5—Develop hazard mitigation policies that promote the protection of the environment.

• Objective 2.5—Direct urban growth away from flood hazard areas.

Goal 3—Facilitate the strengthening of public emergency services, its infrastructure, facilities, equipment, and personnel to natural hazards.

• Objective 3.1—Integrate the local pre- and post disaster mitigation functions with the response and recovery functions of the state.

• Objective 3.1—Assist where possible to include mitigation activity in emergency responder training.

Goal 4—Develop a community-wide mitigation effort by building stronger partnerships between government, businesses, and the general public.

• Objective 4.1—Form partnerships to leverage and share resources.

• Objective 4.2—Annually review existing local agency programs, plans, and policies to determine their effectiveness and efficiency in reducing risk and vulnerabilities to natural hazards.

Goal 5—Increase public and private understanding of natural hazard mitigation through the promotion of mitigation education and awareness of natural hazards.

• Objective 5.1—Disseminate useful information about Louisville Metro’s geologic hazards to the general public and development professionals in order to assist in safe, appropriate development, particularly in hazard areas.

• Objective 5.2—Improve public knowledge of hazards and protective measures so individuals can appropriately respond during hazard events.

• Objective 5.3—As resources allow, develop, and promote outreach strategies designed to educate residents about local hazards, their associated risk and vulnerabilities, and the applicable mitigation actions.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 158 • Objective 5.4—Identify and encourage the incorporation of available hazard mitigation education and outreach programs/products into school education programs.

• Objective 5.5—As resources allow, maintain an ongoing education and outreach effort to educate local officials about the importance of hazard mitigation.

• Objective 5.6—As resources permit, develop a public awareness campaign on the benefits of pre- and post-disaster mitigation.

• Objective 5.7—Develop a strategy for working with the print, electronic and broadcast media to disseminate mitigation education and outreach material.

Goal 6—Enhance existing or design new policies and technical capabilities that will reduce the effects of natural hazards.

• Objective 6.1—Increase the community’s involvement in the Community Rating System (CRS) program. This will promote better floodplain management while offering the incentive of lower flood insurance premiums.

• Objective 6.2—Promote the gathering and archiving of local data on the types and amount of damages after a natural hazard event.

• Objective 6.3—Support the development and use of disaster loss reduction related building codes and standards designed to reduce vulnerability and risk to all hazards.

Goal 7—Enhance existing technical and GIS data and capabilities that will reduce the effects of natural hazards.

Objective 7.1—Improve hazard information, including databases and maps.

Objective 7.2—Review and recommend annual updates of the risk and vulnerability assessments of Louisville Metro’s Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 159 3.4.3 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION MEASURES

Developing Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Measures

Project Staff assisted in the design and development of the Mitigation Strategy through a tier of meetings and coordination. During this phase of the planning process, the Plan Development Team identified, evaluated, and analyzed the comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions being considered. These actions are based on the evaluation of the risk assessment and in compliance with the mitigation goals and objectives in Section 3.4.2 (Local Hazard Mitigation Goals).

In the March 30 meeting, the Planning Team and Advisory Committee met in subcommittees to refine the draft Action Plan. Subcommittees were formed under the following Mitigation Topics: preventive and regulations, property protection and structural projects, natural resources, emergency services and public information. During the work sessions, subcommittee members reviewed projects relevant to their mitigation topics and focused on existing and future infrastructure. The subcommittees will continue to meet as ensure projects are implemented.

SUBCOMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS I. Regulations & Preventive Measures Chris Dickinson, Randy Stambaugh, & Curt Bynum, Facilitators ¾ Derek Guthrie, MSD ¾ Rick Storm, Public Works ¾ Susan Barto, citizen ¾ Adam Forseth & Jarrett Haley, KIPDA ¾ Mike Tully & Joe Mattingly, Planning Commission ¾ Robert Kirchdorfer, IPL ¾ Mary Woolridge, Louisville Metro Council ¾ Jay Mickle & Elise Just, PVA ¾ Rick Holstein, Greater Louisville Inc ¾ Kathy McGann, Greater Louisville Board of REALTORS II. Property Protection, Structural Projects, & Natural Resource Protection Bob Smith & Justin Gray, Facilitators ¾ Richard Pruitt & Andy Lowe, ARMY CORP OF ENGINEERS, Engineering Division ¾ David Eastham, David Guy & Keith McBride, LG&E ¾ Dennis Minks, Louisville Metro Development Authority ¾ Bill Herron, Louisville Metro Parks ¾ Bob Holt, citizen ¾ Glen Mudd, Louisville Water Co ¾ Kurt Mason, NRCS ¾ Pam Dowland, CDM Associates ¾ Gordon Moert, Durst & Moert Developers

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 160 III. Emergency Services, Public Outreach & Information Jim McKinney & Josh Human, Facilitators ¾ John Bastin & Diane Parrett, Area 6 Mgr ¾ Bill Wetter & Richard Wellinghurst, Louisville Metro Health Department ¾ Joe Johnson & John Fekete, Suburban Fire Districts ¾ Vince Bowlin, MSD ¾ Mike Griffin, USGS ¾ George Betz, American Red Cross ¾ Mike Callahan, NWS ¾ Chuck Fleischer, Jr., JCPS ¾ Marilyn Givan, MetroCall ¾ Marcy Heilman, EMA ¾ Glen Everhart & Michael Blair, U.S. Census Bureau ¾ Dave Simpson, U of L CHR ¾ Major Bill Weedman, Les Wilson & Denise Spratt, Louisville Metro Police Dept. ¾ Al Tronzo, Louisville Fire & Rescue ¾ Steve Rager & Marcella Denton, ARMY CORP OF ENGINEERS, Emergency Mgmt & Security Branch ¾ Mike Riordan, Jefferson County EMS

Ongoing Mitigation Programs

Example Louisville Metro's emergency and mitigation program activities listed below demonstrate the ongoing efforts to mitigate the effects of natural hazards in Louisville Metro. As the ongoing programs are monitored, updated, and evaluated, the mitigation strategy outlined in this Plan can be incorporated into these programs. As a result, a comprehensive mitigation strategy will better prepare Louisville Metro for all hazards.

Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP): In the unlikely event of a chemical agent, the planning process between the US Army and FEMA assists state and local governments in improving emergency planning and preparedness in communities near chemical weapons storage sites in their community. This CSEPP process requires coordination of local military and civilian efforts and ensures that decisions will be made and carried out effectively in a crisis. The Louisville Metro EMA program has a coordinator to oversee CSEPP operations for the Metro area. Currently, a contingency plan is in place and annual exercises ensure preparedness and the usability of the plan.

Community Emergency Response Team (CERT): The Louisville Metro EMA has a training program to help citizens become a first responder in their own neighborhood. The FEMA program consists of 20 hours of training that includes sessions on disaster preparedness, disaster medical operations, light search and rescue, terrorism, disaster fire suppression, and disaster psychology, and team organization. Currently, there are 8 teams and over 130 people who have graduated from CERT. The training ends with a disaster simulation where team members get to practice the skills they have learned in the course. This program is structured under the

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 161 guidance of KRS-39 A-F and is updated annually. Ongoing classes continue to be scheduled on a regular basis.

Facility Shelter Surveys/Disaster In-services-training: This program coordinates several activities that assist various private/public schools, colleges/universities, businesses, churches, and community groups in planning for disasters. This process usually starts with a facility visit to conduct a survey, which will identify and designate potential shelter safe areas. After the initial survey, several documents that will assist the facility in building their own emergency plan are presented. Annual in-service training for all potential hazard events is practiced. Tornado and Shelter-in-Place training are the most widely requested topics for in-services.

Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC): The Emergency Management program is responsible for keeping records, completing hazard analysis for facilities, assisting facilities with production of their Tab Q-7, performing annual tabletop and full scale exercises with facilities that have extremely hazardous substances (EHS), ensuring compliance, and protecting the public by providing information about these local facilities. The Emergency Management program is also responsible for providing reports on the activities of the LEPC, as well as all funds generated through Title III activities to the State Emergency Response Commission.

Hazardous Material Emergency Response: The Emergency Management program supports the Hazardous Materials Program by participating in the on-call rotation, attending training, and responding, to chemical emergencies or other related events.

Healthcare Emergency Planning Committee (HCEPC): The Healthcare Emergency Planning Committee (HCEPC) is a partnership among hospitals, healthcare providers, and public safety agencies to enhance emergency preparedness. The HCEPC has established a mutual aid agreement, which helps hospitals assist each other during disasters. HCEPC serves as the committee of the Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) and partners with the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness program. The HCEPC is also involved with emergency planning, training, and exercises, and coordinating with emergency management, police, and fire.

Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS): The Metropolitan Medical Response System is an ongoing effort by the public health and safety community in Louisville Metro to plan for serious health and medical catastrophes that threaten public health (terrorism, epidemics, etc.), to develop systems for coordinating and providing critical care where it is needed and to purchase medicine and equipment.

National Defense Medical System (NDMS): The National Disaster Medical System is designed to care for the victims of an incident, like 9-11, that exceeds the medical care capability of an affected state, region, or federal medical care system. NDMS plans for treating large numbers of casualties in a major peacetime disaster or national security emergency involving a conventional military conflict. The

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 162 Emergency Management program is responsible for coordinating efforts with local hospitals, the Department of Defense, FEMA, the Veterans Administration, and Health and Human Services in the event of the activation of this system.

Medical Reserve Corps (MRS): From the USA Freedom Corps national initiative Louisville Metro EMA coordinators the Medical Reserve Corps. The MRS allows experienced Health Professionals, over 810 volunteers, to use their expertise in times of need. The MRS units consist of locally based medical health care personal, practicing, retired or otherwise employed such as doctors, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and others who can assist their communities during emergencies.

Severe Storms and Earthquake Preparedness program: each year the State of Kentucky has two months set aside for local communities to participate in Severe Storms and Earthquake Preparedness activities. The Louisville Metro EMA compiles a calendar of events for both preparedness programs. Local activities include a comprehensive outreach program and a drill at one or more local and private schools caps off the month-long activities.

Terrorism & Weapons of Mass Destruction: Louisville Metro EMA staff has received training for any event that might disrupt normal daily activities, such as terrorism or the use of a weapon of mass destruction. Louisville Metro EMA attends regularly scheduled training sessions and response is incorporated into the Emergency Operations Plan.

Tornado Weather Spotter Program: the National Weather Service sponsors The Weather Spotter program. The Emergency Management staff coordinates with the NWS to train various groups around the community to become Weather Spotters. These trained people are the local eyes and help the NWS warn the public of possible severe weather.

Warning Systems: Louisville Metro EMA manages and coordinates the Outdoor Warning System, which consists of 122 Sirens in various locations around the Metro area. These devices are activated from the 24-hour warning point(s) at three 911- communication centers. The system is tested monthly with weekly diagnostic tests performed silently. Standard operating procedures for the siren operation are developed and reviewed annually. Other warning systems located at the 24-hour warning point include Emergency Alert System (EAS), Metro-Call, and the Cable Interrupt system. Warning systems that are monitored include the NOAA weather radio and several computer generated weather programs to keep a watchful eye on possible weather conditions that would affect Louisville Metro.

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP): Louisville Metro has taken advantage of several opportunities to garner federal money in a post-disaster setting. As a result, acquisitions have taken place all over the county. See Appendix 17, Louisville Metro Mitigation Acquisitions for a series of maps showing areas of the Metro where mitigation has taken place.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 163

Map Modernization: In a partnership between MSD and FEMA, the Effective FIRMs for the Louisville Metro area are currently being updated into the DFIRM format. All mapped flood hazard areas are being redelineated or restudied. The newly developed flood hazard areas will provide a more accurate depiction of risk within the Louisville Metro area. By utilizing LOJIC's extensive, detailed geographic data as a basemap, the DFIRMs will be a very effective management tool for the community. The maps are currently being reviewed by the community and should be adopted by Spring 2006.

Hazard Information Portal: Through a grant provided by FEMA Region IV to Louisville Metro, MSD, State, and local partners are developing a hazard information portal for centralized dissemination of risk information to community officials and the public. The portal will initially focus on hosting flood information related to Map Modernization, floodplain permitting, and various FEMA programs. In the second phase, by working with Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency and University of Louisville's Center for Hazards Research, additional natural hazards modules will be designed for hosting hazard-related data. The site is anticipated to communicate 'real time' with state and national platforms and serve as a two-way conduit for downloading and uploading the most up-to-date information. The portal research began in late 2004 and will be functional by September 2006.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 164 3.4.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES

As mentioned, Project Staff setup a tier of meetings and Prioritization coordination to develop a holistic and comprehensive Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan given Louisville’s Mitigation action prioritization emphasizes the extent to hazards, vulnerabilities, and resources. The Planning Team which benefits are and Advisory Committee met in subcommittees twice to maximized, according to a review the draft Action Plan and cost/benefit and then in full cost benefit review of the committee to prioritize projects, and set an implementation proposed projects and their timeline and standard. associated costs.

The Action Plan recommends mitigation projects that can be implemented through existing programs and integrated into job descriptions, comprehensive plans, capital improvement plans, zoning and building codes, permitting, and other planning tools, where appropriate. Fortunately, many of the agencies who are implementing the Action Plan are members of the Advisory Committee or the Planning Team.

The hazard mitigation actions listed in the Mitigation Action Table were developed during the process, indicated above, and prioritized by the Planning Team and Advisory Committee by the following method.

Mitigation Prioritization

Priority Description

A Priority A projects permanently eliminate damages or significantly reduce the probability of deaths and injuries in a specified area. Very High Priority A projects mitigate Louisville Metro’s most significant hazards.

Priority A is also given to other activities that have a high probability of systematically reducing damages or deaths and injuries across a wide area from one or more of Louisville Metro’s most significant hazards. B Priority B projects permanently reduce damages in a specified area from one of Louisville Metro’s most significant hazards. High Priority B is also given to other activities with the potential for reducing damages, deaths and injuries across a wide area from one or more of Louisville Metro’s most significant hazards

C Priority C projects, or activities, help alert the public to the approach of a threat from any of Louisville Metro’s hazards, or educate the public about the need for disaster preparedness and mitigation. Medium D Priority D projects, or activities, permanently reduce damages or significantly reduce the probability of deaths and injuries in a specified area from one of Louisville Metro’s less significant hazards. Low

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 165

Cost-Benefit Review Through the Committees prioritization table, a cost-benefit analysis was completed whereby, the higher the action’s priority, the more cost beneficial the action was determined to be for the community.

The Committees used a scoring system of: Very High, High, Medium, and Low. The cost-benefit criteria used to prioritize each action was: a. Permanently eliminates damages b. Permanently reduces damages c. Alerts the public to the approach of a threat d. Permanently reduces damages from less significant hazards.

Program Funding: For program funding, the mitigation measures in the Action Plan are cost effective, environmentally sound, and technically feasible and the Action Plan prioritizes the measures based on these criteria.

See the table at this end of this section titled, “Emergency Management and Hazard Mitigation Potential Funding Sources Federal Funding and Technical Assistance”. See Appendix 18 for the All Hazards Mitigation Action Plan. In Appendix 15, State Hazard Mitigation Capability Matrix, potential federal, state, and local funding sources are listed.

Implementation: Every project or activity in the Action Plan lists a lead agency or personnel responsible for carrying out the actions, as well as partners. The Lead Implementer column lists a name of the contact person who will be able to report to the committees during the annual update and will be responsible for overseeing the project or activity. In the column for Goals 1 - 7, each goal fulfilled by the action is listed.

A first goal of the Plan Development Team is to update this Plan by capturing new data, especially in the area of GIS information. In general, the Committees anticipate the need to collect additional data on repetitive loss structures; details of future flood events including location and extent, and track the frequency of future events. Creating GIS information from the data collected will be an invaluable resource and may be expensive. As funding becomes available in the future, new data may be processed to enhance updates of this Plan. Finally, as new data becomes available from outside resources, future updates of the Plan will include this information where applicable and affordable.

Hazard Mitigation Action Plan: Following is the final Hazard Mitigation Action Plan. Please note: The Louisville Metro Mitigation Action Plan is also being kept in Appendix 18 so that updating the actions will be easier and more efficient during the annual and five-year Plan Maintenance Procedures. The Actions will be reviewed and updated annually during the committee review process.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 166 Louisville Metro Hazard Mitigation Action Plan May 2005 Louisville Metro Hazard Mitigation Goals

Goal 1—Minimize the loss of life and injuries that could be caused by natural hazards. Goal 2—Facilitate a sustainable economy by protecting agriculture, business, and other economic activities from natural hazards. Goal 3—Facilitate the strengthening of public emergency services, its infrastructure, facilities, equipment, and personnel to natural hazards. Goal 4—Develop a community-wide mitigation effort by building stronger partnerships between government, businesses, and the general public. Goal 5—Increase public and private understanding of natural hazard mitigation through the promotion of mitigation education and awareness of natural hazards. Goal 6—Enhance existing or design new policies and technical capabilities that will reduce the effects of natural hazards. Goal 7—Enhance existing technical and GIS data and capabilities that will reduce the effects of natural hazards.

Note: “NOB” indicates an internal agency effort via Normal Operating Budget resources

Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 All Hazards Develop Cellular phone service EMA Cell Companies 2005 to TBD Percentage of C 1 emergency warnings (Jim McKinney) LEPC research cell coverage - Send out mass text messages for MetroSafe emergency warnings 2007 to -- Inform people about the availability of this implement service by their provider - Research other communities who have already implemented All Hazards Collect and Assemble building values PVA Metro Facilities 2006 Resources Collected data A 7 Data to reside in LOJIC system for: KY Educ. Dept. needed ‰ Public facilities KY Div. Health ‰ Hospitals Care ‰ Parochial and private schools U.S. agencies ‰ Non-profits LOJIC ‰ Local, state, and federal All Hazards Collect Additional Enhanced Data for Metro Facilities LOJIC 2005 NOB Spatial A 7 Publicly owned buildings and facilities PVA database Develop a central spatial database of all publicly owned buildings and facilities. Data to reside in LOJIC system

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 167 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 All Hazards All Hazards Information Portal MSD (Randy All agencies 2006 - Grant in place Operating C Add Standardized Seasonal “Fact Sheets” Stambaugh) ARC 2007 portal • Message to be consistent for ARC, EMA (Jim Health Dept. Health Dept., EMA, LGE, Dept. of McKinney) EMA Educ, etc… LGE • Develop a seasonal section for JCPS teachers and citizens Metro Call • Metro Call could help drive data LOJIC collection and promote information All Hazards All Hazards Information Portal MSD (Randy All agencies 2006 Grant in place Operating B 3, 4, 6 & - Track and share data on hazard Stambaugh) portal 7 occurrences and damage costs EMA (Jim -- Database and upload function for agency McKinney) use from All Hazard portal All Hazards Public education & standard public Public Information ARC 2006 NOB Standard C 4, 5 statements for All Hazards and Outreach JCPS Message • Develop a standard message and Committee NWS education strategy for pre and EMA post-disaster messages. E.g. MetroCall • Boil water advisories Metro/Suburban • Where shelters are located Fire • When streets will be cleared KYEM Area 6 • When electricity will be back on Health Dept • Promote: MSD • Availability of hazard insurance, USGS e.g., flood, earthquake, etc Metro Police Corps of • Severe storm month Engineers • Utilize recording by MetroCall to disseminate brief information on hazards Dam & Levee Verify GIS locations for existing state LOJIC (Curt KY DOW 2005 NOB GIS locations A 7 Failure dams Bynum) MSD NRCS Metro/Suburban Fire Districts Metro Parks

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 168 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Dam & Levee Class C, High-Hazard Dams MSD KY DOW 2005 NOB If not at state – A 1, 2 Failure • Ensure all Class C dams have and (Vince Bowlin) Metro Parks do locally maintain an Emergency Dam owner Operations Plan (EOP) • Verify downstream warning system, public notice, etc. are included in EOP. Dam & Levee Develop a local inventory of all dams MSD (Vince Metro PW 2006 NOB Inventory B 1, 2, 7 Failure Bowlin) LOJIC

Dam & Levee Inventory of dams in local Metro parks Metro Parks (Bill MSD 2005 NOB Inventory B 1, 2, 7 Failure Herron) LOJIC Dam & Levee Develop Dam inundation models MSD (Vince Corp of 2008 TBD Modeling A 1, 2, 7 Failure Bowlin) Engineers KY DOW LOJIC (Curt LOJIC Bynum) Dam & Levee Collect types of dam materials MSD (Vince Corp of 2006 NOB Catalogue A 7 Failure Bowlin) Engineers materials Metro Parks KY DOW LOJIC Dam & Levee Develop better local dam construction Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2005- 2007 NOB - Inspection A 2, 3, 4, Failure and inspections criteria Herron) Dam owner criteria and 7 In order of the following: EMA updated 1. Develop inspection and construction MSD (Vince Corp of classifications criteria to review existing dams – Bowlin) Engineers - Adopted in adopt in Land Development Code PDS Land 2. Inspect dams to develop a report Development 3. Determine if dam classifications are Code out-of-date 4. Require dam owner to maintain EOP and annual drills Dam & Levee Consider requiring EOP for Class B dams KY DOW Dam MSD 2006 NOB EOPs B 1 Failure Safety Program Metro Parks Dam owner LOJIC

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 169 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Dam & Levee Removal and replace unsafe dams Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2005/06 Metro Parks # of dams A 1, 2, 3, Failure Herron) NRCS MSD Capital removed or Once inspections are complete, the list of Dam owner Projects repaired unsafe dams will determine next steps for MSD (Vince LOJIC NRCS repair and/or remove dams Bowlin) Dam & Levee Develop a local dam permitting process Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2005 NOB Permit process A 1, 2, 3, Failure Herron) EMA 4, 7 For dams that do not fit the state’s definition PDS of a dam. Adopt process in codes. MSD (Vince IPL Bowlin) Dam & Levee Place a benchmark or similar point on Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2006 Approx. $1500 # of dams with B 2, 3 Failure dams to determine if movement is Herron) Dam owner per dam benchmarks occurring EMA and signs MSD (Vince Corp of installed Benchmark placement should coincide with Bowlin) Engineers inspection and data development PDS LOJIC Dam & Levee Post a sign/landmark on dams with Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW Strategy in TBD # of dams with C 2. 3. 5 Failure classification type (A, B, or C). Herron) Dam owner 2005 signs Signs to include: EMA /landmarks • A description of materials MSD (Vince Corp of installed • Potential for movement Bowlin) Engineers • Contact numbers LOJIC • Description of different types of things to look for when a dam fails Dam & Levee Evaluate damage to levee and flood MSD (Vince Corps of Ongoing MSD funded; # of facilities A 1 Failure protection system Bowlin) Engineers with no end estimated at evaluated and Primarily Ohio River Flood Protection LG&E date $2.2 million/yr. rehabilitated System and large pump stations (i.e. ($38 million Beargrass Creek) Total Est. Cost) Drought Need a central local agency or avenue to EMA & MSD (All All Agencies 2006 TBD Information B 2, 4, 6 report and receive info Hazards Portal) LEPC gathered & • Link to All Hazards Portal Information • Need to collect loss of Agricultural, Disseminated economic #s, water supply

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 170 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Drought Drought damage and education – EMA (Jim NRCS 2006 TBD Information C 4, 7 Outreach and education should include McKinney) Metro Call gathered & • WHEN Drought occurs LWC Information • How do we keep the public informed Public Health (Bill All Hazard Portal Disseminated • Agricultural extension could help keep Wetter) track of this information Drought Partner with State’s Drought task force NWS-- Mike NWS 2005 NOB Information C 4, 5 (Water Availability Advisory Committee) Callahan KGS gathered & to Corp of Eng Information • Track and deal with issues State Disseminated • Assess statewide and local impacts Climatologists • Contact Tom Priddy, U of K, who does NRCS Drought research Drought Public education: Foundations cracking EMA (Jim NRCS 2005 NOB Information C 5 in extreme drought McKinney) All Hazards gathered & Promote public awareness, soil shrinkage Portal Information can lead to cracking in foundations – MetroCall Disseminated solutions are to water the lawn and the foundation Earthquake Develop Enhanced soils data to NRCS (Kurt USGS 2008 Resources Collected soils B 7 determine liquefaction Mason) KGS needed data Need better soils data, esp. for LOJIC downtown/urban area Corp of Engineers Local geotechnical, architectural & building firms Earthquake Collect Additional Enhanced Building PVA LOJIC 2007 - 2008 Resources Collected data A 7 Data Fire Inspections needed ƒ Need year built, especially structures Police older than 1980 Metro Facilities ƒ Need type of foundation and building Health Dept. construction type Local Hospitals

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 171 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Earthquake Earthquake preparedness & Public EMA (Jim EMA 2006 TBD Information C 5, 6 Outreach McKinney) ARC gathered & • Consider a Public Information Officer JCPS Information for all hazard committee KY EM (Steve Media Disseminated • Develop standard message for Media Ogelsby, EQ All Hazards • Research and distribute new KY EM director) Portal Guide produced by the state MetroCall Earthquake Location of existing fault lines KGS LOJIC 2005 NOB Locations B 1, 7

Earthquake Inventory Hospital underground wells Public Health (Bill Metro Public 2005 NOB Locations B 1, 7 Data is with Metro Public Health Wetter) Health Local Hospitals LOJIC Earthquake Target Public buildings for retrofit Metro Facilities Metro PW 2008 TBD # of buildings A 1 ƒ Once inventory of public building is Mgmt LOJIC retrofitted completed (LOJIC), target earthquake- JCPS Need grant prone structures Libraries funding ƒ Develop standard for structural sound Structural and asset tie-down (i.e. heavy Committee bookcases, equipment) ƒ Promote purchase of earthquake insurance Extreme Heat Need a central local agency or avenue to EMA & MSD (All LEPC 2006 B 2, 5, 7 report and receive info for extreme heat Hazards Portal) Police Link to All Hazards Portal Fire NWS Health Department Metro Call

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 172 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Extreme Heat Collect standard damage reports EMA (Jim NWS 2005 NOB Report system D 3, 7 Reports come from NWS & Public Health McKinney) Public Health in place JCPS LEPC Extreme Heat Partner with existing Extreme Weather NWS (Mike NWS 2005 NOB Partnership C 5 Group Callahan) Group makes projections of how long the weather will continue and directs the opening of cooling centers. Flood Enforce Floodplain Ordinance MSD (Randy EMA 2005 NOB Reduce A 2 Regulations Stambaugh) repetitive loss - Especially for repetitive loss Flood Map Repetitive Loss properties LOJIC (Curt MSD 2005 NOB Map A 2, 7 • Use NFIP insurance claims as Bynum) basis • Expand repetitive loss sites to vulnerable “area”

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 173 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Flood Woodland Manor Basin MSD (Randy 2006, if PDM grant Basin B 1 Project involves the construction of a 38 Stambaugh) funded application is acre-feet basin at the confluence of Fishpool being reviewed Creek and Southern Ditch in the Pond Creek by state, FEMA Watershed. This basin will benefit local region, and roads and residential properties in the National Review Woodland Manor neighborhood that are Committee particularly susceptible to frequent flood damage. Flood Aganza Basin MSD (Randy 2006, if PDM grant Basin B 1 Project involves the construction of an 860 Stambaugh) funded application is acre-feet basin within the Pond Creek being reviewed Watershed. This basin will benefit local by state, FEMA roads, homes, and businesses that are region, and particularly susceptible to heavy flood National Review damage due to development within this Committee former swampland. Flood Collect Building first floor elevations MSD (Randy LOJIC 2007 TBD, possibly Completed B 1, 7 • Use data to model at-risk Stambaugh) grants elevations structures • Cost could be significant depending on the # of elevations • Will require contractors Flood Map Modernization and D-FIRM (digital MSD (Randy LOJIC 2006 Grant in place Completed A 1 Flood Insurance Rate Map) Stambaugh) Map Mod Information will provide better data for update to plan Flood Target public buildings damaged by flood MSD (Randy Metro PW 2005 NOB for Inventory A 1 for retrofit Stambaugh) Metro Facilities inventory and Strategy 1. Inventory public buildings at risk from JCPS strategy # of buildings flood LOJIC (Curt Libraries Grants for protected 2. Develop strategy to ensure buildings are Bynum) Metro Facilities retrofit floodproofed/retrofitted Mgmt 3. Target flood-prone

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 174 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Flood Review and update High Water MSD (Vince Corp of 2006 NOB Plans in place A 1 Emergency Plans Bowlin) Engineers EMA Mayor’s Office Metro PW Flood FWEEPS (Flood Warning and Emergency Corp of MSD 2006 NOB List of A 1 Evacuation Plans). Engineers EMA Emergency • Review locations and number of (Richard Pruitt) KYDOW Response existing plans Metro PW Actions and • List all locations and plans and Metro Police Post-Flood make available to public agencies Metro/Suburban Recovery Fire Plans Flood Determine if additional FWEEPs are MSD USACE 2007 Grants New A 1 needed Emergency Response Develop FWEEPs for areas not included in Actions and the List of Emergency Response Actions Post-Flood and Post-Flood Recovery Plans Recovery Plans Developed Flood Review Flood Warning Gauges and USGS (Mike EMA Phased Estimate # of gauges B 1 effectiveness Griffin) MSD $200K to begin USGS proposes a web-based project to feed NWS project early warning program. Project would include developing flood tracking charts/ Need grant flows interactive and use of flood inundation funding mapping. Gauges could be phased.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 175 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Flood Outreach Projects NWS (Mike All agencies 2006 TBD Completed C 1, 5 • Partner with KY Weather Preparedness Callahan) All Hazards outreach & Committee (KWPC) Portal partnerships • Promote the existing national FLASH EMA (Jim KWPC program McKinney) • Promote “Turn around and don’t drown”. • Include message for No Dumping of Debris in ditches. Flood Develop program for Non-profit All Hazard Corporate 2009 Dependent on # of building B 5 retrofitting Committee sponsors donations or protected Investigate non-profit/humanitarian home All agencies grant building entities for low-income floodproofing /retrofitting projects in a floodprone area.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 176 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Flood Develop a plan to identify potential MSD (Randy EMA 2006 for a # of building B 1 Acquisition may candidates for buyouts or assistance Stambaugh) plan protected KYEM depend on from disaster agencies. Grants Components may include: • Identify funding alternatives Capital • Coordination with disaster Improvements assistance agencies to ensure Budget efficient use of funds • Define/prioritize potential acquisitions Flood Slope Stabilization MSD KYDOW 2005 MSD Capital Acreage of B 2 Erosion and Sediment Control Projects slopes stabilized Develop strategy and solutions for MSD (Randy Louisville Metro 2006 – Acquisition # of building B 1, 2 Flood Individual Properties with Flooding Stambaugh) EMA 2007 for depends on protected Problems Corps of strategy Grants 1. Develop strategy Engineers 2. Target and evaluate properties that do KYEM not fit into traditional projects 3. Develop potential solutions both on an individual and watershed level. Karst/Sinkholes Need a central local agency or avenue to PDS) PDS 2006 NOB Review B 6 report and receive info for karst/sinkhole Planning agency in Recommend development of karst and Commission place landslide review component in a new Metro PW “overlay district” Karst/Sinkholes Define plan review overlay districts Metro Planning Metro Parks 2005 NOB Overlay A 5, 7 • Base on census tracts at risk from Design Services Olmstead Districts karst Conservancy formed • Incorporate into MIDAS MSD NRCS KGS LOJIC IPL

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 177 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Karst/Sinkholes Recommend local codes for karst Metro Planning Metro Parks Research NOB Adopted in A 6 regulations Design Services Olmstead in 2005 Land ƒ Research what has been looked at in Conservancy Development the past MSD 2006 Code ƒ New regulations to be addressed in NRCS passage Land Development Code KGS LOJIC IPL Karst/Sinkholes Dye-Tracing in sinkholes Metro Planning Metro Parks 2007 Resources Inventory B 2, 6 Conduct dye-tracing to assess critical MSD LOJIC needed sinkholes and subsurface ground water KGS impacts Karst/Sinkholes Sinkhole inventory in Louisville Metro Metro Parks (Bill Olmstead 2006 NOB Inventory B 7 Parks Herron) Conservancy LOJIC Karst/Sinkholes Collect better karst/sinkhole soils data NRCS (Kurt USGS 2007 Resources Soils data B 6, 7 1. Research/develop soils data in census Mason) KGS needed Strategy for tracts at risk from landslide LOJIC targeted areas 2. Incorporate into MIDAS Corp of Engineers IPL Local geotechnical, architectural & building firms Karst/Sinkholes Collect better building/facility data in Metro Facilities PVA 2007 NOB Data collected A 5, 6,,7 karst census tracks LOJIC and strategy in • Develop building data info IPL place • Develop a strategy to target areas for outreach, regulations, retrofit, etc… Karst/Sinkholes Research hazard disclosure laws Board of Realtors All agencies 2007 NOB Report on law C 6

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 178 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Karst/Sinkholes Repairs to public park lands and facilities Metro Parks (Bill MSD 2005 – Metro Parks Acreage of B 2 Currently in place for Iroquois & Cherokee Herron) KYDOW 2006 funded – lands repaired Parks Olmstead currently $125K Conservancy for Iroquois LOJIC Landslide Need a central local agency or avenue to Metro PDS Metro PDS 2006 NOB Review B 2, 6, 7 report and receive info for landslide (Dennis Minks) Planning agency in Recommend development of karst and Commission place landslide review component in a new Metro PW “overlay district” Landslide Enforce Binding Elements PDS IPL 2005 NOB B

To limit clearing of vegetation on high-risk slopes Landslide Define landslide plan review overlay Metro Planning Metro Parks 2005 NOB Overlay A 4, 6 districts to limit development of high-risk Design Olmstead Districts slopes Conservancy formed MSD Base on census tracts at risk from landslide NRCS KGS LOJIC IPL Landslide Develop soils data for landslide NRCS (Kurt Metro PW 2006 Resources Data collected B 6 1. Research/develop soils data in census Mason) Metro PDS needed and strategy in tracts at risk from landslide Metro Parks place 2. Incorporate into MIDAS LOJIC 3. Target areas IPL KGS USGS Landslide Collect better building/facility data in Metro Facilities PVA 2005 Resources Data collected A 2, 7 landslide census tracks LOJIC needed and strategy in ƒ Develop building data info IPL place ƒ Develop a strategy to target areas for outreach, regulations, retrofit, etc…

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 179 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Landslide Recommend local codes for landslide PDS NRCS Research NOB Adopted in A 2, 3, 7 regulations KGS in 2005 Land ƒ Research what has been looked at in the LOJIC Development past IPL 2006 Code ƒ New regulations to be addressed in Land Planning passage Development Code Commission Landslide Consider hazard disclosure laws Board of Realtors All agencies 2007 NOB Report on law C 6

Landslide Repairs and reforestation to public lands Metro Parks (Bill MSD 3rd Qtr Metro Parks Acreage of B 2, 4, 5 and facilities Herron) KYDOW 2005 –2006 funded – lands repaired Olmstead currently $125K Currently in place for Iroquois & Cherokee Conservancy for Iroquois Parks LOJIC Wind/Storm Re-evaluate Outdoor Warning Sirens EMA LEPC 2005 EMA Capital Report and C 1, 3, 5 Driven Hazards: (Jim McKinney) Budget $145K Percentage of Tornadoes, Review number, locations, and capabilities coverage Winter Storms, of warning sirens to ensure adequate Thunderstorms, coverage. Hailstorms, and Lightning Wind/Storm Outdoor Warning Sirens --- a requirement EMA PDS 2005 NOB Adopt in Land C 1, 3, 5, 6 Driven Hazards for new subdivisions (Jim McKinney) HBAL Development EMA is currently working with the Developers Code development group to make Sirens a LOJIC requirement for all new subdivisions. MSD Wind/Storm Promote & Distribute Weather Radios ARC (George NWS 2006 Approx $10K # of radios C 1, 5 Driven Hazards ARC work a grant w/ packet to the Betz) EMA Requires radio/corporate sponsor Corporate funding sponsors Grants Wind/Storm Partner with the Home Builders NWS (Mike HBAL 2006 to HBAL Partnership B 1, 5 Driven Hazards Association to develop a program for pre- Callahan) Developers begin Consumer Built in weather radios ARC partnership • Identify the safest spot in the house • Develop an outreach pkg for new homeowner

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 180 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Wind/Storm Requiring or at least encouraging safe A 1 Driven Hazards rooms/safe places in Manufactured Housing parks Wind/Storm Promote Safe Rooms ARC (George Insurance Co. 2006 - Safe rooms cost # of safe A 1, 2, 3 Driven Hazards • Encourage new construction to include Betz) HBAL 2008 approx $5K rooms a safe room EMA Grants • ARC work with the HBAL to build safe rooms • Study other communities to see what they have done Wind/Storm Public Outreach on retrofitting and wind- NWS HBAL 2006 NOB Partnerships C 1, 5 Driven Hazards driven building techniques NWS Standardize message and program for how ARC ARC to make a home wind resistant EMA • Promote existing Blueprint for Success EMA All hazards portal Flash.org KWPC • KY Weather Preparedness Committee IPL is working to buy FLASH cards Wind/Storm Map historical tornado paths NWS (Mike LOJIC 2005 NOB Map C 5, 7 Driven Hazards Callahan) Wind/Storm Partner with insurance companies KY Dept of Insurance Co 2007 NOB Reduction in D 5 Driven Hazards Help give premium reductions to people who Insurance LEPC premiums have safe rooms or use other disaster- resistant techniques. Wind/Storm Hurricane Clips All Hazards HBAL 2006 NOB Adopted in A 1, 2, 5 Driven Hazards ƒ Require hurricane clips through the Committee NWS State Building State Building Code – currently not EMA Code required. ARC ƒ Develop a petition, signed by IPL Louisville and Lexington, for KYEM amendment to state Bldg Code KWPC ƒ Code Plus issue – market HBAL for LOJIC hurricane clips and safe houses

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 181 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Wind/Storm Assessment of public buildings Metro Facilities PVA 2007 NOB # of buildings B 2, 7 Driven Hazards ƒ Target structures that may need Mgmt LOJIC assessed protection or roof repair IPL ƒ Develop program to retrofit Structural Committee Wind/Storm Research Minimum shingle type in IPL (Robert 2007 NOB Report D 6 Driven Hazards codes/regulations Kirchdorfer) Wind/Storm Develop a grant for “severe storm Suburban Fire JCPS 2006 Grant Purchase of C 5 Driven Hazards trailers” District (Joe trailer Fire Department to take to schools Johnson) Wind/Storm Expand Weather Spotter Program NWS (Norm CERT 2005 NOB # of spotters C 1, 5 Driven Hazards Reitmeyer EMA ARC Police Metro/Suburban Fire Districts TARC JCPS Wind/Storm Develop a Tree Ordinance Metro Parks – Bill Metro Parks TBD A 6 Driven Hazards Metro Parks and other government agencies Herron Metro PW are developing a community-wide Tree LOJIC Ordinance.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 182 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Performance Priority Matches Implementer & Partners Schedule Budget Measure Goals Contact Person Considerations 1 - 7 Wind/Storm Tree trimming and power line LG & E (Keith Metro Parks Primarily LG&E Reduction in B 5, 6 Driven Hazards maintenance McBride) Metro PW funded; average supported by annual power Pro-Active plan before severe weather Parks and outages Public Works maintenance Wind/Storm Loss of Power- LG & E (Keith ARC 2005 - NOB Reduction in B 1, 5, 7 Driven Hazards • Promote LGE plans and target McBride) Public Health 2006 average community expectations IPL annual power • Increase outreach through ARC EMA outages and JCPS during power outages JCPS • Develop cross Information Metro PW management Police Metro/Suburban Fire Districts All hazards Portal Wildfire Develop standard for reporting grass, Metro Fire (Al EMA 2005 NOB Consistent C 1, 2, 3 wild fire, etc…. Tronzo) reporting Suburban Fire (Joe Johnson) Wildfire Acquire and deed restrict forested land Metro Parks (Bill MSD Ongoing NOB Acres B 1 e.g. Jefferson Memorial Forest, greenways, Herron) Louisville Metro Capital budget purchased/ and parks Future Fund Acquisition acquired LOJIC depends on Grants Wildfire Develop strategy for fire suppression Metro Fire (Al EMA 2005 NOB Strategy & B 1, 5 1. Collect national fire data Tronzo) LOJIC Implementatio 2. Map areas Suburban Fire n plan 3. Target wildfire census tracts (Joe Johnson)

Note: “NOB” indicates an internal agency effort via Normal Operating Budget resources

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 183 Emergency Management and Hazard Mitigation Potential Funding Sources Federal Funding and Technical Assistance

Grant Name Agency Purpose Hazard Mitigation Application Contact

Emergency FEMA To encourage the development of Funding provided to States, which can Office of Financial Management, FEMA, 500 C Management comprehensive emergency be used to educate people and protect Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20472 Telephone: Performance management, including for terrorism lives and structures from natural and 202.646.7057. http://www.fema.gov Grants (EMPG) consequence management, at the technological hazards. State and local level and to improve emergency management planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery capabilities. Flood Mitigation FEMA To help States and communities plan The program provides planning and Director, Program Support Division, Mitigation Assistance and carry out activities designed to grants for projects that include Directorate, FEMA, 500 C Street, S.W., Washington, Program reduce the risk of flood damage to mitigation activities that are technically DC 20472. Telephone: 202.646.4621 structures insurable under the NFIP. feasible and cost effective. http://www.fema.gov/mit/ Hazard Mitigation FEMA To prevent future losses of lives and Project grants can be funded for such Director, Program Support Division, Mitigation Grant Program property due to disasters; to activities as acquisition, relocation, Directorate, FEMA, 500 C Street, S.W., Washington, (HMGP) implement State or local hazard elevation, and improvements to DC 20472. mitigation plans; to enable mitigation facilities and properties to withstand Telephone: 202.646.4621. measures to be implemented during future disasters. http://www.fema.gov/mit/grant.htm immediate recovery from a disaster; and to provide funding for previously identified mitigation measures to benefit the disaster area. National FEMA The NEHRP’s premise is that while FEMA administers a program of grants Earthquakes earthquakes may be inevitable, and technical assistance to States to Hazards Reduction earthquake-related damages are not. increase awareness of earthquake Program Activities of the program include hazards, foster plans, and implement basic and applied research; mitigation actions to reduce seismic technology development and vulnerability. transfer; and training, education, and advocacy for seismic risk reduction measures.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 184 Grant Name Agency Purpose Hazard Mitigation Application Contact

Pre-Disaster FEMA The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 Federal Pre-Disaster Mitigation funding Mitigation Program created the Pre-Disaster Mitigation may be used for 75% of the eligible (PDM) program. For federal fiscal year costs of an approved project and, at 2002, this limited funding is being this time, the State does not provide used to help develop state and local monies toward the 25% not federally mitigation plans, as also required by funded. the Disaster Mitigation Act. The Stafford Act FEMA The Stafford Act is the Federal Provision of temporary housing authority for the President’s disaster assistance, including vouchers, minor relief program, and authorizes a repairs to homes, and the use of range of assistance programs mobile homes; Repair, reconstruction, through FEMA, including: or replacement of public facilities; Aid for individuals and families through grants for personal, uninsured emergency needs; Clearance of debris; Access to counseling and legal services; Funding for mitigation grants Housing Community Department of To develop viable urban communities Community Development activities that State and Small Cities Division, Office of Block Development Block Housing and by providing decent housing and a meet long-term needs. These Grant Assistance, CPD, HUD, 451 7th Street, S.W., Grant (CDBG) Urban suitable living environment. activities can include acquisition, Washington, DC 20410-7000. Development Principally for low-to moderate- rehabilitation, reconstruction of Telephone: 202.708.3587. (HUD) income individuals. properties and facilities damaged by a http://www.hud.gov/bdfy2000/ disaster, and redevelopment of summary/cpd/cdbg.html disaster affected areas. Economic Department of To help States and localities to Project grants can be funded in Disaster Recovery Coordinator, Economic Development and Commerce, develop and/or implement strategies response to natural disasters including Adjustment Division, EDA, DOC, Herbert C. Hoover Adjustment Economic that address adjustment problems improvements and reconstruction of Building, Washington, DC 20230. Program, Sudden Development resulting from sudden and severe public facilities. Telephone: 800.345.1222 or and Severe Administration economic dislocation. 202.482.6225. Economic (EDA) http://www.doc.gov/eda/html/ prgtitle.htm Dislocation (Title IX)

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 185 Grant Name Agency Purpose Hazard Mitigation Application Contact

Disaster Housing Federal To provide assistance to enable Program assistance may include 1) Human Services Division, Response and Recovery Program Emergency households to address disaster- Short-term Lodging; 2) Home Repair Directorate, FEMA, 500 C Street, SW, Washington, Management related housing needs. Assistance to restore the home to a DC 20472. Agency (FEMA) livable condition; 3) Rental Assistance; Telephone: 202.646.3642. 4) Mortgage and Rental Assistance; 5) http://www.fema.gov/r-n-r/ types.htm Small minimization grants to incorporate hazard mitigation in home repair. Infrastructure Sustainable Department of The Team works with communities to The Team provides technical DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Development Energy (DOE), help them define and implement assistance to disaster-affected Energy, Denver Regional Support Office, 1617 Cole Assistance Community sustainable development strategies communities as they plan for long-term Blvd, Golden, CO 80401. Services Team as part of their comprehensive recovery by introducing a wide array of Telephone: 303.275.4801 community planning efforts. environmental technologies and http://www.sustainable.doe. gov/ sustainable redevelopment planning practices. Flood Control Department of To assist in the repair and restoration The Corps provides public works and Program Manager PL 84-99 ARMY CORP OF Works/Emergency Defense, US Army of public works damaged by flood, engineering support to supplement ENGINEERS, 20 Massachusetts Ave, N.W. Rehabilitation Corps of Engineers extraordinary wind, wave, or water State and local efforts toward the Washington, DC 20314 Telephone: (ARMY CORP OF action. effective and immediate response to a 202.761.0001http://www.spd.usace.army.mil/hqpam. ENGINEERS) natural disaster. html Public Assistance Federal To provide supplemental assistance These grants allow State and local Infrastructure Support Division, Response and Program Emergency to States, local governments, and units of government to respond to Recovery Directorate, FEMA, 500 C Street, S.W., Management certain private nonprofit organizations disasters, recover from their impact Washington, DC 20472. Agency (FEMA) to alleviate suffering and hardship and mitigate impact from future Telephone: 202.646.3026. resulting from major disasters or disasters. http://www.fema.gov/r-n-r/pa emergencies declared by the President. Transportation: Department of To provide aid for repair of Federal- The funds can be used to repair Director, Office of Engineering, FHWA, DOT, 400 7th Emergency Relief Transportation, aid roads. federal-aid roads by using new Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20590. Program Federal Highway technologies that improve the quality Telephone: 202.366.4655. Administration and lifespan of the roads. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ infrastructure/progadmin/ (FHWA) erelief.html

Water Pollution Environmental To help establish and maintain Protecting the quality of ground and Office of Water, EPA, Washington, DC 20460. Control Protection Agency, adequate measures for prevention surface water today will insure the Telephone: 202.260.6742. Office of Water and control of surface water and safety of water sources for future http://www.epa.gov/owm/ finan.htm#sec106 groundwater pollution. generations.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 186 Grant Name Agency Purpose Hazard Mitigation Application Contact

Water and Waste Department of To develop, replace, or repair water Use energy-efficient pumps and Assistant Administrator, Water and Waste, RUS, Disposal Loans and Agriculture, Rural and waste disposal (including storm incorporate mitigation measures when USDA, Washington, DC 20250-3200. Grants Utilities Service drainage) systems in rural areas and restoring or replacing damaged water Telephone: 202.720.9583. (RUS) towns with a population of 10,000 or and sewer systems. http://www.usda.gov/rus/ water/programs.htm less. National Dam Federal To provide financial assistance Funds may be used to enhance an Director, National Dam Safety Program FEMA, 500 Safety Program Emergency incentives to States so they can existing dam safety program and C Street, S.W., (NDSP) Management strengthen their dam safety program. provide training, annual maintenance Washington, DC 20472. Agency (FEMA) and dam inspections. Telephone: 202.646.2704. http://www.fema.gov Historic Preservation Repair and Federal To evaluate the effects of repairs to, Preservation of historic structures is an Infrastructure Support Division, Response and Restoration of Emergency restoration of, or mitigating hazards important link to our past. By providing Recovery Directorate, Disaster-Damaged Management to disaster-damaged historic assistance in mitigating future FEMA, 500 C Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20472. Historic Properties Agency (FEMA) structures working in concert with the damages, historic structures can be Telephone: 202.646.3026. requirements of the Stafford Act. saved for future generations to enjoy. http://www.fema.gov/ nwz99/fldhisthm.htm Historic Department of the To provide matching grants to States Grants-in-Aid are provided for the Associate Director, Cultural Resources, NPS, DOI, Preservation Fund Interior, National to expand the National Register of identification, evaluation, and Washington, DC 20240. Grants-in-Aid Park Service Historic Places, the nation's listing of protection of historic properties by such Telephone: 202.343.9509. (NPS) districts, sites, buildings, structures, means as survey, planning, technical http://www.cr.nps.gov/ helpyou.htm#grants and objects significant in American assistance, acquisition, development, history, architecture, archeology, and certain tax incentives available for engineering, and culture. historic properties. Land Management Emergency Department of To provide emergency technical and In preventing substantial run-off and Deputy Chief for Natural Resource Programs, Watershed Agriculture, Natural financial assistance to install or repair erosion, the program helps prevent NRCS, USDA, PO Box 2890, Washington, DC, Protection Resource structures that reduce runoff and future property loss and preserves soil 20013. Telephone: 202.720.3527. Conservation prevent soil erosion to safeguard life resources. http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda. gov/pl566/EWP/ewp.htm Services (NRCS) and property.

Land and Water Department of the To acquire and develop outdoor Project grants may be used for a wide Chief, Recreation Grants Division, NPS, DOI, PO Conservation Fund Interior, National recreation areas and facilities for the range of outdoor recreation projects, Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127. Grants Park Service general public, to meet current and such as picnic areas, campgrounds, Telephone: 202.565.1200 (NPS) future needs. tennis courts, boat launching ramps, http://www.ncrc.nps.gov/ lwcf/ bicycle trails, and support facilities.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 187 Grant Name Agency Purpose Hazard Mitigation Application Contact

Park and Department of the To provide for the rehabilitation of The program allows jurisdictions to Chief, Recreation Grants Division, NPS, DOI, PO Recreation Interior, National recreation areas and facilities, provide recreational facilities in areas Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127. Recovery Program Park Service demonstration of innovative prone to natural disasters. Telephone: 202.565.1200 (NPS) approaches to improve park system http://www.ncrc.nps.gov/uparr/ management and recreation opportunities, and development of improved recreation planning. River Basin Department of To provide planning assistance to Priority is given to projects designed to Deputy Chief for Natural Resource Programs, Program Agriculture, Natural Federal, State, and local agencies for solve problems of upstream rural NRCS, USDA, PO Box 2890, Washington, DC, Resource the development of coordinated water community flooding; water quality 20013. Conservation and related land resource programs. improvement that comes from Telephone: 202.690.4575 Services (NRCS) agricultural nonpoint sources; wetland preservation; and drought management for agricultural and rural communities.

Watershed Department of To provide technical and financial Protecting watersheds enables future Deputy Chief for Natural Resource Programs, Protection and Agriculture, Natural assistance in planning and executing generations to enjoy those watershed NRCS, USDA, PO Box 2890, Washington, DC, Flood Prevention Resource works of improvement to protect, land resources in the future. 20013. Conservation develop, and use land and water Telephone: 202.720.4527 Services (NRCS) resources in small watersheds. http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/ pl566/pl566.html

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 188 3.5 PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

This Plan Maintenance Procedures describes the method and schedule of monitoring, evaluating, and updating the Mitigation Plan within a five-year cycle. When updated, the plan will be reviewed and revised, if appropriate, and resubmitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer for initial review and coordination or within five years of the plan or the plan’s update approval by FEMA Region IV. As appropriate, the plan also will be evaluated after a disaster, or after unexpected changes in land use or demographics in or near hazard areas. The Advisory Committee also will be kept apprised of a change in federal regulations, programs and policies, such as a change in the allocation of HMGP or PDM dollars. These evaluations will be addressed in the annual progress report for the plan and may effect the Action Plan.

3.5.1 Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan

Monitoring

EMA, in partnership with MSD, LOJIC, and members of the Plan Development Team will monitor the status and progress of the plan elements on an annual basis. The current Planning Team and Advisory Committee will continue to meet on a quarterly basis, but will change their name to the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee. EMA will be the primary point of contact for County, State, and Federal Officials and will coordinate with MSD and LOJIC on all local efforts to monitor, evaluate, and update the plan.

For local purposes, an annual progress report for the All Hazards Mitigation Plan will be developed in conjunction with the Community Rating System (CRS) program’s annual recertification. The progress report will be the vehicle used to monitor, implement, and evaluate the plan, and may lead to plan updates. These reports will be designed to allow responsible agencies and organizations the ability to list issues and successes for implementing the mitigation actions. Annually, the Hazard Mitigation subcommittees will evaluate and update their actions and develop status reports on progress, due with CRS Recertification by October 1 beginning with the first calendar year of the plan (CY 2006).

The annual progress report will be widely distributed to participating agencies, neighborhoods, and to all disaster-related agencies, including the governing body and the public via public notices and public outreach. NOTE: These annual progress reports also can be submitted to the state, if requested.

As stated in The Partnering Agreement, signed by the Planning Team and the Advisory Committee:

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 189 “To maintain the All Hazard Mitigation Plan as a working plan, we pledge to reconvene at least annually to keep our goals and recommendations viable. As we achieve the priority recommendations in the Plan, we will report on the progress to the community and continue to update the plan for the future.”

Evaluating

Louisville Metro EMA, MSD, LOJIC, and members of the Committee will evaluate the status and progress of the plan elements on a quarterly basis. Continued stakeholder evaluation of the plan and achievement of goals and objectives will be provided through meetings or a survey that will seek information about the agency or organization’s activities with respect to hazard mitigation. Public comment on the plan and achievement of goals and objectives will also be solicited annually.

Updating

As part of a more comprehensive effort to improve data quality and update data as it becomes available (i.e. infrastructure data, property valuation data, hazard data, and a wide variety of GIS-related efforts that will improve the accuracy and soundness of the plan), the Committee will meet quarterly to review, amend and update the plan. The LOJIC GIS will serve as the repository for all spatial data required for the ongoing maintenance of the Plan.

Priority will be given to the post-hazard event timeframe for mitigation. Immediately following a natural disaster, when current listed mitigation goals, objectives and actions do not fully mitigate the new event an emergency Committee meeting maybe called to ensure opportunities are advanced. In addition, the Committee’s ability to update the mitigation process by adding new data into the mitigation plan will allow for the efficient use of available resources, staff, and programs.

This Plan Maintenance process includes, but is not limited to, the proposal and passage (by majority vote) of updates by the Committee during a regular quarterly or emergency meeting. Any changes in the Hazard Mitigation Plan will be documented and appended in a section titled “Amendments”. The Action Plan will be maintained as an Appendix so it can remain a living document.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 190 3.5.2 Implementation Through Existing Programs

The Local Capabilities Assessment Matrix and the Local Code Summary in Section 3.4.1 demonstrate the local planning mechanisms available for incorporating the requirements of the hazard mitigation plan. The assessments will be updated as needed, during the annual review and standard enforcement of the existing authorities, programs, and mitigation actions.

The Action Plan projects address reducing the effects of hazards on new buildings and infrastructure as well as existing buildings and infrastructure. Activities also incorporate mitigation activities into other planning mechanisms and recommends mitigation projects that can be integrated into job descriptions, comprehensive plans, capital improvement plans, zoning and building codes, site plans, permitting, and other planning tools, where appropriate. The Mayor and the Louisville Metro Council will incorporate the action plan as applicable with other plans as they are developed via directives or through legislative process. (See Section 3.4.3 Identification And Analysis Of Mitigation Measures for a detailed list.)

3.5.3 Continued Public Involvement

To maintain continued public involvement, the Mitigation Plan, and the annual progress report will be maintained on several websites (e.g. EMA, Planning Commission, MSD, etc…). The locations to review the annual progress report will be publicized and comment will be requested from the public. Comments will be kept for review by the Committee and, if appropriate, incorporated into plan updates. The plan also will be kept in the local library’s system and at partnering agencies.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 191 APPENDIX 1 Louisville Metro Council Resolution

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 192

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 193 APPENDIX 2 Signed Partnering Agreement

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 194

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 196 APPENDIX 3 Louisville Metro Council Resolution

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 197 APPENDIX 4 Acronyms and Glossary Acronyms

ARC American Red Cross BFE Base Flood Elevation CFR Code of Federal Regulations CRS Community Rating System program CTP Cooperative Technical Partners DFIRM Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map DMA Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 EMA Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency EMS Jefferson County EMS EOC Emergency Operations Center EOP Emergency Operations Plan FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FIS Flood Insurance Study FWEEP Flood Warning and Emergency Evacuation Plan GIS Geographic Information System GLAR Greater Louisville Board of Realtors HAZUS- MH Hazards US - Multi-Hazard HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program IPL Louisville Metro Dept of Inspections, Permits and Licenses JCPS Jefferson County Public Schools KIPDA Kentuckiana Regional Planning & Development Agency KyEM Kentucky Division of Emergency Management LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee L G & E Louisville Gas and Electric LOJIC Louisville/Jefferson County Information Consortium LWC Louisville Water Company MSD Louisville & Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 198 NCDC National Climatic Data Center NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NWS National Weather Service PDM Pre-Disaster Mitigation, national grant program PVA Jefferson County Property Valuation Administrator SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer USACE U. S. Army Corp of Engineers USGS U. S. Geological Survey U of L University of Louisville

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

This resource defines terms that are used in, or support, the planning document.

100-year flood – A flood that has a 1 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any one year. This flood event is also referred to as the base flood. The term "100-year flood" can be misleading. It is not the flood that will occur once every 100 years. Rather, it is the flood elevation that has a 1 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded each year. Thus, the 100-year flood could occur more than once in a relatively short period of time. The 100-year flood, which is the standard used by most Federal and state agencies, is used by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) as the standard for floodplain management and to determine the need for flood insurance.

500-year flood – A flood that has a 0.2 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any one year.

Aggregate Data – Data gathered together across an area or region (for example, census tract or census block data).

Annualized Loss – The estimated long-term value of losses from potential future hazard occurrences of a particular type in any given single year in a specified geographic area. In other words, the average annual loss that is likely to be incurred in each year based on frequency of occurrence and loss estimates. Note that the loss in any given year can be substantially higher or lower than the estimated annualized loss.

Annualized Loss Ratio – Represents the annualized loss estimate as a fraction of the replacement value of the local building inventory. This ratio is calculated using the following formula: Annualized Loss Ratio = Annualized Losses / Exposure at Risk. The

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 199 annualized loss ratio gauges the relationship between average annualized loss and at- risk building value. This ratio can be used as a measure of relative risk between hazards as well as across different geographic units.

Asset – Any manmade or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to people, buildings, infrastructure (such as bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems), and lifelines (such as electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or landmarks).

At Risk – Exposure values that include the entire building inventory or population value in a census block or tract that lie within, or bordering the inundation areas or any area potentially exposed to a hazard based on location.

Base Flood – Flood that has a 1 percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. It is also known as the 100-year flood.

Base Flood Elevation (BFE) – Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The BFE is used as the standard for the National Flood Insurance Program.

Building – A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and permanently fixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight.

Census Block– A subdivision of a census tract (or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area), a block is the smallest geographic unit for which the U.S. Census Bureau tabulates 100-percent data. Many blocks correspond to individual city blocks bounded by streets, but blocks – especially in rural areas – may include many square miles and may have some boundaries that are not streets.

Census Tract – A small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county delineated by a local committee of census data users for the purpose of presenting data. Census tract boundaries normally follow visible features, but may follow governmental unit boundaries and other non-visible features in some instances; they always nest within counties. Designed to be relatively homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions at the time of establishment, census tracts average about 4,000 inhabitants. They may be split by any sub-county geographic entity.

Critical Facility – Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following a hazard. Critical facilities include essential facilities, transportation systems, lifeline utility systems, high-potential loss facilities, and hazardous materials sites. As defined for the Louisville Metro risk assessment, this category includes: schools, hospitals, fire stations, police stations, and hazardous materials sites.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 200 Content Value – The value of a building’s content include all the items in a building, excluding the structure itself. The values are estimated to be 50 percent of the residential structural value and 100 percent of the commercial building replacement value.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) – U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data files are digital representations of cartographic information in a raster form. DEMs include a sampled array of elevations for a number of ground positions at regularly spaced intervals. These digital cartographic/geographic data files are produced by USGS as part of the National Mapping Program.

Displacement Time – After a hazard occurs, the average time (in days) that a building’s occupants must operate from a temporary location while repairs are made to the original building due to damages resulting from the hazard.

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) – Law that requires and rewards local and state pre-disaster planning, promotes sustainability as a strategy for disaster resistance, and is intended to integrate state and local planning with the aim of strengthening statewide mitigation planning.

Drought – A period of time without substantial rainfall that persists from one year to the next. Droughts can affect large areas and can impact areas that range from a few counties to several states. Along with decreasing water supplies for human consumption and use, droughts can kill crops, livestock, grazing land, edible plants, and even, in severe cases, trees.

Duration – The length of time a hazard occurs.

Earthquake – A sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of earth’s tectonic plates.

Economic Loss Ratio – The estimated value of the loss divided by the total inventory value. This represents the percent of the total occupancy class inventory value that likely would be incurred to repair or restore the facility to its original, pre-hazard state. A loss ratio of less than 1 percent is considered to be a very low risk; 1 to 5 percent to be low; 5 to 20 percent to be medium; 20 to 40 percent to be high; and greater than 40 percent to be very high.

Erosion – Wearing away of the land surface by detachment and movement of soil and rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes.

Erosion Hazard Area – Area anticipated to be lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of time. The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average annual long-term recession rate by the number of years desired.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 201 Essential Facility – A facility that is important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state following the occurrence of a hazard. These facilities can include government facilities, major employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments (such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations).

Exposure – The number and dollar value of assets that are considered to be at risk during the occurrence of a specific hazard.

Extent – The size of an area affected by a hazard or the occurrence of a hazard.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – Independent agency (now part of the Department of Homeland Security) created in 1978 to provide a single point of accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and emergency preparedness, response, and recovery.

Flash Flood – A flood occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate.

Flood – A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas resulting from (1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land.

Flood Depth – Height of the flood water surface above the ground surface.

Flood Elevation – Height of the water surface above an established datum (for example, the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, North American Vertical Datum of 1988, or Mean Sea Level).

Flood Hazard Area – Area shown on a map to be inundated by a flood of a given magnitude.

Flood Information Tool (FIT) – HAZUS-MH tool designed to process and convert locally available flood information to data that can be used by the HAZUS-MH Flood Module. The FIT is a system of instructions, tutorials, and GIS analysis scripts. When provided with user-supplied inputs (for example, ground elevations, flood elevations, and floodplain boundary information), the FIT calculates flood depth and elevation for riverine and coastal flood hazards.

Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) – Map of a community, prepared by FEMA, which shows both the special flood hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the community.

Flood Insurance Study (FIS) – A study that provides an examination, evaluation, and determination of flood hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water surface elevations in a community or communities.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 202 Floodplain – Any land area, including a watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source.

Flood Polygon – A Geographic Information System (GIS) vector file outlining the area exposed to the flood hazard. HAZUS-MH generates this polygon at the end of the flood computations in order to analyze the inventory at risk.

Frequency – A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and/or extent typically occurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard with a 100-year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average, and would have a 1 percent chance – its probability – of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – A computer software application that relates data regarding physical and other features on the earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis.

GIS Shape Files – A type of GIS vector file developed by ESRI for its ArcView software. This type of file is comprised of a table and a graphic. The records in the table are linked to corresponding objects in the graphic.

Hazard – A source of potential danger or an adverse condition that can cause harm to people or cause property damage. For this risk assessment, priority hazards were identified and selected for the pilot project effort. A natural hazard is a hazard that occurs naturally (such as flood, wind, and earthquake). A man-made hazard is one that is caused by humans (for example, a terrorist act or a hazardous material spill). Hazards are of concern if they have the potential to harm people or property.

Hazard Identification – The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area.

Hazards of Interest – Hazards considered most likely to impact a community based on frequency, severity, or other factors such as public perception. These are identified using available data and local knowledge.

Hazardous Materials Sites – Facilities housing industrial and hazardous materials, such as corrosives, explosives, flammable materials, radioactive materials, and toxins.

Hazard Mitigation – Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk and effects that can result from the occurrence of a specific hazard. For example, building a retaining wall can mitigate potential hazards.

Hazard Mitigation Plan – A collaborative document in which hazards affecting the community are identified, vulnerability to hazards are assessed, and consensus is reached on how to minimize or eliminate the effects of these hazards.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 203 Hazard Profile – A description of the physical characteristics of a hazard, including a determination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps.

Hazard Risk Gauge – The graphic icon used during the initial planning process to convey the relative risk of a given hazard in the study area. The scale ranges from green, indicating relatively low or no risk, to red, indicating severe risk.

HAZUS (Hazards U.S.) – A GIS-based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool developed by FEMA. HAZUS was replaced by HAZUS-MH (see below) in 2004.

HAZUS-MH (Hazards U.S. - Multi-Hazard) – A GIS-based nationally standardized earthquake, flood, and wind loss estimation tool developed by FEMA. The purpose of the Louisville Metro pilot project was to demonstrate and implement the use of HAZUS- MH to support risk assessments.

HAZUS-MH Provided Data – The databases included in the HAZUS-MH software that allow users to run a preliminary analysis without collecting or using local data.

HAZUS-MH Risk Assessment Methodology – This analysis uses the HAZUS-MH models (earthquake, wind (hurricane) and flood) to analyze potential damages and losses.

High Potential Loss Facilities – Facilities that would have a high loss associated with them, such as nuclear power plants, dams, and military installations.

Infrastructure – The public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer treatment facilities, transportation system (such as airports, heliports, highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, dry docks, piers and regional dams).

Intensity – A measure of the effects of a hazard occurring at a particular place.

Interface – A fire hazard term used to describe areas where homes and other structures have been built on or adjacent to forest and range lands. It is an intermingling of man-made structures with natural cover at various degrees of growth and complexity.

Inventory – The assets identified in a study region. The inventory assessment addresses what can be lost when a disaster occurs, that is, what community resources are at risk. Assets include people, buildings, transportation, and other valued community resources.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 204 Level 1 Analysis – A HAZUS-MH analysis that yields a rough estimate or preliminary analysis based on the HAZUS-MH provided nationwide databases. A Level 1 analysis is a useful way to begin the risk assessment process and prioritize high-risk communities without collecting or using local data.

Level 2 Analysis – A HAZUS-MH analysis that requires the input of additional or refined inventory data and hazard maps that will produce more accurate risk and loss estimates. Assistance from local emergency management personnel, city planners, GIS professionals, and others may be necessary for this level of analysis.

Level 3 Analysis – A HAZUS-MH analysis that yields the most accurate estimate of loss and typically requires the involvement of technical experts such as structural and geotechnical engineers who can modify loss parameters based on the specific conditions of a community. This level analysis will allow users to supply their own techniques to study special conditions such as dam breaks and tsunamis. Engineering and other expertise is needed at this level.

Lifelines – Critical facilities that include utility systems (potable water, wastewater, oil, natural gas, electric power facilities, and communication systems) and transportation systems (airways, bridges, roads, tunnels, and waterways.

Loss Estimation – The process of assigning hazard-related damage and loss estimates to inventory, infrastructure, lifelines, and population data. HAZUS-MH can estimate the economic and social loss for specific hazard occurrences. Loss estimation is essential to decision making at all levels of government and provides a basis for developing mitigation plans and policies. It also supports planning for emergency preparedness, response, and recovery.

Lowest Floor – Under the NFIP, the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including basement) of a structure. For the HAZUS-MH flood model, this information can be used to assist in assessing the damage to buildings.

Magnitude – A measure of the strength of a hazard occurrence. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard occurrence is usually determined using technical measures specific to the hazard. For example, ranges of wind speeds are used to categorize tornados.

Magnitude (M) – A measure of earthquake size; the amount of energy released by an earthquake. Energy release increases 30 times for each integer on the scale. Moment Magnitude is a direct measure of energy and is a more accurate measure of the true strength or intensity of an earthquake.

Major Disaster Declarations – Post-disaster status requested by a state’s governor when local and state resources are not sufficient to meet disaster needs. It is based on the damage assessment, and an agreement to commit state funds and resources to the

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 205 long-term recovery. The event must be clearly more than the state or local government can handle alone.

Mean Return Period (MRP) – The average period of time, in years, between occurrences of a particular hazard (equal to the inverse of the annual frequency of exceedance).

Mitigation Plan – A plan that documents the process used for a systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of natural hazards typically present in a state or community. The plan includes a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to hazards. This plan should be developed with local experts and significant community involvement.

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) – Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes flood insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain management regulations in 44 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) §60.3.

National Weather Service (NWS) – Organization that prepares and issues flood, severe weather, and coastal storm warnings and can provide technical assistance to Federal and state entities in preparing weather and flood warning plans.

Occupancy Classes – Categories of buildings used by HAZUS-MH (for example, commercial, residential, industrial, government, and “other”).

Parametric Model – A model relating to or including the evaluation of parameters. HAZUS-MH uses parametric models that address different parameters for hazards such as earthquake, flood, and wind (hurricane). For example, parameters considered for the earthquake hazard include soil type, peak ground acceleration, building construction type, and others.

Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) – PGA is the movement experienced by a particle on the ground during a seismic event.

Pilot Project – In this case, a project sponsored by FEMA to support the implementation of studies conducted in coordination with communities. The project focuses on demonstrating the value and benefits of using HAZUS-MH for the risk assessment portion of all-hazard mitigation plans required by the DMA 2000. The projects demonstrate the value of using HAZUS-MH to evaluate and analyze natural hazards that a number of state and local communities might address in their planning process. The pilot projects demonstrate that HAZUS-MH can provide defensible cost and loss estimates using the engineering and scientific risk calculations included in the software.

Planimetric – Maps that indicate only man-made features like buildings.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 206 Planning – The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit.

Presidential Disaster Declaration – A post-disaster status that puts into motion long- term federal recovery programs, some of which are matched by state programs, and designed to help disaster victims, businesses, and public entities in the areas of human services, public assistance (infrastructure support), and hazard mitigation. If declared, funding comes from the President’s Disaster Relief Fund and disaster aid programs of other participating federal agencies.

Probability – A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur.

Q3 Flood Zone Data – FEMA flood data that delineate the 100- and 500-year flood zone boundaries. The Q3 Flood Data are digital representations of certain features of FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) product, intended for use with desktop mapping and GIS technology.

Recurrence Interval – The average time between the occurrence of hazards of similar size in a given location. This interval is based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year.

Repetitive Loss Property – A property that is currently insured for which two or more NFIP losses (occurring more than ten days apart) of at least $1,000 each have been paid within any 10-year period since 1978.

Replacement Value – The cost of rebuilding or repairing a structure. This cost is usually expressed in terms of cost per square foot and reflects the present-day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type, and quality.

Risk – The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard occurring and resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate, or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to occurrence of a specific type of hazard. Risk also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity of the hazard.

Risk Assessment – A methodology used to assess potential exposure and estimated losses associated with priority hazards. The risk assessment process includes four steps: (1) identifying hazards, (2) profiling hazards, (3) conducting an inventory of assets, and (4) estimating losses. This pilot project report documents this process for selected hazards addressed as part of the pilot project.

Risk Factors – Characteristics of a hazard that contribute to the severity of potential losses in the study area.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 207 Riverine – Of or produced by a river (for example, a riverine flood is one that is caused by a river overflowing its banks).

Scale – A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the two points on the earth’s surface.

Scour – Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of floodwaters. This term is frequently used to describe storm-induced, localized, conical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases turbulence.

Stafford Act – The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law (PL) 100-107 was signed into law on November 23, 1988. This law amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93-288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pertain to FEMA and its programs.

State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO)– The representative of state government who is the primary point of contact with FEMA, other state, and Federal agencies, and local units of government in the planning and implementation of pre- and post-disaster mitigation activities.

Structure – Something constructed (for example, a residential or commercial building).

Study Area – The geographic unit for which data are collected and analyzed. A study area can be any combination of states, counties, cities, census tracts, or census blocks. The study area definition depends on the purpose of the loss study and in many cases will follow political boundaries or jurisdictions such as city limits.

Substantial Damage – Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a SFHA, for which the cost of restoring the structure to its pre-hazard event condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of its pre-hazard event market value.

Topographic – Map that shows natural features and indicates the physical shape of the land using contour lines based on land elevation. These maps also can include manmade features (such as buildings and roads).

Transportation Systems – One of the lifeline system categories. This category includes airways (airports, heliports), highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses transfer centers, railways (tracks, tunnels, bridges, rail yards, depots), and waterways (canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, dry docks, piers).

Utility Systems – One of the lifeline system categories. This category includes potable water, wastewater, oil, natural gas, electric power facilities, and communication systems.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 208 Vulnerability – Description of how exposed or susceptible an asset is to damage. This term depends on an asset’s construction, contents, and the economic value of its functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power. If an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones.

Vulnerability Assessment – Evaluation of the extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard occurrences on the existing and future built environment.

Watershed – Area of land that drains down gradient (from areas of higher land to areas of lower land) to the lowest point; a common drainage basin. The water moves through a network of drainage pathways, both underground and on the surface. Generally, these pathways converge into streams and rivers, which become progressively larger as the water moves downstream, eventually reaching an estuary, lake, or ocean.

Windstorm – A storm characterized by high wind velocities.

Zone – A geographical area shown on a National FIRM that reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 209 APPENDIX 5 Plan Development Member Invitations

Louisville Metro EMA is the applicant agent, serves as the coordinator for the development of the All Hazards Plan, and will facilitate all meetings. Mayor Jerry Abramson sent letters to the following requesting they serve on the Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Planning Team or Advisory Committee, during April 2004.

PROJECT STAFF: Jim McKinney, Curt Bynum, Pamela Moore, Chris Dickinson, and Bob Smith.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS:

Agencies/organizations Contact Name 1. American Red Cross George Betz 2. Army Corps of Engineers USACE Richard Pruitt 3. CERT/ Medical Reserve Corp Marcy Heilman 4. Greater Louisville Association of Realtors (GLAR) Linda Stephenson 5. Greater Louisville Inc Steve Higdon 6. Home Builders Assoc of Louisville (HBAL) Chuck Kavanaugh 7. Independent Insurance Agents of Jefferson County Paul Zimmerman 8. Jefferson County EMS Col. Mike Riordan 9. Louisville & Jefferson County MSD Vince Bowlin/Randy Stambaugh 10. Louisville & Jefferson County PVA Denise Harper Angel 11. Louisville Metro Council Member Councilwoman Mary Woolridge 12. Louisville Metro Inspections, Permit, License Bill Schreck 13. Louisville Metro Parks Michael J. Heitz 14. Louisville Metro Revenue Commission Mike Tronzo 15. Mayor’s representative e-mail to Mayor’s office 16. Louisville Metro Development Authority David Morris

Citizens /Businesses /Neighborhoods Contact Name 17. Developer, CDM & Associates Development Group, Pam Dowland 18. Developer, Moert Developers, Gordon Moert 19. Environmental business, Heritage Engineers, Brian Bingham 20. Environmental business, PTRL, Rich McLean 21. Kentuckiana Business Contingency Planners Linda Hayden 22. Louisville Metro Neighborhoods Melissa Mershon, Director 23. Mayor of City of Lyndon, Susan Barto 24. MetroCall Marilyn Gavin 25. Young Professional Association Representative/s Kris Carlton

See Appendix 6 for a complete list of the Planning Team and Advisory Committee.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 210 APPENDIX 6 Planning Team and Advisory Committee Members

Plan Development Team Includes: Project Staff, Planning Team, and Advisory Committee

PROJECT STAFF

Curt Bynum Jim McKinney, Project Coordinator LOJIC Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency 700 West Liberty Street City Hall, 601 West Jefferson Street, Suite 113 Louisville, KY 40203-1913 Louisville, KY 40202 (502) 540-6121 (502) 574-3266 (502) 478-6180 pager (502) 574-2693 fax [email protected] [email protected]

Chris Dickinson, PE Pamela Moore, Mitigation Specialist Gresham Smith and Partners Moore Enterprises 239 South 5th Street, Suite 1200 1840 Gresham Road Louisville, KY 40202 Louisville, KY 40205 (502) 627-8911 (502) 479-8118 (502) 558-6333 cell (502) 479-8323 fax [email protected] [email protected]

Paul Freibert Bob Smith, PE Office of Emergency & Public Health Preparedness Robert Smith Engineering Services, Inc Louisville Metro Health Dept 816 Washburn Avenue, #13 810 Barret Avenue, Room 657 Louisville, KY 40222 (502) 574-4430 (502) 558-6819 [email protected] [email protected]

Justin Gray, PE Randy Stambaugh, PE Fuller, Mossbarger, Scott and May Engineers Louisville/Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District 1901 Nelson Miller Pkwy 700 West Liberty Street Louisville, KY 40223 Louisville, KY 40202 (502) 212-5020 (502) 540-6386 [email protected] (502) 552-5231 cell [email protected] 9 Josh Human University of Louisville Center for Hazards Research And Policy Development (502) 852-8922 [email protected]

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 211 PLANNING TEAM MEMBERS

Louisville Metro EMA serves as the coordinator for the development of the Hazards Mitigation Plan. Project Staff includes: Jim McKinney, Curt Bynum, Pamela Moore, Bob Smith, Chris Dickinson, Randy Stambaugh, Josh Human, Paul Freibert, and Justin Gray.

The Planning Team is comprised of approximately 20 key emergency- related organizations, agencies, and government offices.

AGENCY CONTACT NAME CONTACT INFO American Red Cross Keith Alvey 502 561-3641, 502 744-7903 cell (ARC) American Red Cross [email protected] 510 East Chestnut Street Louisville, KY 40201-1675 Division of KY John Bastin, Area 6 Mgr 502 636-0439, 502 445-3104 cell Emergency Diane Parrett [email protected] Management Area 6 Area 6 Division of KY EM [email protected] (KYEM) Fairgrounds National Guard Armory 2729 Crittenden Drive Louisville, KY 40209-1199 Jefferson County Charles Fleischer, Jr. 502 485-3298 Public Schools (JCPS) Jefferson County Public Schools [email protected] 3001 Crittenden Drive Louisville, KY 40209 Kentuckiana Regional Robert Moore 502 266-6084, [email protected] Planning & Adam Forseth [email protected] Development Agency Jarrett Haley [email protected] KIPDA, Area Development District 11520 Commonwealth Dr. Louisville, KY 40299 L G & E Energy Joe Douthitt, Mgr, Administrative Services 502 627-2454, Services David Guy [email protected] Keith McBride 502 627-4104, LG&E Energy LLC [email protected] 820 West Broadway [email protected] Louisville, KY 40202 Louisville & Jefferson Herbert Schardein, Executive Director 502 540-6346, [email protected] County Metropolitan Derek Guthrie 502 540-6370 Sewer District (MSD) Louisville & Jefferson County MSD [email protected] 700 West Liberty Street Louisville, KY 40203-1913 Louisville Fire & Lt Colonel Albert Tronzo 502 574-2932 Rescue Louisville Fire & Rescue [email protected] 1135 West Jefferson Street Louisville, KY 40203 Louisville Metro Doug Hamilton, Director 502 574-3900, Emergency Mike Brown [email protected] Management Agency Louisville Metro EMA 502 574-3900, (EMA) City Hall, 601 W. Jefferson Street, Suite 113 [email protected] Louisville, KY 40202

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 212 AGENCY CONTACT NAME CONTACT INFO Louisville Metro Health Dr. Adewale Troutman, Director 502 574-6530, 502 744-1266 Department Bill Wetter [email protected] Louisville Metro Health Department 502 574-6648, 400 East Gray Street [email protected], Louisville, KY 40202 Louisville Metro Police Louisville Metro Police Dept 502 574-2121 Dept Support Operations [email protected] William Weedman [email protected] Les Wilson [email protected] Denise Spratt 768 Barret Avenue Louisville, KY 40204 Louisville Metro Public Richard A. Storm (Rick) 502 574-3376, 502 773-1984 Works Louisville Metro Public Works [email protected] 601 West Jefferson Street Louisville, Kentucky 40202 Louisville Water Co Glen Mudd 502 569-0859, 502 533-5058 cell, (LWC) Don McKay [email protected] Louisville Water Co [email protected] 550 South 3rd Street Louisville, KY 40202 National Weather Michael Callahan (Mike) 502 969-8842, ext 493, 502 968-5195 Service (NWS) National Weather Service [email protected] 6201 Theiler Lane Louisville, KY 40229 Natural Resources Kurt Mason 502 499-1900, 502 643-4692 Conservation Service Natural Resources Conservation Service [email protected] (NRCS) 4233 Bardstown Road, Suite 100-A Louisville, Ky 40218 Suburban Fire Districts Chief Paul C. Barth 502 491-4745, 502 376-5501 cell, Joseph L. Johnson III, Deputy Fire Chief [email protected] Laura Risen 502 491-4745, 502 376-5502 cell, McMahan Fire District [email protected] C/O McMahan Fire Protection District [email protected] 4318 Taylorsville Rd Louisville, KY 40220 University of Louisville Dr. David Simpson (Dave) 502 852-8019, University of Louisville [email protected] Center for Hazards Research 426 W Bloom St Louisville, KY 40292 US Army Corp of Steve Rager, Chief 502 315-6921, 502 558-2353 Engineers (USACE) Marcella Denton [email protected] Emergency Mgmt & Security Branch [email protected] USACE P O Box 59 Louisville, KY 40201-0059 US Geological Survey Michael Griffin, Assistant District Chief 502 493-1913, 502 548-5448 cell (USGS) Mark Ayers [email protected] U.S. Geological Survey [email protected] 9818 Bluegrass Parkway Louisville, KY 40299-1906

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 213 ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Louisville Metro EMA serves as the coordinator for the development of the All Hazards Mitigation Plan. Project Staff includes: Jim McKinney, Curt Bynum, Pamela Moore, Bob Smith, Chris Dickinson, Randy Stambaugh, Josh Human, Paul Freibert, and Justin Gray.

The Advisory Committee is comprised of hazard-related stakeholder organizations, citizens, and businesses.

REPRESENTING CONTACT NAMES CONTACT INFO American Red Cross George Betz, 502 561-3622 (ARC) Community Disaster Educator 502 336-8921 pager American Red Cross 502 561-3747 fax 510 East Chestnut Street [email protected] Louisville, KY 40201-1675 Citizen Susan Barto 502 423-0932, 502 905-3518 cell 515 Wood Road 502 339-9722 fax Louisville, KY 40222 [email protected] Citizen Robert L. Holt, PE (Bob) 502 584-0158 425 Lyman Avenue [email protected] Louisville, KY 40214 Environmental Business Brian Bingham, PE 502 753-2337 Heritage Engineering 649-3850 cell 5111 Commerce Crossing Drive, Suite 108 502 753-2338 fax Louisville, KY 40229 [email protected] Environmental Business Pam Dowland 502 244-0042 CDM Associates LLC 502 551-0569 cell 14407 Willow Grove Circle 502 245-6555 fax Louisville, KY 40245 Environmental Business Gordon L Moert, President 502 244-1212 work Durst & Moert Developers, Inc. 502 262-6200 cell 129 Evergreen Road 502 244-1415 fax Louisville, KY 40243 [email protected] Greater Louisville Board Kathy McGann 502 425-4760 of REALTORS (GLAR) Greater Louisville Board of REALTORS [email protected] 3703 Taylorsville Road, #109 Louisville, KY 40220 Greater Louisville Inc Rick Holstein, PE, TetraTech, Inc. 502 569-9010, 502 295-5068 cell, [email protected] Dave Servis, PE, TetraTech, Inc. 502 569-9022, 502 727-3333 cell, Suite 245 Browenton Place [email protected] 2000 Warrington Way Louisville, KY 40222 Jefferson County EMS Mike Riordan [email protected] Jefferson County EMS

Jefferson County Jay Mickle 502 574-6380, ext 1302, Property Valuation Elise Just [email protected] Administrator (PVA) Mapping/Ownership Department 502 574-6243, [email protected] Office of the Jefferson County PVA 531 Court Place Suite 504 Louisville, KY 40202 Louisville & Jefferson Vince Bowlin, PE 502 540-6245, 502 540-6106 fax County Metropolitan Louisville & Jefferson County MSD [email protected] Sewer District (MSD) 700 West Liberty Street Louisville, KY 40203-1913

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 214 REPRESENTING CONTACT NAMES CONTACT INFO Louisville Metro Council District 3 Council Member Mary C. Woolridge 502 574-1103, [email protected] Sharron Brown 502 574-1103, 601 West Jefferson Street, 3rd Floor [email protected] Louisville, KY 40202 Louisville Metro Dennis Minks 502 574-2513, 502 574-1389 fax Development Authority Louisville Metro Development Authority [email protected] 600 West Main Street, 4th Floor Louisville, KY 40202 Louisville Metro Marcy Heilman 502 574-3948 Emergency Management CERT/ Medical Reserve Corp [email protected] Agency (EMA) Louisville Metro EMA City Hall, 601 W. Jefferson Street, Ste 108 Louisville, KY 40202 Louisville Metro Parks Mike Heitz 502 456-8130, 744-0560 cell, [email protected] Bill Herron 502 456-8127, 744-0896, Louisville Metro Parks [email protected] 1297 Trevillian Way Louisville, KY 40213 Metro Louisville Dept of Bill Schreck 502 574-3321, Inspections, Permit, Robert Kirchdorfer [email protected] License (IPL) Metro Louisville Dept of IPL 502 574-2886, 502 773-2130 cell 617 West Jefferson Street [email protected] Louisville, KY 40202 MetroCall Marilyn Givan, Executive Administrator 502 574-4348, Cathy Jones [email protected] MetroCall 502 574-2337, 400 South 1st Street [email protected] Louisville, KY 40202 U. S. Census Bureau Glen Everhart, Safety Officer 812 218-3082, 812 218-3333, [email protected] Michael Blair 812 218-3333, U. S. Census Bureau [email protected] 1201 East 10th Street Jeffersonville, IN 47132 US Army Corps of Richard Pruitt, Chief 502 315-6921, 502 558-2353 Engineers USACE [email protected] Andy Lowe [email protected] U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineering Division, Hydrology & Hydraulic Design Section P O Box 59 Louisville, KY 40201-0059

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 215 Meeting Topics

Planning Team Meetings

YEAR DATE PURPOSE OF MEETING LOCATION

2004 April 14 Informal Kick-Off with Planning Team MSD Board Room May 24 Planning Process/HAZUS-MH Kick-Off (Public Meeting) U of L Shelby Campus June 16 Data Collection City Hall September 22 Identify Hazards, update on Risk Assessments MSD Board Room December 1 Identify Hazards, data collection, & Risk Assessments MSD Board Room

2005 January 25 Risk Assessment U of L Shelby Campus February 8 Finalize Risk Assessment/ Begin Mitigation Strategy USGS February 15 Presentations from all hazard representatives USGS March 2 Develop Mitigation Strategy USGS March 30 Develop Mitigation Strategy Action Plan U of L Shelby Campus April 12 Finalize Mitigation Strategy/Plan Maintenance Procedures MSD Board Room May 26 Public Meeting for final draft plan Air Pollution Control Board

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 216 ATTENDANCE FOR ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN MEETINGS

Planning Team Attendance

Planning Team Representative April May June Sept January December February February March March April 14 24 16 22 25 1 8 15 2 30 12 American Red Cross √ √ √ √ √ √ Division of KY Emergency Management Area 6 √ √ √ √ √ Jefferson County Public Schools √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ KIPDA, Area Development District √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Gas & Electric Energy Services √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville & Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Fire & Rescue √ Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Metro Health Department √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Metro Planning Commission √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Metro Police Dept √ √ Louisville Metro Public Works √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Water Co √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ National Weather Service √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Natural Resources Conservation Service √ √ Suburban Fire Districts √ √ √ √ University of Louisville, Center for Hazards Research √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ US Army Corps of Engineers √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ US Geological Survey √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 217 Meeting Topics

Advisory Committee Meetings

YEAR DATE PURPOSE OF MEETING LOCATION

2004 May 10 Informal Kick-Off Advisory Committee MSD Board Room May 24 HAZUS-MH Kick-Off (Public Meeting) U of L Shelby Campus September 22 Identify Hazards, update on Risk Assessments MSD Board Room

2005 January 25 Risk Assessment U of L Shelby Campus February 8 Finalize Risk Assessment/ Begin Mitigation Strategy USGS February 15 Presentations from all hazard representatives USGS March 2 Develop Mitigation Strategy USGS March 30 Develop Mitigation Strategy Action Plan U of L Shelby Campus April 12 Finalize Mitigation Strategy & Plan Maintenance Procedures MSD Board Room May 26 Public Meeting for final draft plan Air Pollution Control Board

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 218 ATTENDANCE FOR ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN MEETINGS

Advisory Committee Attendance

Advisory Committee Members May 10 May 24 Sept 22 January 25 February 8 February 15 March 2 March 30 April 12 American Red Cross √ √ √ √ Citizen (Susan Barto) √ √ √ √ √ √ Citizen (Bob Holt) √ √ √ √ Environmental Business (Heritage Engineering) √ √ Environmental Business (PTRL Environmental Services) Environmental Business (Durst & Moert Developers √ √ Environmental Business (CDM Associates LLC) √ √ Greater Louisville Board of REALTORS √ Greater Louisville Inc √ √ √ √ √ √ Jefferson County Property Valuation Administrator √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville & Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Metro Council √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Metro Development Authority √ √ √ Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency √ √ √ √ √ √ Louisville Metro Parks √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Metro Louisville Dept of Inspections, Permit, License √ √ √ √ √ √ √ MetroCall √ √ √ √ √ √ US Army Corps of Engineers √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ US Census Bureau √ √

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 219 APPENDIX 7 Planning Team and Advisory Committee Agendas

MEETING TOPICS

YEAR DATE PURPOSE OF MEETING LOCATION

2004 April 14 Informal Kick-Off with Planning Team MSD Board Room May 24 Planning Process/HAZUS-MH Kick-Off (Public Meeting) U of L Shelby Campus June 16 Data Collection City Hall September 22 Identify Hazards, update on Risk Assessments MSD Board Room December 1 Identify Hazards, data collection, & Risk Assessments MSD Board Room

For GIS Staff June 9 Basic HAZUS Multi-Hazards Course, Part 1 U of L June 10 Basic HAZUS Multi-Hazards Course, Part 2 U of L

2005 January 25 Risk Assessment U of L Shelby Campus February 8 Finalize Risk Assessment/ Begin Mitigation Strategy USGS February 15 Presentations from all hazard representatives USGS March 2 Develop Mitigation Strategy USGS March 30 Develop Mitigation Strategy Action Plan U of L Shelby Campus April 12 Finalize Mitigation Strategy/Plan Maintenance Procedures MSD Board Room May 26 Public Meeting for final draft plan Air Pollution Control Board

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 220 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team Kick-Off Meeting Agenda

Wednesday, April 14, 2004

2:00 – 4:00 pm

Please sign-in.

Welcome Brad Learn, Committee Chair, Louisville Metro EMA

Introduce Project Staff Jim McKinney, Louisville Metro EMA ¾ Curt Bynum, Pamela Moore, Bob Smith, & Chris Dickinson

Agency / Organization Introductions

Overview of Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 and Local All Hazards Planning Pam Moore Q & A

BREAK

Local Planning Process Pam Moore

HAZUS-Multi-Hazard (MH) Pilot Community Jim McKinney ¾ HAZUS Video

LOJIC Summary Curt Bynum

Getting Started Chris Dickinson and Bob Smith ¾ Timeline ¾ Mission Statement ¾ Partnering Agreement

Closing Comments Brad Learn

HAZUS-MH Kick-Off Meeting Monday, May 24, 2004 9 am – 2:00 pm, U of L Shelby Campus

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 221 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Advisory Committee

Kick-Off Meeting Agenda

Monday, May 10, 2004

2:00 – 4:00 pm

Please sign-in.

Welcome Brad Learn, Committee Chair, Louisville Metro EMA

Introduce Project Staff Jim McKinney, Louisville Metro EMA ¾ Curt Bynum, Chris Dickinson, Pamela Moore, Bob Smith & Randy Stambaugh

Agency / Organization Introductions

Overview of Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 and Local All Hazards Planning Pam Moore

BREAK

Local Planning Process Pam Moore

HAZUS-Multi-Hazard (MH) Pilot Community Jim McKinney

LOJIC Summary Curt Bynum

Map Modernization Randy Stambaugh

Getting Started Chris Dickinson and Bob Smith ¾ Timeline: Proposed days for meeting ¾ Mission Statement ¾ Partnering Agreement

Closing Comments Jim McKinney

HAZUS-MH Kick-Off Meeting Monday, May 24, 2004 9 am – 3:00 pm, U of L, Shelby Campus

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 222 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN University of Louisville, Shelby Campus May 24, 2004

AGENDA

8:30 – 9:00 AM Registration Photo Op/Press for Mayor, Region IV, State, and Local staffs

9:00 Welcome Doug Hamilton, Executive Director Louisville Metro EMA

Opening Comments Jerry E. Abramson Louisville Metro Mayor

National and Regional Mitigation Perspective A. Todd Davison, Director Flood Insurance and Mitigation Division FEMA Region IV

National and Regional Mitigation Planning Perspective Sam Winningham, Pre-Disaster Mitigation Programs FEMA Region IV

State Mitigation Perspective Mike Lynch, KY State Hazard Mitigation Officer Kentucky Disaster Emergency Management

Mitigation Programs, MSD Derek Guthrie, Director of Engineering/Operations and Chief Engineer Louisville & Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District

Local Plan Process and Introductions Jim McKinney, Mitigation/Resource Coordinator Louisville Metro EMA

Partnering Agreement Signing Ceremony Break HAZUS-MH Pilot Project Introduction Joe Rachel, FEMA Region IV & Carla Buriks, Tetra Tech

LOJIC – Risk Assessments Curt Bynum, GIS Coordinator, LOJIC

Next Steps & Closing Comments Jim McKinney

12:00 Meeting Adjourns

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 223 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN

University of Louisville, Shelby Campus

May 24, 2004 12:30 – 3:00 pm

HAZUS-MH OVERVIEW

AGENDA

At 12:30, please pick up a box lunch for a working lunch.

Welcome and Opening Comments Jim McKinney Louisville Metro EMA

Pilot Project Purpose and Scope Joe Rachel, FEMA IV & Carla Buriks, Tetra Tech

HAZUS-MH Overview Jawhar Bouabid PBS&J

BREAK

Louisville Metro Pilot Project Efforts Jawhar Bouabid

Next Steps - HAZUS-MH and Louisville Curt Bynum LOJIC

Closing Comments Jim McKinney

Adjourn

For those interested, time to work HAZUS-MH Software with FEMA Contractors

Next meeting will be in early June.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 224 BASIC HAZUS MULTI-HAZARDS COURSE AGENDA

U OF L

Wednesday, June 9, 2004

8:30 - 9:00 Welcome and Introductions/HAZUS MH Overview 9:00 - 9:30 Create Earthquake Study Region 9:30 - 10:00 Earthquake Model

10:00 - 10:15 Break

10:15 - 10:30 Earthquake Exercise 1 10:30 - 11:00 Earthquake Analysis Parameters 11:00 - 11:30 Earthquake Exercise 2

11:30 – 12:30 Lunch

12:30 - 1:00 Earthquake Lesson 3 1:00 - 1:30 Earthquake Exercise 3

1:30 – 1:45 Break

1:45 – 2:45 InCAST Overview 2:45 – 3:45 Earthquake Exam

Thursday, June 10, 2004

8:30 - 9:00 Overview of Flood Model 9:00 - 9:30 Create Flood Study Region 9:30 - 10:00 Flood Lesson 1

10:00 - 10:15 Break

10:15 - 10:30 Flood Exercise 1 10:30 - 11:00 Flood Lesson 2 11:00 - 11:30 Flood Exercise 2

11:30 – 12:30 Lunch

12:30 - 1:00 Flood Lesson 3 1:00 - 1:30 Flood Exercise 3

1:30 – 1:45 Break

1:45 – 2:45 Using the Flood Wizard and FIT 2:45 – 3:45 Flood Exam

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 225 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team

Mayor’s Old Conference Room, City Hall

June 16, 2004 1:00 – 4:00 pm

AGENDA

1:00 pm Sign-In Please

Welcome and Introductions Jim McKinney, Louisville Metro EMA

Plan Development FEMA Video on Planning Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Collecting Data Bob Smith, Project Staff

Collecting Inventory Bob Smith, Project Staff

How to send data to LOJIC. Any other data needs? Curt Bynum, LOJIC, Project Staff and Rusti Liner, FEMA

What data do you have? Bob Smith, Moderator Roundtable / Brainstorming Session

BREAK

Roundtable / Brainstorming Session continued Bob Smith, Moderator

Next Steps for Collecting Data Bob Smith

Closing Comments Jim McKinney

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 226 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team & Advisory Committee

MSD, Board Room

September 22, 2004 2:00 – 4:00 pm

AGENDA

2:00 pm Sign-In Please

Welcome Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

Planning Team and Advisory Committee Introductions

Update on Kentucky’s All Hazards Plan Josh Human, U of L Hazards Research Center

Plan Development Status Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Collecting Data Jim McKinney, Louisville Metro EMA

Building Code and Development Trends for All Hazards Bob Smith, Project Staff

Inventory for the Risk Assessment and How to Use the ftp Site Curt Bynum Project Staff

HAZUS-MH Pilot Results for Flood and Earthquake Bob Smith, Project Staff

Q & A BREAK

Louisville/Jefferson County Floodplain Management Plan Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Report on Progress for Five-Year Action Plan Reports from various members

Closing Comments

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 227 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team

MSD, Board Room

December 1, 2004 2:00 – 4:00 pm

AGENDA

2:00 pm Sign-In Please

Welcome Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

Planning Team Introductions

Collected Data from Partners Jim McKinney, Louisville Metro EMA

Identified Hazards Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Q & A

BREAK

Profiling the Hazards: Tables, Maps, and Data Curt Bynum, LOJIC

Q & A

Using the ftp Site Curt Bynum Project Staff

Next Steps Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Closing Comments

Next meeting in January 2005

Go to: ftp://ftp.lojic.org/outgoing/MetroHazardsPlan/

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 228 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team & Advisory Committee

Burhans Hall, Rm 207, Shelby Campus

January 25, 2005 Tuesday, 2:00 – 4:00 pm

AGENDA

2:00 pm Sign-In Please

Welcome & Introductions Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

Collected Data from Partners Jim McKinney, Louisville Metro EMA

Overview of Our Mission Chris Dickinson, Project Staff

Profiling the Hazards Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Hazard Risk Assessments ƒ Assessing Countywide Vulnerability o Exposure Score o Hazard Score o Vulnerability Score ƒ Estimating Potential Losses Curt Bynum, Project Staff w/ Josh Human and Paul Freibert

Q & A

Next Steps Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Closing Comments Next meetings: February 8, 2 – 4 pm February 15, 1 – 5 pm Go to: ftp://ftp.lojic.org/outgoing/MetroHazardsPlan/

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 229 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team & Advisory Committee

USGS, Kentucky District, Bluegrass Pkwy

February 8, 2005 Tuesday, 2:00 – 4:00 pm

Risk Assessments and Mitigation Strategy

AGENDA

2:00 pm Sign-In Please

Welcome & Introductions Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

OVERVIEW OF RISK ASSESSMENTS: Review 12 Hazard Profiles Pamela Moore, Project Staff Review Hazard Risk Assessments & Maps Curt Bynum & Josh Human ƒ Exposure Score x Hazard Score = Vulnerability Score ƒ Estimating Potential Losses ƒ Reviewing Maps To Determine Areas At-Risk

Q & A DEVELOPING A MITIGATION STRATEGY: Mitigation Strategy Pamela Moore, Project Staff Presentations from Agencies, Organizations, Community Leaders:  National Weather Service John Gordon  Louisville Metro Health Dept. Bill Wetter  Army Corps of Engineers Richard Pruitt & Andy Lowe  US Geological Survey (USGS) Mike Griffin  Jefferson County Public Schools Chuck Fleischer

Next Steps and Closing Comments

Next meeting: February 15, 1 – 5 pm @ USGS

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 230 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team & Advisory Committee

USGS, Kentucky District, Bluegrass Pkwy February 15, 2005 Tuesday, 1:00 – 5:00 pm

AGENDA

Please Sign-In

Welcome & Introductions Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

The Mitigation Strategy Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Presentations from the Planning Team and Advisory Committee

 Louisville Metro Parks Katie Moss  Louisville Metro Development Authority Dennis Minks  Louisville Fire & Rescue Captain Mike Willett  American Red Cross George Betz  LOJIC Curt Bynum  Louisville Metro Public Works Rick Storm  MSD Randy Stambaugh  Inspections, Permit, License Robert Kirchdorfer  Louisville Water Co Glen Mudd  Planning Commission Mike Tully  Louisville Metro EMA Doug Hamilton  Louisville Metro EMA Mike Brown & Jim McKinney

Next Steps and Closing Comments

Next meeting:

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 231 Wednesday, March 2, 2005, 2 – 4 pm LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team & Advisory Committee

USGS, Kentucky District, Bluegrass Pkwy

March 2, 2005 Wednesday, 2:00 – 4:00 pm

AGENDA

Please Sign-In

Welcome & Introductions Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

Draft Louisville Capability Assessment Overview Bob Smith

Review Hazard Exposures and Map Curt Bynum

Review Risk Factors Pamela Moore

Mitigation: Developing Goals and Objectives Pamela Moore  Ranking Hazards  Draft Goals  Develop Objectives  Developing Mitigation Actions according to Categories  Convene in Subcommittees

Next meeting: Wednesday, March 30, 2005, 10 am – noon

Go to: ftp://ftp.lojic.org/outgoing/MetroHazardsPlan/

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 232 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team & Advisory Committee

U of L, Shelby Campus, Founder’s Hall

March 30, 2005 Wednesday, 10:00 am – noon

AGENDA

Please Sign-In

Welcome & Introductions Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

Review Problems and Concerns from March 2 meeting Pamela Moore

Mitigation: Developing Objectives and Mitigation Actions Pamela Moore  Review Goals  Finalizing Objectives  Developing Mitigation Actions according to Categories

Convene in Subcommittees to Develop Mitigation Actions

Next meeting: Wednesday, April 12, 2005, 3 – 5 pm @ MSD

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 233 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Planning Team & Advisory Committee

MSD, Board Room

April 12, 2005 Tuesday, 3:00 – 5:00 pm

AGENDA

Please Sign-In

Welcome & Introductions Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

Update Jim McKinney  Status of Resolution and Partnering Agreement  Status of Public Meeting, location, and potential dates  Daylong Field Trip, tentatively set for Tuesday, June 7  Plan Maintenance Procedures: Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan

Finalizing Mitigation Actions Pamela Moore  Review Priority Criteria  Finalize each Mitigation Action  Final Action Plan sent to committee for review and on ftp site by April 29. Next Steps:  Review and comment of entire plan by committee  Public Meeting  Submit to state and FEMA for approval  Submit to Metro Council for adoption

Go to: ftp://ftp.lojic.org/outgoing/MetroHazardsPlan/

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 234 LOUISVILLE METRO ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION Public Meeting

Air Pollution Control Board Room

May 26, 2005 3:00 – 6:00 pm

AGENDA

Please Sign-In

Welcome & Project Staff Introductions Bob Smith, All Hazards Mitigation Co-Chair

Overview of Louisville Metro Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Josh Human, Project Staff

Review Mitigation Action Plan Pamela Moore, Project Staff

Open Discussion

Next Steps for Louisville Metro Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan  Submit to Kentucky Emergency Management (KyEM) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IV for review and approval  Submit to Louisville Metro Council for adoption Please feel free to ask questions of Project Staff regarding the planning process, areas at-risk, and the maps. Next meeting: Public Meeting with Mayor Abramson June 28, 2005, 2:00 – 4:00 pm Mayor’s Gallery

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 235 APPENDIX 8 Compendium of Maps Relative to the Plan Compendium of Maps

Land Use Map: • Generalized Land Use

Population/Income: ƒ Median Income ƒ Population Density

Facilities • Hospitals ad Nursing Homes • Emergency Response Facilities • Public / Private School Facilities • Utility Facilities • High Potential Loss Facilities • Transportation Facilities • Early Warning Sirens

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Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 238 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 239 Facilities

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Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 245 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 246 APPENDIX 9 U. S. Department of Homeland Security Washington, D.C. 20472

Louisville Metro Pilot Project Overview Implementing the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) Applying HAZUS-MH to Community Mitigation Planning

HAZUS-MH Background The mission of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is to reduce loss of life and property, and protect our nation's critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk-based emergency management program that includes mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. In 1997, FEMA, in cooperation with the National Institute of Building Sciences, developed a standardized model for estimating losses caused by earthquakes, known as Hazards U.S. (HAZUS). HAZUS was developed in response to the need for more effective national-, state-, and community-level planning and risk assessment through an enhanced ability to identify areas that face the highest exposure and potential for loss.

As of Fall 2003, HAZUS has been expanded into a multi-hazard (MH) methodology with new modules for estimating potential losses from wind (hurricanes, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones) and flood (riverine and coastal) hazards. FEMA has allocated considerable resources to develop the HAZUS-MH software to quantitatively assess risk, estimate losses from natural hazards, and produce studies that will assist state, local governments, communities, and private sector representatives to implement programs in emergency response, recovery, and mitigation, including multi-hazard mitigation plans.

HAZUS-MH / DMA 2000 Pilot Projects The purpose of these projects is to assist FEMA with the development and dissemination of tools, processes, and methodologies through implementing pilot projects with select communities. During the process, the project participants will provide significant input. The focus will be on working with the community to apply HAZUS-MH to complete the risk assessment component of the mitigation planning effort.

Louisville Metro’s Pilot Project Louisville Metro is one of six pilot areas selected from applicants across the nation. First Round pilot project areas, include Marion and Hamilton Counties, IN, Austin, TX, Portland, OR, and Wyoming. Round Two of the pilot project will include: Annapolis, MD, New York City, NY, Kansas City, KS, and Scottsdale, AZ.

Louisville Metro pilot project staff includes representatives of FEMA Headquarters and Region 4, the Kentucky Emergency Management Agency, the Louisville Metro Emergency Management Agency, the Louisville Jefferson County Information Consortium Information (LOJIC), FEMA project consultants (Tetra Tech and PBS&J), and local community consultants. In addition, other local agencies, organizations, companies, and citizens are supporting the effort.

Louisville Metro’s pilot project effort includes the following by the Pilot Project staff: 9 Initial Data Collection. Achieves the following: (1) identifies risk exposures and prioritizes hazards for conducting the risk assessment; (2) Identifies data gaps and methodology for collecting unresolved data. The pilot project focuses on two local priority hazards of concern: earthquake and flood. 9 Data Assimilation, Manipulation, and Analysis. FEMA consultants will manipulate data into HAZUS-MH- compatible formats, and conduct the risk assessments. This includes: (1) presentation of risk assessment results to the local Planning Team and Advisory Committee (2) an in-depth overview of data use, assumptions, and HAZUS-MH results; (3) discussion of the risk analysis results as they relate to overall mitigation planning efforts. The pilot product will include a risk assessment addressing selected local hazards of concern, focusing on hazards addressed by HAZUS-MH (wind, flood, earthquake). Louisville Metro will use the information as one input to the All Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan to meet the requirements of DMA 2000.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 247 APPENDIX 10 Louisville Metro Existing Plans, Studies, Reports, and Technical Information Summary

Code Summary The following chart shows the relationship between the local development regulations and the Louisville Metro identified hazards.

Code Summary: Existing Authorities & Codes in Louisville Metro Dam Failure Drought Earthquake Extreme Heat Hail Flood Karst/Sinkhole Landslide Severe Storm Winter Storm Severe Tornado Wildfire “Y” means that the regulation addresses at least partially the identified hazard “YP” means that the regulation is the primary one for that hazard “N” means that the regulation does not currently address the hazard Building Code N N YP Y YP Y Y Y YP YP YP N Residential Code N N YP Y YP Y Y Y YP YP YP N Floodplain Ordinance Y N N N N YP N N N N N N Cornerstone 2020 N N N N N Y Y Y N N Y Y Land Development Code N N N N N Y YP YP N N Y YP Subdivision Regs N N N N N Y Y Y N N N N

On the following pages are a complete analysis/summary of land use and building codes for Louisville Metro.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 248 Cornerstone 2020

Comprehensive Plan Cornerstone 2020 is the official title of Louisville Metro’s Comprehensive Plan that was adopted on June 15, 2000 by the Louisville and Jefferson County (now Louisville Metro) Planning Commission. The effective date of the plan was June 16, 2000.

KRS Chapter 100 authorizes local governments to regulate the use and development of land only after the adoption of a Comprehensive Plan, which establishes the goals, and public policies that define the governmental interest in such regulations. KRS 100 provides for a method of development of the Comprehensive Plan and prescribes that the Plan should be based on research and analysis of the community including:

1. The general distribution of past and present population and a forecast of the extent and character of future population; 2. An economic survey and analysis of the major existing public and private business activities and a forecast of future economic levels, and; 3. The nature, extent, adequacy and the needs of the community for the existing land and building use, transportation, and community facilities in terms of their general location, character and extent.

In addition to the required research component, KRS100 requires the Comprehensive Plan to include a Statement of Goals and Objectives and at least three Plan Elements, a Community Facilities Plan Element, a Transportation Element and a Land Use Element. After the completion of the research and analytical work, the Planning Commission during 1996 drafted and submitted to Jefferson County and the cities within the County with zoning authority (including Louisville) a Statement of Goals and Objectives for the new Comprehensive Plan. The legislative bodies studied and adopted the Goals and Objectives during 1997. The Planning Commission on February 19, 1998 then adopted them.

The final phase of the adoption of the new Comprehensive Plan was the publication and adoption of the Plan Elements. These were developed and drafted to implement the Goals and Objectives and were the product of an extensive public review process. The draft document was the subject of a public hearing on September 30, 1999. The Planning Commission accepted the revised version of the Plan elements and forwarded it to the legislative bodies for review and adoption. All 13 legislative bodies with zoning powers adopted the Plan Elements, which were officially adopted by the Planning Commission on June 15, 2000.

Besides the three statutorily required Plan Elements, namely Community Form/Land Use (Guidelines 1-5), Mobility/Transportation (Guidelines 7-9) and Community Facilities (Guidelines14 and 15). The Comprehensive Plan contains two additional Plan Elements, Marketplace (Guideline 6 and Livability/Environment (Guidelines 10-13). The 15 guidelines are to be used for the assessment of proposed amendments to the Zoning District Map, Land Development Code text and the Community Form Core

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 249 Graphics. They are regarded as fundamental planning statements and are intended to be read and applied in an interrelated manner and in conjunction with the Goals and Objectives to determine whether a proposed land use change is in agreement with the Comprehensive Plan.

Following is a summary of the Goals and Objectives, which impact hazard mitigation:

Goal B1 Flood Control and Stormwater Management Understand and successfully manage the impacts of development on the carrying capacity of the region’s river/stream corridor system. Objectives: B1.1 Utilize a basin-wide approach to define primary stream corridors and their watersheds to guide future land use and infrastructure development decisions. B1.2 Support appropriate multi-purpose use of stream corridors and drainage facilities as a component of flood control, stormwater management, and water quality protection strategies. B1.3 Develop and implement standards for stormwater drainage facilities that emphasize the preservation of natural drainage features and ensure designs capable of accommodating the runoff from development upstream, assuming full urban build-out of the watershed. Standards shall be developed for both urbanized and rural/nonurban streams. B1.4 Develop and implement countywide stormwater drainage control measures for new development that minimizes off-site flooding, stream bank degradation, and erosion. B1.5 Define critical facilities and restrict their siting, as well as those facilities which store or utilize hazardous waste or materials, to locations outside the floodplain. B1.6 Ensure that appropriate access to all development is provided during flood events. B1.7 Prevent localized flooding caused by filling, plugging, clogging or other activities that would interfere with or reduce the natural drainage capability of a drainage way or blueline or intermittent stream. B1.8 Encourage site design that reduces impervious surface materials and maximizes the saturation capacity of the soil in order to reduce runoff and to minimize the need for downstream system improvements necessary to contain it.

Goal B4 Wetlands Recognize wetlands as important ecological systems that can serve a beneficial function including water quality improvement, flood control, or enhancement to resident or migratory wildlife. Objectives: B4.1 Inventory probable wetlands and wetland resources in Jefferson County B4.2 Protect functional wetlands from disturbance, degradation or infringement. B4.3 Support, where technically feasible and appropriate, the creation of wetlands as an alternative, sustainable way to address water quality problems.

Goal E1 Soil Erosion Control soil erosion and the effects of sedimentation resulting from surface water runoff.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 250 Objectives: E1.1 Develop guidelines and standards to address soil erosion and sedimentation that will incorporate best management practices, provide measurable standards for stormwater quantity and quality, and establish strong deterrents to violation.

Goal E2 Natural Features and Ecosystems Minimize the impact of changing land use on natural features and ecosystems. Objectives: E2.1 Utilize Site Plan Review guidelines and standards to identify the locations of and potential impacts on environmental resources, e.g. geological features, sensitive soils, steep slopes and stream corridors. E2.2 Promote development that is sensitive to existing topography and minimizes land disturbance and major reshaping of geologic features. E2.3 Encourage the protection of and restoration of degraded channels E2.4 Identify development techniques and solutions that would result in no or minimal disturbance to such features.

Goal E3 Karst Features Provide standards and guidelines for the compatibility of development within areas of karst topography to prevent property damage and loss due to subsidence, to protect groundwater quality and to prevent possible associated off-site flooding. Objective: E3.1 Define, identify and map karst areas within Jefferson County.

Goal E4 Steep Slopes and Sensitive Soils Protect steep slopes and sensitive soils. Objectives: E4.1 Define, identify and map steep slopes and sensitive soils within Jefferson County E4.2 Develop guidelines and standards that define and set criteria for development on hilltops and steep slopes to protect water quality and prevent siltation of drainage channels.

Goal F3 Open Space Encourage environmentally sensitive management practices for open spaces, parks, rights-of-way and floodplains. Objectives: F3.1 Inventory the natural resource characteristics and attributes of parks, open spaces, floodplains and rights-of-way in Louisville and Jefferson County. F3.2 Promote environmentally responsible design and management policies for publicly owned land. F3.3 Promote interpretive and educational programs and facilities within the parks and open space system to foster an understanding of natural resources and processes.

Goal H4 Public Health and Safety Incorporate land needed to protect public health and safety into the open space network.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 251 Objectives: H4.1 Manage floodplain areas and areas needed for stormwater management to minimize water and flood damage and to preserve open space. (see Goal B1) H4.2 Protect steep slope areas to minimize property damage and public costs resulting from inappropriate development.

Goal I1 Community Acceptance (Greenways/Stream Corridors) Promote long-term citizen involvement in the planning, design, implementation and management of the multi-objective stream corridor/greenway system. Objective: I1.1 Develop and implement strategies for public participation in the development and management of multi-objective stream corridor/greenway system in Jefferson County.

Goal I5 Liability, Safety and Security Ensure that implementation of the multi-objective stream corridor/greenway system does not endanger of degrade public health, safety and welfare. Objective: I5.1 Provide a safe, secure environment for all persons using multi-objective stream corridor and greenway lands.

Goal K3 Ohio River Corridor Recognize the Ohio River Corridor as a place where people connect to nature, in a healthy environment which sustains human needs and conserves natural resources. Objectives: K3.1 Identify and preserve and encourage restoration of important natural resources within the River Corridor such as wetlands, steep slopes and significant habitat. K3.2 Mange the floodway and 100-year floodplain of the River to protect the public health, safety and welfare and to preserve open space.

Goal L1 Natural Resource Protection (Jefferson County Memorial Forest) Protect the unique natural communities and preserve the biological diversity within the woodlands, meadows, streams and ponds of the Jefferson County Memorial Forest. Objectives: L1.1 Prohibit practices that fragment the forest including logging, timber stand improvement, road construction, crating new wildlife openings, excessive trail construction, cutting trees for visual purposes, etc. L1.2 Prohibit activities incompatible with Forest restoration including grazing, off-road vehicle use, and mountain biking in non-designated areas. L1.3 Contain high-impact recreational activities within designated areas. L1.4 Allow low-impact recreational uses such as hiking and nature study throughout the Forest. L1.5 Limit all access to the Forest to the minimum needed for stewardship and designated recreation. L1.6 Limit trails to a single loop with occasional side trails to access scenic vistas or interesting non-sensitive features. All trails should be routed along topographic contours to minimize erosion and reduce cut and fill. Avoid steep slopes, erodible soils,

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 252 streambeds and populations of rare or sensitive plants or animals. Design trails with input form a naturalist and a landscape architect, consistent with Trail Design, Construction and Maintenance as used by the Appalachian Trail Conference. L1.7 Reroute trails and restore eroded areas by planting native trees, understory shrubs, and wildflowers characteristic of the forest community. Discourage new or “renegade” trails. L1.11 Locate and correct areas of soil erosion to protect water quality. L1.12 Develop and implement a fire management plan appropriate for specific areas including wilderness and developed areas.

Plan Elements Guideline 5. Natural Areas and Scenic and Historic Resources Protect natural areas, natural features and important scenic and historic resources. Locate development, whenever possible, in areas that do not have severe environmental limitations. Intent: To guide future public and private economic development, investment, and preservation within areas identified as an important resource by the community. Policies: 1. Natural Features. Encourage development that respects the natural features of the site through sensitive site design, avoids substantial changes to the topography and minimizes property damage and environmental degradation resulting from disturbance of natural systems. 6. Soils and Slopes. Encourage development to avoid wet or highly permeable soils, severe, steep or unstable slopes where the potential for severe erosion problems exists in order to prevent property damage and public costs associated with soil slippage and foundation failure and to minimize environmental degradation.

Guideline 10. Flooding and Stormwater Minimize the potential for and impacts of flooding and effectively manage stormwater. Intent: To protect the conveyance zone and maintain the hydraulic capacity of natural drainage systems and ensure that drainage designs minimize damage to streams and property from flooding and stormwater runoff. Policies: 1. Impact to Watershed. Mitigate negative development impacts to the watershed and its capacity to transport stormwater, discouraging changes to stream channels and natural drainage features. Use, where available, MSD watershed plans as a guideline for development suitability. 2. Impact to Regulatory Floodplain. Mitigate negative development impacts to the integrity of the regulatory floodplain, encouraging patterns that minimize disturbance. 3. Impervious Surface. Minimize impervious surface area and take advantage of soil saturation capacities. 4. Floodplain Management Standards. Base floodplain management standards on a regulatory floodplain that reflects the full development potential of each watershed. 5. Blueline Streams. Protect solid blueline streams, consistent with the current floodplain management ordinance, from channelization, stripping, relocation or other

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 253 alteration. Ensure a vegetative buffer for the banks of blueline streams to protect the functional integrity of the channel. 6. Compensatory Storage. Ensure that provisions are met (consistent with the current floodplain management ordinance) for compensatory storage when proposals reduce the existing storage capacity of the floodplain. 7. Accommodation of Stormwater Runoff. Ensure drainage designs capable of accommodating the runoff from development upstream, assuming a fully developed watershed. 8. Critical Facilities. Ensure, to the extent feasible, that critical facilities and those that store or use hazardous wastes are located outside the regulatory floodplain. Where essential community facilities must be located within a floodplain (e.g. pumping stations), ensure that these facilities are designed, located and operated in a manner that minimizes loss of services during flood events and limits, to the extent possible, floodplain disturbance. 9. Vehicular Access. Ensure that sufficient emergency vehicle access is provided above flood levels or that other remedial measures have been proposed to minimize potential hazards for any development that is proposed in or through the regulatory floodplain. 10. “Through” Drainage. Require that “through” drainage systems accommodate runoff based on a fully developed watershed and are calculated in a manner that is acceptable to MSD. Encourage, where feasible, that such systems take advantage of natural drainage feature. 11. Stormwater Runoff. Ensure that peak stormwater runoff rates or volumes after development are consistent with regional and watershed plans or are mitigated on-site. Mitigation measures shall be implemented in a manner that is acceptable to MSD. 12. Steam Corridors. Utilize Best Management Practices (BMPs) to preserve or restore stream banks/corridors.

Guideline 11 Water Quality Protect water quality. Intent: To prevent the degradation of water quality due to water pollution and erosion. Policies: 3. Sediment and Erosion Control. Prevent erosion and control sedimentation using standards that account for varied site conditions and construction activities. 4. Stream Corridor Protection. Use appropriate water quality best management practices (BMPs) for site preparation and construction activities to protect stream corridors from sediments and pollutants. 6. Standards for Carbonate Areas. Protect carbonate areas through standards that control the type, location, design and operation of activities posing potential threats to groundwater quality and karst features in carbonate areas. 7. Protection of Carbonate Areas. Determine site susceptibility to erosion, identify the presence of carbonate conditions and features on site and their vulnerability to site disturbance, the extent of existing groundwater use and the impacts of the project on groundwater resources, flow patterns and existing and proposed drainage. Mitigate potential hazards to such systems resulting form the project.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 254 Core Graphic 5 – Environmental Constraints Constraints include: ƒ Floodplains ƒ Hydric Soils ƒ Steep Slopes ƒ Unstable Soils ƒ Unstable Soils on Steep Slopes.

Land Development Code

The “Land Development Code For All of Jefferson County, Kentucky” (LDC) was adopted by the Louisville Metro Planning Commission, pursuant to KRS 100.137, and became effective on March 1, 2003. It provides the detailed regulations for all development in Louisville Metro in conformance with the Comprehensive Plan (Cornerstone 2020). Under the LDC, Louisville Metro is vested with zoning authority for all areas of the County except for properties located within the boundary of 2nd, 3rd and 4th Class Cities. The cities which retain zoning authority are: Anchorage, Douglass Hills, Graymoor-Devondale, Hurstbourne, Indian Hills, Jeffersontown, Lyndon, Middletown, Prospect, Shively, St. Matthews and St. Regis Park. The Louisville Metro Planning Commission reviews and makes recommendations to the cities on rezoning issues using the LDC as a guideline. All of the cities also utilize the LDC as their guidelines, however, as of July 2004, four cities (Anchorage, Indian Hills, Prospect and St. Matthews) are still in the process of adopting the current LDC and still utilize the Development Code that was in effect prior to March 2003.

The LDC provides for government agency review of development plans utilizing the regulations and guidelines of the LDC in their review and approval. Agencies involved in the review of development plans include: ƒ Planning Commission staff ƒ MSD (drainage, floodplain management, sewers, slopes, unstable soils, karst, erosion and sediment control, hazardous materials etc.) ƒ Inspections, Permits and Licenses ƒ Public Works ƒ Health Department ƒ Fire Departments ƒ NRCS (soils, slopes, etc.) ƒ Air Pollution Control District ƒ Police ƒ Other agencies depending on type and location of development such as the Waterfront Development Corporation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, KIPDA, TARC, and Historic Preservation.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 255 Following are specific sections of the LDC which relate to natural hazards.

Zoning Districts W-1 – Waterfront District (flooding) W-2 – Waterfront District (flooding) W-3 – Waterfront District (flooding) WRO – Waterfront Development Review Overlay District (flooding)

Chapter 3 Special Districts Part 1. Floyds Fork Special District – New regulations are to be drafted but until then, the 1993 Floyds Fork Development Review Overlay District regulations are still in effect. The regulations provide special protection for the stream corridor to protect the quality of the natural environment. Sections with specific higher standards include: ƒ Stream Corridors ƒ Trees and Vegetation ƒ Drainage and Water Quality ƒ Hillsides ƒ Historic Elements ƒ Vistas and Appearance Part 2. Jefferson Forest Special District – New regulations to be developed. Part 3. Ohio River Corridor Special District – New regulations to be developed. Part 4. Tyler Rural Settlement Special District – New regulations to be developed. Appendix 3A Bardstown Road/Baxter Avenue Corridor Review Overlay District – Although the regulations do not specifically discuss hazards, historic preservation is strengthened in the district, which could affect earthquake vulnerability particularly regarding façade preservation. Appendix 3B Downtown Overlay District – Regulations do not specifically address hazards except potentially in Section E “Waterfront View District”. Appendix 3C Waterfront Review Overlay District – Adopted pursuant to KRS 82.660 – 82.670, the regulations require higher-level review of all development within the defined area and provide for a separate review process by the Waterfront Development Corporation, the agency responsible for development of the waterfront area. Besides flooding there is one other hazard addressed by section 162.48 Design Guidelines (7) which requires all utilities to be underground (wind, tornado).

Chapter 4 Generally Applicable Development Standards 4.1.2 Factory Built Housing requires permanent attachment to permanent foundation in accordance with KRS 227.570-227.590. (wind, tornado, flooding). Chapter 4.2 Conditional Use Permits 4.2.21 Earth Excavation, Filling and Refuse Disposal Operations requires detailed plan review and approval by MSD and Planning Commission with strict environmental standards. (flooding) 4.2.49 Underground Space requires certification by a Professional Engineer of adequate surface support to prevent cave-in and subsidence problems.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 256 Part 4 Accessory Uses and Miscellaneous Standards 4.4.7 Minor Earth Excavation – requires detailed plan review by MSD and Planning Commission, an Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control permit from MSD and prohibits using contaminated and/or organic fill material. (flooding) Part 6 Development on Sites with Environmental Constraints Provides additional standards for sites impacted by: ƒ Floodplain/floodway (conveyance zone) ƒ Waterways/wetlands ƒ Lakes and impoundments of one acre or greater ƒ Karst features ƒ Steep Slopes (>20%) and/or Unstable soils Section 4.7 Development on Steep Slopes provides specific standards of sites with slopes>20% and/or with unstable soils. Requires a site analysis by a Professional Engineer (PE) and specific approval by MSD and the Planning Director. 4.7.6 Provides for an independent review of the plan prepared by the developer’s PE, if recommended by NRCS, MSD, or the Planning Director, with the cost of the review to be paid for by the developer. 4.7.7 Allows the transfer of development activity within affected sites to areas within the site not impacted by slopes or unstable soils and allows higher density in the non-affected areas to compensate for leaving affected areas undeveloped. Section 4.8 Waterways and Wetland Protection – regulations help reduce flooding impacts and provide environmental protection. Section 4.9 Karst – Regulations have not yet been written for this section. Appendix 4G Floodplain Management Appendix 4H Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control – Ordinance No. 26 Series 2001, adopted 9/25/01. Chapter 159 of the Jefferson County Code of Ordinances sets requirements for plan review and permitting by MSD for land disturbing activities to control soil erosion and siltation. (flooding, environmental protection).

Chapter 7 Subdivision Regulations Section 7.5 Preliminary Subdivision Plans 7.5.40 Requires identification of areas with slopes >20% and >30%, unstable soils, streams and floodplains which provides for early assessment of the impact of the development on those areas. Section 7.6 Construction Plans for Major Subdivisions 7.6.40 Composite Drainage Plan – required to be prepared by a Professional Engineer (flooding). 7.6.50 Plan View and Profile – must show all drainage structures, environmentally constrained areas such as steep slopes, unstable soils, wetlands, karst etc. Requires PE to design mitigation measures to be reviewed and approved by MSD, Public Works and the Planning Director. Part 8 – Minor Subdivisions 7.8.20 Minor plat must show the location of the 100-year floodplain on the property, or a note that the property is not located within the 100-year floodplain. Plat must also show any streams on the property.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 257 Louisville/ Jefferson County Floodplain Ordinance

Floodplain Regulations The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a voluntary FEMA program. To join the program a community must adopt and enforce a local floodplain ordinance. Louisville and Jefferson County joined the NFIP on different dates, as did three other communities within the county boundary. In total there are five NFIP communities within Jefferson County which have been assigned Community ID’s to: ƒ City of Jeffersontown, ID # 210121 with a Post-FIRM date of 3/5/76 ƒ City of Louisville, ID # 210122, 7/17/78 ƒ City of Shively, ID # 210124, 8/1/78 ƒ City of St. Matthews, ID # 210123, 3/5/76 ƒ Unincorporated Jefferson County, ID # 210120, 4/16/79

Note: MSD, as the Floodplain Administrator, is in the process of having Unincorporated Jefferson County and the City of Louisville merged into one Community ID number to reflect the current merged Louisville Metro.

The Post-FIRM date refers to when the community first adopted floodplain regulations and the FIRMs (Flood Insurance Rate Maps) for that community. The U. S. Corps of Engineers developed the original floodplain maps for FEMA in the early 1970’s and covered only the area within each of the jurisdictions. They were prepared using different map scales and were difficult to use particularly for properties located on or near the borders of the maps. The maps were updated in 1994 by the Corps in partnership with Jefferson County, LOJIC, and MSD utilizing the then new LOJIC mapping for the county and new hydrologic and hydraulic models developed by MSD. The updated FIRM maps were the first approved by FEMA that were based on a local community’s digital base maps. The maps are still in effect and cover the entire Louisville Metro area. Currently MSD is revising the FIRMs under a grant from FEMA as part of the Cooperating Technical Partners (CTP) program. The new maps will be ready for approval in 2005.

The Floodplain Ordinance for Jefferson County was originally adopted in 1978 as Article 13 of the Development Code and basically met the minimum FEMA requirements (except it included a 1’ freeboard requirement). The ordinance was also adopted by the four cities affected within the County. The Water Management Division of the County Public Works Department was designated as the review and approval agency for all development in the floodplain in the County (including the four cities). A separate floodplain permit was not issued at that time. Instead, Water Management approved plans and those plans became part of the building permit issued by the County or the City. Enforcement was done by the agency issuing the building permit in cooperation with Water Management. On January 1, 1987 MSD was designated the review and approval agency as part of the new stormwater management program implemented by MSD, the County and the City of Louisville. MSD continued enforcement using the process in place at that time.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 258 The Floodplain Ordinance was revised in 1989 in order to meet new FEMA requirements and also to reflect MSD’s new role in the enforcement process. The new ordinance exceeded the NFIP minimum criteria in several areas including the 1-foot freeboard and a requirement to base the substantial damage/improvement calculations on the cumulative cost over the life of the structure. Jefferson County and the City of Louisville joined the Community Rating System at that time and received a Class 9 Rating in 1990. Jefferson County and the City of Louisville are currently Class 6 CRS communities because of the higher regulatory standards set by the ordinance and other programs. The Class 6 Rating provides residents a 20% discount for flood insurance premiums on properties located within the 100-year floodplain.

On September 9, 1997 Jefferson County adopted Ordinance #23, Series 1997, Chapter 157 of the Jefferson County Code of Ordinances, which is the floodplain ordinance currently in effect for all of Louisville Metro. The ordinance update was the result of a community wide effort to strengthen the floodplain regulations because of the impact of past flooding events. In particular, the flood of March 1997 was fresh in the minds of the community when the ordinance was adopted. Besides strengthening the regulations in several important areas, the new ordinance created a floodplain permit process administered by MSD and a Floodplain Board (the MSD Board) to oversee the process. MSD staff now reviews all development plans in the floodplain, ensures the permittee applies for a state permit, issues a specific floodplain permit, and enforces the provisions of the ordinance. The Floodplain Board handles requests for appeals and variances. Appeals to the Floodplain Board’s actions are to Jefferson County Circuit Court. Penalties for violation were also increased from the previous versions of the ordinance.

It should be noted that under the State Regulations, KAR 4:060, a separate state stream construction permit is also required for all development in the floodplain. Since the Louisville Metro ordinance is stricter than the state regulations, the local permit is enforced, but the state permit must also be obtained. MSD staff and the State Division of Water have implemented a process to speed up permit approvals.

As part of the Floodplain Management Plan program, the local task force worked with MSD staff and the Jefferson County Attorney’s office to revise the 1997 ordinance to reflect the merger of the City and County and also to implement several changes intended to enhance the enforcement process. The revised ordinance is currently being reviewed by the Metro Council and should be adopted in the near future.

Another proposed major change is to separate the definition of “substantial improvement” and “substantial damage” and to treat these issues more consistently. The intent is to make improvements subject to cumulative (at least 5 year) costs but damage to be based on annual costs. To implement this change, the state regulations will also need to be revised. This process may take several years to fully implement.

The following section is an overview of key provisions of the current and proposed ordinance, which make it one of the strictest in the country:

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 259

ƒ Fully Developed Watershed – means a condition of a watershed that most accurately reflects the ultimate land use of the watershed and its potential to cause runoff. ƒ Local Regulatory Floodplain – the 100-year floodplain created by using the runoff calculation from the Fully Developed Watershed. ƒ Local Regulatory Conveyance Zone – the area defined when the Local Regulatory Floodplain is “squeezed” to create a 1/10 of a foot rise. This is similar to the FEMA Floodway, which is based on current runoff conditions, and a 1-foot rise. ƒ Floodplain Compensation – any fill in the Local Regulatory Floodplain must be compensated by excavation in the floodplain to at least a ratio of 1:1. ƒ Blueline Streams – no relocation, channelization, or stripping is allowed except for certain specific conditions such as highway bridge construction. A natural vegetation buffer strip of 25 feet on each side must be maintained. ƒ Access – for any new lot created in the floodplain, no new construction can occur unless access to the lot is available from a road which is at or above the Local Regulatory Floodplain. ƒ Critical Facility – facilities are defined to include hospitals, nursing homes, police and fire stations, emergency operations and facilities that store hazardous or flammable materials. New critical facilities must be located outside the Local Regulatory Floodplain, or certain other conditions must be met which assure the facility will be undamaged and functional in emergencies.

For a more detailed review of the Floodplain Ordinance and Floodplain Management, refer to the Louisville / Jefferson County Floodplain Management Plan located at MSD, EMA, and the public library. The plan can also be accessed from MSD’s website at: http://www.msdlouky.org/programs/crssite/fpmp.html.

Building Codes

The currently adopted building codes effective in Louisville Metro are the 2002 Kentucky Building Code and the 2002 Kentucky Residential Code. These codes were promulgated under the Kentucky Administrative Regulations (KAR), 815 KAR 7:120 and 125, under authority of Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS), KRS 198B.060. They are essentially the same codes as the 2000 International Building Code modified to reference specific Kentucky conditions. The Kentucky Building Code was originally approved in 1978 and was adopted by the City of Louisville and Jefferson County in 1980 in accordance with State law. It was officially re-adopted by Louisville Metro on August 12, 2004 and is Section 150.001 – .003 of the Louisville Metro Code of Ordinances. The Kentucky Residential Code is a new code and was also adopted by Louisville Metro on August 12, 2004

Enforcement of the building code is the responsibility of the Louisville Metro Department of Inspections, Permits and Licenses (IPL). This department was created in 2003 by the merger of the former City of Louisville IPL and the Jefferson County Code

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 260 Enforcement Department. IPL is responsible for plan review, permitting and inspections throughout Louisville Metro except for the City of Jeffersontown, which has a Building Department and issues its own permits. The City of Jeffersontown has also adopted and enforces the 2002 Kentucky Building Code and Residential Code

Following is a summary of the chapters and sections of the building code which deal with the various hazards facing the community:

2002 Kentucky Building Code Chapter 4 – Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy Section 403 High-Rise Buildings 403.10 Standby Power requirements 403.12 Seismic Considerations Section 404 Atriums 404.4 Standby power required for smoke control Section 405 Underground Buildings 405.9 Standby power required 405.10 Emergency power system required Chapter 6 – Types of Construction Section 603 Combustible Materials Chapter 7 – Fire Resistance Rated Construction Chapter 9 – Fire Protection Systems Chapter 10 – Means of Egress 1003.2.11.2 Illumination emergency power required 1003.2.1.13.5 Areas of Refuge 1003.2.13.5.3 Two way communication for areas of refuge 1003.2.13.7 Exterior area for assisted rescue 1003.3.1.3.2 Power operated doors – manual operation 1003.3.1.3.3 Horizontal sliding doors – manual operation 1003.3.1.3.4 Access-controlled egress doors – manual operation 1003.3.1.9 Panic and fire-exit hardware 1003.3.3.12 Stairway to roof Section 1004 Exit Access – number, location, travel distance and types Section 1005 Exits – Design criteria Section 1008 Assembly – exit requirements for assembly areas Section 1009 Emergency Escapes and Rescue Chapter 14 – Exterior Walls 1403.2 Weather protection 1403.4 Structural requirements 1403.6 Flood resistance – for walls in floodplain 1405.2 Weather protection specifications Section 1406 Combustible Materials on Exterior Section 1407 Aluminum Composite Materials 1407.6 Weather Resistance 1407.8 Fire Resistance

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 261 Chapter 15 – Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures Section 1503 Weather Protection Section 1504 Performance Requirements 1504.3 Wind Resistance Section 1505 Fire Classification 1507.2.7 Attachment of asphalt shingles based on wind speed 1507.2.8.1 High wind attachment of underlayment 1507.2.8.2 Ice dam protection for underlayment Table 1507.3.7 Clay and Concrete Tile Attachment Chapter 16 – Structural Design (Note- this is the key section for hazards) Section 1603 – Construction Documents – requires design loads to be shown on the plans. 1603.1.2 Roof live loads 1603.1.3 Roof snow load 1603.1.4 Wind loads 1603.1.5 Earthquake Design Data 1603.1.6 Flood loads 1603.1.7 Special loads Section 1604.8 Anchorage – of roof to walls and columns Table 1604.5 “Classification of Buildings and Other Structures for Importance Factors” includes seismic, snow and wind factors. Section 1605 Load Combinations 1605.4 Special Seismic Load Combinations Section 1607.11 Roof Loads (wind, snow and earthquake) Section 1608 Snow Loads Table 1608.2 “Design Snow and Seismic Loads for Kentucky Counties” (Note for Jefferson County, Ground Snow Load is 15 psf, and Seismic Design Category = B) Table 1608.3.1 “Snow Exposure Factor…” Section 1609 Wind Loads Table 1609.6.2 “Main Windforce Resisting System Loads” Section 1611 Rain Loads (for roofs) Section 1612 Flood Loads – applies to all structures in the floodplain, including substantial improvement and damage. Table 1609.6.2.1(2) Component and Cladding Wind Loads Table 1609.6.2.1(3) Roof Overhang Component Wind Loads Table 1609.6.2.1(4) Height and Exposure Adjustment for Wind Loads Figure 1609.6(1) Main Windforce Loading Diagram Figure 1609.6(2) Component and Cladding Loading Diagram (wind) Figure 1609.6(3) Application of Main Windforce Resisting System Loads Section 1613 Earthquake Loads Definitions Section 1614 Earthquake Loads General Section 1615 Earthquake Loads Site Ground Motion Table 1615.1.1 Site Class Definitions – related to soil type Table 1615.1.2(1) Values of Site Coefficient as Function of Site Class and Mapped Spectral Response Acceleration Ss (Ss = .27 in Lou. Metro)

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 262 Table 1615.1.2(2) Values of Site Coefficient as a Function of Site Class and Mapped Spectral Response S1 (S1 = .13 in Lou. Metro) Section 1616 Earthquake Loads – Criteria Selection 1616.2 Seismic Use Groups and Occupancy Importance Factors (Groups I, II and III – hazard increases as Group increases) Section 1617 Earthquake Loads – Minimum Design Table 1617.6 “Design Coefficients and Factors for Basic Seismic Force Resisting Systems” Section 1618 Dynamic Analysis Procedure Section 1619 Earthquake Loads – Soil/Structure Interaction Loads Section 1620 Earthquake Loads – Design, detailing requirements and Structural Component Load Effects Section 1621 Architectural, Mechanical and Electrical Component Seismic Design Requirements Table 1621.2 Architectural Component Coefficients Table 1621.3 Mechanical and Electrical Components Coefficients Section 1622 Non-building Structures Seismic Deign Requirements (Elevated tanks, towers, signs, etc.) Table 1622.2.5(1) Seismic Coefficients for Non-building Structures Section 1623 Seismically Isolated Structures Section 1624 Ice Loads Chapter 17 – Testing and Quality Assurance Section 1705 Quality Assurance for Seismic Resistance Section 1706 Quality Assurance for Wind Requirements Section 1707 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance Section 1708 Special Testing for Seismic Resistance Section 1709 Structural Observation – must be provided for Seismic Design Categories D, E or F under certain conditions. Chapter 18 – Soils and Foundations Section 1801.2.1 Foundation Design for Seismic Overturning Section 1802 Foundation and Soils Investigations 1802.2 Where Required: 1802.2.1 Questionable Soils 1802.2 Expansive Soils 1802.3 Groundwater Table 1802.6 Seismic Design Category C 1802.7 Seismic Design Category D, E or F Section 1805 Footings and Foundations 1805.2.1 Frost Penetration 1805.2.3 Shifting or Moving Soils Table 1805.2.1 Minimum Frost Depth (24” for Lou. Metro) Section 1806 Dampproofing and Water Proofing Section 1807 Pier and Pile Foundations 1807.2.23 Seismic Design of piers or piles Section 1808 Driven Pile Foundations 1808.2.2 Precast, non-prestressed piles

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 263 1808.2.2.2.1 Seismic Reinforcement Seismic Des. Cat. C 1808.2.2.2.2 Seismic Reinforcement Seismic Des. Cat D, E or F 1808.2.3 Precast Prestressed Piles 1808.2.3.2.1 Seismic Design Category C 1808.2.3.2.2 Seismic Design Category D, E or F 1808.3 Structural Steel Piles 1808.3.5 Design in Seismic Design Category D, E or F Section 1809 Cast-in-place Concrete Pile Foundations 1809.2.1 Reinforcement in Seismic Des. Cat. C 1809.2.2 Reinforcement in Seismic Des. Cat. D, E or F 1809.5 Steel Cased Piles 1809.5.4.1 Seismic Reinforcement in Seis. Des. Cat. C, D, E or F 1809.6 Concrete Filled Steel Pipe and Tube Piles 1809.6.4.1 Seismic Reinforcement in Seis. Des. Cat. C, D, E or F Section 1810 Composite Piles 1810.5 Seismic Reinforcement in Seis. Des. Cat. C, D, E or F Chapter 19 – Concrete 1904.2 Freezing and thawing exposures Table 1904.2.1 Total Air Content for Frost-resistant Concrete Table 1904.2.2(1) Requirements for Special Exposure – Freezing and thawing etc. Section 1910 Seismic Design Provisions 1910.3 Seismic Design Category B 1910.4 Seismic Design Category C 1910.5 Seismic Design Category D, E or F Chapter 21 – Masonry Section 2106 Seismic Design 2106.3 Seismic Design Category B 2106.4 Seismic Design Category C 2106.5 Seismic Design Category D 2106.6 Seismic Design Category E or F Section 2108.9.3 Design of Beams, Piers and Columns 2108.9.3.7 Seismic Design Provisions Section 2111 Masonry Fireplaces 2111.4 Seismic Anchorage (Seismic Design Category D) Section 2112 Masonry Heaters 2112.3 Seismic Reinforcement Section 2113 Masonry Chimneys 2113.3 Seismic Reinforcement Chapter 22 – Steel Section 2211 Wind and Seismic Requirements for Light-framed, cold-formed Steel Walls 2211.7 Seismic Design Category D, E or F Section 2212 Seismic Requirements for Structural Steel Construction 2212.1.1 Seismic Design Category A, B or C 2121.1.2 Seismic Design Category D, E or F

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 264 Section 2213 Seismic Requirements for Composite Construction 2213.1 Seismic Design Category B 2213.2 Seismic Design Category D, E or F Chapter 23 – Wood Section 2305 General Design Requirements – for walls to resist wind, seismic and other lateral loads 2305.2.4.1 Seismic Design Category F Section 2306.2 Wind Provisions for Walls Section 2308 Conventional Light Frame Construction 2308.2.1 Basic Wind Speed Greater than 100 mph 2308.2.2 Buildings in Seismic Design Category B, C, D or E Table 2308.9.3(4) Allowable Shear Values for Wind or Seismic Loading… Table 2308.9.5 Header and Girder Spans for Ext. Walls (snow load) Table 2308.10.1 Required Rating for Approved Uplift Connections (wind) Table 2308.10.3(6) Rafter Spacing for Common Lumber Species (snow) Table 2308.10.4.1 Rafter Tie Connections (snow load) 2308.11 Construction in Seismic Design Category B or C 2308.12 Construction in Seismic Design Category D or E Table 2308012.4 Wall Bracing in Seismic Design Category D or E Chapter 24 – Glass Section 2404 Wind, Snow and Dead Loads on Glass Section 2406 Safety Glazing Chapter 27 – Electrical Section 2702 Emergency and Standby Power Systems Chapter 30 – Elevators and Conveyance Systems Section 3003 Emergency Operations 3003.1 Standby Power 3003.2 Fire-fighters Emergency Operation

2002 Kentucky Residential Code 4. Part III – Building Planning and Construction 5. Chapter 3 – Building Planning R301.2.1 Wind Limitations R301.2.1.4 Exposure (Wind) Category R301.2.2 Seismic Provisions R301.2.3 Snow Loads R301.2.4 Floodplain Construction Table R301.2(1) Ground Snow Load, Wind Speed, Seismic Design Category, Frost Depth, Winter Design Temperature and Flood Hazard – to be filled out for each home. Table R301.2(2) Component and Cladding Loads – Wind speed Figure R301.2(1) Winter Design Temperature – (Louisville = 10o) Figure R301.2(2) Design Snow and Seismic Loads for KY Counties (Jefferson County Snow Load =15 psf, Seismic Design Cat. B) Figure R301.2(3) Weathering Probability Map for Concrete (Kentucky is rated “Severe”)

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 265 Figure R301.2(4) Wind Speeds (Kentucky is in area with Basic Wind Speed = 70 mph) Figure R301-2(5) Ground Snow Loads for the U.S. (Jefferson County = 15 psf) Figure R301.2(8) Component and Cladding Pressure Zones 6. Section R310 – Emergency Escape and Rescue Openings Section R317 – Smoke Alarms Section R319 – Flame Spread and Smoke Density Section R327 – Flood-Resistant Construction Chapter 4 – Foundations Section R401 – General R401.3 Drainage – requires positive drainage away from foundation to a public drainage structure. R403.1.4 Minimum Depth of Footings- based on frost depth (24” in Jefferson County) Table R403.1.4 Minimum Frost Protection Depth for KY Table R403.3 Minimum Insulation Requirements for Frost-protected Footings in Heated Buildings Figure R403.3(1) Insulation Placement for Frost-protected Footings in Heated Buildings Figure R403.3(2) Air-Freezing Index Section R405 Foundation Drainage Section R406 Foundation Waterproofing and Dampproofing Section R408 Under Floor Space R408.6 Flood Resistance – Flood openings required Chapter 5 – Floors Table R502.5(1) Girder Spans and Header Spans –based on snow load Table R505.3.1(1) Floor to Foundation or Bearing Wall Connection Requirements – based on seismic, wind speed and exposure. Chapter 6 – Wall Construction Table R602.3.1 Maximum Allowable Length of Wood Wall Studs – based on wind speed and seismic zone. Table R602.10.1 Wall Bracing – based on seismic zone and wind speed. Section R603 Steel Wall Framing Table R603.3.1 Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection Requirements (Steel walls) – based on seismic and wind speed. Tables R603.3.2(2) thru (13) Cold-Formed Steel Stud Thickness for various wall heights and steel strength – based on snow load. Table R603.6(1) thru (3) Allowable Header Spans – based on snow load. Table R603.6(5) Header to King Stud Connection Requirements – based on seismic zone, wind speed and exposure. Table R603.7 Minimum Percentage of Full Height Structural Sheathing on Exterior Walls – based on wind speed and exposure. R603.8.3 High Wind Requirements (includes several figures and tables). Section R606 General Masonry Construction R606.11 Seismic Requirements

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 266 Table R606.10(1) Anchorage Requirements for Masonry Walls in Seismic Design Category A, B or C and Wind Loads < 30 psf. Section R610 Glass Unit Masonry Figure R610.4.1 Glass Unit Masonry Design Wind Load Resistance Section R611 Insulating Concrete Form (ICF) Wall Construction Table R611.3 Minimum Vertical Wall Reinforcement for Flat ICF Above-grade Walls – based on wind speed Table R611.4(1) Minimum Vertical Wall Reinforcement for Waffle-grid ICF Above-grade Walls – based on wind speed. Table R611.5 Minimum Vertical Wall Reinforcement for Screen-grid ICF Above- grade Walls – based on wind speed. Tables R611.7(2) thru (5) Maximum Allowable Spans for ICG Lintels – based on snow load. Table R611.7(8) Minimum Percentage of Solid Wall Length along Exterior Wall Lines – based on wind speed. Table R611.7(9) Minimum Percentage of Solid Wall Length for Seismic Design Category C Section R613 Exterior Windows and Glass Doors R613.4 Windborne Debris Protection – in Hurricane-prone areas Chapter 7 – Wall Covering R703.7 Stone and Masonry Veneer – includes seismic design criteria Chapter 8 – Roof and Ceiling Construction R802.10 Wood Trusses – Design drawings must show design loads including snow, wind and earthquake zones. R802.11 Roof Tie Down – to resist wind uplift Tables R802.5.1(1) thru (8) Rafter Spacing for Common Lumber Species- based on snow loads. Table R802.5.1(9) Rafter/Ceiling Joist Heel Joint Connections – based on snow loads. Table 802.11 Required Strength of Truss or Rafter Tie-Down Connections to Resist Wind Uplift Forces Section R804 Steel Roof Framing R804.3.3 Allowable Rafter Spans – based on snow and wind loads R804.3.3.1.1 High Wind Ridge Tension Connections R804.4 Roof Tie Down R804.4.1 High Wind Roof Tie Down Table R804.3.1(3) Number of Screws Required for Ceiling Joist to Rafter Connection – based on snow load. Table R804.3.3(1) Allowable Horizontal Rafter Spans – based on snow load. Table R804.3.3(2) Basic Wind Speed to Equivalent Snow Load Conversion Chapter 9 – Roof Assemblies R905.2 Asphalt Shingles R905.2.6 Attachment of Asphalt Shingles – based on wind speed R905.2.7.1 Ice Protection of Underlayment R905.2.7.2 Underlayment and High Wind Section R907 Reroofing

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 267 R907.3 Recovery versus Replacement – requires removal of old asphalt shingles prior to replacement in areas subject to severe hail damage. Figure R907.3 Hail Risk Map – Kentucky is shown in light to moderate risk area. Chapter 10 – Chimneys and Fireplaces Section R1001 Masonry Chimneys R1001.1 General – includes seismic requirements. For Seismic Design Categories A, B or C seismic anchoring and reinforcement are not required. Section R1003 Masonry Fireplaces R1003.3 Seismic Reinforcing – for Seismic Des. Cat. D. Not required in Categories A, B or C. Part VII – Plumbing Systems P2501.2 Anchorage of Water Heaters in Seismic Design Category D. Not required in Categories A, B or C. Part X – Appendix Appendix A – Degree Day and Design Temperature – for Louisville: Heating Degree Days = 4,660, Design Temperature: for Winter = 10oF, for Summer: Dry bulb = 93oF, Wet bulb = 77oF.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 268 APPENDIX 11 Profiling Hazard Events: Tables and Data

National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) receives data from the National Weather Service (NWS). The NWS receives their information from a variety of sources, which include but are not limited to: county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry, and the general public. Following is the NCDC information collected, including detailed event tables.

FLOOD

The following information table is from the NCDC database and lists 30 floods occurring during 1995 – 2004. NCDC receives data from the NWS. The NWS receives their information from a variety of sources, which include but are not limited to: county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry, and the general public.

NCDC Jefferson County Query Results 30 Floods 01/01/1995 - 09/30/2004 Property Location or County Date Time Type Death Injuries Damage 1. Louisville 05/17/1995 0937 Flash Flood 0 0 0 05/17/1995 2300 Flash Flood 0 0 0 2. Jefferson 08/07/1995 1930 Flash Flood 0 0 0 3. Jefferson 10/05/1995 0600 Flash Flood 0 0 0 4. Jefferson 01/22/1996 07:00 AM Flood 0 0 0 5. Jefferson 05/11/1996 07:00 PM Flood 0 0 0 6. Jefferson 05/17/1996 07:00 PM Flood 0 0 0 7. Jefferson 05/26/1996 11:00 AM Flood 0 0 10K 8. Countywide 03/01/1997 06:30 AM Flood 1 0 85.0M 9. Jefferson 03/02/1997 11:00 PM Flood 1 0 125.0M 10. Countywide 03/18/1997 08:30 AM Flash Flood 0 0 0 11. Eastern Part 06/21/1997 01:15 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 12. Louisville 06/10/1998 05:45 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 13. Countywide 06/21/1998 07:30 AM Flash Flood 0 0 0 14. Countywide 07/07/1998 07:00 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 15. Louisville 07/29/1998 10:00 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 269 Property Location or County Date Time Type Death Injuries Damage 16. Jeffersontown 04/28/1999 03:07 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 17. Countywide 06/28/1999 02:30 PM Flash Flood 0 0 20K 18. Countywide 01/03/2000 07:30 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 19. Countywide 02/18/2000 01:30 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 20. Louisville 07/22/2001 04:15 PM Flash Flood 0 0 30K 21. Countywide 01/24/2002 02:30 AM Flash Flood 0 0 0 22. Jefferson 03/23/2002 11:00 AM Flood 0 0 0 23. Countywide 04/21/2002 07:00 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 24. East Portion Jefferson 06/06/2002 08:58 AM Flash Flood 0 0 0 25. Countywide 12/19/2002 04:45 PM Flash Flood 0 0 20K 26. Jefferson 01/06/2004 07:00 AM Flood 0 0 0 27. Middletown 05/10/2004 04:00 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 28. Louisville 05/19/2004 04:30 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 29. Louisville 05/25/2004 08:00 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 30. Countywide 05/27/2004 08:17 PM Flash Flood 0 0 0 Total 30 events 2 0 $210,008M http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 270 HAIL

NCDC receives data from the NWS. The NWS receives their information from a variety of sources, which include but are not limited to: county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry, and the general public. Please see a detailed NCDC table after the following event detail.

NCDC Query Jefferson County Results 59 Hail Events 01/01/1961 - 06/30/2004 Property Location or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Damage 1. Jefferson 08/17/1961 1638 1.00 in. 0 0 0 2. Jefferson 08/18/1961 1550 1.00 in. 0 0 0 3. Jefferson 04/19/1964 1602 1.00 in. 0 0 0 4. Jefferson 07/10/1966 1900 0.00 in. 0 0 0 5. Jefferson 03/14/1967 2152 1.00 in. 0 0 0 6. Jefferson 07/22/1968 1231 1.75 in. 0 0 0 7. Jefferson 04/27/1971 1330 1.75 in. 0 0 0 8. Jefferson 05/06/1971 1108 1.00 in. 0 0 0 9. Jefferson 04/13/1972 1600 0.75 in. 0 0 0 10. Jefferson 05/26/1973 1750 0.75 in. 0 0 0 11. Jefferson 04/03/1974 1530 1.75 in. 0 0 0 12. Jefferson 07/17/1975 1520 1.75 in. 0 0 0 13. Jefferson 08/12/1975 1530 2.00 in. 0 0 0 14. Jefferson 07/24/1976 1545 0.75 in. 0 0 0 15. Jefferson 07/13/1977 1600 1.25 in. 0 0 0 16. Jefferson 07/02/1980 1555 2.00 in. 0 0 0 17. Jefferson 03/20/1982 1735 1.00 in. 0 0 0 18. Jefferson 05/29/1982 1310 2.00 in. 0 0 0 19. Jefferson 06/15/1982 1515 0.75 in. 0 0 0 20. Jefferson 09/14/1984 1330 1.75 in. 0 0 0 21. Jefferson 06/02/1985 0245 0.75 in. 0 0 0 22. Jefferson 06/24/1985 1550 1.50 in. 0 0 0 06/24/1985 1645 1.00 in. 0 0 0 08/30/1985 1355 1.75 in. 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 271 Property Location or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Damage 08/30/1985 1415 1.50 in. 0 0 0 23. Jefferson 03/10/1986 1450 1.75 in. 0 0 0 24. Jefferson 05/07/1986 1920 1.50 in. 0 0 0 25. Jefferson 06/16/1987 1510 1.75 in. 0 0 0 26. Jefferson 04/23/1988 1305 1.75 in. 0 0 0 27. Jefferson 05/09/1988 1405 1.75 in. 0 0 0 05/09/1988 1422 0.75 in. 0 0 0 28. Jefferson 04/26/1989 2032 1.75 in. 0 0 0 29. Jefferson 04/28/1989 1916 2.00 in. 0 0 0 30. Louisville 02/21/1993 1438 0.75 in. 0 0 0 31. Bonnieville 04/15/1993 1511 0.75 in. 0 0 0 32. St. Matthews 05/25/1994 1930 0.75 in. 0 0 0 33. Fisherville 04/20/1996 01:55 AM 50 kts. 0 0 3K 34. Louisville 05/03/1996 10:30 PM 2.75 in. 0 0 20.0M 35. Valley Station & 05/28/1996 05:22 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0 Fairdale 05/28/1996 05:32 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0 36. Shively 03/28/1997 07:20 PM 1.75 in. 0 0 0 37. Fairmount 04/08/1998 02:05 PM 0.75 in. 0 0 0 38. Louisville 05/19/1998 11:43 PM 1.75 in. 0 0 0 39. Highview 04/28/1999 02:35 PM 1.75 in. 0 0 0 40. Louisville 01/03/2000 06:40 PM 1.25 in. 0 0 0 41. Louisville 04/20/2000 05:15 PM 0.88 in. 0 0 0 42. Valley Station 10/05/2000 05:25 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0 43. Fairdale 11/09/2000 02:55 PM 0.75 in. 0 0 0 44. Louisville 04/10/2001 04:30 PM 0.88 in. 0 0 0 45. Middletown 04/10/2001 05:10 PM 1.75 in. 0 0 0 46. Pleasure Ridge Park 05/07/2001 02:45 PM 0 kts. 0 0 0 47. Valley Station 05/11/2001 07:15 PM 1.75 in. 0 0 5K 48. Highview 05/11/2001 07:30 PM 0.88 in. 0 0 0 49. Louisville 09/23/2001 08:10 PM 1.75 in. 0 0 0 50. Valley Station & 02/20/2002 01:08 PM 0.75 in. 0 0 0 Jeffersontown 02/20/2002 01:12 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 272 Property Location or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Damage 51. Valley Station 03/29/2002 03:25 PM 0.75 in. 0 0 0 52. Prospect 11/10/2002 06:05 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0 53. Shively 04/20/2003 07:35 PM 0.75 in. 0 0 0 54. Louisville Arpt 05/09/2003 04:57 PM 0.75 in. 0 0 0 55. St Matthews 08/27/2003 05:08 PM 0.75 in. 0 0 0 56. Louisville 05/19/2004 03:55 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0 57. Okolona 05/24/2004 05:22 PM 0.88 in. 0 0 0 58. Middletown 07/06/2004 04:15 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0 07/06/2004 04:30 PM 1.75 in. 0 0 0 59. St Matthews 07/06/2004 04:30 PM 1.00 in. 0 0 0 07/06/2004 04:35 PM 2.00 in. 0 0 0 59 total events 0 0 $20.008M http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 273 SEVERE STORM

NCDC receives Storm Data from the NWS. The NWS receives their information from a variety of sources, which include but are not limited to: county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, skywarn spotters, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry, and the general public. Following are the NCDC query results for thunderstorm and lightning.

NCDC Query Jefferson County Results 176 Thunderstorm & High Wind 01/01/1957 - 09/30/2004 Location Or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage 1. Jefferson 05/21/1957 2232 67 kts. 0 0 0 2. Jefferson 05/25/1957 1800 62 kts. 0 0 0 3. Jefferson 06/11/1957 1815 67 kts. 0 0 0 4. Jefferson 04/29/1958 1600 0 kts. 0 0 0 5. Jefferson 05/24/1960 1530 0 kts. 0 0 0 6. Jefferson 07/24/1961 1820 56 kts. 0 0 0 7. Jefferson 04/19/1963 2100 0 kts. 0 0 0 8. Jefferson 06/10/1963 1945 50 kts. 0 0 0 9. Jefferson 06/20/1963 0200 50 kts. 0 0 0 10. Jeffers 07/02/1965 1530 0 kts. 0 0 0 11. Jefferson 10/08/1965 1440 50 kts. 0 0 0 12. Jefferson 07/06/1966 1446 75 kts. 0 0 0 13. Jefferson 07/10/1966 1900 0 kts. 0 0 0 14. Jefferson 02/15/1967 2100 50 kts. 0 0 0 15. Jefferson 08/07/1968 1834 0 kts. 0 0 0 16. Jefferson 05/08/1969 1700 0 kts. 0 0 0 17. Jefferson 06/22/1969 1500 0 kts. 0 0 0 18. Jefferson 10/20/1969 1700 0 kts. 0 0 0 19. Jefferson 04/19/1970 2150 58 kts. 0 0 0 20. Jefferson 05/25/1970 1630 0 kts. 0 0 0 21. Jefferson 08/19/1970 1515 0 kts. 0 0 0 22. Jefferson 05/24/1971 2045 0 kts. 0 0 0 23. Jefferson 07/13/1971 1805 0 kts. 0 0 0 24. Jefferson 07/13/1971 1812 73 kts. 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 274 Location Or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage 25. Jefferson 08/03/1972 1905 58 kts. 0 0 0 26. Jefferson 06/04/1973 1216 59 kts. 0 0 0 27. Jefferson 06/17/1973 0717 50 kts. 0 0 0 28. Jefferson 06/20/1973 2040 0 kts. 0 0 0 29. Jefferson 06/26/1973 2150 0 kts. 0 0 0 30. Jefferson 06/27/1973 0950 65 kts. 0 0 0 31. Jefferson 07/19/1973 2000 0 kts. 0 0 0 32. Jefferson n 08/09/1973 1700 0 kts. 0 0 0 33. Jefferson 11/25/1973 0333 50 kts. 0 0 0 34. Jefferson 12/26/1973 1400 70 kts. 0 0 0 35. Jefferson 01/26/1974 1700 67 kts. 0 0 0 36. Jefferson 04/03/1974 1540 54 kts. 0 0 0 37. Jefferson 01/10/1975 2159 68 kts. 0 0 0 38. Jefferson 07/17/1975 1520 55 kts. 0 0 0 39. Jefferson 08/12/1975 1500 50 kts. 0 0 0 40. Jefferson 09/05/1975 1432 62 kts. 0 0 0 41. Jefferson 01/13/1976 1455 0 kts. 0 0 0 42. Jefferson 01/13/1976 1500 0 kts. 0 0 0 43. Jefferson 03/05/1976 0333 53 kts. 0 0 0 44. Jefferson 06/30/1977 1843 0 kts. 0 0 0 45. Jefferson 07/08/1977 1415 65 kts. 0 0 0 46. Jefferson 09/15/1977 1800 0 kts. 0 0 0 47. Jefferson 06/07/1980 2200 0 kts. 0 0 0 48. Jefferson 07/04/1980 0820 70 kts. 0 0 0 49. Jefferson 08/03/1980 0307 51 kts. 0 0 0 50. Jefferson 08/11/1980 0600 70 kts. 0 0 0 51. Jefferson 09/09/1980 1700 0 kts. 0 0 0 52. Jefferson 07/20/1981 1930 52 kts. 0 0 0 53. Jefferson 08/05/1981 1617 50 kts. 0 0 0 54. Jefferson 08/27/1981 1827 50 kts. 0 0 0 55. Jefferson 06/15/1982 1515 0 kts. 0 0 0 56. Jefferson 07/19/1982 1730 52 kts. 0 0 0 57. Jefferson 04/02/1983 0900 0 kts. 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 275 Location Or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage 58. Jefferson 07/04/1983 1430 0 kts. 0 0 0 59. Jefferson 08/04/1983 1300 0 kts. 0 0 0 60. Jefferson 08/27/1983 1510 0 kts. 0 0 0 61. Jefferson 03/15/1984 2221 52 kts. 0 0 0 62. Jefferson 07/04/1984 1300 0 kts. 0 0 0 63. Jefferson 07/26/1984 1410 0 kts. 0 0 0 64. Jefferson 04/05/1985 1524 0 kts. 0 0 0 65. Jefferson 05/14/1985 2350 0 kts. 0 0 0 66. Jefferson 06/10/1985 0040 0 kts. 0 0 0 67. Jefferson 06/11/1985 1545 50 kts. 0 0 0 68. Jefferson 03/10/1986 1505 52 kts. 0 0 0 69. Jefferson 05/07/1986 1915 0 kts. 0 0 0 70. Jefferson 06/30/1986 1610 0 kts. 0 1 0 71. Jefferson 10/04/1986 1540 0 kts. 0 0 0 72. Jefferson 05/30/1987 1500 0 kts. 0 0 0 73. Jefferson 06/09/1987 1430 0 kts. 0 0 0 74. Jefferson 06/12/1987 1806 0 kts. 0 1 0 75. Jefferson 07/05/1987 1700 61 kts. 0 0 0 76. Jefferson 07/05/1987 1718 0 kts. 0 0 0 77. Jefferson 07/06/1987 1600 62 kts. 0 0 0 78. Jefferson 07/13/1987 1200 0 kts. 0 0 0 79. Jefferson 07/26/1987 1925 0 kts. 0 0 0 80. Jefferson 08/27/1987 1736 50 kts. 0 0 0 81. Jefferson 07/17/1988 1424 54 kts. 0 0 0 82. Jefferson 05/15/1990 1330 0 kts. 0 0 0 83. Jefferson 05/16/1990 2120 0 kts. 0 0 0 84. Jefferson 06/06/1990 1430 65 kts. 0 0 0 85. Jefferson 06/07/1990 0350 0 kts. 0 0 0 86. Jefferson 09/07/1990 2140 69 kts. 0 0 0 87. Jefferson 09/14/1990 1448 52 kts. 0 0 0 88. Jefferson 03/22/1991 1410 0 kts. 0 0 0 89. Jefferson 04/09/1991 1240 52 kts. 0 0 0 90. Jefferson 04/23/1991 1855 0 kts. 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 276 Location Or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage 91. Jefferson 08/19/1991 1545 0 kts. 0 0 0 92. Jefferson 07/02/1992 2012 0 kts. 0 0 0 93. Jefferson 07/11/1992 1630 0 kts. 0 0 0 94. Jefferson 07/30/1992 1640 0 kts. 0 2 0 95. Jefferson 02/21/1993 1500 N/A 0 0 5K 96. Jefferson 04/15/1993 1650 N/A 0 0 50K 97. Jefferson 11/14/1993 1515 N/A 0 0 50K 98. St. Matthews 05/14/1994 1720 N/A 0 3 500K 99. Jefferson 06/21/1994 1330 N/A 0 0 500K 100. Jefferson 06/26/1994 2020 N/A 0 0 0 101. Shively 04/16/1995 2330 N/A 0 0 0 102. Louisville 05/14/1995 0300 N/A 0 0 0 103. Louisville 05/18/1995 1930 N/A 0 0 0 104. Pleasure Ridge Park 06/06/1995 2020 N/A 0 0 0 105. Near Louisville 06/21/1995 1730 N/A 0 0 0 106. Louisville 06/28/1995 1530 N/A 0 0 0 107. Louisville 07/04/1995 2250 N/A 0 0 0 108. Jefferson 07/23/1995 1915 N/A 0 0 0 109. Jefferson 08/08/1995 2303 N/A 0 0 0 110. Louisville 02/27/1996 06:50 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 111. Fisherville 04/20/1996 01:55 AM 50 kts. 0 0 3K 112. Louisville 04/29/1996 02:20 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 113. Countywide 05/05/1996 05:10 PM 60 kts. 0 0 100K 114. Middletown 05/10/1996 06:00 PM 50 kts. 0 0 200K 115. Louisville 05/24/1996 08:14 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 116. Middletown 07/02/1996 07:15 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 117. Fern Creek 07/02/1996 07:20 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 118. Louisville 07/07/1996 08:10 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 119. Fairdale 07/21/1996 03:45 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 120. Louisville 08/20/1996 04:00 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 121. Louisville 09/05/1996 08:00 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 122. Prospect 11/07/1996 03:00 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 123. Jeffersontown 06/21/1997 01:30 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 277 Location Or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage 124. Louisville 07/26/1997 04:54 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 125. Louisville 05/02/1998 08:20 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 126. Louisville 05/19/1998 11:53 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 127. Valley Station 05/20/1998 03:50 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 128. Louisville 05/23/1998 03:00 AM 50 kts. 0 0 0 129. Louisville 05/31/1998 05:15 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 130. Louisville 06/10/1998 05:30 PM 52 kts. 0 0 0 131. Louisville 06/12/1998 09:45 PM 52 kts. 0 0 10K 132. Louisville 06/22/1998 03:00 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 133. Louisville 06/29/1998 09:45 PM 52 kts. 0 0 0 134. Jefferson 11/10/1998 09:00 AM 43 kts. 2 7 42K 135. Jefferson 02/07/1999 01:25 PM 45 kts. 0 0 14K 136. Shively 02/27/1999 07:10 PM 0 kts. 0 0 5K 137. Fern Creek 04/28/1999 03:30 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 138. Pleasure Ridge Park 08/19/1999 10:55 AM 50 kts. 0 0 0 139. Middletown 08/19/1999 11:40 AM 0 kts. 0 0 2K 140. Louisville 01/03/2000 02:35 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 141. Louisville 02/18/2000 05:05 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 142. Louisville 04/20/2000 04:55 PM 70 kts. 1 0 15K 143. Jeffersontown 06/14/2000 04:10 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 144. Countywide 09/20/2000 07:10 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 145. Fern Creek 10/05/2000 05:50 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 146. Jeffersontown 11/09/2000 03:05 PM 52 kts. 0 0 0 147. Pleasure Ridge Park 05/07/2001 02:45 PM 0 kts. 0 0 0 148. St Matthews 07/08/2001 08:10 PM 80 kts. 0 0 75K 149. Okolona 08/23/2001 02:05 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 150. Pleasure Ridge Park 09/23/2001 08:00 PM 70 kts. 0 0 10K 151. Pleasure Ridge Park 10/24/2001 06:35 PM 90 kts. 0 0 0 152. Okolona 04/21/2002 06:25 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 153. Countywide 04/28/2002 03:35 AM 60 kts. 0 0 0 154. Harrods Creek 05/01/2002 08:00 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 155. Worthington 06/04/2002 02:50 PM 65 kts. 0 0 10K 156. Shively 07/29/2002 07:18 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 278 Location Or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage 157. Kosmosdale & Indian 11/10/2002 06:05 PM 65 kts. 0 0 0 Hills 158. Louisville 04/04/2003 11:59 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 159. Shively 04/20/2003 07:30 PM 65 kts. 0 0 75K 160. Shively Prospect 05/01/2003 04:05 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 161. Louisville 05/05/2003 06:00 AM 60 kts. 0 0 0 162. Louisville 05/10/2003 02:50 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 163. Harrods Creek 08/02/2003 03:20 AM 60 kts. 0 0 75K 164. Okolona 08/04/2003 02:00 AM 60 kts. 0 0 0 165. Louisville 08/17/2003 02:50 PM 70 kts. 0 0 25K 166. St Matthews 08/22/2003 02:30 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 167. Buechel 08/27/2003 05:13 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 168. Valley Station & 09/27/2003 01:05 AM 60 kts. 0 0 0 Prospect 169. St Matthews 05/19/2004 03:50 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 170. Countywide 05/27/2004 08:29 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 171. Fairdale 05/30/2004 02:50 PM 70 kts. 0 0 50K 172. Countywide 05/30/2004 10:24 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 173. Okolona 06/01/2004 08:05 PM 50 kts. 0 0 0 174. Countywide 07/05/2004 02:50 PM 55 kts. 0 0 0 175. Countywide 07/13/2004 07:39 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 176. Valley Station 07/22/2004 03:55 PM 60 kts. 0 0 0 Total 176 storm events 3 16 1.766M

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 279 LIGHTNING NCDC Jefferson County Query Results 8 Lightning 01/01/1995 - 09/30/2004 Property Location or County Date Time Deaths Injuries Damage 1 Louisville 07/22/1995 1900 0 1 0 2 Jefferson 08/07/1995 1930 0 0 100K 3 Louisville 05/26/1996 07:00 AM 0 0 2K 4 Louisville 05/26/1996 10:25 AM 0 0 10K 5 Middletown 07/07/1996 08:30 PM 0 0 10K 6 Highview 05/25/2004 07:15 PM 0 0 10K 7 Lyndon 05/25/2004 07:15 PM 0 0 20K 8 Louisville 05/27/2004 08:20 PM 0 0 10K Total 8 events 1 162K http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 280 SEVERE WINTER STORMS

NCDC receives data from the NWS. The NWS receives their information from a variety of sources, which include but are not limited to: county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry, and the general public. The following table shows 6 winter storm events from the NCDC’s website archives.

NCDC Query Jefferson County Results 6 Snow & Ice Events 1996 - 2004 Location Date Time Type Deaths Injuries Property Damage 1 Jefferson 01/06/1996 03:00 PM Heavy Snow 0 0 0 2 Jefferson 03/19/1996 05:00 AM Heavy Snow 0 0 0 3 Jefferson 02/03/1998 06:00 PM Heavy Snow 3 4 0 4 Jefferson 01/07/1999 09:00 PM Winter Storm 0 0 0 5 Jefferson 12/24/1999 02:00 AM Heavy Snow 0 0 0 6 Jefferson 02/15/2003 04:00 PM Ice Storm 0 0 180K 6 Total Events 3 4 180K http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 281 TORNADO

The following table of tornado events is from the NCDC’s website archives and shows the event dates during 1964 - 2004 along with the magnitude and damage caused. NCDC receives Storm Data from the NWS. The NWS receives their information from a variety of sources, which include but are not limited to: county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, skywarn spotters, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry, and the general public.

NCDC Query Jefferson County Results 9 Tornados 1964 - 2004 Location or County Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage 1. Jefferson 03/25/1964 1900 F2 0 1 250K 2. Jefferson 04/01/1970 1900 F1 0 0 25K 3. Jefferson 04/03/1974 1537 F4 3 225 0K 4. Jefferson 05/29/1974 2228 F1 0 0 25K 5. Jefferson 06/30/1977 1830 F0 0 0 25K 6. Brooks 05/28/1996 05:40 PM F1 0 0 0 7. Jeffersontown 07/27/1997 08:05 PM F0 0 0 0 8. Louisville 10/04/2002 06:47 PM F1 0 0 150K 9. Fern Creek 05/30/2004 04:27 PM F0 0 0 100K 9 Total Events 3 226 $575K http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~542056

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 282 APPENDIX 12 HAZUS-MH Pilot Project Earthquake Assessment

Earthquake

The earthquake hazard was analyzed using the HAZUS-MH software. HAZUS-MH provided data were used for the general building stock and were updated with local inventory data for critical facilities. Population data were taken from HAZUS-MH and are based on the most recent census conducted in 2000 (FEMA 2004a).

For the earthquake hazard, a mixture of local and HAZUS-MH provided data were used to model two MRP events and annualized loss. HAZUS-MH provides a soil type assumption; this soil type was changed for the Louisville Metro risk assessment based on the team’s knowledge and a partial soil map provided by the KGS (KGS 2004). The partial soil map data was not sufficient to modify the default landslide and liquefaction assumptions provided by HAZUS-MH. Therefore, the loss estimate for this pilot project assumes no landslide or liquefaction potential; however, available data on areas of potential liquefaction are mapped One might expect that with infrastructure to identify areas at risk (see Figure 5-7). the number of persons requiring The earthquake model provides loss estimations for general building stock and estimates how much of the infrastructure would be affected shelter would be by the hazard. The earthquake model also estimates affected greater than number population, including displaced households, shelter requirements, and of displaced injuries. households because more than one person The widespread, regional nature of the earthquake hazard means that lives in each the entire area population is at risk. Therefore, exposure values for household. However, the number of households, general population, and socially vulnerable some individuals from populations at risk are not provided (but are equal to the total displaced households population inventory discussed in Section 4). Estimated social impacts do not require shelter such as displaced households, shelter requirements, and injury were because they stay estimated and are summarized in Table 5-1 for the 100- and 500-year MRP events.

Table 5-1. Estimated Social Losses from Earthquake for Louisville Metro Study Area

Social Loss Parameter 100-year MRP Earthquake 500-year MRP Earthquake

Expected Displaced - 250 to 300 households Households Expected Persons Requiring - 50 to 100 persons Shelter Expected Minor Injuries - 500 to 600 persons Expected Major Injuries - 50 to 100 persons Note: Figures rounded to the nearest hundred. Major injuries are those that require hospitalization. – indicates negligible (less than 1 person impacted).

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 283 Figures 5-1 through 5-3 show the extent of softer soils provided by the Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS) in relation to population density, elderly population density, and low-income population density, respectively. Because soil data were available for only part of the study area, these figures show the portion of the study area for which soil data were available (see upper left hand corner of each figure for the portion of the study area represented in the larger figure).

Figure 5-1. Distribution of General Population Density in Relation to the Earthquake Hazard

Figure 5-2. Distribution of Elderly Population Density in Relation to the Earthquake Hazard

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 284 Figure 5-3. Distribution of Low-Income Population Density in Relation to the Earthquake Hazard

Estimated property damage and loss ratios are summarized in Table 5-2 for the 100- and 500- year MRP events. Damage estimates reflect the aggregated estimated loss based on impacts likely to occur to individual buildings.

The total estimated loss for an earthquake with a severity equal to a Annualized loss is 500-year MRP is approximately $161.2 million. Commercial and the estimated long- residential buildings account for about 77 and 23 percent of the total term value of losses losses for this event, respectively. The overall distribution of building to the general building value for the area is 82 percent residential and 18 percent commercial. For the earthquake hazard, the economic loss ratio for structures is stock averaged on an higher than that for building content. annual basis for a specific hazard type. Notes: M indicates millions. Dollars rounded to the nearest hundred thousand. Annualized loss - indicates negligible damages or loss (less $1,000). N/A indicates considers all future not applicable. losses for a specific hazard type resulting “Annualized loss” estimates consider all potential future hazard events to from possible hazard estimate the average annual loss that can be expected based on the events with different individual events that may occur over time. The total estimated average magnitudes and annualized loss associated with the earthquake hazard is $1.5 million. return periods, The average annualized losses by occupancy class associated with the averaged on a “per earthquake hazard are presented below. year” basis. Like other loss estimates, Total average annualized losses of approximately $1.2 million for the annualized loss is an residential occupancy class, or an annualized loss ratio of 0.003 i bd

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 285 percent, including:

- $973,000 for residential structures, or an annualized loss ratio of 0.002 percent - $176,000 for content loss for residential buildings, or an annualized loss ratio of less than 0.001percent

Table 5-2. Estimated Damages/Losses to General Building Stock from Earthquake 100-year MRP Earthquake 500-year MRP Earthquake Occupancy Class Estimated Economic Estimated Economic Damages Loss Ratio Damages Loss Ratio Residential Building Structure - N/A $108.6 M 0.26% Residential Building Content - N/A $15.6 M 0.08% Residential Building Total - N/A $124.2 M 0.20%

Commercial Building Structure - N/A $29.7 M 0.44% Commercial Building Content - N/A $7.3 M 0.10%

Commercial Building Total - N/A $37.0 M 0.27% Total for All Buildings - N/A $161.2 M 0.21%

ƒ Total average annualized losses of $329,000 for the commercial occupancy class or, an annualized loss ratio of 0.002 percent, including: o $259,000 for commercial structures, or an annualized loss ratio of 0.004 percent o $70,000 for content loss for commercial occupancy class, or an annualized loss ratio of less than 0.001 percent

Figures 5-4 and 5-5 show the dollar loss density for the earthquake hazard for the residential and commercial occupancy classes for 500-year MRP event. The dollar loss density indicates the loss in dollars per square mile of land.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 286 Figure 5-4. Residential Dollar Loss Density for 500-Year MRP Earthquake Event

Figure 5-5. Commercial Dollar Loss Density for 500-Year Earthquake Event

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 287 Detailed descriptions of Critical facilities also were evaluated in terms of the probability damage terms are described of various levels of impact, including the following: no damage, in the HAZUS-MH slight damage, moderate damage, extensive damage, or earthquake user’s manual. complete damage. For the 100-year MRP earthquake event, there is less than a 0.2 percent probability that damage categorized from slight to complete would occur. For the 500- year MRP earthquake event, there is greater than a 4 percent probability that damage categorized as minor to complete would occur. However, the probability that extensive or complete damage would occur remains low for this event (less than a 0.3 percent probability).

Local soil data was available for about one-third of the study area. This soil data was used to modify the HAZUS-MH provided soil assumption from type D (stiff soil) to type C (moderate soil). Figure 5-6 shows the areas of softer soil in relation to essential facilities in the Louisville Metro study area (for the portion of the study area for which that data was provided).

PBS&J did not consider available liquefaction data sufficient to change the liquefaction assumption in HAZUS-MH. Therefore, no liquefaction was assumed for the earthquake analysis in this pilot project. However, available areas of liquefaction susceptibility were overlain with infrastructure to illustrate the vulnerability of infrastructure to liquefaction susceptibility (see Figures 5-7 and 5-8). Transportation and utility lifeline systems are overlain with liquefaction susceptibility maps, rather than soft soil maps, because major damage for these systems typically is related to liquefaction. Figure 5-6. Distribution of Essential Facilities in Relation to the Earthquake Hazard

Note: The portion of the study region for which refined soil mapping data was obtained is shown in the upper left hand corner. That portion of the study region is then shown in the figure.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 288 Figure 5-7. Distribution of Transportation Lifeline Systems in Relation to the Earthquake Hazard Based on Soil Liquefaction Potential

Note: The portion of the study region for which refined soil mapping data was obtained is shown in the upper left hand corner. That portion of the study region is then shown in the figure.

Figure 5-8. Distribution of Utility Lifeline Systems in Relation to the Earthquake Hazard Based on Soil Liquefaction Potential

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 289 As additional local hazard data (for example, soil and liquefaction data for the entire study area) become available through ongoing KGS and other efforts, earthquake hazard assumptions and data can be refined for future risk assessment estimates. The analysis conducted in this pilot project provides a foundation for such efforts. Although liquefaction is not assumed for this analysis, its impact would be negligible given the level of shaking expected for the study area. At least moderate shaking is required in order to trigger liquefaction and this level of shaking is highly unlikely based on available USGS data.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 290 APPENDIX 13 Identifying Assets: Tables and Data Vulnerability Tables ƒ Population Rank Table ƒ Building Rank Table ƒ Essential Facility Table ƒ Utility Facility Rank Table ƒ Social Vulnerability Rank Table ƒ Transportation Facilities Table ƒ Potential High Loss Table ƒ Exposure Score Table ƒ Dam Failure Vulnerability Table ƒ 100 Yr. Flood Vulnerability Table ƒ Karst/sinkhole Vulnerability Table ƒ Landslide Vulnerability Table ƒ Wildfire Vulnerability Table

Population Rank Table Census Tract Population Population Rank Census Tract Population Population Rank Census Tract Population Population Rank 000200 3390 2 007900 1800 1 011302 7278 5 000300 3148 2 008100 3234 2 011403 1918 1 000400 5090 3 008200 4207 3 011404 3516 2 000600 1795 1 008300 2855 2 011405 5448 4 000700 3049 2 008400 3019 2 011406 3485 2 000800 2388 1 008500 2068 1 011504 6435 4 000900 2277 1 008700 4217 3 011505 5249 3 001000 2978 2 008800 3173 2 011506 4990 3 001100 3673 2 008900 4031 3 011508 3334 2 001200 3136 2 009000 6552 4 011509 3827 2 001400 1355 1 009103 1653 1 011510 7655 5

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 291 Census Tract Population Population Rank Census Tract Population Population Rank Census Tract Population Population Rank 001500 3139 2 009104 7763 5 011511 6439 4 001600 3095 2 009300 5156 3 011512 3992 3 001700 2579 1 009400 6722 4 011601 3085 2 001800 1831 1 009600 4401 3 011602 4940 3 002100 3041 2 009700 3145 2 011703 3511 2 002300 2667 1 009800 2692 1 011704 6531 4 002400 5357 4 009900 2762 1 011705 6911 4 002700 3354 2 010001 4829 3 011706 3485 2 002800 2018 1 010004 4617 3 011707 3472 2 003000 3410 2 010005 4317 3 011800 3498 2 003500 1971 1 010006 3678 2 011901 3292 2 003600 5207 3 010007 4359 3 011904 2605 1 003700 2023 1 010008 4129 3 011905 6425 4 003800 4119 3 010101 6305 4 011906 3465 2 003900 4220 3 010102 4196 3 011907 4233 3 004000 1818 1 010303 5015 3 012001 3335 2 004100 2767 1 010306 7476 5 012002 5380 4 004301 4338 3 010307 1635 1 012003 4190 3 004302 3555 2 010308 8581 5 012103 2644 1 004400 4330 3 010309 3874 2 012104 3782 2 004500 3299 2 010310 5850 4 012105 3858 2 004600 3694 2 010311 5414 4 012106 6526 4 004900 2548 1 010402 5271 3 012107 5480 4 005000 1890 1 010403 3085 2 012202 6171 4 005100 3295 2 010404 10267 5 012203 5748 4 005200 3456 2 010500 3442 2 012204 4167 3 005300 2285 1 010600 6381 4 012301 3322 2 005600 4605 3 010701 4343 3 012302 4653 3 005900 5071 3 010702 5461 4 012405 9272 5 006200 2670 1 010705 6108 4 012406 5442 4

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 292 Census Tract Population Population Rank Census Tract Population Population Rank Census Tract Population Population Rank 006300 2019 1 010706 3157 2 012407 4102 3 006400 1798 1 010800 3847 2 012408 2453 1 006500 3411 2 010901 4531 3 012409 3456 2 006600 2391 1 010902 4187 3 012501 2543 1 006800 2222 1 011002 5156 3 012502 5061 3 006900 2314 1 011003 6072 4 012503 4230 3 007000 2225 1 011004 6234 4 012601 6392 4 007100 4665 3 011005 2916 2 012603 2581 1 007400 1975 1 011101 8619 5 012604 4953 3 007501 5148 3 011102 4858 3 012701 4147 3 007502 5051 3 011105 6186 4 012702 2259 1 007601 1855 1 011106 7432 5 012703 5418 4 007602 3667 2 011109 2318 1 012801 3478 2 007603 2535 1 011110 5582 4 012802 2571 1 007700 3661 2 011200 5039 3 013100 2107 1 007800 3294 2 011301 2485 1

Building Rank Table

Census PVA Bldgs Built Bldgs Before Building Building Tract Content Value Improved Value Property Value Rank Before 1980 1980 Rank Score Rank 000200 $42,292,405 $58,441,270 $100,733,675 1 1286 3 4 2 000300 $29,635,165 $49,805,130 $79,440,295 1 1226 3 4 2 000400 $53,937,165 $101,137,350 $155,074,515 1 1907 4 5 3 000600 $50,876,995 $52,380,490 $103,257,485 1 685 1 2 1 000700 $24,793,620 $45,589,870 $70,383,490 1 1208 3 4 2 000800 $22,123,315 $43,594,350 $65,717,665 1 868 2 3 1 000900 $21,211,450 $40,467,660 $61,679,110 1 965 2 3 1 001000 $70,420,365 $79,868,610 $150,288,975 1 1197 3 4 2 001100 $39,674,965 $77,383,730 $117,058,695 1 1499 3 4 2 001200 $90,303,080 $119,423,680 $209,726,760 1 1244 3 4 2 001400 $22,076,165 $27,543,310 $49,619,475 1 183 1 2 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 293 Census PVA Bldgs Built Bldgs Before Building Building Tract Content Value Improved Value Property Value Rank Before 1980 1980 Rank Score Rank 001500 $45,961,845 $68,965,540 $114,927,385 1 1168 3 4 2 001600 $27,873,065 $52,319,180 $80,192,245 1 1237 3 4 2 001700 $20,519,985 $38,005,610 $58,525,595 1 990 2 3 1 001800 $36,225,045 $50,033,530 $86,258,575 1 685 1 2 1 002100 $24,939,290 $38,959,350 $63,898,640 1 1164 3 4 2 002300 $33,442,190 $50,805,510 $84,247,700 1 1018 2 3 1 002400 $83,098,475 $118,994,320 $202,092,795 1 1962 4 5 3 002700 $312,592,315 $262,917,320 $575,509,635 3 1400 3 6 4 002800 $138,678,785 $119,271,680 $257,950,465 2 801 2 4 2 003000 $128,909,380 $199,732,870 $328,642,250 2 1252 3 5 3 003500 $141,808,460 $127,056,760 $268,865,220 2 803 2 4 2 003600 $66,160,700 $127,075,410 $193,236,110 1 2310 5 6 4 003700 $31,907,405 $45,154,000 $77,061,405 1 868 2 3 1 003800 $136,501,310 $1,401,027,760 $1,537,529,070 4 1875 4 8 5 003900 $68,275,420 $119,050,490 $187,325,910 1 1736 4 5 3 004000 $21,186,220 $40,528,670 $61,714,890 1 806 2 3 1 004100 $42,213,995 $63,237,730 $105,451,725 1 1311 3 4 2 004301 $155,556,195 $211,260,790 $366,816,985 2 1700 4 6 4 004302 $39,885,935 $50,842,520 $90,728,455 1 1404 3 4 2 004400 $63,596,735 $119,356,760 $182,953,495 1 2005 4 5 3 004500 $179,540,180 $210,556,830 $390,097,010 2 1403 3 5 3 004600 $60,156,190 $109,337,930 $169,494,120 1 1671 4 5 3 004900 $945,706,195 $1,093,525,160 $2,039,231,355 5 1320 3 8 5 005000 $45,458,225 $50,484,410 $95,942,635 1 905 2 3 1 005100 $93,007,485 $113,705,930 $206,713,415 1 2247 5 6 4 005200 $77,094,045 $135,120,510 $212,214,555 1 2184 5 6 4 005300 $168,565,390 $166,891,980 $335,457,370 2 621 1 3 1 005600 $339,478,635 $418,922,430 $758,401,065 3 1787 4 7 4 005900 $383,254,100 $375,377,340 $758,631,440 3 2193 5 8 5 006200 $82,968,865 $92,475,720 $175,444,585 1 917 2 3 1 006300 $45,415,818 $60,283,105 $105,698,923 1 945 2 3 1 006400 $56,932,131 $86,628,601 $143,560,732 1 1016 2 3 1 006500 $59,364,660 $76,050,570 $135,415,230 1 1360 3 4 2

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 294 Census PVA Bldgs Built Bldgs Before Building Building Tract Content Value Improved Value Property Value Rank Before 1980 1980 Rank Score Rank 006600 $30,007,370 $54,475,660 $84,483,030 1 1396 3 4 2 006800 $35,558,485 $66,401,300 $101,959,785 1 1055 2 3 1 006900 $48,413,590 $78,125,390 $126,538,980 1 1146 3 4 2 007000 $56,621,870 $93,357,330 $149,979,200 1 1039 2 3 1 007100 $109,692,910 $148,030,300 $257,723,210 2 2061 4 6 4 007400 $116,460,095 $146,062,400 $262,522,495 2 1080 2 4 2 007501 $333,542,830 $615,783,190 $949,326,020 4 1725 4 8 5 007502 $422,613,358 $707,381,695 $1,129,995,053 4 1390 3 7 4 007601 $65,366,850 $128,816,090 $194,182,940 1 992 2 3 1 007602 $146,544,385 $235,873,690 $382,418,075 2 1871 4 6 4 007603 $99,246,325 $176,998,390 $276,244,715 2 964 2 4 2 007700 $130,164,510 $246,354,220 $376,518,730 2 1270 3 5 3 007800 $112,649,190 $191,927,360 $304,576,550 2 1606 4 6 4 007900 $56,061,920 $105,877,790 $161,939,710 1 978 2 3 1 008100 $98,883,975 $133,840,440 $232,724,415 1 1525 3 4 2 008200 $125,971,505 $222,186,140 $348,157,645 2 2417 5 7 4 008300 $90,452,075 $159,295,190 $249,747,265 2 1364 3 5 3 008400 $70,239,400 $134,569,540 $204,808,940 1 1492 3 4 2 008500 $66,499,425 $129,186,480 $195,685,905 1 1128 3 4 2 008700 $292,535,140 $409,424,950 $701,960,090 3 1489 3 6 4 008800 $111,268,635 $213,708,960 $324,977,595 2 1572 3 5 3 008900 $125,008,470 $225,985,650 $350,994,120 2 1638 4 6 4 009000 $244,172,155 $470,735,910 $714,908,065 3 2791 5 8 5 009103 $607,456,935 $566,128,320 $1,173,585,255 4 549 1 5 3 009104 $257,037,240 $472,777,540 $729,814,780 3 2159 5 8 5 009300 $227,327,980 $279,539,760 $506,867,740 3 2014 4 7 4 009400 $268,194,050 $401,563,740 $669,757,790 3 2816 5 8 5 009600 $133,199,215 $250,803,840 $384,003,055 2 1939 4 6 4 009700 $80,120,830 $143,203,540 $223,324,370 1 1360 3 4 2 009800 $91,053,445 $161,139,640 $252,193,085 2 1334 3 5 3 009900 $143,119,875 $205,734,030 $348,853,905 2 1445 3 5 3 010001 $182,053,500 $321,993,413 $504,046,913 3 1713 4 7 4 010004 $431,793,875 $779,663,450 $1,211,457,325 4 1437 3 7 4

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 295 Census PVA Bldgs Built Bldgs Before Building Building Tract Content Value Improved Value Property Value Rank Before 1980 1980 Rank Score Rank 010005 $96,982,100 $184,980,390 $281,962,490 2 1304 3 5 3 010006 $97,759,165 $174,054,519 $271,813,684 2 1300 3 5 3 010007 $136,160,000 $253,662,970 $389,822,970 2 1416 3 5 3 010008 $120,119,420 $219,078,110 $339,197,530 2 1239 3 5 3 010101 $514,776,010 $974,184,820 $1,488,960,830 4 1479 3 7 4 010102 $310,403,740 $435,644,300 $746,048,040 3 1021 2 5 3 010303 $246,001,082 $468,821,915 $714,822,997 3 817 2 5 3 010306 $246,001,082 $3,124,451,857 $3,370,452,939 5 329 1 6 4 010307 $95,742,470 $162,334,450 $258,076,920 2 193 1 3 1 010308 $585,670,915 $1,094,441,455 $1,680,112,370 5 1586 3 8 5 010309 $293,866,433 $483,722,675 $777,589,108 3 351 1 4 2 010310 $194,652,075 $358,568,650 $553,220,725 3 1030 2 5 3 010311 $213,518,930 $397,087,874 $610,606,804 3 857 2 5 3 010402 $209,744,350 $324,295,540 $534,039,890 3 1257 3 6 4 010403 $207,693,770 $339,782,290 $547,476,060 3 371 1 4 2 010404 $693,690,155 $1,289,384,800 $1,983,074,955 5 1650 4 9 5 010500 $258,615,265 $471,638,570 $730,253,835 3 1551 3 6 4 010600 $130,887,145 $2,329,966,230 $2,460,853,375 5 2331 5 10 5 010701 $685,208,500 $1,156,408,140 $1,841,616,640 5 1351 3 8 5 010702 $354,034,995 $664,491,720 $1,018,526,715 4 1443 3 7 4 010705 $493,580,545 $841,214,870 $1,334,795,415 4 1828 4 8 5 010706 $201,129,400 $358,701,370 $559,830,770 3 1276 3 6 4 010800 $111,720,225 $203,092,460 $314,812,685 2 1404 3 5 3 010901 $146,097,515 $246,497,970 $392,595,485 2 2212 5 7 4 010902 $97,913,163 $170,989,485 $268,902,648 2 1898 4 6 4 011002 $918,365,320 $733,948,720 $1,652,314,040 5 1944 4 9 5 011003 $147,296,765 $276,417,180 $423,713,945 2 2400 5 7 4 011004 $348,733,390 $599,485,550 $948,218,940 4 2754 5 9 5 011005 $130,134,835 $230,294,120 $360,428,955 2 1132 3 5 3 011101 $455,268,930 $822,697,240 $1,277,966,170 4 1335 3 7 4 011102 $912,153,840 $1,003,422,420 $1,915,576,260 5 1764 4 9 5 011105 $274,299,230 $469,844,320 $744,143,550 3 990 2 5 3 011106 $204,074,315 $356,999,600 $561,073,915 3 2600 5 8 5

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 296 Census PVA Bldgs Built Bldgs Before Building Building Tract Content Value Improved Value Property Value Rank Before 1980 1980 Rank Score Rank 011109 $77,929,245 $151,777,620 $229,706,865 1 810 2 3 1 011110 $114,558,550 $226,668,600 $341,227,150 2 1180 3 5 3 011200 $158,008,470 $250,599,630 $408,608,100 2 2424 5 7 4 011301 $385,150,345 $395,352,960 $780,503,305 3 875 2 5 3 011302 $166,767,195 $240,572,520 $407,339,715 2 2523 5 7 4 011403 $226,327,415 $253,696,820 $480,024,235 2 870 2 4 2 011404 $153,597,620 $267,393,660 $420,991,280 2 1399 3 5 3 011405 $197,963,515 $353,241,260 $551,204,775 3 2094 4 7 4 011406 $187,539,164 $306,963,227 $494,502,391 3 1445 3 6 4 011504 $157,704,307 $266,142,625 $423,846,932 2 1532 3 5 3 011505 $153,268,950 $249,454,370 $402,723,320 2 1958 4 6 4 011506 $124,118,490 $217,011,840 $341,130,330 2 1468 3 5 3 011508 $88,967,590 $151,799,140 $240,766,730 1 1142 3 4 2 011509 $108,022,300 $177,497,560 $285,519,860 2 1265 3 5 3 011510 $267,412,609 $506,675,280 $774,087,889 3 1897 4 7 4 011511 $212,862,105 $413,142,260 $626,004,365 3 507 1 4 2 011512 $333,020,359 $652,642,178 $985,662,537 4 720 1 5 3 011601 $172,378,758 $264,024,665 $436,403,423 2 329 1 3 1 011602 $218,371,530 $353,652,730 $572,024,260 3 854 2 5 3 011703 $100,991,207 $173,741,935 $274,733,142 2 622 1 3 1 011704 $134,094,280 $246,128,060 $380,222,340 2 1535 3 5 3 011705 $248,515,961 $417,080,551 $665,596,512 3 1899 4 7 4 011706 $73,868,160 $135,819,830 $209,687,990 1 1198 3 4 2 011707 $68,647,010 $118,266,660 $186,913,670 1 1032 2 3 1 011800 $233,470,135 $318,875,620 $552,345,755 3 1469 3 6 4 011901 $186,153,726 $1,562,673,740 $1,748,827,466 5 1026 2 7 4 011904 $129,129,215 $234,903,220 $364,032,435 2 1077 2 4 2 011905 $209,829,770 $374,632,060 $584,461,830 3 2311 5 8 5 011906 $129,400,765 $179,275,640 $308,676,405 2 1362 3 5 3 011907 $123,767,525 $204,840,610 $328,608,135 2 1561 3 5 3 012001 $72,060,565 $127,787,000 $199,847,565 1 1205 3 4 2 012002 $89,971,240 $141,180,200 $231,151,440 1 1064 2 3 1 012003 $73,424,045 $130,531,360 $203,955,405 1 1036 2 3 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 297 Census PVA Bldgs Built Bldgs Before Building Building Tract Content Value Improved Value Property Value Rank Before 1980 1980 Rank Score Rank 012103 $70,518,630 $103,557,510 $174,076,140 1 946 2 3 1 012104 $995,555,400 $707,537,370 $1,703,092,770 5 1329 3 8 5 012105 $125,060,400 $199,247,760 $324,308,160 2 1098 3 5 3 012106 $130,753,635 $240,685,440 $371,439,075 2 2184 5 7 4 012107 $78,031,950 $133,269,950 $211,301,900 1 1385 3 4 2 012202 $161,724,610 $285,397,430 $447,122,040 2 2164 5 7 4 012203 $187,729,425 $321,562,960 $509,292,385 3 1725 4 7 4 012204 $115,735,570 $204,638,210 $320,373,780 2 1108 3 5 3 012301 $59,090,620 $115,247,690 $174,338,310 1 1328 3 4 2 012302 $145,368,050 $285,549,170 $430,917,220 2 1711 4 6 4 012405 $187,110,886 $362,344,772 $549,455,658 3 2471 5 8 5 012406 $124,840,705 $212,289,330 $337,130,035 2 2224 5 7 4 012407 $118,630,250 $179,479,030 $298,109,280 2 1177 3 5 3 012408 $59,568,250 $98,424,150 $157,992,400 1 978 2 3 1 012409 $49,248,595 $90,477,820 $139,726,415 1 1340 3 4 2 012501 $64,014,310 $99,131,250 $163,145,560 1 1108 3 4 2 012502 $209,912,670 $275,162,090 $485,074,760 2 2222 5 7 4 012503 $55,168,060 $108,912,110 $164,080,170 1 1614 4 5 3 012601 $127,918,665 $229,440,570 $357,359,235 2 2815 5 7 4 012603 $53,272,175 $96,117,690 $149,389,865 1 1159 3 4 2 012604 $77,458,027 $146,217,463 $223,675,490 1 2032 4 5 3 012701 $172,776,932 $1,332,565,770 $1,505,342,702 4 1633 4 8 5 012702 $303,503,380 $323,411,970 $626,915,350 3 799 2 5 3 012703 $680,328,950 $470,637,090 $1,150,966,040 4 1489 3 7 4 012801 $200,731,625 $241,141,390 $441,873,015 2 1281 3 5 3 012802 $263,161,747 $252,230,675 $515,392,422 3 1175 3 6 4 013100 $71,627,320 $141,872,290 $213,499,610 1 866 2 3 1 TOTAL $30,431,378,805.00 $54,207,738,065.00 $84,639,116,870.00 239550

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 298 Essential Facility Table Census Fire Police Nursing Total # Essential Essential Tract Hospitals Schools EOCs Stations Stations Homes Facilities Facility Rank 000200 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 000300 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 000400 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 000600 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 000700 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 000800 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 000900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 001000 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 001100 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 001200 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 001400 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 001500 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 001600 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 001700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 001800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 002100 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 002300 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 002400 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 002700 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 002800 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 003000 0 2 0 1 0 1 4 3 003500 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 003600 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 003700 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 003800 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 003900 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 004000 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 004100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 004301 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 4 004302 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 004400 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 004500 1 1 0 0 0 3 5 3

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 299 Census Fire Police Nursing Total # Essential Essential Tract Hospitals Schools EOCs Stations Stations Homes Facilities Facility Rank 004600 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 004900 0 8 1 1 0 0 10 5 005000 0 1 0 1 0 3 5 3 005100 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 005200 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 005300 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 005600 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 005900 5 4 0 0 0 2 11 5 006200 1 4 0 1 0 1 7 4 006300 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 006400 1 4 0 1 0 0 6 4 006500 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 006600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 006800 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 006900 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 007000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 007100 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 007400 0 2 0 1 0 1 4 3 007501 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 007502 0 2 0 2 0 2 6 4 007601 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 007602 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 007603 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 2 007700 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 007800 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 4 007900 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 008100 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 008200 0 2 0 0 0 3 5 3 008300 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 008400 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 008500 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 008700 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 008800 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 300 Census Fire Police Nursing Total # Essential Essential Tract Hospitals Schools EOCs Stations Stations Homes Facilities Facility Rank 008900 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 009000 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 009103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 009104 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 009300 1 5 0 0 0 2 8 4 009400 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 009600 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 009700 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 009800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 009900 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 010001 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 010004 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 010005 1 5 0 0 0 1 7 4 010006 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 3 010007 0 5 0 0 0 2 7 4 010008 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 010101 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 3 010102 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 2 010303 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 010306 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 3 010307 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 010308 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 010309 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 010310 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 010311 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 010402 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 010403 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 010404 0 4 0 0 0 2 6 4 010500 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 010600 3 5 0 0 0 2 10 5 010701 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 010702 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 010705 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 301 Census Fire Police Nursing Total # Essential Essential Tract Hospitals Schools EOCs Stations Stations Homes Facilities Facility Rank 010706 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 010800 0 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 010901 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 010902 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 011002 0 3 0 0 0 3 6 4 011003 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 011004 0 1 0 0 0 3 4 3 011005 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 011101 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 3 011102 0 3 0 2 0 1 6 4 011105 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 011106 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 4 011109 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 011110 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 011200 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 011301 0 5 0 1 0 0 6 4 011302 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 011403 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 011404 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 011405 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 011406 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 011504 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 2 011505 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 011506 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 011508 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 011509 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 011510 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 011511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 011512 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 011601 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 011602 0 1 0 4 0 0 5 3 011703 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 011704 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 302 Census Fire Police Nursing Total # Essential Essential Tract Hospitals Schools EOCs Stations Stations Homes Facilities Facility Rank 011705 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 3 011706 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 011707 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 011800 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 011901 0 5 0 2 0 0 7 4 011904 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 011905 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 011906 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 011907 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 2 012001 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 012002 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 3 012003 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 012103 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 2 012104 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 012105 1 3 0 1 0 0 5 3 012106 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 012107 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 012202 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 012203 0 3 0 0 0 1 4 3 012204 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 012301 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 012302 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 012405 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 3 012406 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 012407 0 4 0 2 0 0 6 4 012408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012409 0 2 0 0 1 0 3 2 012501 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012502 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 012503 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012601 0 4 0 1 0 1 6 4 012603 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 012604 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 3

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 303 Census Fire Police Nursing Total # Essential Essential Tract Hospitals Schools EOCs Stations Stations Homes Facilities Facility Rank 012701 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012702 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 3 012703 0 3 0 2 0 0 5 3 012801 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012802 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 013100 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 TOTAL 15 311 2 68 4 64 464

Utility Facility Rank Table (Mi) Comm. Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Total # of Total # of Lines (Mi) Line Rank Sewer Line Utility Rank Natural Gas Utility Score Waste Water Facility Rank Gas Line (Mi) Census Tract Potable Water Electric Power Water Line (Mi) 000200 0 3 0 0 0 12 10 7 3 29 1 1 3 2 000300 0 0 0 0 0 10 9 5 0 24 0 0 1 1 000400 0 0 0 0 2 17 11 7 2 35 1 1 3 2 000600 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 4 0 22 0 0 1 1 000700 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 3 0 18 0 0 1 1 000800 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 3 0 16 0 0 1 1 000900 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 2 0 12 0 0 1 1 001000 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 4 0 21 0 0 1 1 001100 0 0 0 0 0 11 10 5 0 26 0 0 1 1 001200 0 0 0 0 0 19 14 6 0 39 0 0 2 1 001400 1 0 0 0 0 9 7 4 1 20 1 1 2 1 001500 0 0 0 0 0 12 10 4 0 26 0 0 1 1 001600 0 0 0 0 0 9 10 4 0 23 0 0 1 1 001700 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 2 0 13 0 0 1 1 001800 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 3 0 15 0 0 1 1 002100 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 3 0 16 0 0 1 1 002300 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 4 0 24 0 0 1 1 002400 0 0 0 0 0 18 19 10 0 47 0 0 3 2 002700 0 0 0 0 1 25 27 10 1 62 1 1 5 3 002800 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 3 0 19 0 0 1 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 304 (Mi) Comm. Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Total # of Total # of Lines (Mi) Line Rank Sewer Line Utility Rank Natural Gas Utility Score Waste Water Facility Rank Gas Line (Mi) Census Tract Potable Water Electric Power Water Line (Mi) 003000 0 0 0 0 1 11 8 4 1 23 1 1 2 1 003500 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 3 0 17 0 0 1 1 003600 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 6 0 34 0 0 2 1 003700 0 0 0 0 1 6 7 2 1 15 1 1 2 1 003800 0 0 0 0 0 12 10 5 0 27 0 0 2 1 003900 0 0 0 0 0 13 12 5 0 30 0 0 2 1 004000 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 2 0 14 0 0 1 1 004100 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 4 0 24 0 0 1 1 004301 0 0 0 0 2 10 9 4 3 23 1 1 2 1 004302 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 3 1 12 1 1 2 1 004400 0 0 0 0 0 16 14 6 0 36 0 2 2 1 004500 0 0 0 0 1 12 13 8 2 33 1 2 3 2 004600 0 0 0 0 0 13 12 4 0 29 0 2 2 1 004900 2 4 0 1 6 29 23 11 13 63 3 4 7 4 005000 1 0 0 0 0 6 6 2 1 14 1 1 2 1 005100 0 1 0 0 0 8 6 2 1 16 1 1 2 1 005200 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 2 0 15 0 1 1 1 005300 0 0 0 0 3 21 10 5 3 36 1 2 3 2 005600 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 4 0 21 0 1 1 1 005900 0 0 0 0 2 25 20 11 2 56 1 3 4 2 006200 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 5 0 26 0 1 1 1 006300 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 2 0 14 0 1 1 1 006400 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 2 0 11 0 1 1 1 006500 0 0 0 0 0 9 10 4 0 23 0 1 1 1 006600 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 2 1 13 1 1 2 1 006800 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 2 0 13 0 1 1 1 006900 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 2 0 14 0 1 1 1 007000 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 3 0 18 0 1 1 1 007100 0 0 0 0 0 14 15 6 0 35 0 2 2 1 007400 1 0 0 1 16 19 23 8 19 50 4 3 7 4 007501 0 0 0 0 8 48 43 18 16 109 2 5 7 4

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 305 (Mi) Comm. Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Total # of Total # of Lines (Mi) Line Rank Sewer Line Utility Rank Natural Gas Utility Score Waste Water Facility Rank Gas Line (Mi) Census Tract Potable Water Electric Power Water Line (Mi) 007502 0 0 0 2 20 40 66 24 27 130 4 5 9 5 007601 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 2 0 13 0 1 1 1 007602 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 3 0 19 0 1 1 1 007603 1 0 0 0 0 5 6 3 1 14 1 1 2 1 007700 0 0 0 1 3 15 29 7 5 51 1 3 4 2 007800 0 0 0 5 0 14 13 6 5 33 2 2 4 2 007900 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 2 0 14 0 1 1 1 008100 1 0 0 0 0 16 15 6 1 37 1 2 3 2 008200 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 4 0 24 0 1 1 1 008300 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 3 0 24 0 1 1 1 008400 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 3 0 18 0 1 1 1 008500 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 0 12 0 1 1 1 008700 0 0 0 0 0 39 42 16 1 97 0 5 5 3 008800 0 0 0 0 0 12 12 5 0 29 0 2 2 1 008900 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 5 0 33 0 2 2 1 009000 0 0 0 2 0 26 26 9 2 61 1 3 4 2 009103 0 1 0 0 2 11 12 4 4 27 1 2 3 2 009104 0 0 0 0 5 21 22 9 5 52 2 3 5 3 009300 0 0 0 0 2 27 18 8 2 53 1 3 4 2 009400 0 0 0 0 0 41 33 14 1 88 0 4 4 2 009600 0 0 0 0 0 20 19 7 0 46 0 3 3 2 009700 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 5 0 27 0 2 2 1 009800 0 0 0 0 2 12 12 5 4 29 1 2 3 2 009900 0 0 0 0 0 14 10 5 1 29 0 2 2 1 010001 0 0 0 0 2 29 28 10 6 67 1 4 5 3 010004 0 0 0 4 0 8 13 5 4 26 1 1 2 1 010005 0 0 0 0 1 21 18 7 4 46 1 3 4 2 010006 0 0 0 0 0 15 18 6 4 39 0 2 2 1 010007 0 0 0 0 5 21 21 8 8 50 2 3 5 3 010008 0 0 0 3 4 15 15 6 11 36 2 2 4 2 010101 0 0 0 0 0 25 24 11 0 60 0 3 3 2

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 306 (Mi) Comm. Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Total # of Total # of Lines (Mi) Line Rank Sewer Line Utility Rank Natural Gas Utility Score Waste Water Facility Rank Gas Line (Mi) Census Tract Potable Water Electric Power Water Line (Mi) 010102 0 0 0 0 1 29 25 10 4 64 1 4 5 3 010303 0 0 0 0 29 40 41 16 31 97 5 5 10 5 010306 0 0 0 19 19 75 65 28 39 168 5 5 10 5 010307 1 0 0 4 6 16 26 11 13 53 3 3 6 3 010308 0 0 0 0 11 54 42 20 21 116 3 5 8 4 010309 0 0 0 0 1 25 24 9 4 58 1 3 4 2 010310 0 0 0 0 3 28 27 11 5 66 1 4 5 3 010311 0 1 0 1 7 22 18 7 9 47 2 3 5 3 010402 0 0 0 0 4 31 33 13 15 77 1 4 5 3 010403 0 0 0 4 3 16 33 11 8 60 2 3 5 3 010404 0 0 0 0 14 46 51 20 16 117 3 5 8 4 010500 1 0 0 0 2 17 15 7 3 39 1 2 3 2 010600 0 0 0 0 0 23 24 12 0 59 0 3 3 2 010701 0 0 0 0 1 27 33 13 1 73 1 4 5 3 010702 0 0 0 0 0 20 19 9 0 48 0 3 3 2 010705 0 0 0 0 0 22 25 10 1 57 0 3 3 2 010706 0 0 0 0 1 15 16 6 2 37 1 2 3 2 010800 0 0 0 0 0 14 20 7 0 41 0 2 2 1 010901 0 0 0 0 2 17 17 7 2 41 1 2 3 2 010902 0 0 0 1 0 16 18 6 1 40 1 2 3 2 011002 0 0 0 0 1 18 26 9 1 53 1 3 4 2 011003 0 0 0 0 0 18 16 8 0 42 0 2 2 1 011004 0 0 0 0 0 16 18 7 0 41 0 2 2 1 011005 0 0 0 0 0 10 8 3 0 21 0 1 1 1 011101 0 0 0 0 0 34 33 13 0 80 0 4 4 2 011102 2 0 1 7 9 57 53 26 21 136 4 5 9 5 011105 0 0 0 0 4 28 23 9 5 60 1 3 4 2 011106 0 0 0 3 8 25 29 10 11 64 3 4 7 4 011109 0 1 0 0 6 8 11 5 7 24 2 1 3 2 011110 0 0 0 0 4 25 24 8 5 57 1 3 4 2 011200 0 0 0 0 1 11 11 4 1 26 1 1 2 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 307 (Mi) Comm. Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Total # of Total # of Lines (Mi) Line Rank Sewer Line Utility Rank Natural Gas Utility Score Waste Water Facility Rank Gas Line (Mi) Census Tract Potable Water Electric Power Water Line (Mi) 011301 0 1 0 0 0 23 25 10 1 58 1 3 4 2 011302 0 0 0 0 0 19 22 8 0 49 0 3 3 2 011403 0 0 0 0 1 12 12 5 1 29 1 2 3 2 011404 0 0 0 0 0 10 14 4 0 28 0 2 2 1 011405 0 0 0 0 1 15 15 6 2 36 1 2 3 2 011406 0 0 0 0 0 15 17 6 3 38 0 2 2 1 011504 0 0 0 1 2 29 32 11 8 72 1 4 5 3 011505 0 0 0 0 2 27 27 8 9 62 1 4 5 3 011506 0 0 0 0 4 19 20 7 6 46 1 3 4 2 011508 0 0 0 0 4 23 17 7 11 47 1 3 4 2 011509 0 0 0 0 3 15 17 4 10 36 1 2 3 2 011510 0 0 0 0 8 37 30 13 19 80 2 4 6 3 011511 0 0 0 0 10 28 27 9 11 64 3 4 7 4 011512 0 0 0 3 8 31 27 12 15 70 3 4 7 4 011601 0 0 0 1 7 23 32 23 15 78 2 4 6 3 011602 0 0 0 0 2 16 44 43 2 103 1 5 6 3 011703 0 0 0 3 12 42 44 17 18 103 3 5 8 4 011704 0 0 0 0 11 33 30 10 15 73 3 4 7 4 011705 1 0 0 0 4 24 29 11 6 64 2 4 6 3 011706 0 0 0 0 0 22 19 7 3 48 0 3 3 2 011707 0 0 0 0 4 21 16 6 15 43 1 2 3 2 011800 0 0 0 0 1 20 19 8 2 47 1 3 4 2 011901 0 1 0 0 4 58 50 25 7 133 2 5 7 4 011904 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 4 0 22 0 1 1 1 011905 0 0 0 0 0 29 26 10 1 65 0 4 4 2 011906 0 0 0 0 1 15 16 5 5 36 1 2 3 2 011907 0 0 0 0 0 21 20 7 1 48 0 3 3 2 012001 0 0 0 0 0 17 20 9 3 46 0 3 3 2 012002 0 0 0 0 2 26 21 10 5 57 1 3 4 2 012003 0 0 0 8 3 12 22 19 11 53 3 3 6 3 012103 0 0 0 0 2 15 14 7 2 36 1 2 3 2

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 308 (Mi) Comm. Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities Total # of Total # of Lines (Mi) Line Rank Sewer Line Utility Rank Natural Gas Utility Score Waste Water Facility Rank Gas Line (Mi) Census Tract Potable Water Electric Power Water Line (Mi) 012104 0 1 0 3 1 12 27 10 7 49 2 3 5 3 012105 0 0 0 1 1 18 20 7 5 45 1 3 4 2 012106 0 0 0 0 2 31 29 10 6 70 1 4 5 3 012107 0 0 0 0 2 16 23 12 3 51 1 3 4 2 012202 0 0 0 4 1 21 22 8 7 51 2 3 5 3 012203 0 0 0 6 2 35 34 13 15 82 2 4 6 3 012204 0 0 0 5 3 16 25 8 12 49 2 3 5 3 012301 0 0 0 0 0 12 12 5 0 29 0 2 2 1 012302 0 0 0 4 1 18 18 6 5 42 2 2 4 2 012405 0 0 0 0 1 39 35 14 5 88 1 4 5 3 012406 0 0 0 0 0 21 23 8 0 52 0 3 3 2 012407 0 0 0 0 0 24 22 7 0 53 0 3 3 2 012408 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 3 1 24 0 1 1 1 012409 0 0 0 0 0 18 15 6 1 39 0 2 2 1 012501 0 0 0 0 2 12 9 4 3 25 1 1 2 1 012502 0 0 0 0 0 24 28 9 0 61 0 3 3 2 012503 0 0 0 0 1 15 13 6 2 34 1 2 3 2 012601 0 0 0 0 5 24 27 11 7 62 2 4 6 3 012603 0 0 0 0 2 12 12 5 3 29 1 2 3 2 012604 0 0 0 0 1 22 19 8 1 49 1 3 4 2 012701 0 1 0 0 3 19 19 9 4 47 1 3 4 2 012702 0 0 0 0 1 2 15 7 1 24 1 1 2 1 012703 0 1 0 0 0 27 30 14 3 71 1 4 5 3 012801 0 0 0 0 0 14 15 6 0 35 0 2 2 1 012802 0 0 0 0 3 12 9 4 3 25 1 1 2 1 013100 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 3 0 19 0 1 1 1 TOTAL 12 16 1 97 356 3110 3163 1319 694 7592

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 309 Social Vulnerability Rank Table Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Homes Isolated Vehicle Rank Linguistically Poverty Rank # of Population Female Head of Household Rank Public Assistance # of Manufactured Population with No Population Renting Receiving Disability Manufactured Home Population 65 & Over Social Vulnerability Rank Census Tract # of Population Poverty Living in # of Population 65 & Over # of Female Head of Household # of Population with No Vehicle # of Households Receiving Public Assistance # of Population Receiving Disability # of Population Renting Linguistically Isolated Rank Social Vulnerability Score 000200 1103 324 286 343 101 1767 565 0 6 4 2 3 3 3 4 3 1 1 24 4 000300 876 295 339 265 115 1581 440 0 0 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 21 3 000400 1368 610 564 312 159 2368 580 0 0 4 3 4 3 4 5 3 1 1 28 5 000600 948 203 251 165 97 1069 309 6 5 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 19 3 000700 640 398 444 278 53 1472 479 0 9 3 2 4 2 2 3 2 1 1 20 3 000800 531 334 300 149 37 1156 247 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 16 2 000900 464 382 276 203 63 1209 397 0 0 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 18 2 001000 1276 360 433 374 96 1690 534 6 8 4 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 24 4 001100 880 708 461 299 77 2173 428 0 14 3 4 4 3 3 4 2 1 1 25 4 001200 771 588 406 203 70 1275 348 0 0 3 3 4 2 3 3 2 1 1 22 3 001400 408 107 253 128 55 414 345 0 0 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 14 1 001500 939 475 444 265 90 1742 431 0 5 3 3 4 2 3 4 2 1 1 23 4 001600 665 391 372 252 116 1669 462 0 0 3 2 4 2 4 3 2 1 1 22 3 001700 935 410 362 199 75 1427 363 0 0 3 2 4 2 3 3 2 1 1 21 3 001800 828 249 268 313 69 1046 363 0 8 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 19 3 002100 903 243 303 300 106 1722 523 7 7 3 1 3 3 4 4 2 2 1 23 4 002300 1147 215 284 367 97 1533 535 0 5 4 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 21 3 002400 2442 651 830 1058 160 3063 1493 7 6 5 3 5 5 4 5 5 2 1 35 5 002700 1484 469 497 602 144 2309 807 0 8 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 1 1 29 5 002800 437 179 304 205 58 1071 310 0 0 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 16 2 003000 2409 158 748 830 324 1225 1339 0 5 5 1 5 4 5 3 5 1 1 30 5 003500 1383 94 366 562 194 867 674 0 0 4 1 4 4 5 2 3 1 1 25 4 003600 1064 687 493 318 110 2768 840 6 5 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 2 1 31 5 003700 602 225 173 254 47 1379 482 0 24 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 18 2 003800 895 623 276 323 83 2518 706 9 98 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 2 4 29 5 003900 736 492 382 230 57 1766 663 7 24 3 3 4 2 2 4 3 2 2 25 4 004000 350 233 126 115 20 817 325 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 12 1 004100 635 310 236 248 74 1381 789 9 32 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 23 4 004301 1514 402 657 589 232 2053 1333 0 22 4 2 5 4 5 4 5 1 2 32 5

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 310 Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Homes Isolated Vehicle Rank Linguistically Poverty Rank # of Population Female Head of Household Rank Public Assistance # of Manufactured Population with No Population Renting Receiving Disability Manufactured Home Population 65 & Over Social Vulnerability Rank No Vehicle # of Households Receiving Public Assistance # of Population Receiving Disability # of Population Renting Linguistically Isolated Rank Social Vulnerability Score Census Tract # of Population Poverty Living in # of Population 65 & Over # of Female Head of Household # of Population with 004302 2148 215 665 715 243 2450 1022 0 16 5 1 5 4 5 5 4 1 1 31 5 004400 404 748 216 238 46 1586 753 9 35 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 22 3 004500 343 621 187 177 44 1512 502 31 25 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 20 3 004600 301 653 216 135 45 1548 621 0 72 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 20 3 004900 556 443 104 771 27 1324 1216 0 27 2 2 1 4 2 3 4 1 2 21 3 005000 450 668 138 611 103 1653 898 0 8 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 23 4 005100 1203 911 198 1317 87 2650 1978 0 42 4 4 2 5 3 5 5 1 2 31 5 005200 669 155 198 463 65 1489 1688 0 86 3 1 2 3 3 3 5 1 3 24 4 005300 386 37 58 96 2 304 556 0 41 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 13 1 005600 1276 365 345 443 111 2358 1341 0 477 4 2 3 3 4 5 5 1 5 32 5 005900 2865 502 680 1535 265 3215 2255 0 38 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 36 5 006200 1313 208 453 429 218 999 626 0 15 4 1 4 3 5 2 3 1 1 24 4 006300 291 279 151 172 66 903 380 7 0 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 18 2 006400 226 203 81 142 27 721 484 6 22 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 14 1 006500 1271 331 405 461 125 1924 827 8 13 4 2 4 3 4 4 3 2 1 27 4 006600 723 140 212 397 79 966 869 0 23 3 1 2 3 3 2 4 1 2 21 3 006800 283 282 151 144 23 920 348 0 5 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 15 2 006900 393 381 144 211 39 1277 459 0 17 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 18 2 007000 114 360 118 108 0 766 222 5 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 1 007100 1091 637 309 394 38 1858 1017 0 39 4 3 3 3 2 4 4 1 2 26 4 007400 264 297 111 112 32 644 513 6 17 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 14 1 007501 70 1007 84 29 4 868 62 0 7 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 14 1 007502 155 1075 91 47 0 801 105 6 9 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 15 2 007601 136 254 79 50 25 438 604 0 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 11 1 007602 490 389 259 278 41 1138 1335 0 69 2 2 3 2 2 2 5 1 3 22 3 007603 280 306 141 96 7 478 798 0 15 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 14 1 007700 401 813 91 88 8 820 466 0 25 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 16 2 007800 243 596 123 76 0 849 463 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 13 1 007900 166 161 82 103 40 370 447 0 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 11 1 008100 606 471 209 272 44 1462 738 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 20 3

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 311 Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Homes Isolated Vehicle Rank Linguistically Poverty Rank # of Population Female Head of Household Rank Public Assistance # of Manufactured Population with No Population Renting Receiving Disability Manufactured Home Population 65 & Over Social Vulnerability Rank No Vehicle # of Households Receiving Public Assistance # of Population Receiving Disability # of Population Renting Linguistically Isolated Rank Social Vulnerability Score Census Tract # of Population Poverty Living in # of Population 65 & Over # of Female Head of Household # of Population with 008200 344 532 104 148 13 905 1514 9 8 2 3 1 2 1 2 5 2 1 19 3 008300 215 510 107 112 4 714 578 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 13 1 008400 245 407 124 105 7 668 505 0 14 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 11 1 008500 96 223 71 74 14 336 565 10 29 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 13 1 008700 112 672 72 62 12 936 169 14 10 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 13 1 008800 122 497 98 97 15 461 543 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 13 1 008900 151 554 137 144 0 864 375 6 4 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 16 2 009000 651 1077 456 250 100 2673 956 0 13 3 5 4 2 3 5 4 1 1 28 5 009103 210 213 103 74 36 797 251 17 74 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 14 1 009104 685 736 447 237 116 2336 1283 273 29 3 4 4 2 4 5 4 4 2 32 5 009300 296 1262 218 205 32 1897 345 0 12 2 5 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 21 3 009400 466 1144 324 189 92 2225 724 0 0 2 5 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 24 4 009600 162 1033 145 56 0 1178 211 0 8 1 5 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 15 2 009700 153 715 165 236 15 1283 444 4 107 1 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 4 20 3 009800 101 570 123 68 6 632 301 0 8 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 12 1 009900 77 684 97 78 8 809 311 0 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 14 1 010001 111 1096 148 27 0 958 152 0 1 1 5 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 15 2 010004 406 724 241 157 20 1392 1500 0 30 2 4 3 2 1 3 5 1 2 23 4 010005 150 551 184 57 16 1136 309 8 12 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 15 2 010006 163 651 156 50 9 975 370 0 15 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 14 1 010007 85 892 130 23 10 880 81 6 24 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 15 2 010008 121 621 181 144 14 1106 622 6 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 17 2 010101 337 664 249 118 19 1326 1664 0 36 2 3 3 1 1 3 5 1 2 21 3 010102 66 784 86 47 5 627 68 0 13 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 010303 74 510 94 7 0 492 128 0 19 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 12 1 010306 197 411 82 36 7 812 232 0 28 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 12 1 010307 26 103 18 15 9 263 39 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 010308 151 1045 162 79 14 1242 504 3 25 1 5 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 18 2 010309 143 432 61 24 7 559 202 0 16 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 010310 309 233 246 44 23 969 780 2 32 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 16 2

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 312 Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Homes Isolated Vehicle Rank Linguistically Poverty Rank # of Population Female Head of Household Rank Public Assistance # of Manufactured Population with No Population Renting Receiving Disability Manufactured Home Population 65 & Over Social Vulnerability Rank No Vehicle # of Households Receiving Public Assistance # of Population Receiving Disability # of Population Renting Linguistically Isolated Rank Social Vulnerability Score Census Tract # of Population Poverty Living in # of Population 65 & Over # of Female Head of Household # of Population with 010311 213 170 272 56 16 910 558 2 33 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 15 2 010402 165 572 145 24 4 1080 229 0 25 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 14 1 010403 93 506 69 22 7 536 42 0 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 010404 439 1426 451 250 72 2391 1390 6 77 2 5 4 2 3 5 5 2 3 31 5 010500 97 854 152 56 0 955 496 0 7 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 15 2 010600 440 989 245 230 53 1496 2029 0 61 2 5 3 2 2 3 5 1 3 26 4 010701 128 1064 68 184 17 1471 717 0 38 1 5 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 19 3 010702 218 738 175 84 16 878 1016 12 39 1 4 2 1 1 2 4 2 2 19 3 010705 157 706 213 62 0 884 1079 9 72 1 4 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 20 3 010706 53 532 92 33 11 686 272 0 7 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 010800 218 1071 151 58 10 1120 414 11 4 1 5 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 17 2 010901 395 1061 251 178 39 1529 791 10 116 2 5 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 26 4 010902 344 861 218 69 19 1224 470 0 22 2 4 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 18 2 011002 1124 598 507 423 158 1687 1808 0 159 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 1 4 31 5 011003 463 1111 345 154 43 1821 864 0 62 2 5 3 2 2 4 4 1 3 26 4 011004 357 1476 319 295 57 1940 1206 0 74 2 5 3 3 2 4 4 1 3 27 4 011005 198 289 186 101 59 764 638 6 22 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 17 2 011101 373 876 324 125 11 1506 1054 3 20 2 4 3 1 1 3 4 1 2 21 3 011102 233 895 214 142 21 1720 434 6 17 1 4 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 20 3 011105 240 994 241 129 39 1657 628 23 32 1 5 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 22 3 011106 408 907 383 165 75 1803 939 16 98 2 4 4 2 3 4 4 2 4 29 5 011109 77 234 89 17 5 535 197 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 011110 148 533 213 38 24 919 223 0 8 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 13 1 011200 749 833 356 356 95 1657 1411 8 137 3 4 4 3 3 3 5 2 4 31 5 011301 355 399 209 146 33 1399 328 149 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 19 3 011302 1775 511 978 335 211 2751 1030 8 15 4 3 5 3 5 5 4 2 1 32 5 011403 187 403 119 68 10 765 126 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 1 011404 588 357 311 182 69 1331 1038 0 57 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 3 24 4 011405 916 583 518 352 166 2192 998 0 57 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 1 3 29 5 011406 410 359 266 177 78 1455 623 11 15 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 21 3

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 313 Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Homes Isolated Vehicle Rank Linguistically Poverty Rank # of Population Female Head of Household Rank Public Assistance # of Manufactured Population with No Population Renting Receiving Disability Manufactured Home Population 65 & Over Social Vulnerability Rank No Vehicle # of Households Receiving Public Assistance # of Population Receiving Disability # of Population Renting Linguistically Isolated Rank Social Vulnerability Score Census Tract # of Population Poverty Living in # of Population 65 & Over # of Female Head of Household # of Population with 011504 211 705 261 134 50 1904 565 0 31 1 4 3 1 2 4 3 1 2 21 3 011505 307 631 233 83 33 1456 551 0 29 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 20 3 011506 206 326 203 34 45 1286 386 13 33 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 17 2 011508 124 529 122 70 34 857 161 2 12 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 13 1 011509 246 265 238 108 18 901 838 6 11 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 2 1 16 2 011510 353 652 254 67 35 1571 647 6 0 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 20 3 011511 172 259 159 16 16 702 450 0 41 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 12 1 011512 255 287 116 0 10 1107 177 0 10 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 1 011601 51 192 45 33 0 405 48 7 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 10 1 011602 119 570 82 46 10 1121 83 20 17 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 14 1 011703 56 418 111 34 0 1028 84 203 16 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 14 1 011704 390 299 288 58 29 1639 487 0 18 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 18 2 011705 690 459 357 73 71 2004 735 11 8 3 2 4 1 3 4 3 2 1 23 4 011706 68 729 109 46 18 1157 86 0 5 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 13 1 011707 326 202 152 37 27 909 169 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 13 1 011800 381 475 228 140 34 1630 570 5 8 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 20 3 011901 645 250 209 103 47 1498 311 347 14 3 1 2 1 2 3 2 4 1 19 3 011904 266 306 236 110 31 1093 576 7 6 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 17 2 011905 507 660 360 120 62 3012 818 5 14 2 3 4 1 3 5 3 1 1 23 4 011906 548 369 240 200 78 1311 884 7 61 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 24 4 011907 230 1116 203 95 33 1552 297 6 5 1 5 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 19 3 012001 307 451 155 108 25 1434 227 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 14 1 012002 850 484 398 90 90 2141 448 744 26 3 3 4 1 3 4 2 5 2 27 4 012003 564 392 202 69 42 1923 194 383 0 2 2 2 1 2 4 1 4 1 19 3 012103 152 524 116 47 0 903 139 33 7 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 13 1 012104 691 547 244 75 53 1741 274 77 18 3 3 3 1 2 4 1 3 2 22 3 012105 248 684 185 98 19 1585 284 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 16 2 012106 391 800 335 92 41 2366 412 69 0 2 4 3 1 2 5 2 3 1 23 4 012107 486 476 317 166 46 1994 345 597 19 2 3 3 2 2 4 2 5 2 25 4 012202 622 966 360 150 68 2149 912 0 33 3 5 4 2 3 4 4 1 2 28 5

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 314 Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Homes Isolated Vehicle Rank Linguistically Poverty Rank # of Population Female Head of Household Rank Public Assistance # of Manufactured Population with No Population Renting Receiving Disability Manufactured Home Population 65 & Over Social Vulnerability Rank No Vehicle # of Households Receiving Public Assistance # of Population Receiving Disability # of Population Renting Linguistically Isolated Rank Social Vulnerability Score Census Tract # of Population Poverty Living in # of Population 65 & Over # of Female Head of Household # of Population with 012203 212 825 238 67 66 1939 456 0 0 1 4 3 1 3 4 2 1 1 20 3 012204 296 385 271 86 32 1032 651 63 7 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 19 3 012301 66 775 140 64 32 1333 115 9 0 1 4 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 17 2 012302 295 638 276 107 51 1376 771 0 0 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 19 3 012405 423 1019 390 74 32 2973 671 9 9 2 5 4 1 2 5 3 2 1 25 4 012406 287 836 296 127 45 1849 417 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 4 2 1 1 20 3 012407 209 490 175 63 17 1428 93 0 12 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 14 1 012408 386 384 165 68 28 1082 233 0 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 14 1 012409 169 578 183 52 30 1557 197 0 0 1 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 15 2 012501 320 539 189 121 40 1175 660 6 15 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 18 2 012502 570 857 276 201 46 2090 778 11 23 3 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 25 4 012503 470 523 279 126 36 1742 443 35 5 2 3 3 1 2 4 2 2 1 20 3 012601 797 1533 415 208 62 2986 728 0 9 3 5 4 2 3 5 3 1 1 27 4 012603 205 565 156 97 26 1006 316 0 0 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 15 2 012604 441 784 312 165 44 2129 342 8 26 2 4 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 23 4 012701 743 470 445 252 110 1962 646 270 6 3 3 4 2 4 4 3 4 1 28 5 012702 247 307 124 85 47 1138 206 8 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 13 1 012703 528 512 320 95 72 1796 264 526 0 2 3 3 1 3 4 1 5 1 23 4 012801 602 401 455 213 69 1165 459 7 13 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 21 3 012802 641 445 231 269 52 1596 460 64 30 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 22 3 013100 38 316 75 27 2 348 84 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 TOTAL 84143 93982 42271 32402 8878 235415 100625 4354 3919

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 315 Transportation Facilities Table Highway Road & Road & Census Bridges & Bus Railroad Total # of Roads Railroad Railroad Railroad Facilities Transportation Transportation Tract Tunnels Ports Stations Airports Stations Facilities (mi) (mi) Total (mi) Rank Rank Score Rank 000200 7 1 0 0 0 8 7.97 6.63 15 3 2 5 3 000300 3 0 0 0 1 4 2.60 36.73 39 4 1 5 3 000400 6 1 0 0 0 7 7.64 1.76 9 2 2 4 2 000600 14 0 0 0 0 14 4.39 3.04 7 2 3 5 3 000700 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.41 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 000800 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.51 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 000900 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.12 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 001000 3 0 1 0 0 4 2.36 2.32 5 1 1 2 1 001100 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.37 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 001200 5 2 0 0 0 7 5.83 3.62 9 2 2 4 2 001400 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.41 4.48 7 2 1 3 2 001500 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.93 1.64 4 1 0 1 1 001600 3 0 0 0 0 3 3.10 0.81 4 1 1 2 1 001700 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.16 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 001800 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.26 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 002100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.96 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 002300 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.79 0.23 3 1 0 1 1 002400 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.01 0.85 9 2 0 2 1 002700 8 0 0 0 2 10 7.93 16.74 25 3 2 5 3 002800 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.06 6.53 9 2 1 3 2 003000 11 0 1 0 0 12 6.01 1.29 7 2 2 4 2 003500 6 0 0 0 0 6 3.57 5.84 9 2 1 3 2 003600 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.56 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 003700 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.84 1.49 3 1 1 2 1 003800 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.05 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 003900 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.66 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 004000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.02 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 004100 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.67 2.25 5 1 0 1 1 004301 2 0 0 0 0 2 4.34 0.65 5 1 1 2 1 004302 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.34 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 004400 3 0 0 0 0 3 4.46 0.00 4 1 1 2 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 316 Highway Road & Road & Census Bridges & Bus Railroad Total # of Roads Railroad Railroad Railroad Facilities Transportation Transportation Tract Tunnels Ports Stations Airports Stations Facilities (mi) (mi) Total (mi) Rank Rank Score Rank 004500 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.15 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 004600 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.72 0.00 4 1 0 1 1 004900 14 4 0 0 0 18 23.47 1.83 25 3 3 6 3 005000 1 0 0 0 0 1 4.80 0.00 5 1 1 2 1 005100 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.64 0.08 5 1 0 1 1 005200 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.04 0.01 3 1 0 1 1 005300 4 0 0 0 0 4 6.68 3.34 10 2 1 3 2 005600 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.23 2.38 5 1 0 1 1 005900 20 0 0 0 0 20 17.54 3.30 21 3 4 7 4 006200 3 0 0 0 0 3 5.40 1.01 6 2 1 3 2 006300 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.97 1.56 4 1 1 2 1 006400 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.65 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 006500 1 0 0 0 0 1 5.69 0.73 6 2 1 3 2 006600 10 0 0 0 0 10 4.71 0.33 5 1 2 3 2 006800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.91 0.18 1 1 0 1 1 006900 2 0 0 0 0 2 1.43 0.09 2 1 1 2 1 007000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.88 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 007100 3 0 0 0 0 3 6.27 0.98 7 2 1 3 2 007400 20 10 0 0 8 38 15.15 5.98 21 3 5 8 4 007501 9 0 0 0 0 9 13.82 0.00 14 3 2 5 3 007502 8 0 0 0 0 8 17.36 0.00 17 3 2 5 3 007601 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.97 0.86 2 1 0 1 1 007602 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.78 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 007603 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.54 0.00 2 1 0 1 1 007700 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.97 1.62 5 1 0 1 1 007800 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.50 0.00 4 1 0 1 1 007900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.99 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 008100 18 0 0 0 0 18 8.19 4.59 13 2 3 5 3 008200 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.12 0.00 4 1 0 1 1 008300 1 0 0 0 0 1 3.23 0.00 3 1 1 2 1 008400 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.36 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 008500 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.15 0.00 1 1 0 1 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 317 Highway Road & Road & Census Bridges & Bus Railroad Total # of Roads Railroad Railroad Railroad Facilities Transportation Transportation Tract Tunnels Ports Stations Airports Stations Facilities (mi) (mi) Total (mi) Rank Rank Score Rank 008700 27 0 0 1 0 28 14.81 0.00 15 3 5 8 4 008800 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.29 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 008900 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.86 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 009000 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.19 0.00 5 1 0 1 1 009103 4 0 0 0 0 4 3.03 19.03 22 3 1 4 2 009104 2 0 0 0 0 2 4.19 0.87 5 1 1 2 1 009300 2 0 0 0 0 2 3.99 0.00 4 1 1 2 1 009400 20 0 0 0 0 20 15.97 4.51 20 3 4 7 4 009600 2 0 0 0 0 2 4.88 0.00 5 1 1 2 1 009700 1 0 0 0 0 1 5.29 0.00 5 1 1 2 1 009800 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.37 0.68 3 1 0 1 1 009900 1 0 0 0 0 1 3.37 2.31 6 2 1 3 2 010001 3 0 0 0 0 3 7.79 0.03 8 2 1 3 2 010004 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.58 0.92 4 1 1 2 1 010005 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.20 0.37 3 1 0 1 1 010006 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.60 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 010007 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.19 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 010008 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.40 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 010101 5 0 0 0 0 5 6.21 3.99 10 2 1 3 2 010102 2 0 0 0 0 2 7.08 1.00 8 2 1 3 2 010303 4 0 0 0 0 4 8.60 0.00 9 2 1 3 2 010306 14 0 0 2 2 18 25.52 21.29 47 4 3 7 4 010307 4 0 0 0 0 4 4.68 1.06 6 2 1 3 2 010308 7 0 0 0 0 7 20.70 0.00 21 3 2 5 3 010309 4 0 0 0 0 4 9.17 0.00 9 2 1 3 2 010310 2 0 0 0 0 2 8.30 0.00 8 2 1 3 2 010311 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.20 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 010402 2 0 0 0 0 2 12.12 0.00 12 2 1 3 2 010403 1 0 0 0 0 1 7.47 4.35 12 2 1 3 2 010404 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.20 4.62 17 3 0 3 2 010500 3 0 0 0 0 3 6.90 0.00 7 2 1 3 2 010600 23 0 0 0 0 23 18.17 0.00 18 3 4 7 4

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 318 Highway Road & Road & Census Bridges & Bus Railroad Total # of Roads Railroad Railroad Railroad Facilities Transportation Transportation Tract Tunnels Ports Stations Airports Stations Facilities (mi) (mi) Total (mi) Rank Rank Score Rank 010701 5 0 0 0 0 5 8.68 0.00 9 2 1 3 2 010702 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.37 0.00 5 1 0 1 1 010705 1 0 0 0 0 1 6.19 0.00 6 2 1 3 2 010706 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.85 0.00 5 1 0 1 1 010800 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.55 0.00 6 2 0 2 1 010901 4 0 0 0 0 4 4.69 0.00 5 1 1 2 1 010902 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.79 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 011002 9 0 0 0 0 9 11.21 25.33 37 4 2 6 3 011003 2 0 0 0 0 2 3.88 0.48 4 1 1 2 1 011004 3 0 0 0 0 3 1.82 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 011005 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.45 1.11 3 1 0 1 1 011101 2 0 0 0 0 2 5.52 1.16 7 2 1 3 2 011102 18 0 0 0 0 18 28.29 9.19 37 4 3 7 4 011105 2 0 0 0 0 2 4.82 0.78 6 2 1 3 2 011106 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.94 1.17 4 1 1 2 1 011109 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.03 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 011110 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.82 0.00 3 1 1 2 1 011200 3 0 0 0 0 3 3.96 0.00 4 1 1 2 1 011301 5 0 0 0 1 6 10.61 10.82 21 3 1 4 2 011302 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.90 0.00 3 1 0 1 1 011403 3 0 0 0 0 3 6.45 1.21 8 2 1 3 2 011404 8 0 0 0 0 8 2.14 0.00 2 1 2 3 2 011405 6 0 0 0 0 6 3.13 0.00 3 1 1 2 1 011406 3 0 0 0 1 4 4.89 3.55 8 2 1 3 2 011504 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.75 0.00 11 2 1 3 2 011505 1 0 0 0 0 1 4.83 0.79 6 2 1 3 2 011506 2 0 0 0 0 2 3.82 0.00 4 1 1 2 1 011508 1 0 0 0 0 1 5.73 0.00 6 2 1 3 2 011509 1 0 0 0 0 1 3.40 0.00 3 1 1 2 1 011510 8 0 0 0 0 8 10.18 0.00 10 2 2 4 2 011511 2 0 0 0 0 2 4.44 0.00 4 1 1 2 1 011512 1 0 0 0 0 1 10.27 0.00 10 2 1 3 2

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 319 Highway Road & Road & Census Bridges & Bus Railroad Total # of Roads Railroad Railroad Railroad Facilities Transportation Transportation Tract Tunnels Ports Stations Airports Stations Facilities (mi) (mi) Total (mi) Rank Rank Score Rank 011601 29 0 0 0 0 29 27.84 7.92 36 4 5 9 5 011602 32 0 0 0 0 32 37.58 0.00 38 4 5 9 5 011703 7 0 1 0 0 8 13.49 0.00 13 2 2 4 2 011704 1 0 0 0 0 1 4.37 0.00 4 1 1 2 1 011705 6 0 0 0 0 6 10.95 0.00 11 2 1 3 2 011706 3 0 0 0 0 3 6.99 0.00 7 2 1 3 2 011707 5 0 0 0 0 5 7.06 0.00 7 2 1 3 2 011800 7 0 0 0 0 7 7.11 5.58 13 2 2 4 2 011901 32 0 0 1 2 35 46.33 114.18 161 5 5 10 5 011904 1 0 0 0 0 1 5.88 0.00 6 2 1 3 2 011905 9 0 0 0 0 9 9.48 0.00 9 2 2 4 2 011906 2 0 0 0 0 2 3.50 0.01 4 1 1 2 1 011907 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.65 0.00 4 1 0 1 1 012001 15 0 0 0 0 15 11.09 6.72 18 3 3 6 3 012002 10 0 0 0 0 10 13.59 1.85 15 3 2 5 3 012003 13 0 0 0 0 13 18.23 1.70 20 3 3 6 3 012103 4 0 0 0 0 4 8.03 2.80 11 2 1 3 2 012104 4 3 0 0 0 7 8.27 12.24 21 3 2 5 3 012105 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.92 1.86 6 2 0 2 1 012106 5 0 0 0 0 5 4.36 2.27 7 2 1 3 2 012107 6 0 0 0 0 6 3.61 7.56 11 2 1 3 2 012202 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.16 1.69 7 2 0 2 1 012203 1 0 0 0 0 1 6.96 7.75 15 3 1 4 2 012204 1 0 0 0 0 1 6.25 0.32 7 2 1 3 2 012301 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.45 0.21 2 1 1 2 1 012302 1 0 0 0 0 1 2.02 0.16 2 1 1 2 1 012405 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.60 0.00 5 1 0 1 1 012406 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.53 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 012407 3 0 0 0 0 3 3.35 0.00 3 1 1 2 1 012408 2 0 0 0 0 2 2.12 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 012409 3 0 0 0 0 3 1.60 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 012501 4 0 0 0 0 4 3.05 0.92 4 1 1 2 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 320 Highway Road & Road & Census Bridges & Bus Railroad Total # of Roads Railroad Railroad Railroad Facilities Transportation Transportation Tract Tunnels Ports Stations Airports Stations Facilities (mi) (mi) Total (mi) Rank Rank Score Rank 012502 1 0 0 0 0 1 5.14 0.95 6 2 1 3 2 012503 3 0 0 0 0 3 1.83 0.00 2 1 1 2 1 012601 2 0 0 0 0 2 6.60 1.46 8 2 1 3 2 012603 10 0 0 0 0 10 5.77 0.37 6 2 2 4 2 012604 6 0 0 0 0 6 5.32 0.00 5 1 1 2 1 012701 7 7 0 0 7 21 11.00 25.55 37 4 4 8 4 012702 3 1 0 0 0 4 2.99 3.63 7 2 1 3 2 012703 3 5 0 0 4 12 15.52 16.97 32 4 2 6 3 012801 0 0 0 0 1 1 3.55 2.36 6 2 1 3 2 012802 1 0 0 0 1 2 1.98 8.22 10 2 1 3 2 013100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.74 0.00 1 1 0 1 1 TOTAL 669 34 3 4 30 740 1061.22 481.64 1549

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 321 Potential High Loss Table Census HAZUS Local IWIS Military Total # of High Loss Census HAZUS Local IWIS Military Total # of High Loss Tract Locations Locations Locations Locations Rank Tract Locations Locations Locations Locations Rank 000200 0 30 0 30 1 010307 0 19 0 19 1 000300 5 135 0 140 3 010308 0 34 0 34 1 000400 9 8 0 17 1 010309 0 15 0 15 1 000600 0 66 0 66 2 010310 0 18 0 18 1 000700 0 7 0 7 1 010311 0 8 0 8 1 000800 0 5 0 5 1 010402 0 57 0 57 2 000900 0 0 0 0 0 010403 0 37 0 37 1 001000 0 45 0 45 2 010404 0 90 0 90 3 001100 0 2 0 2 1 010500 0 7 0 7 1 001200 0 118 0 118 3 010600 0 61 0 61 2 001400 0 2 0 2 1 010701 0 44 0 44 2 001500 0 10 0 10 1 010702 0 8 0 8 1 001600 2 7 0 9 1 010705 0 18 0 18 1 001700 3 0 0 3 1 010706 3 14 0 17 1 001800 5 17 0 22 1 010800 0 11 0 11 1 002100 0 3 0 3 1 010901 0 16 0 16 1 002300 0 10 0 10 1 010902 0 35 0 35 1 002400 5 25 0 30 1 011002 13 254 1 268 4 002700 15 570 0 585 5 011003 0 17 0 17 1 002800 0 61 0 61 2 011004 0 4 0 4 1 003000 0 98 0 98 3 011005 0 30 0 30 1 003500 1 126 0 127 3 011101 2 18 0 20 1 003600 1 9 0 10 1 011102 3 600 0 603 5 003700 0 6 0 6 1 011105 0 28 0 28 1 003800 0 13 0 13 1 011106 0 40 0 40 1 003900 0 11 0 11 1 011109 0 9 0 9 1 004000 0 0 0 0 0 011110 0 2 0 2 1 004100 0 7 0 7 1 011200 0 9 0 9 1 004301 0 107 0 107 3 011301 0 705 0 705 5 004302 0 10 0 10 1 011302 6 15 0 21 1 004400 0 18 0 18 1 011403 0 108 0 108 3 004500 0 16 0 16 1 011404 0 44 0 44 2

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 322 Census HAZUS Local IWIS Military Total # of High Loss Census HAZUS Local IWIS Military Total # of High Loss Tract Locations Locations Locations Locations Rank Tract Locations Locations Locations Locations Rank 004600 0 9 0 9 1 011405 8 38 0 46 2 004900 11 163 0 174 3 011406 7 81 0 88 3 005000 0 79 0 79 2 011504 0 39 0 39 1 005100 0 9 0 9 1 011505 0 89 0 89 3 005200 0 0 0 0 0 011506 0 13 0 13 1 005300 3 149 0 152 3 011508 0 7 0 7 1 005600 0 67 1 68 2 011509 0 15 0 15 1 005900 23 225 0 248 4 011510 0 26 0 26 1 006200 1 82 0 83 2 011511 0 16 0 16 1 006300 0 11 0 11 1 011512 0 11 0 11 1 006400 0 18 0 18 1 011601 0 31 0 31 1 006500 2 105 0 107 3 011602 0 23 0 23 1 006600 0 0 0 0 0 011703 0 6 0 6 1 006800 0 8 0 8 1 011704 0 11 0 11 1 006900 0 24 0 24 1 011705 0 25 0 25 1 007000 0 1 0 1 1 011706 0 10 0 10 1 007100 0 40 0 40 1 011707 0 6 0 6 1 007400 1 139 1 141 3 011800 2 194 0 196 4 007501 0 2 0 2 1 011901 31 870 2 903 5 007502 0 49 0 49 2 011904 19 5 0 24 1 007601 0 3 0 3 1 011905 0 21 0 21 1 007602 0 5 0 5 1 011906 0 92 0 92 3 007603 0 16 0 16 1 011907 1 24 0 25 1 007700 0 12 0 12 1 012001 2 8 0 10 1 007800 0 65 0 65 2 012002 2 25 0 27 1 007900 0 2 0 2 1 012003 0 0 0 0 0 008100 0 93 0 93 3 012103 0 34 0 34 1 008200 0 21 0 21 1 012104 15 59 0 74 2 008300 0 13 0 13 1 012105 0 33 0 33 1 008400 0 13 0 13 1 012106 0 17 0 17 1 008500 0 1 0 1 1 012107 0 27 0 27 1 008700 0 49 1 50 2 012202 0 13 0 13 1 008800 0 1 0 1 1 012203 0 51 0 51 2

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 323 Census HAZUS Local IWIS Military Total # of High Loss Census HAZUS Local IWIS Military Total # of High Loss Tract Locations Locations Locations Locations Rank Tract Locations Locations Locations Locations Rank 008900 0 29 0 29 1 012204 0 8 0 8 1 009000 0 21 0 21 1 012301 0 1 0 1 1 009103 22 631 0 653 5 012302 0 6 0 6 1 009104 0 47 0 47 2 012405 0 8 0 8 1 009300 0 42 0 42 1 012406 0 10 0 10 1 009400 0 59 0 59 2 012407 0 14 0 14 1 009600 0 5 0 5 1 012408 0 9 0 9 1 009700 0 13 0 13 1 012409 0 17 0 17 1 009800 0 18 0 18 1 012501 0 39 0 39 1 009900 0 30 0 30 1 012502 0 69 0 69 2 010001 0 31 0 31 1 012503 0 6 0 6 1 010004 0 13 0 13 1 012601 11 268 0 279 4 010005 0 2 0 2 1 012603 0 31 0 31 1 010006 0 13 0 13 1 012604 0 3 0 3 1 010007 0 12 0 12 1 012701 126 1006 0 1132 5 010008 0 20 0 20 1 012702 36 194 0 230 4 010101 0 91 0 91 3 012703 23 257 0 280 4 010102 0 22 0 22 1 012801 7 291 0 298 4 010303 0 18 0 18 1 012802 0 212 0 212 4 010306 19 193 0 212 4 013100 0 1 0 1 1 TOTAL 128 4326 3 4457 317 6745 3 7065

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 324 Exposure Score Table Census Population Building Essential Utility Social High Loss Transportation Exposure Tract Population Rank Rank Facility Rank Rank Vulnerability Rank Rank Rank Score 000200 3390 2 2 2 2 4 1 3 16 000300 3148 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 15 000400 5090 3 3 1 2 5 1 2 17 000600 1795 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 12 000700 3049 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 11 000800 2388 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 000900 2277 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 6 001000 2978 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 13 001100 3673 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 12 001200 3136 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 14 001400 1355 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 10 001500 3139 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 12 001600 3095 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 11 001700 2579 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 8 001800 1831 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 8 002100 3041 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 12 002300 2667 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 9 002400 5357 4 3 1 2 5 1 1 17 002700 3354 2 4 1 3 5 5 3 23 002800 2018 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 11 003000 3410 2 3 3 1 5 3 2 19 003500 1971 1 2 3 1 4 3 2 16 003600 5207 3 4 1 1 5 1 1 16 003700 2023 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 003800 4119 3 5 1 1 5 1 1 17 003900 4220 3 3 1 1 4 1 1 14 004000 1818 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 6 004100 2767 1 2 0 1 4 1 1 10 004301 4338 3 4 4 1 5 3 1 21 004302 3555 2 2 3 1 5 1 1 15 004400 4330 3 3 2 1 3 1 1 14 004500 3299 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 15

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 325 Census Population Building Essential Utility Social High Loss Transportation Exposure Tract Population Rank Rank Facility Rank Rank Vulnerability Rank Rank Rank Score 004600 3694 2 3 2 1 3 1 1 13 004900 2548 1 5 5 4 3 3 3 24 005000 1890 1 1 3 1 4 2 1 13 005100 3295 2 4 1 1 5 1 1 15 005200 3456 2 4 1 1 4 0 1 13 005300 2285 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 12 005600 4605 3 4 1 1 5 2 1 17 005900 5071 3 5 5 2 5 4 4 28 006200 2670 1 1 4 1 4 2 2 15 006300 2019 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 006400 1798 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 10 006500 3411 2 2 1 1 4 3 2 15 006600 2391 1 2 0 1 3 0 2 9 006800 2222 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 006900 2314 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 9 007000 2225 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 007100 4665 3 4 2 1 4 1 2 17 007400 1975 1 2 3 4 1 3 4 18 007501 5148 3 5 1 4 1 1 3 19 007502 5051 3 4 4 5 2 2 3 23 007601 1855 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 007602 3667 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 13 007603 2535 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9 007700 3661 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 12 007800 3294 2 4 4 2 1 2 1 16 007900 1800 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 008100 3234 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 17 008200 4207 3 4 3 1 3 1 1 16 008300 2855 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 10 008400 3019 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 008500 2068 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 008700 4217 3 4 2 3 1 2 4 19 008800 3173 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 10

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 326 Census Population Building Essential Utility Social High Loss Transportation Exposure Tract Population Rank Rank Facility Rank Rank Vulnerability Rank Rank Rank Score 008900 4031 3 4 2 1 2 1 1 14 009000 6552 4 5 2 2 5 1 1 20 009103 1653 1 3 0 2 1 5 2 14 009104 7763 5 5 1 3 5 2 1 21 009300 5156 3 4 4 2 3 1 1 18 009400 6722 4 5 3 2 4 2 4 25 009600 4401 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 16 009700 3145 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 12 009800 2692 1 3 0 2 1 1 1 9 009900 2762 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 11 010001 4829 3 4 3 3 2 1 2 18 010004 4617 3 4 2 1 4 1 1 16 010005 4317 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 16 010006 3678 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 13 010007 4359 3 3 4 3 2 1 1 17 010008 4129 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 16 010101 6305 4 4 3 2 3 3 2 21 010102 4196 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 15 010303 5015 3 3 0 5 1 1 2 15 010306 7476 5 4 3 5 1 4 4 26 010307 1635 1 1 0 3 1 1 2 9 010308 8581 5 5 2 4 2 1 3 23 010309 3874 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 11 010310 5850 4 3 1 3 2 1 2 16 010311 5414 4 3 1 3 2 1 1 15 010402 5271 3 4 3 3 1 2 2 19 010403 3085 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 13 010404 10267 5 5 4 4 5 3 2 29 010500 3442 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 14 010600 6381 4 5 5 2 4 2 4 26 010701 4343 3 5 1 3 3 2 2 19 010702 5461 4 4 1 2 3 1 1 16 010705 6108 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 18

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 327 Census Population Building Essential Utility Social High Loss Transportation Exposure Tract Population Rank Rank Facility Rank Rank Vulnerability Rank Rank Rank Score 010706 3157 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 12 010800 3847 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 13 010901 4531 3 4 3 2 4 1 1 18 010902 4187 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 14 011002 5156 3 5 4 2 5 4 3 26 011003 6072 4 4 3 1 4 1 1 18 011004 6234 4 5 3 1 4 1 1 19 011005 2916 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 11 011101 8619 5 4 3 2 3 1 2 20 011102 4858 3 5 4 5 3 5 4 29 011105 6186 4 3 1 2 3 1 2 16 011106 7432 5 5 4 4 5 1 1 25 011109 2318 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8 011110 5582 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 13 011200 5039 3 4 1 1 5 1 1 16 011301 2485 1 3 4 2 3 5 2 20 011302 7278 5 4 2 2 5 1 1 20 011403 1918 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 13 011404 3516 2 3 2 1 4 2 2 16 011405 5448 4 4 1 2 5 2 1 19 011406 3485 2 4 1 1 3 3 2 17 011504 6435 4 3 2 3 3 1 2 18 011505 5249 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 21 011506 4990 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 14 011508 3334 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 12 011509 3827 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 14 011510 7655 5 4 0 3 3 1 2 19 011511 6439 4 2 0 4 1 1 1 13 011512 3992 3 3 0 4 1 1 2 14 011601 3085 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 15 011602 4940 3 3 3 3 1 1 5 19 011703 3511 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 13 011704 6531 4 3 1 4 2 1 1 16

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 328 Census Population Building Essential Utility Social High Loss Transportation Exposure Tract Population Rank Rank Facility Rank Rank Vulnerability Rank Rank Rank Score 011705 6911 4 4 3 3 4 1 2 21 011706 3485 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 11 011707 3472 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 11 011800 3498 2 4 1 2 3 4 2 18 011901 3292 2 4 4 4 3 5 5 27 011904 2605 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 11 011905 6425 4 5 2 2 4 1 2 21 011906 3465 2 3 1 2 4 3 1 16 011907 4233 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 15 012001 3335 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 12 012002 5380 4 1 3 2 4 1 3 18 012003 4190 3 1 1 3 3 0 3 14 012103 2644 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 10 012104 3782 2 5 2 3 3 2 3 20 012105 3858 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 14 012106 6526 4 4 1 3 4 1 2 19 012107 5480 4 2 1 2 4 1 2 16 012202 6171 4 4 2 3 5 1 1 20 012203 5748 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 012204 4167 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 17 012301 3322 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 10 012302 4653 3 4 1 2 3 1 1 15 012405 9272 5 5 3 3 4 1 1 22 012406 5442 4 4 1 2 3 1 1 16 012407 4102 3 3 4 2 1 1 1 15 012408 2453 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 012409 3456 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 12 012501 2543 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 8 012502 5061 3 4 3 2 4 2 2 20 012503 4230 3 3 0 2 3 1 1 13 012601 6392 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 25 012603 2581 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 11 012604 4953 3 3 3 2 4 1 1 17

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 329 Census Population Building Essential Utility Social High Loss Transportation Exposure Tract Population Rank Rank Facility Rank Rank Vulnerability Rank Rank Rank Score 012701 4147 3 5 0 2 5 5 4 24 012702 2259 1 3 3 1 1 4 2 15 012703 5418 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 25 012801 3478 2 3 0 1 3 4 2 15 012802 2571 1 4 1 1 3 4 2 16 013100 2107 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 TOTAL 693604

Dam Failure Vulnerability Table Census Total # Total # High High Hazard Total # Medium Medium Hazard Total # Low Low Hazard Total Dam Hazard Exposure Dam Vulnerability Tract Dams Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Score Score Score Score 000200 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 6 4 16 64 000300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 000400 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 17 34 000600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 000700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 000800 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 8 16 000900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 001000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 001100 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 12 24 001200 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 14 28 001400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 001500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 001600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 001700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 001800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 002100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 002300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 002400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 002700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 002800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 003000 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 19 38

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 330 Census Total # Total # High High Hazard Total # Medium Medium Hazard Total # Low Low Hazard Total Dam Hazard Exposure Dam Vulnerability Tract Dams Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Score Score Score Score 003500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 003600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 003700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 003800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 003900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 004000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 004100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 004301 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 004302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 004400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 004500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 004600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 004900 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 24 48 005000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 005100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 005200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 005300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 005600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 005900 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 28 56 006200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 006300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 006400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 006500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 006600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 006800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 006900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 007000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 007100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 007400 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 18 36 007501 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 007502 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 007601 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 007602 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 331 Census Total # Total # High High Hazard Total # Medium Medium Hazard Total # Low Low Hazard Total Dam Hazard Exposure Dam Vulnerability Tract Dams Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Score Score Score Score 007603 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 007700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 007800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 007900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 008100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 008200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 008300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 008400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 008500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 008700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 008800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 008900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 009000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 009103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 009104 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 009300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 009400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 009600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 009700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 009800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 009900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 010001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 010004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 010005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 010006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 010007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 010008 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 010101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 010102 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 15 30 010303 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 4 3 15 45 010306 4 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 3 26 78 010307 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 4 3 9 27 010308 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 332 Census Total # Total # High High Hazard Total # Medium Medium Hazard Total # Low Low Hazard Total Dam Hazard Exposure Dam Vulnerability Tract Dams Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Score Score Score Score 010309 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 11 11 010310 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 010311 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 010402 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 18 18 010403 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 13 13 010404 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 010500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 010600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 010701 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 010702 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 010705 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 010706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 010800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 010901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 010902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 011002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 011003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 011004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 011005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 011101 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 20 40 011102 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 3 2 29 58 011105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 011106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 011109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 011110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 011200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 011301 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 011302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 011403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 011404 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 011405 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 011406 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 011504 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 333 Census Total # Total # High High Hazard Total # Medium Medium Hazard Total # Low Low Hazard Total Dam Hazard Exposure Dam Vulnerability Tract Dams Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Score Score Score Score 011505 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 011506 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 011508 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 11 11 011509 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 13 13 011510 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 011511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 011512 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 14 14 011601 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 011602 7 0 0 2 4 5 5 9 5 19 95 011703 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 011704 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 16 16 011705 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 011706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 011707 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 011800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 011901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 011904 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 011905 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 20 20 011906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 011907 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 15 30 012001 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 12 12 012002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 012003 3 2 6 1 2 0 0 8 5 14 70 012103 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 10 20 012104 2 1 3 1 2 0 0 5 4 20 80 012105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 012106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 012107 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 012202 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 012203 3 2 6 1 2 0 0 8 5 21 105 012204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 012301 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 012302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 334 Census Total # Total # High High Hazard Total # Medium Medium Hazard Total # Low Low Hazard Total Dam Hazard Exposure Dam Vulnerability Tract Dams Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Hazard Dams Dam Score Score Score Score Score 012405 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 012406 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 012407 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 012408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 012409 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 012501 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 012502 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 012503 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 012601 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 012603 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 012604 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 012701 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 4 3 24 72 012702 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 4 3 15 45 012703 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 6 4 25 100 012801 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 012802 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 013100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 TOTAL 53 24 12 18

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 335 100 Yr. Flood Vulnerability Table % of Census 100 Yr. 100 Yr. Flood % of Census 100 Yr. 100 Yr. Flood Census Tract in 100 Floodplain Exposure Vulnerability Census Tract in 100 Floodplain Exposure Vulnerability Tract Yr. Floodplain Hazard Score Score Score Tract Yr. Floodplain Hazard Score Score Score 000200 20 3 16 48 010307 12 2 9 18 000300 0 0 15 0 010308 4 1 22 22 000400 24 3 17 51 010309 6 1 11 11 000600 0 0 12 0 010310 6 1 16 16 000700 0 0 11 0 010311 1 1 15 15 000800 9 1 8 8 010402 2 1 18 18 000900 0 0 6 0 010403 7 1 13 13 001000 0 0 13 0 010404 3 1 28 28 001100 2 1 12 12 010500 5 1 14 14 001200 2 1 14 14 010600 11 2 26 52 001400 0 0 10 0 010701 12 2 19 38 001500 0 0 12 0 010702 2 1 16 16 001600 0 0 11 0 010705 3 1 18 18 001700 0 0 8 0 010706 0 0 12 0 001800 0 0 8 0 010800 1 1 13 13 002100 0 0 12 0 010901 28 3 18 54 002300 0 0 9 0 010902 1 1 14 14 002400 0 0 17 0 011002 12 2 26 52 002700 0 0 23 0 011003 2 1 18 18 002800 0 0 11 0 011004 5 1 19 19 003000 5 1 19 19 011005 25 3 11 33 003500 0 0 16 0 011101 2 1 20 20 003600 0 0 16 0 011102 4 1 29 29 003700 0 0 8 0 011105 5 1 16 16 003800 0 0 17 0 011106 0 0 25 0 003900 0 0 14 0 011109 7 1 8 8 004000 0 0 6 0 011110 0 0 13 0 004100 0 0 10 0 011200 25 3 16 48 004301 0 0 21 0 011301 4 1 20 20 004302 0 0 15 0 011302 2 1 20 20 004400 0 0 14 0 011403 0 0 13 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 336 % of Census 100 Yr. 100 Yr. Flood % of Census 100 Yr. 100 Yr. Flood Census Tract in 100 Floodplain Exposure Vulnerability Census Tract in 100 Floodplain Exposure Vulnerability Tract Yr. Floodplain Hazard Score Score Score Tract Yr. Floodplain Hazard Score Score Score 004500 0 0 15 0 011404 3 1 16 16 004600 0 0 13 0 011405 11 2 19 38 004900 10 2 24 48 011406 52 5 16 80 005000 0 0 13 0 011504 5 1 18 18 005100 0 0 15 0 011505 5 1 21 21 005200 0 0 13 0 011506 3 1 13 13 005300 0 0 12 0 011508 4 1 11 11 005600 0 0 17 0 011509 6 1 13 13 005900 19 3 28 84 011510 7 1 18 18 006200 11 2 15 30 011511 4 1 13 13 006300 8 1 8 8 011512 3 1 14 14 006400 0 0 10 0 011601 13 2 14 28 006500 0 0 15 0 011602 12 2 19 38 006600 0 0 9 0 011703 9 1 12 12 006800 0 0 8 0 011704 3 1 16 16 006900 10 2 9 18 011705 5 1 21 21 007000 0 0 6 0 011706 3 1 11 11 007100 0 0 17 0 011707 2 1 10 10 007400 42 4 18 72 011800 56 5 18 90 007501 18 3 18 54 011901 34 4 27 108 007502 21 3 23 69 011904 40 4 11 44 007601 0 0 7 0 011905 39 4 20 80 007602 6 1 13 13 011906 25 3 16 48 007603 4 1 9 9 011907 16 2 15 30 007700 3 1 12 12 012001 10 2 12 24 007800 0 0 16 0 012002 54 5 18 90 007900 1 1 7 7 012003 8 1 14 14 008100 25 3 17 51 012103 19 3 10 30 008200 3 1 16 16 012104 29 3 20 60 008300 2 1 10 10 012105 2 1 14 14 008400 0 0 9 0 012106 10 2 19 38 008500 0 0 8 0 012107 31 4 16 64

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 337 % of Census 100 Yr. 100 Yr. Flood % of Census 100 Yr. 100 Yr. Flood Census Tract in 100 Floodplain Exposure Vulnerability Census Tract in 100 Floodplain Exposure Vulnerability Tract Yr. Floodplain Hazard Score Score Score Tract Yr. Floodplain Hazard Score Score Score 008700 7 1 19 19 012202 16 2 20 40 008800 1 1 10 10 012203 8 1 21 21 008900 4 1 14 14 012204 7 1 17 17 009000 0 0 20 0 012301 0 0 10 0 009103 42 4 14 56 012302 1 1 15 15 009104 50 5 22 110 012405 9 1 22 22 009300 13 2 18 36 012406 2 1 16 16 009400 5 1 24 24 012407 17 2 15 30 009600 10 2 16 32 012408 15 2 6 12 009700 0 0 12 0 012409 11 2 11 22 009800 0 0 9 0 012501 18 3 8 24 009900 0 0 10 0 012502 6 1 20 20 010001 7 1 18 18 012503 12 2 13 26 010004 0 0 16 0 012601 10 2 25 50 010005 5 1 16 16 012603 23 3 11 33 010006 11 2 12 24 012604 22 3 17 51 010007 3 1 17 17 012701 4 1 24 24 010008 6 1 15 15 012702 15 2 15 30 010101 7 1 21 21 012703 16 2 25 50 010102 7 1 15 15 012801 6 1 15 15 010303 12 2 15 30 012802 2 1 16 16 010306 8 1 26 26 013100 0 0 7 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 338 Karst/sinkhole Vulnerability Table Karst Karst Karst Census Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Score Score Score Tract Score Score Score Tract Score Score Score 000200 1 16 16 007900 3 7 21 011302 1 20 20 000300 1 15 15 008100 3 17 51 011403 1 13 13 000400 1 17 17 008200 3 16 48 011404 1 16 16 000600 1 12 12 008300 3 10 30 011405 1 19 19 000700 1 11 11 008400 3 9 27 011406 1 16 16 000800 1 8 8 008500 3 8 24 011504 3 18 54 000900 1 6 6 008700 3 19 57 011505 3 21 63 001000 1 13 13 008800 3 10 30 011506 3 13 39 001100 1 12 12 008900 3 14 42 011508 3 11 33 001200 1 14 14 009000 1 20 20 011509 3 13 39 001400 1 10 10 009103 1 14 14 011510 3 18 54 001500 1 12 12 009104 1 22 22 011511 2 13 26 001600 1 11 11 009300 3 18 54 011512 2 14 28 001700 1 8 8 009400 3 24 72 011601 2 14 28 001800 1 8 8 009600 3 16 48 011602 2 19 38 002100 1 12 12 009700 3 12 36 011703 2 12 24 002300 1 9 9 009800 3 9 27 011704 3 16 48 002400 1 17 17 009900 3 10 30 011705 3 21 63 002700 1 23 23 010001 3 18 54 011706 3 11 33 002800 1 11 11 010004 3 16 48 011707 3 10 30 003000 1 19 19 010005 3 16 48 011800 1 18 18 003500 1 16 16 010006 3 12 36 011901 1 27 27 003600 1 16 16 010007 3 17 51 011904 1 11 11 003700 1 8 8 010008 3 15 45 011905 1 20 20 003800 1 17 17 010101 3 21 63 011906 1 16 16 003900 1 14 14 010102 3 15 45 011907 3 15 45 004000 1 6 6 010303 3 15 45 012001 1 12 12 004100 1 10 10 010306 2 26 52 012002 1 18 18 004301 1 21 21 010307 2 9 18 012003 1 14 14 004302 1 15 15 010308 3 22 66 012103 1 10 10

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 339 Karst Karst Karst Census Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Score Score Score Tract Score Score Score Tract Score Score Score 004400 1 14 14 010309 3 11 33 012104 1 20 20 004500 1 15 15 010310 3 16 48 012105 1 14 14 004600 1 13 13 010311 3 15 45 012106 1 19 19 004900 1 24 24 010402 2 18 36 012107 1 16 16 005000 1 13 13 010403 3 13 39 012202 1 20 20 005100 1 15 15 010404 3 28 84 012203 1 21 21 005200 1 13 13 010500 3 14 42 012204 1 17 17 005300 1 12 12 010600 3 26 78 012301 1 10 10 005600 1 17 17 010701 3 19 57 012302 1 15 15 005900 1 28 28 010702 3 16 48 012405 1 22 22 006200 1 15 15 010705 3 18 54 012406 1 16 16 006300 1 8 8 010706 3 12 36 012407 1 15 15 006400 3 10 30 010800 3 13 39 012408 1 6 6 006500 1 15 15 010901 3 18 54 012409 1 11 11 006600 1 9 9 010902 3 14 42 012501 1 8 8 006800 3 8 24 011002 3 26 78 012502 1 20 20 006900 3 9 27 011003 3 18 54 012503 1 13 13 007000 3 6 18 011004 3 19 57 012601 1 25 25 007100 1 17 17 011005 3 11 33 012603 1 11 11 007400 1 18 18 011101 3 20 60 012604 1 17 17 007501 3 18 54 011102 2 29 58 012701 1 24 24 007502 1 23 23 011105 3 16 48 012702 1 15 15 007601 3 7 21 011106 3 25 75 012703 1 25 25 007602 3 13 39 011109 3 8 24 012801 1 15 15 007603 3 9 27 011110 3 13 39 012802 1 16 16 007700 3 12 36 011200 3 16 48 013100 3 7 21 007800 3 16 48 011301 1 20 20

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 340 Landslide Vulnerability Table % of Census % of Census Tract in Area Landslide Landslide Tract in Area Landslide Landslide Census Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Landslide Score Score Score Tract Landslide Score Score Score 000200 0 0 16 0 010307 0 0 9 0 000300 0 0 15 0 010308 0 0 22 0 000400 0 0 17 0 010309 0 0 11 0 000600 0 0 12 0 010310 0 0 16 0 000700 0 0 11 0 010311 0 0 15 0 000800 0 0 8 0 010402 0 0 18 0 000900 0 0 6 0 010403 0 0 13 0 001000 0 0 13 0 010404 0 0 28 0 001100 0 0 12 0 010500 0 0 14 0 001200 0 0 14 0 010600 0 0 26 0 001400 0 0 10 0 010701 0 0 19 0 001500 0 0 12 0 010702 0 0 16 0 001600 0 0 11 0 010705 0 0 18 0 001700 0 0 8 0 010706 0 0 12 0 001800 0 0 8 0 010800 0 0 13 0 002100 0 0 12 0 010901 0 0 18 0 002300 0 0 9 0 010902 0 0 14 0 002400 0 0 17 0 011002 0 0 26 0 002700 0 0 23 0 011003 0 0 18 0 002800 0 0 11 0 011004 0 0 19 0 003000 0 0 19 0 011005 0 0 11 0 003500 0 0 16 0 011101 0 0 20 0 003600 0 0 16 0 011102 0 0 29 0 003700 0 0 8 0 011105 0 0 16 0 003800 0 0 17 0 011106 0 0 25 0 003900 0 0 14 0 011109 0 0 8 0 004000 0 0 6 0 011110 0 0 13 0 004100 0 0 10 0 011200 0 0 16 0 004301 0 0 21 0 011301 0 0 20 0 004302 0 0 15 0 011302 0 0 20 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 341 % of Census % of Census Tract in Area Landslide Landslide Tract in Area Landslide Landslide Census Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Landslide Score Score Score Tract Landslide Score Score Score 004400 0 0 14 0 011403 0 0 13 0 004500 0 0 15 0 011404 0 0 16 0 004600 0 0 13 0 011405 0 0 19 0 004900 0 0 24 0 011406 0 0 16 0 005000 0 0 13 0 011504 0 0 18 0 005100 0 0 15 0 011505 0 0 21 0 005200 0 0 13 0 011506 0 0 13 0 005300 0 0 12 0 011508 0 0 11 0 005600 0 0 17 0 011509 0 0 13 0 005900 0 0 28 0 011510 0 0 18 0 006200 0 0 15 0 011511 0 0 13 0 006300 0 0 8 0 011512 0 0 14 0 006400 0 0 10 0 011601 0 0 14 0 006500 0 0 15 0 011602 0 0 19 0 006600 0 0 9 0 011703 0 0 12 0 006800 0 0 8 0 011704 0 0 16 0 006900 0 0 9 0 011705 0 0 21 0 007000 0 0 6 0 011706 0 0 11 0 007100 0 0 17 0 011707 0 0 10 0 007400 0 0 18 0 011800 0 0 18 0 007501 0 0 18 0 011901 1 1 27 27 007502 0 0 23 0 011904 0 0 11 0 007601 0 0 7 0 011905 0 0 20 0 007602 0 0 13 0 011906 0 0 16 0 007603 0 0 9 0 011907 0 0 15 0 007700 0 0 12 0 012001 35 4 12 48 007800 0 0 16 0 012002 6 1 18 18 007900 0 0 7 0 012003 28 3 14 42 008100 0 0 17 0 012103 0 0 10 0 008200 0 0 16 0 012104 0 0 20 0 008300 0 0 10 0 012105 20 3 14 42

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 342 % of Census % of Census Tract in Area Landslide Landslide Tract in Area Landslide Landslide Census Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Landslide Score Score Score Tract Landslide Score Score Score 008400 0 0 9 0 012106 0 0 19 0 008500 0 0 8 0 012107 0 0 16 0 008700 0 0 19 0 012202 13 2 20 40 008800 0 0 10 0 012203 37 4 21 84 008900 0 0 14 0 012204 49 5 17 85 009000 0 0 20 0 012301 12 2 10 20 009103 0 0 14 0 012302 38 4 15 60 009104 2 1 22 22 012405 0 0 22 0 009300 0 0 18 0 012406 0 0 16 0 009400 0 0 24 0 012407 0 0 15 0 009600 0 0 16 0 012408 0 0 6 0 009700 0 0 12 0 012409 0 0 11 0 009800 0 0 9 0 012501 0 0 8 0 009900 0 0 10 0 012502 0 0 20 0 010001 0 0 18 0 012503 0 0 13 0 010004 0 0 16 0 012601 0 0 25 0 010005 0 0 16 0 012603 0 0 11 0 010006 0 0 12 0 012604 0 0 17 0 010007 0 0 17 0 012701 0 0 24 0 010008 0 0 15 0 012702 0 0 15 0 010101 0 0 21 0 012703 0 0 25 0 010102 0 0 15 0 012801 0 0 15 0 010303 0 0 15 0 012802 0 0 16 0 010306 0 0 26 0 013100 0 0 7 0

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 343 Wildfire Vulnerability Table % of Census Tract's Wildfire Wildfire % of Census Tract's Wildfire Wildfire Census Area Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Area Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Wildfire Score Score Score Tract Wildfire Score Score Score 000200 11 2 16 32 010307 37 4 9 36 000300 0 0 15 0 010308 25 3 22 66 000400 9 1 17 17 010309 9 1 11 11 000600 1 1 12 12 010310 5 1 16 16 000700 0 0 11 0 010311 15 2 15 30 000800 12 2 8 16 010402 15 2 18 36 000900 0 0 6 0 010403 17 3 13 39 001000 0 0 13 0 010404 17 3 28 84 001100 1 1 12 12 010500 5 1 14 14 001200 1 1 14 14 010600 3 1 26 26 001400 10 1 10 10 010701 3 1 19 19 001500 1 1 12 12 010702 1 1 16 16 001600 0 0 11 0 010705 2 1 18 18 001700 0 0 8 0 010706 10 1 12 12 001800 0 0 8 0 010800 4 1 13 13 002100 0 0 12 0 010901 0 0 18 0 002300 0 0 9 0 010902 1 1 14 14 002400 0 0 17 0 011002 6 1 26 26 002700 0 0 23 0 011003 5 1 18 18 002800 0 0 11 0 011004 4 1 19 19 003000 0 0 19 0 011005 11 2 11 22 003500 0 0 16 0 011101 13 2 20 40 003600 0 0 16 0 011102 16 2 29 58 003700 0 0 8 0 011105 7 1 16 16 003800 0 0 17 0 011106 7 1 25 25 003900 0 0 14 0 011109 23 3 8 24 004000 0 0 6 0 011110 13 2 13 26 004100 0 0 10 0 011200 0 0 16 0 004301 3 1 21 21 011301 9 1 20 20 004302 8 1 15 15 011302 5 1 20 20 004400 1 1 14 14 011403 1 1 13 13 004500 46 5 15 75 011404 8 1 16 16

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 344 % of Census Tract's Wildfire Wildfire % of Census Tract's Wildfire Wildfire Census Area Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Area Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Wildfire Score Score Score Tract Wildfire Score Score Score 004600 0 0 13 0 011405 5 1 19 19 004900 0 0 24 0 011406 7 1 16 16 005000 0 0 13 0 011504 9 1 18 18 005100 0 0 15 0 011505 17 3 21 63 005200 4 1 13 13 011506 13 2 13 26 005300 0 0 12 0 011508 24 3 11 33 005600 0 0 17 0 011509 17 3 13 39 005900 1 1 28 28 011510 9 1 18 18 006200 0 0 15 0 011511 17 3 13 39 006300 0 0 8 0 011512 28 4 14 56 006400 0 0 10 0 011601 37 4 14 56 006500 0 0 15 0 011602 44 5 19 95 006600 0 0 9 0 011703 29 4 12 48 006800 0 0 8 0 011704 15 2 16 32 006900 2 1 9 9 011705 10 1 21 21 007000 0 0 6 0 011706 12 2 11 22 007100 0 0 17 0 011707 28 4 10 40 007400 5 1 18 18 011800 4 1 18 18 007501 30 4 18 72 011901 9 1 27 27 007502 20 3 23 69 011904 11 2 11 22 007601 0 0 7 0 011905 12 2 20 40 007602 13 2 13 26 011906 18 3 16 48 007603 11 2 9 18 011907 2 1 15 15 007700 16 2 12 24 012001 60 5 12 60 007800 0 0 16 0 012002 20 3 18 54 007900 3 1 7 7 012003 69 5 14 70 008100 15 2 17 34 012103 18 3 10 30 008200 6 1 16 16 012104 15 2 20 40 008300 7 1 10 10 012105 10 1 14 14 008400 0 0 9 0 012106 9 1 19 19 008500 1 1 8 8 012107 14 2 16 32 008700 18 3 19 57 012202 18 3 20 60 008800 12 2 10 20 012203 41 4 21 84

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 345 % of Census Tract's Wildfire Wildfire % of Census Tract's Wildfire Wildfire Census Area Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Census Area Susceptible to Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Tract Wildfire Score Score Score Tract Wildfire Score Score Score 008900 6 1 14 14 012204 49 5 17 85 009000 12 2 20 40 012301 4 1 10 10 009103 2 1 14 14 012302 43 5 15 75 009104 8 1 22 22 012405 14 2 22 44 009300 20 3 18 54 012406 1 1 16 16 009400 4 1 24 24 012407 10 1 15 15 009600 2 1 16 16 012408 1 1 6 6 009700 1 1 12 12 012409 4 1 11 11 009800 0 0 9 0 012501 10 1 8 8 009900 6 1 10 10 012502 8 1 20 20 010001 12 2 18 36 012503 3 1 13 13 010004 2 1 16 16 012601 3 1 25 25 010005 7 1 16 16 012603 0 0 11 0 010006 6 1 12 12 012604 4 1 17 17 010007 11 2 17 34 012701 7 1 24 24 010008 15 2 15 30 012702 29 4 15 60 010101 9 1 21 21 012703 15 2 25 50 010102 9 1 15 15 012801 3 1 15 15 010303 31 4 15 60 012802 1 1 16 16 010306 18 3 26 78 013100 3 1 7 7

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 346 APPENDIX 14 Estimating Potential Losses: Loss Estimation Tables and Data

See Appendix 1 for a map showing Louisville Metro Census Tracts

Existing Buildings Located in Floodplain by Census Tract Census Total # of Census Total # of Census Total # of Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* 000200 25 $115,740 010402 30 $6,819,595 011706 3 $512,385 000400 2 $396,750 010403 25 $14,338,385 011707 5 $247,705 003000 3 $251,400 010404 47 $13,131,330 011800 651 $421,738,880 004900 14 $72,456,400 010600 9 $156,998,950 011901 662 $1,385,046,385 005900 77 $34,929,545 010701 82 $389,533,960 011904 113 $280,063,190 006200 37 $15,674,270 010702 71 $12,237,600 011905 1084 $143,153,475 006300 15 $4,190,530 010705 7 $4,090,890 011906 125 $115,732,070 006900 26 $12,268,775 010800 3 $424,185 011907 147 $43,348,795 007400 81 $110,539,575 010901 298 $161,088,205 012001 248 $22,130,710 007501 123 $76,773,560 010902 4 $817,215 012002 1273 $127,884,265 007502 209 $80,101,070 011002 61 $91,100,265 012003 438 $21,826,835 007602 27 $103,090,710 011003 14 $4,040,200 012103 13 $4,687,445 007700 1 $2,111,200 011004 21 $5,890,185 012104 70 $51,009,410 008100 37 $36,085,675 011005 184 $33,363,660 012105 8 $7,556,300 008300 8 $2,184,555 011102 24 $48,037,875 012107 3 $461,520 008900 16 $3,045,090 011105 27 $6,264,960 012202 139 $17,325,405 009103 172 $213,523,750 011109 4 $1,321,330 012203 59 $6,657,505 009104 873 $166,798,390 011200 169 $153,894,735 012204 92 $9,274,595 009300 15 $5,202,015 011301 134 $28,756,860 012302 13 $7,170,465 009400 17 $5,644,165 011302 9 $14,691,785 012405 4 $228,095 009600 120 $27,078,130 011404 2 $529,600 012406 15 $1,724,190 010001 90 $18,173,475 011405 92 $21,955,665 012408 119 $27,474,795 010005 35 $5,647,630 011406 437 $112,039,620 012501 136 $20,540,170 010006 15 $33,559,665 011504 120 $14,447,265 012502 24 $3,479,610

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 347 Census Total # of Census Total # of Census Total # of Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* 010007 3 $684,615 011505 18 $18,166,515 012503 112 $5,451,560 010008 26 $4,082,520 011506 7 $1,321,170 012601 126 $28,787,350 010101 19 $5,074,205 011508 14 $2,338,335 012603 305 $31,564,730 010102 3 $379,290 011509 5 $2,839,035 012604 252 $25,182,545 010303 32 $9,788,130 011510 96 $13,719,405 012701 13 $1,674,480 010306 14 $5,695,385 011511 4 $889,425 012702 111 $5,415,185 010307 6 $489,970 011512 15 $2,154,070 012703 17 $34,596,725 010308 11 $2,442,600 011601 33 $7,217,880 012801 81 $15,346,745 010309 1 $304,560 011602 104 $12,039,425 012802 12 $1,760,765 010310 73 $18,830,190 011703 10 $2,348,635 TOTAL 10942 $5,318,713,280 010311 1 $385,180 011705 62 $12,812,070

Existing Buildings Located in Floodplain by Occupancy Class Total # of Occupancy Class Buildings AGRICULTURAL 67 COMMERCIAL 893 EDUCATION 19 GOVERNMENT 364 INDUSTRIAL 189 RELIGIOUS 195 RESIDENTIAL 9215 TOTAL 10942

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 348 Facilities Located in Floodplain and Potential Loss *The left column break occurs at the end of this table, go back to right side of table. OLD CLARK STATION ROAD OVER BRUSH RUN Schools C00167 CREEK $2,767,195

Name Address Cost C00168 BROAD RUN ROAD OVER BROAD RUN CREEK $2,767,195

THOMAS MERTON ACADEMY 6010 PRESTON HWY $490,000 C00169 BROAD RUN ROAD OVER BACK RUN CREEK $2,767,195 BROWNS LANE OVER MIDDLE FORK OF BEARGRASS ST PIUS X 3525 GOLDSMITH LANE $490,000 C00170 CR. $2,767,195 GOLDSMITH LANE EL 3520 GOLDSMITH LN $5,583,698 C00172 OLD TAYLORSVILLE RD OVER CANE RUN CREEK $2,767,195 SENECA HS 3510 GOLDSMITH LN $29,652,708 C00173 WATTERSON TRAIL NORTH OVER FERN CREEK $2,767,195 MINORS LANE ELEMENTARY 8510 MINORS LANE $6,010,763 C00174 LAMBORNE BLVD. OVER POND CREEK $2,767,195 BOYS HAVEN 2301 GOLDSMITH LANE $490,000 C00178 ECHO TRAIL OVER FLOYDS FORK $2,767,195 SOUTH PARK TEENAGE PARENT HS 1010 NEIGHBORHOOD PLACE $6,210,676 C00180 BROAD RUN OVER FLOYDS FORK $2,767,195 LEGHORN DRIVE OVER SOUTH FORK OF BEARGRASS BROOKLAWN 2125 GOLDSMITH LANE $490,000 C00181 CREEK $2,767,195 SOUTHEAST BUS COMPOUND 907 FAIRDALE RD C00183 MARY SUE DR OVER LITTLE CEDAR CREEK $2,767,195

TOTAL 9 $49,417,845 C00186 COOPER CHAPEL ROAD OVER McNEELEY LAKE $2,767,195

Police Stations C00187 SOUTH POPE LICK ROAD OVER POPE LICK CREEK $2,767,195

Name Address Cost C00188 CEDAR CREEK ROAD OVER CEDAR CREEK $2,767,195

SHIVELY 3930 PARK DRIVE $1,372,000 C00189 AIKEN ROAD OVER UNNAMED STREAM $2,767,195 OLD WHIPS MILL ROAD OVER MIDDLE FORK OF Fire Stations C00190 BEARGRASS $2,767,195 TREVILIAN WAY OVER SOUTH FORK OF BEARGRASS Name Address Cost C00191 CREEK $2,767,195 HARRODS CREEK FIRE JOHNSON SCHOOL ROAD OVER LITTLE CEDAR DEPARTMENT #2 5320 UPPER RIVER RD $22,500 C00195 CREEK $2,767,195 SHIVELY FIRE DEPARTMENT SEATONVILLE ROAD OVER BRANCH OF CEDAR #1 3930 PARK DR $588,000 C00196 CREEK $2,767,195 SHERBURN LANE OVER MIDDLE FORK OF TOTAL 2 $610,500 C00197 BEARGRASS CR. $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 349 Nursing Homes C00202 OLD KY. 1819 OVER CHENOWETH RUN CREEK $2,767,195 WATTERSON TRAIL CONNECTOR OVER CHENOWETH Name Address Cost C00203 RUN $2,767,195 Eden Care 901 Blankenbaker Rd N/A C00204 FAIRMOUNT ROAD OVER BROAD RUN $2,767,195 Parkway Medical Center 1155 Eastern Pkwy N/A C00206 OLD STAGE COACH ROAD OVER LONG RUN CREEK $2,767,195 BOWLING BLVD. OVER MIDDLE FORK OF BEARGRASS TOTAL 2 N/A C00207 CR. $2,767,195

Bridges C00211 REHL ROAD OVER POPE LICK CREEK $2,767,195

Name Address Cost C00212 THURMAN ROAD OVER CANE RUN CREEK $2,767,195

B00001 KY 864 OVER FERN CREEK $2,767,195 C00213 GOLDSMITH LANE OVER S FK BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 INDIAN HILLS TRAIL OVER MUDDY FORK OF B00004 US 42 OVER HARRODS CREEK $2,767,195 C00215 BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 B00005 KY 864 OVER GREASY DITCH $2,767,195 C00216 COOPER CHAPEL ROAD OVER FISHPOOL CREEK $2,767,195 B00008 US 60 OVER LONG RUN CREEK $2,767,195 C00217 RIVER ROAD OVER BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 B00009 US 60 OVER FLOYDS FORK $2,767,195 C00218 TRADE PORT DRIVE OVER MILL CREEK $2,767,195 B00017 KY 155 OVER POPE LICK CREEK $2,767,195 RR0600 CSX R.R. OVER BAXTER AVE $2,767,195 SOUTHERN RR OVER MONTGOMERY ST. AT 30TH ST. B00018 KY 148 OVER FLOYDS FORK $2,767,195 RR0603 (EAST $2,767,195 KY. 3206 OVER MILL CREEK B00019 CUTOFF $2,767,195 RR0616 CSX RR OVER BROADWAY NEAR BARRET AVE $2,767,195 PRESTON STREET ( KY 61 ) OVER B00030 BLUE SPRING DITCH $2,767,195 RR0630 CSXRR OVER 6TH STREET NEAR RIVER ROAD $2,767,195 B00031 KY-61 OVER NORTHERN DITCH $2,767,195 RR0640 SOUTHERN RR OVER EASTWOOD FISHERVILLE ROAD $2,767,195 KY- 61 OVER NORTH FORK OF B00032 SOUTHERN DITCH $2,767,195 RR0641 SOUTHERN RR OVER POPE LICK ROAD $2,767,195 B00034 OVER SALT RIVER $2,767,195 RR0653 CSX RR OVER BRENT STREET SOUTH OF BROADWAY $2,767,195 I-64 EASTBOUND OVER FLOYDS CSX RR OVER BRECKINRIDGE STREET SOUTH OF B00048 FORK $2,767,195 RR0654 BROADWAY $2,767,195 I-64 WESTBOUND OVER FLOYD'S B00048 FORK $2,767,195 TOTAL 214 $484,259,125 I-64 EASTBOUND OVER LONG B00049 RUN CREEK $2,767,195 Railroad Stations I-64 WESTBOUND OVER LONG B00049 RUN CREEK $2,767,195 Name Address Cost

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 350 I-64 EASTBOUND OVER MIDDLE CSXT Louisville Bulk B00052 FORK OF BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 TransFlo $2,136,000 WESTBOUND I-64 OVER MIDDLE CSXT Louisville Ford B00052 FORK OF BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 Assembly Plant $2,136,000 KY 329 OVER TRIBUTARY TO Jefferson Riverport: B00054 HARRODS CREEK $2,767,195 Louisville $2,136,000 NORTHBOUND I-71 MOCKINGBIRD Marathon Oil Louisville B00063 VALLEY Rd $2,767,195 Asphalt Trm $2,136,000 SOUTHBOUND I-71 OVER Chevron USA Products B00063 MOCKINGBIRD VALLEY ROAD $2,767,195 Co: Louisville $2,136,000 NORTHBOUND I-71 OVER INDIAN Riverway Louisville B00064 HILLS TRAIL $2,767,195 Terminal Co $2,136,000 SOUTHBOUND I-71 OVER INDIAN Ashland Louisville B00064 HILLS TRAIL $2,767,195 Asphalt Terminal $2,136,000 NORTHBOUND I-71 OVER Countrymark Co-op: B00065 BLANKENBAKER LANE $2,767,195 Louisville $2,136,000 SOUTHBOUND I-71 OVER Lafarge Corp Louisville B00065 BLANKENBAKER LANE $2,767,195 Terminal $2,136,000 Nugent Sand Co: B00067 KY. 2055 OVER POND CREEK $2,767,195 Louisville $2,136,000 BLUE LICK ROAD OVER FISHPOOL Amer Comm Marine Svc: B00078 CREEK $2,767,195 Louisville $2,136,000 River Road Terminal: B00083 KY 1531 OVER CANE RUN CREEK $2,767,195 Louisville $2,136,000 River Road Trmnl Elev: B00094 KY. 1065 OVER NORTHERN DITCH $2,767,195 Louisville $2,136,000 OVER BRANCH OF NORTHERN B00101 DITCH $2,767,195 TOTAL 12 $27,768,000 B00102 KY 1020 OVER NORTHERN DITCH $2,767,195 Port BRECKENRIDGE LANE OVER SOUTH FORK OF BEARGRASS B00119 CREE $2,767,195 Name Address Cost BRECKENRIDGE LANE OVER River Road Terminal, B00120 MIDDLE FORK OF BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 Upper Wharf. 2611 Upper River Road $1,940,000 River Road Terminal, B00125 KY 1531 OVER LONG RUN CREEK $2,767,195 Lower Wharf. 2611 Upper River Road $1,940,000 KY. 1727 OVER MILL CREEK U. S. Army Corps of B00128 CUTOFF $2,767,195 Engineers, Louisville 809 North 27th Street $1,940,000 EASTERN PARKWAY OVER SOUTH FORK OF BEARGRASS Louisville Municipal B00139 CREEK $2,767,195 Wharf. 401 West River Road $1,940,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 351 150 FT. EAST 0F 2 ND STREET TO Port of Louisville B00142 ABUTMENT @ PRESTON $2,767,195 Terminal Wharf. 333 River Road $1,940,000 EASTBOUND I-64 OVER BEALS Ashland Petroleum Co., B00147 BRANCH ROAD $2,767,195 Louisville Asphalt 815 River Road $1,940,000 WESTBOUND I-64 OVER BEAL'S Missouri Portland B00147 BRANCH ROAD $2,767,195 Cement Co., Louisville 925 River Road $1,940,000 I-64 EASTBOUND OVER WITHERSPOON STREET & RR Riverway Louisville B00155 SPUR $2,767,195 Terminal Co., Lower 1201 Upper River Road $1,940,000 EB I-64 ENT. RAMP FROM CANNON'S LANE OVER Riverway Louisville B00162 BEARGRAS $2,767,195 Terminal Co., Liquid - $1,940,000 E.B. I-64 EXIT RAMP TO CANNON'S Riverway Louisville B00163 LANE OVER BEARGRAS $2,767,195 Terminal Co., Upper 1201 Upper River Road $1,940,000 NORTHBOUND I-71 OVER Nugent Sand Co., B00165 FRANKFORT AVE. $2,767,195 Louisville Wharf. 1833 Upper River Road $1,940,000 SOUTHBOUND I-71 OVER Louisiana Dock Co., B00165 FRANKFORT AVE. $2,767,195 Louisville Dock. 2041 Upper River Road $1,940,000 NORTHBOUND I-71 OVER EDITH Louisville Gas and B00166 STREET $2,767,195 Electric Co., Mill Cr 14460 Dixie Highway $1,940,000 SOUTHBOUND I-71 OVER EDITH Jefferson Riverport B00166 STREET $2,767,195 General Cargo Dock. Foot of Port Road $1,940,000 Rohm and Haas KY, B00167 N.B. I-71 OVER ZORN AVENUE $2,767,195 Louisville Wharf 4500 Camp Ground Road $1,940,000

B00167 S.B. I-71 OVER ZORN AVENUE $2,767,195 B. T. Energy Corp. Dock. 15700 Dixie Highway $1,940,000 N.B. I-71 OVER RAILROAD SPUR B00168 AT FISHER CO. $2,767,195 TOTAL 15 $31,040,000 S.B. I-71 OVER RAILROAD SPUR B00168 AT FISHER PACKING CO. $2,767,195 Potable Water I-71 SOUTHBOUND OVER B00169 BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 Name Address Cost I-71 NORTHBOUND OVER LOUISVILLE WATER B00169 BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 CO ZORN PUMP 3003 RIVER RD $32,634,000 LOUISVILLE WATER B00175 KENNEDY BRIDGE APPROACH $2,767,195 CO ZORN STAT ZORN AVE AT RIVER RD $32,634,000 S.B. I-65 TO I-64 E.B. & W.B. OVER B00176 M.L. I-64 W.B. $2,767,195 TOTAL 2 $65,268,000 I-65 NB TO I-64 WB OVER I-64 WB Wastewater Pump B00204 TO I-65 SB $2,767,195 Stations

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 352 B00228 OVER SAVAGE DRIVE $2,767,195 Name Address Cost B00266 EASTBOUND I-264 OVER US 31W $2,767,195 WESTOVER 8619 WESTOVER DR $50,000 EASTBOUND I-264 OVER RAMP B00269 FROM I-264 WB TO US31W S $2,767,195 DEEP CREEK 6210 DEEP CREEK CT $140,000 RAMP FROM US 31W N.B. TO I-264 B00272 W.B. OVER US 31W $2,767,195 DEEP TRAIL 7804 DEEP TRAIL CT $30,000 RAMP FROM I-264 W.B. TO US B00274 31W S.B. OVER US 31W $2,767,195 KEN CARLA 8701 LYNNHALL CT $20,000 RAMP FROM I-64 WB TO I-264 EB B00278 OVER I-64 EB $2,767,195 TIMBER CREST 5630 TIMBER CREEK CT $60,000 B00280 KY 1819 OVER BRUSH RUN $2,767,195 RIVER CREEK 6101 RIVER RD $0 13TH TO 17TH OVER CONRAIL & B00285 NORTHWESTERN PARKWAY $2,767,195 HITE CREEK 5500 HITT RD $1,320,000 OUTER LOOP OVER CSX B00290 RAILROAD $2,767,195 HILLSDALE 3725 HILLSDALE RD $260,000 OUTER LOOP OVER CSX B00290 RAILROAD $2,767,195 CRANBORNE COURT 3507 REMS CT $50,000 KY 2053 OVER PENNSYLVANIA B00291 RUN CREEK $2,767,195 RIVERS EDGE 4206 RIVERS EDGE CT $90,000 RIVERSIDE X-WAY 2ND TO 150 FT B00292 WEST OF 7 TH STREET $2,767,195 DERINGTON CT. 3011 DERINGTON CT $110,000 B00295 KY 155 OVER FLOYDS FORK $2,767,195 PHOENIX HILL 2600 WOODSIDE RD $420,000 B00297 KY 1531 OVER SHAKES RUN $2,767,195 WEST GOOSE CREEK 6600 SEMINARY WOODS PL $990,000 KY 1819 SEATONVILLE ROAD LOUISVILLE BOAT B00309 OVER CHENOWETH RUN $2,767,195 CLUB 4200 RIVER RD $180,000 ACCESS ROAD OVER MILL CREEK B00313 CUTOFF $2,767,195 MUDDY FORK 2120 INDIAN HILLS TRL $450,000 B00316 E.B. KY 841 OVER POND CREEK $2,767,195 MELLWOOD AVENUE 501 MOCKINGBIRD VALLEY RD $170,000 B00316 W.B. KY 841 OVER POND CREEK $2,767,195 GOOSE CREEK 7800 WESTPORT RD $920,000 NEWCUT ROAD OVER SOUTHERN B00328 DITCH $2,767,195 FONTAINE ESTATES 124 FONTAINE LANDING CT $40,000 B00330 KY 1531 OVER BRUSH RUN $2,767,195 WOODLAWN PARK 4500 WESTPORT RD $180,000 OLD SHEPERDSVILLE ROAD B00331 OVER FERN CREEK $2,767,195 BELVEDERE 420 W RIVER RD $60,000 OLD SHEPHERDSVILLE RD B00332 BUECHEL BR $2,767,195 RIVERSIDE 201 RIVER RD $580,000 BROWNSBORO RD. OVER BEARGRASS CR. (NEAR B00346 MELLWOOD) $2,767,195 RIVERFRONT 140 N 4TH ST $110,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 353 MAIN STREET OVER BEARGRASS B00347 CREEK $2,767,195 LOU. SLUGGER FIELD 401 E MAIN ST $180,000 KY 1819 (RUCKRIEGEL PARKWAY) OVER CHENOWETH B00350 RUN $2,767,195 POLO FIELDS (OLD) 16724 POLO FIELDS LN $210,000 E.B. 841 OVER NATIONAL B00361 TURNPIKE $2,767,195 ARNOLD PALMER 14711 FOREST CREEK WAY $260,000 W.B. 841 OVER NATIONAL B00361 TURNPIKE $2,767,195 ST. CLAIR DRIVE 12405 ST CLAIR DR $90,000 EAST MANSLICK ROAD OVER B00367 PENNSILVANIA RUN $2,767,195 STARVIEW ESTATES 423 BERMUDA WAY $250,000 NB. I - 265 OVER CHENOWETH B00378 RUN $2,767,195 STARVIEW ESTATES 423 BERMUDA WAY $170,000 SB. I -265 OVER CHENOWETH B00378 RUN $2,767,195 ENGLISH STATION 15030 BIRCHAM RD $70,000 OLD HEADY RD OVER GENE B00379 SNYDER FREEWAY & SHINKS BRA $2,767,195 NIGHTINGALE 1800 NIGHTINGALE RD $1,260,000 B00386 $2,767,195 TERRIER LANE 2330 MEDFORD LN $430,000 HURSTBORNE PKWY. (KY 1747) B00417 OVER MIDDLE FORK BEARGR $2,767,195 ROSA TERRACE 3706 NOBEL CT $160,000 B00418 KY. 1020 OVER SOUTHERN DITCH $2,767,195 CITY PARK 3816 DIXIE HWY $320,000 NEWBURG RD OVER SOUTH B00433 FORK OF BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 J-TOWN 10725 OLD TAYLORSVILLE RD $1,200,000 OVER SOUTH FORK OF B00436 BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 GARRS LN 1900 GARRS LN $430,000 I-264 OVER MIDDLE FORK OF B00450 BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 WATTERSON TRAIL 8200 WATTERSON TRL $430,000 FERN VALLEY ROAD (KY 1631 B00452 EAST) OVER TRIBUTARY TO $2,767,195 FERN HILL 5206 STONY BROOK DR $290,000 FERN VALLEY RD (KY 1631 W.) B00452 OVER TRIB TO N. DITCH $2,767,195 UPS AIR PARCEL HUB 8001 ASHBOTTOM RD $0 US-31E N.B. LANES OVER FLOYDS B00454 FORK $2,767,195 INDUSTRIAL 1160 INDUSTRIAL BLVD $480,000 US-31E S.B. LANES OVER FLOYDS B00454 FORK $2,767,195 LEA ANN WAY 5007 LEA ANN WAY $1,120,000 BRUSHRUN ROAD (KY 1819) OVER B00456 FLOYDS FORK $2,767,195 AVANTI 8016 AVANTI WAY $110,000 AIKEN ROAD OVER FLOYDS FORK C00002 CREEK $2,767,195 YORKTOWN 7429 OLD NORTH CHURCH RD $250,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 354 ALANDALE RD. OVER VALLEY C00003 CREEK $2,767,195 SCOTTSDALE #1 213 SCOTTSDALE BLVD $440,000 BEARCAMP ROAD OVER BEAR C00008 CAMP RUN CREEK $2,767,195 YORKTOWN 7418 YORKTOWN RD $250,000 BECKLEY STA. RD. OVER GOVERNMENT C00009 UNNAMED STREAM $2,767,195 CENTER 7201 OUTER LOOP $280,000 BETHANY LANE. OVER MILL C00010 CREEK $2,767,195 SCOTTSDALE #2 7905 MACKIE LN $90,000 BLEVINS GAP RD. OVER POND C00011 CREEK $2,767,195 MIDLAND 8203 NATIONAL TPKE $0 BLEVINS GAP ROAD OVER CRANE C00013 RUN $2,767,195 AGANZA 2300 AGANZA DR $50,000 BOST LANE OVER FISHPOOL C00014 CREEK $2,767,195 140 OUTER LOOP $0 BRECKENRIDGE STREET OVER S C00015 FK BEARGRASS CR. $2,767,195 CEDAR CREEK 8605 CEDAR CREEK RD $2,250,000 BRIARBRIDGE LN. OVER S. FK OF C00016 BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 TREE LINE 423 ECHAPPE LN $240,000 BRAIRCLIFF AVENUE OVER C00017 SOUTHERN DITCH $2,767,195 ADMIRAL 8800 ADMIRAL DR $460,000 CHENOWETH RUN ROAD OVER C00025 CHENOWETH RUN TRIB. $2,767,195 SILVER HEIGHTS 9412 SLAYTON CT $600,000 SCENIC LOOP OVER BEARGRASS C00026 CR (STR. 1) $2,767,195 SPRING RIVER WEST 2203 RIVER RD $50,000 CHEROKEE PARK RD # 2 OVER C00027 BEARGRASS CREEK ( CITY O $2,767,195 NUGENT SAND 1833 RIVER RD $70,000 SCENIC LOOP OVER MID FK C00028 BEARGRASS CR (STR. 3) $2,767,195 RIVER METALS I 2114 METAL LN $0 SCENIC LOOP OVER MID FK C00029 BEARGRASS CR (STR. 4) $2,767,195 POPLAR HILL 35 POPLAR HILL RD $30,000 CHEROKEE PARK RD # 5 OVER C00030 BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 COVERED COVE WAY 7106 COVERED COVE WAY $80,000 BEARGRASS RD OVER MID FK C00031 BEARGRASS CR (STR. 6) $2,767,195 SPRING RIVER EAST 2301 RIVER RD $110,000 BEARGRASS RD OVER MID FK C00032 BEARGRASS CK (STR. 7) $2,767,195 LIVRON NORTH 2790 RIVER GREEN CIR $110,000 BEARGRASS RD OVER MID FK C00033 BEARGRASS CR (STR. 8) $2,767,195 MARINE SALES 2929 RIVER RD $40,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 355 PARK BOUNDRY RD OVER MID FK RIVER RD. PS & C00034 BEARGRASS CR (STR. 9) $2,767,195 FORCE MAIN 2305 RIVER RD $0 CHESTNUT ST. OVER S FK OF C00035 BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 RIVER METALS III 2300 METAL LN $0 CITATION ROAD OVER VALLEY NEW MORTON C00036 CREEK $2,767,195 INTERNATIONAL 2601 RIVER RD $40,000 DECKER LANE OVER VALLEY C00041 CREEK $2,767,195 RIVER METALS II 2300 METAL LN $0 DUPONT RD OVER MID FK OF C00045 BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 MILL STEEL 2033 METAL LN $0 DUTCHMANS LANE OVER C00046 WEICHER CREEK $2,767,195 COVERS UNLIMITED 2040 METAL LN $0 EASUM ROAD OVER CHENOWETH C00047 RUN $2,767,195 ARNOLD BOATS 2035 METAL LN $0 C00048 ECHO TRAIL OVER BRUSH RUN $2,767,195 CAMPBELL STREET 231 N CAMPBELL ST $30,000 FAIRMOUNT ROAD OVER CEDAR C00054 CREEK $2,767,195 11TH & ROWAN 1101 ROWAN ST $50,000 C00055 FAIRMOUNT ROAD OVER BIG RUN $2,767,195 HIGHGATE SPRINGS 3246 RADIANCE RD $750,000 FRONTIER TRAIL OVER S.FK. MOCKINGBIRD C00058 BEARGRASS CR. $2,767,195 VALLEY 334 MOCKINGBIRD VALLEY RD $410,000 GARDINER LN OVER S FORK C00059 BEARGRASS CK $2,767,195 HARBORS LANDING 8900 U S HIGHWAY 42 $0 GELLHAUS ROAD OVER HARRODS LANDING C00060 CHENOWETH RUN $2,767,195 MARINA 8900 U S HIGHWAY 42 $0 GOLDSMITH LN S FORK C00061 BEARGRASS $2,767,195 MARINA VIEW 5920 MARINA VIEW CT $30,000 GRADE LANE OVER NORTHERN C00064 DITCH $2,767,195 FLOYDS FORK 1100 BLUE HERON RD $1,050,000 HANSES DRIVE OVER BLUE C00067 SPRING DITCH $2,767,195 ELDERBERRY RIDGE 10712 FIR TREE LN $0 HELCK AVENUE OVER C00068 TRIBUTARY TO GREASY DITCH $2,767,195 CHERRY BLOSSOM 1413 CHERRY BLOSSOM DR $0 HIKES LN. OVER S. FK OF C00069 BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 LIVRON SOUTH 2756 RIVER GREEN CIR $110,000 HOBBS LANE OVER SOUTH LONG C00070 RUN $2,767,195 GLOBAL AMERICAN 2200 METAL LN $40,000 EAST INDIAN TRAIL OVER C00076 TRIBUTARY TO GREASY DITCH $2,767,195 TUCKER STATION 2000 PAPA JOHNS BLVD $430,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 356 EAST INDIAN TRAIL OVER C00077 GREASY DITCH $2,767,195 CHENOWETH RUN 4710 CHENOWETH RUN RD $400,000 JOHONSONTOWN ROAD OVER C00081 BLACK POND CREEK $2,767,195 FAIRMOUNT RD 10801 FAIRMOUNT RD $510,000 JOHONSONTOWN ROAD OVER EASTWOOD C00082 VALLEY CREEK $2,767,195 FISHERVILLE RD PS 911 EASTWOOD FISHERVILLE RD $1,210,000 KLONDIKE LN OVER S. FK OF C00086 BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 BARBOUR LANE 4640 BARBOUR LN $660,000 KREMER AVE. OVER TRIB. TO C00087 GREASY DITCH $2,767,195 GLEN OAKS 10601 WORTHINGTON LN $250,000 LEXINGTON RD OVER MID FK OF C00089 BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 TOTAL 86 $25,060,000 LEXINGTON RD OVER MID FORK Wastewater Treatment C00090 OF BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 Plants LONG RUN RD- CLARK STA RD C00091 OVER S LONG RUN $2,767,195 Name Address Cost LONG RUN ROAD OVER LONG HUNTING CREEK C00092 RUN CREEK $2,767,195 NORTH 7300 SHADWELL LN $2,864,000 LOWER HUNTERS TRACE ROAD HUNTING CREEK C00094 OVER BIG RUN CREEK $2,767,195 SOUTH 6530 MONTERO DR $2,008,000 LYNDON LANE OVER MIDDLE C00095 FORK OF BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 KEN CARLA 8701 LYNNHALL CT $128,000 LEGHORN DR OVER SOUTH FORK C00096 BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 TIMBERLAKE 5504 TIMBER RIDGE DR $1,920,000 MARYMAN ROAD OVER VALLEY C00097 CREEK $2,767,195 BANCROFT 7610 OLD ORCHARD CIR $896,000 MINORS LANE OVER SOUTHERN C00099 DITCH $2,767,195 POLO FIELDS 16724 POLO FIELDS LN $1,500,000 NEW CUT ROAD OVER BEE LICK C00104 CREEK $2,767,195 STARVIEW 423 BERMUDA WAY $1,120,000 OAK ST OVER SOUTH FORK C00106 BEARGRASS CR. $2,767,195 JEFFERSONTOWN 10725 OLD TAYLORSVILLE RD $24,000,000 OLD CANNONS LN OVER MID FK C00107 BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 HILL RIDGE 4303 STONY BROOK DR $0 C00115 ORELL ROAD OVER MILL CREEK $2,767,195 FERN HILL 5206 STONY BROOK DR $1,920,000 PAYNE ST MIDDLE FORK C00116 BEARGRASS $2,767,195 YORKTOWN 7418 YORKTOWN RD $1,800,000 PENDLETON ROAD OVER C00117 WEAVER RUN $2,767,195 SILVER HEIGHTS 9412 SLAYTON CT $5,000,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 357 PENDLETON ROAD OVER POND C00118 CREEK $2,767,195 TOTAL 12 $43,156,000 WILLIAM G. PENNY LANE OVER Communication C00121 SOUTHERN DITCH $2,767,195 Facilities HIKES LANE OVER SOUTHERN C00123 RAILROAD $2,767,195 Name Address Cost RIO VISTA DRIVE OVER MUDDY C00128 FORK OF BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 WLLV 1240 $98,000 RIVER ROAD OVER GOOSE C00130 CREEK $2,767,195 WFIA 900 $98,000 RIVER RD OVER HARRODS C00131 CREEK $2,767,195 TOTAL 2 $196,000 ROEDERER DRIVE OVER BLUE Water Pumps and C00132 SPRINGS DITCH $2,767,195 Plants SAVAGE DRIVE OVER MILL C00133 CREEK $2,767,195 Name Address Cost SCHUFF AVE. OVER SOUTH FORK SHELBYVILLE ROAD C00136 OF BEARGRASS CREEK $2,767,195 BPS N/A ZORN AVE PUMP C00145 SPRING ST OVER BEARGRASS CR $2,767,195 STATION N/A STONE STREET ROAD OVER C00148 POND CREEK $2,767,195 TOTAL 2 N/A STOUT RD OVER TURKEY RUN C00149 CREEK $2,767,195 Electric Power Plants TARRAGON ROAD OVER GREASY C00151 DITCH $2,767,195 Name Address Cost VIM DRIVE OVER TRIBUTARY TO LOUISVILLE G & E C00156 GREASY DITCH $2,767,195 WATERSIDE STA 119 N THIRD ST $107,800,000 LOUISVILLE GAS & VIM DRIVE OVER TRIBUTARY TO ELECTRIC CO.- C00157 GREASY DITCH $2,767,195 WATERSIDE 119 NORTH THIRD STREET $107,800,000 LOUISVILLE GAS & SOUTH WATTERSON TRAIL OVER ELECTRIC- C00159 FERN CREEK $2,767,195 AUBURNDALE 6900 ENTERPRISE DR $107,800,000 WEST PAGES LANE OVER VALLEY C00161 CREEK $2,767,195 TOTAL 3 $323,400,000 WESTSIDE DRIVE OVER FORK OF C00162 GREASY DITCH $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 358 Existing Buildings Located in Karst/Sinkhole Region by Census Tract Census Total # of Census Total # of Census Total # of Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* Tracts Buildings Total Property Value* 005900 143 $39,903,445 010004 684 $1,099,760,835 011105 1806 $744,143,550 006300 150 $11,197,145 010005 1638 $281,962,490 011106 2449 $561,073,915 006400 593 $95,643,177 010006 1182 $271,813,684 011109 802 $229,706,865 006500 65 $11,796,700 010007 1669 $389,822,970 011110 2049 $341,227,150 006800 1075 $101,959,785 010008 1142 $339,197,530 011200 941 $408,608,100 006900 405 $70,231,395 010101 982 $928,666,945 011301 341 $267,918,885 007000 1043 $149,979,200 010102 1629 $746,048,040 011302 13 $60,578,885 007100 523 $72,784,640 010303 1825 $713,222,317 011403 357 $195,493,825 007400 813 $164,794,635 010306 2966 $3,369,919,379 011406 40 $17,010,340 007501 2038 $878,705,575 010307 789 $258,076,920 011504 2244 $423,846,932 007502 1401 $713,670,245 010308 2822 $1,680,112,370 011505 1814 $402,723,320 007601 541 $194,182,940 010309 1231 $777,589,108 011506 1747 $341,130,330 007602 776 $382,418,075 010310 1949 $553,220,725 011508 1260 $240,766,730 007603 481 $276,244,715 010311 1639 $610,606,804 011509 946 $285,519,860 007700 994 $376,518,730 010402 2148 $534,039,890 011510 2763 $774,087,889 007800 1550 $304,576,550 010403 1165 $547,476,060 011511 2217 $626,004,365 007900 671 $161,939,710 010404 2855 $1,983,074,955 011512 1716 $985,662,537 008100 1148 $174,376,545 010500 1291 $730,253,835 011601 1457 $436,403,423 008200 1046 $348,157,645 010600 1477 $2,183,359,757 011602 2525 $572,024,260 008300 885 $237,249,385 010701 1479 $1,841,616,640 011703 1724 $274,733,142 008400 1192 $204,808,940 010702 1669 $1,018,526,715 011704 2546 $380,222,340 008500 643 $195,685,905 010705 1475 $1,334,795,415 011705 1826 $501,190,102 008700 1551 $701,960,090 010706 1065 $559,830,770 011706 1426 $209,687,990 008800 1097 $324,977,595 010800 1265 $314,812,685 011707 1393 $186,913,670 008900 1542 $350,994,120 010901 1586 $392,595,485 011901 72 $180,765,625 009300 2054 $506,867,740 010902 1733 $268,902,648 011905 597 $330,070,020 009400 2741 $669,757,790 011002 836 $1,557,262,895 011906 457 $112,641,135 009600 1612 $384,003,055 011003 2009 $423,713,945 011907 1637 $290,652,305 009700 1240 $223,324,370 011004 1648 $948,218,940 012001 7 $1,080,540 009800 1238 $252,193,085 011005 952 $360,428,955 012003 101 $10,369,295 009900 1142 $253,133,465 011101 2713 $1,277,966,170 013100 879 $213,499,610 010001 1947 $504,046,913 011102 2798 $1,915,576,260 TOTAL 126803 $50,156,312,377

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 359 Existing Buildings Located in Karst/Sinkhole Region by Occupancy Class

Occupancy Class Total # of Buildings AGRICULTURAL 1302 COMMERCIAL 4551 EDUCATION 288 GOVERNMENT 537 INDUSTRIAL 466 RELIGIOUS 3106 RESIDENTIAL 116553 TOTAL 126803

Facilities Located in Karst/Sinkhole Areas and Potential Loss *The left column break occurs at the end of this table

Schools Nottinghamshire 4701 Nottinghamshire Dr $180,000

Name Address Cost Nottingham Hills 8613 Longborough Way $350,000 Mother Of Good Counsel School 8509 Westport Road $490,000 Cottage View Ct 11302 Cottage View Ct $80,000 Our Lady Of Lourdes School 510 Breckenridge Lane $490,000 Lakelet Way 4320 Lakelet Way $500,000 Our Mother Of Sorrows School 770 Eastern Pkwy $490,000 St Rene Rd 11024 St Rene Rd $160,000 Sacred Heart Academy 3175 Lexington Road $490,000 Chenoweth Hills 4305 St Rene Ct $290,000 St Agnes School 1800 Newburg Road $490,000 Dove Lake 4606 Dove Lake Ct $240,000 St Albert The Great School 1301 Techny Lane $490,000 Vintage 10722 Vintage Creek Dr $140,000 St Barnabas Catholic School 3044 Hikes Ln $490,000 7082 Wildwood Cir $0 Holy Trinity School 423 Cherrywood Rd $490,000 Zabel 8901 Zabel Way $50,000 Holy Spirit Elementary School 322 Cannons Lane $490,000 Michael Edwards 9506 Fairground Rd $160,000 Holy Family Elementary School 3934 Poplar Level Road $490,000 5237 Bardstown Rd $0 Assumption High School 2170 Tyler Lane $490,000 Chippewa 4715 Chenwood Ln $90,000 Ascension Elementary School 4600 Lynnbrook Drive $490,000 Fern Hill 5206 Stony Brook Dr $290,000 St Edward Elementary School 9610 Sue Helen Drive $490,000 Preakness 12101 Preakness Ct $90,000 St Gabriel-Archangel School 5503 Bardstown Rd. $490,000 Piccadilly 5240 Bardstown Rd $80,000 Trinity High School 4011 Shelbyville Road $490,000 Exhibition Ct 9409 Exhibition Ct $160,000 St Xavier High School 1609 Poplar Level Road $490,000 Brandywyne Ct 5804 Brandywyne Ct $110,000 St. Stephen Martyr School 2931 Pindell Ave. $490,000 Lake Of The Woods 11002 Walbridge Ct $100,000 St Rita Elementary School 8709 Preston Highway $490,000 Poplar Level 6211 Shepherdsville Rd $310,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 360 St Raphael Elementary School 2131 Lancashire Avenue $490,000 9123 Fern Creek Rd $0 St Pius X 3525 Goldsmith Lane $490,000 Edsel 7801 Edsel Ln $330,000 St Martha Elementary School 2825 Klondike Lane $490,000 Woodsong 11306 Woodsong Ct $80,000 St. Margaret Mary 7813 Shelbyville Rd $490,000 Seaton Place 9602 Seaton Brooke Ln $140,000 St Leonard Elementary School 440 Zorn Avenue $490,000 Broadfern Drive 7905 Broadfern Dr $30,000 St Joseph School 1420 E Washington St $490,000 Running Fox 8605 Running Fox Cir $80,000 St James Elementary School 1818 Edenside Avenue $490,000 Avanti 8016 Avanti Way $110,000 St Francis Of Assisi School 1938 Alfresco Place $490,000 7609 Fegenbush 7609 Fegenbush Ln $0 St Rose School 1016 E Burnett Ave $490,000 Johnson Green 9634 Bayberry Green Ln $0 St Bernard Elementary School 7501 Tangelo Drive $490,000 Aspen Green 8019 Aspen Green Ln $0 St Bartholomew Elem School 2036 Buechel Bank Road $490,000 Government Center 7201 Outer Loop $280,000 Hayfield Montessori School Inc 2000 Tyler Lane $490,000 6420 Outer Loop $0 Walden School 4238 Westport Rd. $490,000 Providence Court 10519 Providence Dr $140,000 Louisville Collegiate School 2427 Glenmary Ave $490,000 Cedar Creek 8605 Cedar Creek Rd $2,250,000 Highview Baptist School 7711 Fegenbush Lane $490,000 Cinderella 9114 Cinderella Ln $240,000 Academy For Individual Excelle 3101-B Bluebird Lane $490,000 Bardstown Road 8812 Old Bardstown Rd $140,000 The De Paul School 1925 Duker Avenue $490,000 Admiral 8800 Admiral Dr $460,000 Eliahu Academy 3595 Dutchmans Ln $490,000 Lantana Drive #1 9317 Lantana Dr $80,000 The Chance School 4200 Lime Kiln Lane $490,000 Mcneely Lake 7204 Cooper Chapel Rd $110,000 Sacred Heart Model School 3121 Lexington Road $490,000 5318 Chatamwood Dr 5318 Chathamwood Dr $0 Christian Acad Of Louisville H 3110 Rock Creek Dr $490,000 Caven Ave 10212 Caven Ave $160,000 Louisville Jr. Academy (9) 2988 Newburg Road $490,000 Mcneely Lake 10300 Rod N Reel Rd $300,000 Our Savior Lutheran School 8307 Nottingham Pky $490,000 Brookbend 10118 Lancewood Rd $140,000 Meredith Dunn Lrng Ctr 3023 Melbourne Av $490,000 Leven 10601 Leven Blvd $90,000 Summit Academy Of Greater 6303 Mount Washington Loui 11508 Main Street $490,000 Walnut Hills Rd $160,000 St Patrick School 1000 N Beckley Station Road $490,000 Oreland Mill 10807 Oreland Mill Rd $240,000 2nd Presbyterian 3701 Old Brownsboro $490,000 Mud Lane 4901 Mud Ln $240,000 Eastside Christian Academy 3402 Goose Creek Road $490,000 Waycross Avenue 11006 Waycross Ave $160,000 Adath Jeshurun Preschool 2401 Woodbourne Avenue $490,000 Hasbrook 5396 Hasbrook Dr $280,000 Christ Church United Methodist 4614 Brownsboro Road $490,000 Garden Trace 11310 Garden Trace Dr $80,000 Harvey Browne Preschool 311 Browns Lane $490,000 Fancy Gap 13917 Fancy Gap Dr $240,000 Highland Presbyterian School 2114 Highland Ave $490,000 English Station Road 1540 Parker Hollow Dr $0 Keneseth Israel Preschool 2531 Taylorsville Road $490,000 Gorham Way 7006 Gorham Way $90,000 Kinder Care Learning Ctr #420 730 Zorn Avenue $490,000 St. Matthews #7 1011 Williamsburg Ct $40,000 Middletown Christian Preschool 500 N Waterson Trail $490,000 Marceitta Way 9502 Marceitta Way $70,000 Springdale Preschool 7812 Brownsboro Rd $490,000 Poplar Hill Court 2701 Poplar Hill Ct $40,000 Friends School 3801 Kresge Way $490,000 Poplar Hill 35 Poplar Hill Rd $30,000 St. Matthews Baptist Preschool 3515 Grandview Avenue $490,000 Covered Cove Way 7106 Covered Cove Way $80,000 Strathmoor Education Center 2201 Hawthorne Avenue $490,000 Rockview Way 6603 Rockview Way $140,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 361 Suburban Christian Preschool K 7515 Westport Rd $490,000 Factory Lane 13915 Factory Ln $0 15402 Champion Lakes Temple Early Childhood Educati 5101 Brownsboro Road $490,000 Champion Lakes Pl $260,000 St. Michael School 12707 Taylorsville Road $490,000 Crews Dr 143 Crews Dr $160,000 Victory Christian Academy 7808 Beulah Church Rd $490,000 English Station Way 199 English Station Way $140,000 Childrens House Montessori Sch 13100 Magisterial Dr $490,000 Shobe 8014 Zelma Fields Ave $150,000 Mercy Montessori School 2181 Tyler Lane $490,000 Woodland Hills 12203 Ridge Crest Dr $310,000 Ursuline Montessori School 3105 Lexington Rd $490,000 Holly Oaks 9017 Brandywyne Dr $160,000 St Pauls Preshl & Kindergarten 4700 Lowe Rd $490,000 St. Matthews Village 603 Stivers Rd $90,000 Christ Lutheran Pre School & K 9212 Taylorsville Road $490,000 Cooper Chapel 6102 Cooper Chapel Rd $240,000 Kentucky Country Day School 4100 Springdale Rd $490,000 Highgate Springs 3246 Radiance Rd $750,000 Anchorage Public School 11400 Ridge Rd $6,850,884 Reality Trail North 11550 Reality Trl $1,320,000 Camp Taylor El 1446 Belmar Dr $33,438,196 3918 Westport Rd $0 334 Mockingbird Valley Eastern Hs 12400 Old Shelbyville Rd $6,511,051 Mockingbird Valley Rd $410,000 Fern Creek El 8703 Ferndale Rd $33,802,462 Winton 401 Winton Ln $40,000 Fern Creek Hs 9115 Fern Creek Rd $7,018,047 Tucker Lakes Drive 3007 Tucker Station Rd $160,000 4334 Brownsboro Glen Greathouse Shryock Trad El 2700 Browns Ln $12,287,074 Brownsboro Glen Rd $190,000 Roberta Tully El 3300 College Dr $27,675,424 Harbors Landing 8900 U S Highway 42 $0 Atherton Hs 3000 Dundee Rd $6,809,118 Harrods Landing Marina 8900 U S Highway 42 $0 Middletown El 218 N Madison $43,818,546 Marina View 5920 Marina View Ct $30,000 Southern Hs 8620 Preston Hwy $12,045,377 Floyds Fork 1100 Blue Heron Rd $1,050,000 Barret Ms 2561 Grinstead Dr $5,964,351 Berrytown 1812 N English Station Rd $110,000 Audubon Traditional El 1051 Hess Ln $6,460,640 Pine Glen Circle 10251 Pine Glen Cir $80,000 Chenoweth El 3622 Brownsboro Rd $7,016,560 Bay Tree Way 4717 Bay Cove Ct $140,000 Hawthorne El 2301 Clarendon Ave $26,361,007 Bay Harbor Ct 5400 Bay Harbor Ct $250,000 Waggener Trad Hs 330 S Hubbards Ln $4,502,071 Mimich Way 17524 Mimich Way $90,000 Bates El 7601 Bardstown Rd $5,583,698 City Hall 9120 U S Highway 42 $30,000 Goldsmith Lane El 3520 Goldsmith Ln $4,682,226 Radleigh Lane Ps 11010 Radleigh Ln $1,090,000 Saint Matthews El 601 Browns Ln $44,890,764 Perwinkle Way Ps 11020 Perwinkle Ln $120,000 Jeffersontown Hs 9600 Old Six Mile Ln $5,719,540 Valley Park 12401 Valley Park Ct $430,000 Wilder El 1913 Herr Ln $6,056,704 Tucker Station 2000 Papa Johns Blvd $430,000 Watterson El 3900 Breckinridge Ln $29,652,708 Chenoweth Run 4710 Chenoweth Run Rd $400,000 Seneca Hs 3510 Goldsmith Ln $20,374,870 Fairmount Rd 10801 Fairmount Rd $510,000 Westport Trad Ms & Fine Arts 8100 Westport Rd $6,620,596 Arbor Meadow Way 8400 Arbor Meadow Way $190,000 Z Taylor El 9620 Westport Rd $6,133,235 Ridgeleigh 18900 Ridgeleigh Ln $140,000 Cochrane El 2511 Tregaron Ave $4,979,700 Jarvis Lane 502 Jarvis Ln $240,000 Smyrna El 6401 Outer Loop $6,582,930 Apple Valley 8115 Apple Valley Dr $180,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 362 Bowen El 1601 Roosevelt Ave $5,316,007 Cooper Chapel 8709 Pitch Pine Way $190,000 Eastwood Fisherville Rd 911 Eastwood Fisherville Hite El 12408 Old Shelbyville Rd $7,045,142 Ps Rd $1,210,000 Norton El 8101 Brownsboro Rd $35,967,384 Cedar Springs Apt. 6701 Foster Holly Way $0 Moore Hs 6415 Outer Loop $37,509,915 Old Henry Crossing 13750 Old Henry Rd $240,000 Ballard Hs 6000 Brownsboro Rd $5,468,801 Barbour Lane 4640 Barbour Ln $660,000 Luhr El 6900 Fegenbush Ln $6,213,681 Glen Oaks 10601 Worthington Ln $250,000 Wheeler El 5700 Cynthia Dr $11,115,633 Adams Run #1 8801 Fox Chase Pl $100,000 Crosby Mid 303 Gatehouse Ln $6,119,739 St. Michael 12707 Taylorsville Rd $0 Hartstern El 5200 Morningside Way $490,000 7715 Bardstown Rd $0 Cardinal Treatment Center 2915 Freys Hill Road $6,662,055 Total 235 $46,430,000 Klondike Lane El 3741 Pulliam Dr $490,000 Potable Water Louisville Day Trtmnt Ctr 8711 Lagrange Rd $6,536,905 Name Address Cost Louisville Water Co Zorn Laukhuf El 5100 Capewood Dr $6,926,774 Pump 3003 River Rd $32,634,000 Lowe El 210 Oxfordshire Ln $6,026,937 Louisville Water Company 3015 Grinstead Dr $32,634,000 Louisville Water Company- Dunn El 2010 Rudy Ln $10,920,010 Zorn Station #1 3000 Upper River Road $32,634,000 Westport Road Storage Myers Ms 2815 Klondike Ln $14,169,625 Tank 4610 Westport Road $32,634,000 Kammerer Ms 7315 Wesboro Rd $8,436,678 Total 4 $130,536,000

Jeffersontown El 3610 Cedarwood Way $10,448,119 Natural Gas Facilities Carrithers Ms 4320 Billtown Rd $490,000 Name Address Cost Texas Gas Jeffersontown Alfred Binet Program 3410 Bon Air Ave $5,572,900 Station 10327 Gaslight Way $1,068,000 Communication Bloom El 1627 Lucia Ave $6,407,507 Facilities Field El 120 Sacred Heart Ln $13,489,003 Name Address Cost

Highland Ms 1700 Norris Pl $13,544,346 WLLV 1240 Louisville $98,000 Jefferson Co Traditional Ms 1418 Morton Ave $7,492,962 WHAS 840 Louisville $98,000 Buechel Metropolitan Hs 1960 Bashford Manor Ln $6,223,304 WFIA 900 Louisville $98,000 Shelby El - Old 930 Mary St $490,000 WJIE 680 Newburg $98,000 Rice Audubon 8711 Lagrange Road $10,671,061 WXXA 790 Louisville $98,000 Westport Teenage Parent Hs 8800 Westport Rd $490,000 WMJM CH 267 Jeffersontown $98,000 Ten Broeck 8521 Lagrange Road $490,000 WRKA CH 276 St. Matthews $98,000 Boys Haven 2301 Goldsmith Lane $490,000 WTFX CH 263 Louisville $98,000

Presby Bellwood Child Home 11103 Park Road $490,000 Total 8 $784,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 363 Maryhurst Hs 1015 Dorsey Ln $490,000 Electric Power Facilities Louisville Gas & Electric Peace Academy 2020 Newburg Road $490,000 Co. 4900 Bardstown Road $107,800,000 Louisville Gas & Electric Johnson Breckinridge 8711 Lagrange Rd $4,653,954 Co.-East Sev. 10300 Ballardsville Road $107,800,000 Kennedy Metro Middle School 4515 Taylorsville Rd $490,000 Total 2 $215,600,000 Charter Hospital School 1405 Browns Lane $490,000 Bus Stations Spring Meadows 10901 Shelbyville Rd $490,000 Name Address Cost 9107 Independence Brooklawn 2125 Goldsmith Lane $490,000 Bus Transportation S School R $1,068,000 Saint Joseph Alt 2823 Frankfort Aven $35,967,399 Airports Moore Traditional Middle 6415 Outer Loop $490,000 Name Address Cost Unseld Child Care 4314 Norfolk Drive $490,000 Woodledge Farm Crestwood $5,341,000 Central Ky Trt Ctr 8310 Westport Rd $25,962,884 Bowman Field Louisville $5,341,000

Male Hs 4409 Preston Hwy $490,000 Timmons Field Pewee Valley $5,341,000 Kentucky Sch For Blind El 1867 Frankfort Ave $490,000 Total 3 $16,023,000

Kentucky Sch For Blind Hs 1867 Frankfort Ave $9,256,547 Bridges Breckinridge/Franklin El 1351 Payne St $8,041,214 Name Address Cost Routt Road (Old Ky 2265) Blue Lick Elementary 9801 Blue Lick Rd $8,983,808 C00224 Over Trib. To Floyds Fork $2,767,195 Us 42 Over Watterson Chancey Elementary 4301 Murphy Ln $9,665,000 B00002 Expressway $2,767,195 Shelby Elementary 735 Ziegler $11,378,231 B00004 Us 42 Over Harrods Creek $2,767,195 Brownsboro Rd. Over Beargrass Cr. (Near Knight Middle 9803 Blue Lick Rd $21,893,603 B00346 Mellwood) $2,767,195 Main Street Over Van Hoose Education Center 3332 Newburg Rd $12,557,861 B00347 Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Us 60 Over Long Run Gheens Academy 4425 Preston Hwy $5,846,530 B00008 Creek $2,767,195 Lam Building 4309 Bishop Ln $2,661,470 B00009 Us 60 Over Floyds Fork $2,767,195 13075 Middletown Industrial Preston Street Over I - Blankenbaker Garage Park Blvd $0 B00326 265 $2,767,195 Ky-61 Over Ramps 3 & 4 Van Hoose Annex 4322 Bishop Ln $2,267,398 B00341 At I-264 $2,767,195 13075 Middletown Industrial Ky-61 Over I - 264, Ramp Blankenbaker Compound Park Blvd $220,222 B00342 F5, 5 And 6 Cdi $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 364 I-64 Eastbound Over Ky J-Town Bus Compound 9600 Six Mile Ln $40,941 B00038 1819 (Watterson Trail) $2,767,195 I-64 Westbound Over Ky Moore Bus Compound 6415 Outer Loop $100,000 B00038 1819 (Watterson Trail) $2,767,195 I-64 Eastbound Over Wilhoit Compound 4305 Murphy Ln $100,000 B00039 Tucker Station Road $2,767,195 I-64 Westbound Over Total 151 $831,369,329 B00039 Tucker Station Road $2,767,195 I-64 Eastbound Over Hurstbourne Lane Ky Police Stations B00040 1747 $2,767,195 I-64 Westbound Over Hurstbourne Lane Ky Name Address Cost B00040 1747 $2,767,195 Baker 7201 Outer Loop $40,000 B00041 Farm Road Over I-64 $2,767,195 English Station Road Over Adam 200 Juneau Dr $161,800 B00043 I-64 $2,767,195 St. Matthews 3940 Grandview Ave $1,600,000 B00045 Echo Trail Over I-64 $2,767,195 Long Run - Clark Station Anchorage Park Road $15,000 B00047 Road Over I-64 $2,767,195 I-64 Eastbound Over Jeffersontown 10410 Taylorsville Road $1,469,000 B00048 Floyds Fork $2,767,195 I-64 Westbound Over Prospect 9200 US Hwy 42 $470,480 B00048 Floyd's Fork $2,767,195 I-64 Eastbound Over Long Metro # 3 2301 Douglass Blvd $218,820 B00049 Run Creek $2,767,195 I-64 Westbound Over Total 7 $3,975,100 B00049 Long Run Creek $2,767,195 I-64 Eastbound Over Middle Fork Of Beargrass Fire Stations B00052 Creek $2,767,195 Westbound I-64 Over Middle Fork Of Beargrass Name Address Cost B00052 Creek $2,767,195 Eastbound I-64 Over Beargrass Creek And Us Louisville Fire Engine Co 8 2900 Hikes Ln $588,000 B00141 42 $2,767,195 Westbound I-64 Over Beargrass Creek And Us Louisville Fire Telesquirt 21 1761 Frankfort Av $588,000 B00141 42 $2,767,195 Eastbound I-64 Over Old Louisville Fire Quad Co 6 2620 Frankfort Av $588,000 B00143 Cannon's Lane $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 365 Westbound I-64 Over Old Louisville Fire Engine Co 7 1025 Rubel Av $588,000 B00143 Cannon's Lane $2,767,195 Pee Wee Reese Road Louisville Fire Dept 1735 Bardstown Rd $588,000 B00144 Over I-64 $2,767,195 Louisville Fire Quint Co 10 3401 Dutchmans Ln $588,000 B00145 Horse Bridge Over I-64 $2,767,195 Alta Vista Road Over I-64 Louisville Fire Quint 3511 Fincastle Rd $588,000 B00146 Eastbound $2,767,195 Alta Vista Road Over I-64 Anchorage Fire Department 1400 Evergreen Rd $588,000 B00146 Westbound $2,767,195 Eastbound I-64 Over Buechel Fire Department 4101 Bardstown Rd $588,000 B00147 Beals Branch Road $2,767,195 Westbound I-64 Over Mcmahan Fire Department 4318 Taylorsville Rd $588,000 B00147 Beal's Branch Road $2,767,195 Eastbound I-64 Over St Matthews Fire Department #2 4400 Brownsboro Rd $588,000 B00148 Lexington Road $2,767,195 Westbound I-64 Over Eastwood Fire Department #2 15000 Taylorsville Rd $588,000 B00148 Lexington Road $2,767,195 Eastbound I-64 Over Eastwood Fire Department #1 16010 Shelbyville Rd $588,000 B00149 Grinstead Drive $2,767,195 Westbound I-64 Over Fern Creek Fire Department #1 6200 Bardstown Rd $588,000 B00149 Grinstead Drive $2,767,195 Fern Creek Fire Department #3 7700 Routt Rd $588,000 B00150 Payne Street Over I-64 $2,767,195 Harrods Creek Fire Department Eastbound I-64 Over Story #1 8905 U S Highway 42 $588,000 B00151 Ave.(Us 42 Westbound) $2,767,195 Westbound I-64 Over Story Ave.(Us 42 Highview Fire Department #1 7308 Fegenbush Ln $588,000 B00151 Westbound) $2,767,195 Highview Fire Department #2 8001 Smyrna Rd $588,000 B00160 Csx Railroad Over I-64 $2,767,195 Eb I-64 Ent. Ramp From Cannon's Lane Over Highview Fire Department #3 11012 Cedar Creek Rd $588,000 B00162 Beargras $2,767,195 E.B. I-64 Exit Ramp To Jeffersontown Fire Department Cannon's Lane Over #1 10540 Watterson Trail $588,000 B00163 Beargras $2,767,195 Jeffersontown Fire Department N.B. Blankenbaker Road #2 1700 Research Dr $588,000 B00416 Over I-64 $2,767,195 S.B. Blankenbaker Road St Matthews Fire Department #1 240 Sears Ave $588,000 B00416 Over I-64 $2,767,195 Lyndon Fire Department #2 8414 Westport Rd $588,000 B00440 Browns Lane Over I-64 $2,767,195 Ramp From I-64 W.B. To Middletown Fire Department #2 10217 Shelbyville Rd $588,000 B00442 I-264 W.B. Over I-264 $2,767,195 Ramp From I-64 W.B. To Okolona Fire Department #2 10508 Preston Hwy $588,000 B00443 I-264 W.B. Over I-64 $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 366 E.B. I-64 & Off Ramp To Okolona Fire Department #1 8501 Preston Hwy $588,000 B00446 E.B. I-264 Over I-264 $2,767,195 W.B. I-64 & On Ramp From I-264 E.B. Over I- Worthington Fire Department #2 8412 Brownsboro Rd $588,000 B00446 264 $2,767,195 Worthington Fire Department #1 4700 Murphy Lane $588,000 B00209 I - 65 Over Phillips Lane $2,767,195 Fern Creek Fire Department #2 9409 Bardstown Rd $588,000 B00210 I - 65 Over Manning Road $2,767,195 I - 65 Over East Entrance Middletown Fire Department #1 108 Urton Lane $588,000 B00211 To Fairgrounds $2,767,195 Jeffersontown Fire Department I - 65 Over Standiford #3 8630 Biggin Hill Lane $588,000 B00390 Lane $2,767,195 Ml. I - 65 & N.B. Exit Ramp To Fairgrounds Fern Creek Fire Department #4 7200 Billtown Rd $588,000 B00391 Over M. $2,767,195 M.L. I - 65 & N.B. Exit Over Ramp From I - 65 Total 32 $18,816,000 B00392 S.B. $2,767,195 M.L. I - 65 & S.B. Exit Emergency Operation Centers B00393 Ramp To E.B. I - 264 Over $2,767,195 E.B. I - 264 Off Ramp To Name Address Cost B00394 I- 65 N.B. Over M.L. I - $2,767,195 Ramp From I - 65 N.B. To EOC Back-Up 9101 Shelbyville Road $980,000 B00395 I - 264 W.B. Over M.L. I $2,767,195 I - 65 N.B. Exit Ramp To Hospital B00396 Fairgrounds 0ver Ramp $2,767,195 N.B. I - 65 Exit Ramp To Name Address Cost B00397 Fairgrounds Over M.L. I - $2,767,195 S.B. I - 65 Ramp To W.B. I Ten Broeck 8521 Lagrange Rd $5,240,000 B00398 - 264 Over Ramp From N. $2,767,195 S.B. I-65 Exit Ramp To Charter Behavioral Health E.B. I-264 Over Main Line System 1405 Browns Ln $5,000,000 B00420 I $2,767,195 N.B. I-65 On Ramp From Preston St. Over Grade Norton Audubon Hospital One Audubon Plaza Dr $4,624,100 B00422 Lane $2,767,195 Lower Bridge In Tri-Level Baptist Hospital East 4000 Kresge Way $13,720,000 B00056 Interchange With I-264 $2,767,195 Upper Level Bridge Of Norton Suburban Hospital 4001 Dutchmans Ln $8,536,300 B00057 Interchange With I-264 $2,767,195 Department Of Veteran Affairs Medical Center 800 Zorn Ave $1,257,080 B00058 Lime Kiln Lane Over I-71 $2,767,195 Northbound I-71 Over Total 6 $38,377,480 B00059 U.S. 42 $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 367 Southbound I-71 Over Water Storage Tanks B00059 U.S. 42 $2,767,195 Name Address Cost B00060 Barbour Lane Over I-71 $2,767,195 Springdale Road Over I- Standard Count N/A B00061 71 $2,767,195 Northbound I-71 Over Bardstown Road N/A B00062 Chamberlain Lane $2,767,195 Southbound I-71 Over Long Run Stand N/A B00062 Chamberlain Lane $2,767,195 Northbound I-71 Over Westport Road N/A B00063 Mockingbird Valley Road $2,767,195 Southbound I-71 Over Elevated Storage Ta N/A B00063 Mockingbird Valley Road $2,767,195 Northbound I-71 Over Ford Ktp Water N/A B00064 Indian Hills Trail $2,767,195 Southbound I-71 Over Lagrange Rd /Re N/A B00064 Indian Hills Trail $2,767,195 Northbound I-71 Over Evergreen Rd. El N/A B00065 Blankenbaker Lane $2,767,195 Southbound I-71 Over English Station N/A B00065 Blankenbaker Lane $2,767,195 Private Drive (Dr. Price) English Station N/A B00066 Over I-71 $2,767,195 Brownsboro Road Over I- Mitchell Hill N/A B00100 71 $2,767,195 Northbound I-71 Over Billtown N/A B00166 Edith Street $2,767,195 Southbound I-71 Over Total 12 N/A B00166 Edith Street $2,767,195 N.B. I-71 Over Zorn Water Pumps And Plants B00167 Avenue $2,767,195 S.B. I-71 Over Zorn Name Type Cost B00167 Avenue $2,767,195 N.B. I-71 Over Railroad Spur At Fisher Packing Smyrna Bps Booster Pu N/A B00168 Co. $2,767,195 S.B. I-71 Over Railroad Spur At Fisher Packing Hikes Point Bps Booster Pu N/A B00168 Co. $2,767,195 I-71 Northbound Over Blankenbaker Crossings Bps Booster Pu N/A B00169 Beargrass Creek $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 368 I-71 Southbound Over Shelbyville Road Bps Booster Pu N/A B00169 Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Ky 155 Over Pope Lick Westport Road Bps Booster Pu N/A B00017 Creek $2,767,195 Frey's Hill Bps Booster Pu N/A B00295 Ky 155 Over Floyds Fork $2,767,195 Eastbound I-264 Over O'BAnnon Bps Booster Pu N/A B00219 Westport Road (Ky1447) $2,767,195 Westbound I-264 Over Aiken Road Bps Booster Pu N/A B00219 Westport Road $2,767,195 Ramp From I-264 Wb To Highway #22 Bps Booster Pu N/A B00225 I-64 Wb Over Nw Parkway $2,767,195 Ramp From I-64 Eb To I- 264 Eb Over Northwestern Crescent Hill Reservoir Reservoir N/A B00226 Pa $2,767,195 Ramp From S.B. 65 To W.B. 264 Over Ramp Crescent Hill Teatment Plant Treatment N/A B00399 From W.B. $2,767,195 N.B. I-65 To W.B. I-264 & Airport Over Ramp From Crescent Hill Pump Station Pumping Fa N/A B00400 W $2,767,195 Ramp From S.B. I-65 To Airport Over Ramp From Standard Country Club Storage N/A B00401 W.B. $2,767,195 N.B. Freedomway Over Ramp From N &S.B. I-65 Bardstown Road Standpipe Storage N/A B00402 To Air $2,767,195 N.B. Freedomway Over Long Run Standpipe Storage N/A B00403 M.L. I-264 & Ramps $2,767,195 S.B. Freedomway Over I- 264 To Airport & E.B. I- Westport Road Storage N/A B00404 264 $2,767,195 W.B. I-264 To S.B. 1-65 Elevated Storage Tank Storage N/A B00421 Over Main Line I-264 $2,767,195 Durrett Lane Over Curtiss Ford Ktp Water Storage Tank Storage N/A B00423 Ave. & Southern Rr $2,767,195 Lagrange Rd /Reamers Rd W.B. I-264 Over Curtiss Tank Storage N/A B00424 Avenue And Southern Rr $2,767,195 E.B. I-264 Over Curtiss Evergreen Rd. Elevated Tank Storage N/A B00425 Avenue And Southern Rr $2,767,195 Poplar Level Road Over I- English Station Standpipe Storage N/A B00429 264 $2,767,195 English Station Storage N/A B00435 Newburg Rd Over I - 264 $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 369 Over South Fork Of Mitchell Hill Storage N/A B00436 Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 I - 264 Over Bardstown Billtown Storage N/A B00437 Road (Us 31e) $2,767,195 Standard Country Club Storage N/A B00438 I-264 Over Taylorsville Rd $2,767,195 Bardstown Road Standpipe Storage N/A B00439 Browns Lane Over I-264 $2,767,195 I-264 Over Middle Fork Of Long Run Standpipe Storage N/A B00450 Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Westport Road Storage N/A B00451 E.B. I-264 Over Csx Rr $2,767,195 Elevated Storage Tank Storage N/A B00451 E.B. I-264 Over Csx Rr $2,767,195 Ford Ktp Water Storage Tank Storage N/A B00086 Rehl Road Over I-265 $2,767,195 Lagrange Rd /Reamers Rd Northbound I-265 Over Ky Tank Storage N/A B00087 22 $2,767,195 Southbound I-265 Over Ky Evergreen Rd. Elevated Tank Storage N/A B00087 22 $2,767,195 S.B. I-265 Exit Ramp Over English Station Standpipe Storage N/A B00088 Westport Road (Ky 1447) $2,767,195 Northbound I-265 Over English Station Storage N/A B00089 Southern Railroad $2,767,195 Southbound I-265 Over Mitchell Hill Storage N/A B00089 Southern Railroad $2,767,195 Billtown Storage N/A B00090 N.B. I-265 Over I-64 $2,767,195 Total 35 N/A B00090 S.B. I-265 Over I-64 $2,767,195 Northbound Snyder Wastewater Treatment Plants B00091 Freeway Over I-71 $2,767,195 Southbound Snyder Name Address Cost B00091 Freeway Over I-71 $2,767,195 South Pope Lick Road Hunting Creek North 7300 Shadwell Ln $2,864,000 B00093 Over I-265 $2,767,195 N.B. Snyder Freeway Over Westport Road (Ky Hunting Creek South 6530 Montero Dr $2,008,000 B00287 1447) $2,767,195 S.B. Snyder Freeway Over Westport Road (Ky Ken Carla 8701 Lynnhall Ct $128,000 B00287 1447) $2,767,195 N.B. I-265 Over Ramp To Ky 1447 E.B. & Timberlake 5504 Timber Ridge Dr $1,920,000 B00288 Chamberlan $2,767,195 S.B. I-265 Over Ramp To Ky 1447 E.B. & Shadow Wood 6523 River Rd $0 B00288 Chamberlan $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 370 Northbound Snyder Freeway Over Lagrange Hite Creek 5500 Hitt Rd $26,400,000 B00289 Road (Ky 1 $2,767,195 Southbound Snyder Freeway Over Lagrange Glenview Acres 3315 Lime Kiln Ln $153,600 B00289 Road (Ky 1 $2,767,195 Northbound I-265 Over Bancroft 7610 Old Orchard Cir $896,000 B00324 Freedom Way $2,767,195 Southbound I-265 Over Berrytown 1203 Heafer Rd $840,000 B00324 Freedom Way $2,767,195 I-265 Northbound Over Polo Fields 16724 Polo Fields Ln $1,500,000 B00325 Blue Lick Road $2,767,195 13105 Middletown Industria I - 265 Southbound Over Middletown Industrial Park Blvd $0 B00325 Blue Lick Road $2,767,195 Ramp From Ky 61 To I- 265 Westbound Over I- Starview 423 Bermuda Way $1,120,000 B00327 265 & Ky $2,767,195 Northbound Snyder Beckley Woods 14000 Beckley Trce $5,400,000 B00334 Freeway Over U. S. 60 $2,767,195 Southbound Snyder Jeffersontown 10725 Old Taylorsville Rd $24,000,000 B00334 Freeway Over U.S. 60 $2,767,195 Northbound Snyder Hill Ridge 4303 Stony Brook Dr $0 B00336 Freeway Over Aiken Road $2,767,195 Southbound Snyder Watterson Woods 4300 Lochridge Pky $2,744,000 B00336 Freeway Over Aiken Road $2,767,195 Northbound Snyder Freeway Over Csx Nottingham Hills 8613 Longborough Way $2,304,000 B00337 Railroad $2,767,195 Southbound Snyder Freeway Over Csx Chenoweth Hills 4305 St Rene Ct $1,920,000 B00337 Railroad $2,767,195 Old Henry Road Over Fern Hill 5206 Stony Brook Dr $1,920,000 B00339 Snyder Freeway $2,767,195 N.B. I-265 Over Cinderella Lake Of The Woods 11006 Walbridge Ct $422,400 B00368 Lane $2,767,195 S.B. I-265 Over Cinderella Cedar Creek 8605 Cedar Creek Rd $30,000,000 B00368 Lane $2,767,195 Mcneely Lake 10300 Rod N Reel Rd $1,968,000 B00369 Smyrna Rd Over I-265 $2,767,195 Pennsylvania Run Rd Over Gene Snyder Floyds Fork 1100 Blue Heron Rd $19,500,000 B00371 Freeway $2,767,195 N.B. Gene Snyder Freeway Over Beulah Glenview Bluff 3714 Glen Bluff Rd $160,000 B00372 Church Rd $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 371 S.B. Gene Snyder Freeway Over Beulah Total 23 $128,168,000 B00372 Church Rd $2,767,195 Johnson School Rd Over Wastewater Pump Stations B00373 Gene Snyder Freeway $2,767,195 N.B. I-265 Over Name Address Cost B00375 Bardstown Rd (US 31E) $2,767,195 S.B. I-265 Over Westover 8619 Westover Dr $50,000 B00375 Bardstown Rd ( US 31E ) $2,767,195 Seatonville Road Over Riding Ridge 7501 Hunting Creek Dr $30,000 B00376 Gene Snyder Freeway $2,767,195 Billtown Rd. Over Gene Fairway View 6808 Fairway View Ct $120,000 B00377 Snyder Freeway $2,767,195 Nb. I - 265 Over John Hancock 6714 John Hancock Pl $150,000 B00378 Chenoweth Run $2,767,195 Sb. I -265 Over Harrods View Circle #2 6719 Harrods View Cir $30,000 B00378 Chenoweth Run $2,767,195 Old Heady Rd Over Gene Snyder Freeway & Shinks Gunpowder 6709 Gunpowder Ln $140,000 B00379 Bra $2,767,195 Harrods View Circle #1 6607 Harrods View Cir $30,000 B00380 N.B. I - 265 Over Ky 155 $2,767,195 Star Point 8302 Star Point Ct $80,000 B00380 S.B. I - 265 Over Ky 155 $2,767,195 Us-31e Over Southern Fox Harbor #1 7306 Fox Harbor Rd $20,000 B00105 Railroad $2,767,195 Us-31e N.B. Lanes Over Harrods Landing 1 Harrods Landing Dr $30,000 B00454 Floyds Fork $2,767,195 Us-31e S.B. Lanes Over Fox Harbor #2 7251 Fox Harbor Rd $30,000 B00454 Floyds Fork $2,767,195 Ky 329 Over Tributary To Deep Creek 6210 Deep Creek Ct $140,000 B00054 Harrods Creek $2,767,195 Eastern Parkway Over South Fork Of Beargrass Deep Trail 7804 Deep Trail Ct $30,000 B00139 Creek $2,767,195 Snyder Freeway Over Rock Hill 7004 Rock Hill Rd $30,000 B00092 Wolfpen Branch Road $2,767,195

Ken Carla 8701 Lynnhall Ct $20,000 B00001 Ky 864 Over Fern Creek $2,767,195 Ky 913 (Blankenbaker Timber Crest 5630 Timber Creek Ct $60,000 B00455 Pkwy) Over Southern Rr $2,767,195 Newburg Rd Over South Shadow Wood 6307 Shadow Wood Dr $0 B00433 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 372 Hurstborne Pkwy. (Ky 1747) Over Middle Fork Breakwater Place 7001 Breakwater Pl $30,000 B00417 Beargr $2,767,195 Hurstbourne Pkwy. Over La Grange Rd. & C.S.X. Bridge Pointe 6800 Bridgepointe Blvd $160,000 B00444 R.R. $2,767,195 Breckenridge Lane Over I- Grand Isle Way 7311 Grand Isle Way $30,000 B00118 64 $2,767,195 Breckenridge Lane Over South Fork Of Beargrass Hensley Ct 9200 Newbury Ct $200,000 B00119 Cre $2,767,195 Breckenridge Lane Over Middle Fork Of Beargrass Wolf Pen Woods 5018 Wolfpen Woods Dr $130,000 B00120 Cr $2,767,195 Southern Railroad Over Hite Creek 5500 Hitt Rd $1,320,000 B00308 Breckenridge Lane $2,767,195 Ky 1932 ( Breckenridge Cobblestone Subd 5108 Telford Ln $210,000 B00434 Ln. ) Over I-264 $2,767,195 (Ky 2048) Cannons Lane Over I-64 And Beargrass Coldstream 11904 Olde Spring Ct $140,000 B00262 Cre $2,767,195 Old Sheperdsville Road Oak Pointe 4721 Oak Pointe Dr $100,000 B00331 Over Fern Creek $2,767,195 Old Shepherdsville Road Swan Hill Road 9401 Brownsboro Rd $0 B00332 Over Buechel Branch $2,767,195 Pedestrian Overpass Over Ramp From Westbound I- Bay Arbor 12628 Bay Arbor Pl $220,000 B00344 264 $2,767,195 Hillsdale 3725 Hillsdale Rd $260,000 B00018 Ky 148 Over Floyds Fork $2,767,195 Ky 1531 Over Cane Run Cedar Forest Place 4806 Cedar Forest Pl $280,000 B00083 Creek $2,767,195 Ky 1531 Over Long Run Kiawah Court 3800 Northumberland Dr $100,000 B00125 Creek $2,767,195 Wind Ridge 6804 Wind Ridge Ct $30,000 B00297 Ky 1531 Over Shakes Run $2,767,195 Bluegrass Fields 10503 Pointe Bay Blvd $160,000 B00330 Ky 1531 Over Brush Run $2,767,195 Trail Ridge 3602 Trail Ridge Rd $30,000 B00280 Ky 1819 Over Brush Run $2,767,195 Ky 1819 Seatonville Road Trail Ridge Ct 7200 Trail Ridge Ct $30,000 B00309 Over Chenoweth Run $2,767,195 Ky 1819 (Ruckriegel Parkway) Over Glenview Place 5801 Glen Park Rd $10,000 B00350 Chenoweth Run $2,767,195 Ky 1819 (Watterson Trail) Ridge Top 3504 Ridge Top Ct $30,000 B00441 Over Southern Rr $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 373 Brushrun Road (Ky 1819) Brittany Woods Circle 5823 Brittany Woods Cir $30,000 B00456 Over Floyds Fork $2,767,195 Ky 2053 Over Lanfair 7400 Lanfair Dr $30,000 B00291 Pennsylvania Run Creek $2,767,195 East Manslick Road Over Cranborne Court 3507 Rems Ct $50,000 B00367 Pennsilvania Run $2,767,195 Southern Rr Over Preston Woods Of St.Thomas 2835 Avenue Of The Woods $260,000 Rr0614 Street $2,767,195 Southern Rr Over Glenview Hills 3450 Woodside Rd $170,000 Rr0617 Taylorsville Road $2,767,195 Southern Rr Over Rivers Edge 4206 Rivers Edge Ct $90,000 Rr0640 Eastwood Fisherville Road $2,767,195 Johnson School Road Arden 3110 Arden Rd $0 C00195 Over Little Cedar Creek $2,767,195 Seatonville Road Over Derington Ct. 3011 Derington Ct $110,000 C00196 Branch Of Cedar Creek $2,767,195 Old Ky. 1819 Over Fairfield Gardens Ct 4015 Fairfield Gardens Ct $0 C00202 Chenoweth Run Creek $2,767,195 Aiken Road Over Floyds Phoenix Hill 2600 Woodside Rd $420,000 C00002 Fork Creek $2,767,195 Beckley Sta. Rd. Over Old Brownsboro Place 7302 Brownsboro Rd $230,000 C00009 Unnamed Stream $2,767,195 Briarbridge Ln. Over S. Fk West Goose Creek 6600 Seminary Woods Pl $990,000 C00016 Of Beargrass Cr $2,767,195 Chenoweth Run Road Over Chenoweth Run Park Place 3109 Westone Way $190,000 C00025 Trib. $2,767,195 Scenic Loop Over Denbeigh Court 3101 Denbeigh Ct $140,000 C00026 Beargrass Cr (Str. 1) $2,767,195 Cherokee Park Rd # 2 Over Beargrass Creek ( Louisville Boat Club 4200 River Rd $180,000 C00027 City O $2,767,195 Scenic Loop Over Mid Fk New Market 6001 Rodes Ct $160,000 C00028 Beargrass Cr (Str. 3) $2,767,195 Scenic Loop Over Mid Fk Cypress Springs 3700 Cypress Springs Pl $480,000 C00029 Beargrass Cr (Str. 4) $2,767,195 Cherokee Park Rd # 5 Woodmont 3700 Woodmont Park Ln $0 C00030 Over Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Beargrass Rd Over Mid Fk Muddy Fork 2120 Indian Hills Trl $450,000 C00031 Beargrass Cr (Str. 6) $2,767,195 Beargrass Rd Over Mid Fk Ballantrae 2502 Ballantrae Cir $40,000 C00032 Beargrass Ck (Str. 7) $2,767,195 Beargrass Rd Over Mid Fk Saurel Dr 8400 Saurel Dr $160,000 C00033 Beargrass Cr (Str. 8) $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 374 Park Boundry Rd Over Mid Fk Beargrass Cr (Str. Stannye Dr 2318 Stannye Dr $170,000 C00034 9) $2,767,195 Dupont Rd Over Mid Fk Of Titleist Road 2622 Titleist Rd $20,000 C00045 Beargrass Cr $2,767,195 Dutchmans Lane Over 13554 Pinnacle Gardens Cir $0 C00046 Weicher Creek $2,767,195 Easum Road Over Acushnet Road 8901 Provincetown Pl $110,000 C00047 Chenoweth Run $2,767,195 Echo Trail Over Brush Crossgate 1925 Crossgate Ln $30,000 C00048 Run $2,767,195 Fairmount Road Over Browenton Place 2000 Warrington Way $0 C00054 Cedar Creek $2,767,195 Fairmount Road Over Big Devondale 7404 Arrowwood Rd $190,000 C00055 Run $2,767,195 Frontier Trail Over S.Fk. Mellwood Avenue 501 Mockingbird Valley Rd $170,000 C00058 Beargrass Cr. $2,767,195 Gardiner Ln Over S Fork Lucas Lane 2220 Cave Spring Pl $120,000 C00059 Beargrass Ck $2,767,195 Gellhaus Road Over Goose Creek 7800 Westport Rd $920,000 C00060 Chenoweth Run $2,767,195 Goldsmith Lane Over Fairway Lane 3731 Fairway Ln $20,000 C00061 South Fork Beargrass Cr $2,767,195 Hikes Ln. Over S. Fk Of Canoe Lane 3733 Canoe Ln $170,000 C00069 Beargrass Cr $2,767,195 Hobbs Lane Over South Creel Dr 11921 Creel Lodge Dr $50,000 C00070 Long Run $2,767,195 Klondike Ln Over S. Fk Of Freeway 1660 Eastpoint Pky $310,000 C00086 Beargrass Cr $2,767,195 Lexington Rd Over Mid Fk St. Matthews #4 425 Lotis Way $180,000 C00089 Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Lexington Rd Over Mid Stanley Gault 1900 Stanley Gault Pky $260,000 C00090 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Long Run Rd- Clark Sta Berrytown 1203 Heafer Rd $170,000 C00091 Rd Over S Long Run $2,767,195 Long Run Road Over 1116 Bellewood Rd $0 C00092 Long Run Creek $2,767,195 Lyndon Lane Over Middle Woodlawn Park 4500 Westport Rd $180,000 C00095 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Leghorn Dr Over South Bellwood 1001 Anchorage Woods Cir $30,000 C00096 Fork Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Old Cannons Ln Over Mid Crosstimbers 1105 Crosstimbers Dr $30,000 C00107 Fk Beargrass Cr $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 375 Old Heady Rd Over Buchanan 147 Buchanan St $2,480,000 C00109 Drakes Branch $2,767,195 Payne St Over Middle Anchor Estates #1 804 N Arbor Dr $90,000 C00116 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Rio Vista Drive Over Muddy Fork Of Beargrass Vannah 700 Vannah Ave $50,000 C00128 Creek $2,767,195 River Rd Over Harrods Anchor Estates #2 806 Pine Way $150,000 C00131 Creek $2,767,195 Schuff Ave. Over South Polo Fields (Old) 16724 Polo Fields Ln $210,000 C00136 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Spring St Over Beargrass Griffytown #1 615 Old Harrods Creek Rd $50,000 C00145 Cr $2,767,195 Stout Rd Over Turkey Run Arnold Palmer 14711 Forest Creek Way $260,000 C00149 Creek $2,767,195 South Watterson Trail Aiken #2 13312 Aiken Rd $0 C00159 Over Fern Creek $2,767,195 Wood Rd. Over Middle 602 N English Station Rd $0 C00163 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Old Clark Station Road Aiken #1 13030 Aiken Rd $0 C00167 Over Brush Run Creek $2,767,195 Broad Run Road Over Woodstream 14608 Woodstream Pl $100,000 C00168 Broad Run Creek $2,767,195 Broad Run Road Over St. Clair Drive 12405 St Clair Dr $90,000 C00169 Back Run Creek $2,767,195 Browns Lane Over Middle Starview Estates 423 Bermuda Way $250,000 C00170 Fork Of Beargrass Cr. $2,767,195 Old Taylorsville Rd Over Starview Estates 423 Bermuda Way $170,000 C00171 Dunbar Branch $2,767,195 Old Taylorsville Rd Over Woodlake 609 Woodlake Dr $120,000 C00172 Cane Run Creek $2,767,195 Watterson Trail North Lake Forest 14310 Lake Forest Dr $30,000 C00173 Over Fern Creek $2,767,195 Echo Trail Over Floyds Worthing 409 Worthing Ct $10,000 C00178 Fork $2,767,195 Broad Run Over Floyds Middletown Christian Village 401 Christian Village Cir $30,000 C00180 Fork $2,767,195 Leghorn Drive Over South 12610 Towne Creek Rd $0 C00181 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Mary Sue Dr Over Little Donnington Court 16411 Donnington Ct $180,000 C00183 Cedar Creek $2,767,195 Cooper Chapel Road Over Hurstbourne Lane 8805 Denington Dr $160,000 C00186 Mcneeley Lake $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 376 South Pope Lick Road Upper Middle Fork 6220 Dutchmans Ln $580,000 C00187 Over Pope Lick Creek $2,767,195 Cedar Creek Road Over English Station 15030 Bircham Rd $70,000 C00188 Cedar Creek $2,767,195 Aiken Road Over Ashburton 17015 Ashburton Dr $30,000 C00189 Unnamed Stream $2,767,195 Old Whips Mill Road Over Eden Care 903 Blankenbaker Pky $170,000 C00190 Middle Fork Of Beargrass $2,767,195 Trevilian Way Over South Olde Copper Ct 17009 Olde Copper Ct $60,000 C00191 Fork Of Beargrass Creek $2,767,195 Sherburn Lane Over Middle Fork Of Beargrass Pope Lick (New) 13200 Blakey Meadow Ln $260,000 C00197 Cr. $2,767,195 Watterson Trail Connector Plantside 9700 Bluegrass Pky $240,000 C00203 Over Chenoweth Run $2,767,195 Fairmount Road Over Nightingale 1800 Nightingale Rd $1,260,000 C00204 Broad Run $2,767,195 Old Stage Coach Road 1704 Nightingale Rd $0 C00206 Over Long Run Creek $2,767,195 Bowling Blvd. Over Middle Marian Court 9100 Marian Ct $70,000 C00207 Fork Of Beargrass Cr. $2,767,195 Hunsinger Lane Over South Fork Of Beargrass Terrier Lane 2330 Medford Ln $430,000 C00210 Creek $2,767,195 Rehl Road Over Pope Lick Raintree 2807 Six Mile Ln $130,000 C00211 Creek $2,767,195 Thurman Road Over Cane Taylorsville Road 9702 Taylorsville Rd $80,000 C00212 Run Creek $2,767,195 Goldsmith Lane Over S Fk Newburg 3337 Newburg Rd $310,000 C00213 Beargrass Cr $2,767,195 Indian Hills Trail Over Muddy Fork Of Beargrass Six Mile Lane 8700 Chase Tayler Pl $50,000 C00215 Cr $2,767,195 Cooper Chapel Road Over Diode Ct 11600 Diode Ct $280,000 C00216 Fishpool Creek $2,767,195 Csx Rr Over Charlton & Stony Brook 3311 Stony Brook Dr $170,000 Rr0626 Pope Street $2,767,195 Csx Rr Over Spring Street Farmview Plaza 3822 Ethel Ave $30,000 Rr0628 West Of I-64 $2,767,195 Southern Rr Over Belmar 9201 S Pirogue Ct $0 Rr0639 Drive East Of Preston St $2,767,195 Southern Rr Over Pope Spring Lake Farms 8805 Tranquil Valley Ln $170,000 Rr0641 Lick Road $2,767,195

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 377 J-Town 10725 Old Taylorsville Rd $1,200,000 Total 273 $758,211,430 3701 Modesto Rd $0 Tunnels 3822 Shannon Run Trl $0 Name Address Cost Dominion Way 12314 Dominion Way $190,000 Through Coc $1,369,000 4005 Kirby Ln $0 Through Coch $1,491,000 Trinity Homes 1251 Howard St $300,000 Total 2 $2,860,000

Landherr 4101 Landherr Dr $160,000 Railroad Stations Magnolia View 11507 Magnolia View Ct $140,000 Name Address Cost Saratoga Woods 4010 Saratoga Woods Dr $80,000 Csxt O'bannon F $2,136,000 Watterson Trail 8200 Watterson Trl $430,000 Eagle Steel Produ $2,136,000 Monticello Place 4304 Rivanna Dr $370,000 Total 2 $4,272,000

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 378 Existing Buildings Located in Landslide Area by Facilities Located in Landslide Area and Potential Census Tract Loss Bridges Census Name Address Cost Tracts Total # Buildings Total Property Value* 009104 60 $62,938,210 B00363 E.B. 841 Over South Park Rd. $2,767,195 011901 39 $10,577,865 B00363 W.B. 841 Over South Park Rd. $2,767,195 012001 237 $38,671,105 TOTAL 2 $5,534,390 012002 49 $7,302,585 012003 297 $37,873,635 Wastewater Pump Stations 012105 257 $56,147,690 Name Address Cost 012202 175 $24,212,070 Timberhaven 2008 Timberhaven Trace $0 012203 388 $79,038,380 012204 469 $130,114,100 Windsor Lakes 8100 Windsor Lakes $0 012301 134 $19,500,320 TOTAL 1 $0 012302 237 $101,911,480 Water Pumps And Plants TOTAL 2342 $568,287,440 Name Address Cost Timberhaven 2008 Timberhaven Trace $0 Existing Buildings Located in Landslide Area by TOTAL 1 $0 Occupancy Class Total # of Occupancy Class Buildings AGRICULTURAL 40 COMMERCIAL 24 GOVERNMENT 23 INDUSTRIAL 1 RELIGIOUS 24 RESIDENTIAL 2230 TOTAL 2342

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 379 APPENDIX 15 State Hazard Mitigation Capability Assessment

Following is detailed information from the State Hazard Mitigation Plan regarding mitigation in Kentucky.

State Regulatory Analysis Summary

Kentucky Pre- and Post- Disaster Legislation

The Kentucky General Assembly realizes the Commonwealth is subject at all times to disaster or emergency occurrences which can range from crises affecting limited areas to widespread catastrophic events, and that response to these occurrences is a fundamental responsibility of elected government. Therefore, the General Assembly established a statewide comprehensive emergency management program, and through it an integrated emergency management system, in order to provide for adequate assessment and mitigation of, preparation for, response to, and recovery from, the threats to public safety and the harmful effects or destruction resulting from all major hazards.

The Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) were enacted in 1942 to eliminate provisions no longer in force or effect and to restate and compile the remainder in an understandable form. Involved was a complete reclassification – bringing together those laws and parts of laws which, because of similarity of subject matter, properly belonged together and an arrangement of the laws within each class in a logical order.

In July of 1998, KRS 39A.010 established the Kentucky Division of Emergency Management (KyEM) and local emergency management agencies, replacing the Kentucky Disaster and Emergency Services. In addition, the Governor, the county judges/executives, the mayors of the cities and urban-county governments, and the chief executive of other local governments were conferred the emergency powers provided in KRS Chapters 39A to 39F. Also, provisions were established for mutual aid among the cities, counties, and urban-county or charter county governments of the Commonwealth, with other states, and with the federal government with respect to the performance of disaster and emergency preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation functions. Finally, a statewide comprehensive emergency management program and integrated emergency management system were established.

Following is an overview of the major regulations and landuse for Kentucky:

1. Floodplain ordinance All jurisdictions participating in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) are required to have a floodplain ordinance. These ordinances are enforced locally and in many cases, local requirements are identical to state requirements.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 380

All jurisdictions are encouraged to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program so that flood insurance will be available, there will be active Floodplain Management, and FEMA will provide flood hazard mapping for each community.

2. The Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division of Water, has major responsibility among state agencies for floodplain management in Kentucky. Within the Division of Water, the Water Resources Branch, Floodplain Management Section is responsible for the following: • Analyze and issue permits for proposed construction within the 100-year floodplain. • Issue permits for construction, reconstruction, and repair of dams. • Provide liaison for the National Flood Insurance Program. • Administer the state-owned Dam Repair Program. • Coordinate and provide technical assistance for floodplain management activities within the Commonwealth. • Construction in a floodplain without a permit violates KRS 151 and becomes the responsibility of the Dam Safety and Floodplain Compliance Section of the Division of Water. • All jurisdictions are encouraged to require local permits, in addition to required state permits, for development in floodways and floodplains.

3. Building Codes • The State of Kentucky has established building codes. • All jurisdictions are encouraged to comply with the state building code. It must be enforced at the local level by a building, electrical, and/or plumbing inspector or as a function of Planning and Zoning. • The KY state building code can be found at the following web site: http://hbc.ppr.ky.gov/BCE.htm • All single-family structures are inspected locally for electrical and plumbing compliance.

4. Planning and Zoning (Land Use) • Updates are required every five years to each county’s comprehensive land use plan. • Generally, planning and zoning functions work to create partnerships with elected officials, public agencies, the development community, the business community, and citizens to contribute toward shaping community development.

Zoning works for, and with, the community to project its needs and to create a vision for the future that will enhance the quality of life and ensure orderly development. It

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 381 provides advice and technical expertise for understanding and dealing with key community issues and priorities. It focuses efforts on a long-term commitment to economic vitality, environmental integrity, and development design quality. It is a customer-service driven, problem solving, and facilitative function while performing long- range planning, short-term planning, building plan review, permitting, and inspections.

5. KRS There are numerous sections in KRS that address the issues of emergency systems, hazard safety, and hazard mitigation as following:

Title V – Military Affairs • Chapter 36 – Department of Military Affairs o 36.010 – Department of Military Affairs attached to Office of Governor – Functions – Organization o 36.235 – Unit of Civil Air Patrol – Functions of unit o 36.255 – Kentucky Community Crisis Response Board – Members – Meetings • Chapter 37 – Active Militia o 37.240 – Active service – How and when ordered into – Direction – Powers • Chapter 38 – National Guard o 38.030 – Ordering troops into state active duty – Nontactical direction by local civil officers • Chapter 39 – Disaster and Emergency Services Management • Chapter 39A – Statewide Emergency Management Programs o 39A.010 – Legislative intent – Necessity o 39A.015 – Definitions and chapter provisions applicable to KRS Chapters 39B to 39F o 39A.020 – Definitions for KRS Chapters 39A to 39F o 39A.030 – Rationale and purpose of program – Division of Emergency Management o 39A.040 – Administrative bodies attached to division o 39A.050 – Responsibility of division for coordinating disaster and emergency services – Powers, authorities, and duties o 39A.060 – Nature and scope of comprehensive program – Director under direction of adjutant general o 39A.070 – Powers, responsibilities, and duties of director o 39A.080 – Seals and markings of Division of Emergency Management to be affixed on vehicles used and operated by division o 39A.090 – Executive orders o 39A.100 – Emergency powers of Governor and local chief executive officers o 39A.110 – Compensation for property taken for temporary use – Notice to owner of property where title taken o 39A.120 – Procedure when owner refuses to accept compensation fixed by Governor

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 382 o 39A.130 – Appeal from award of Board of Claims o 39A.140 – Procedure for payment of compensation o 39A.150 – Traffic control plans – Executive orders o 39A.160 – Witnesses – Production of records and documents o 39A.170 – Lease or loan of real or personal property of state government – Disaster and emergency response activities of state employees o 39A.180 – Orders and administrative regulations of political subdivisions – Enforcement o 39A.190 – Power of arrest for violation of order or administrative regulation o 39A.200 – Authority to receive services, equipment, supplies, materials, or funds from federal government o 39A.210 – Qualifications and oath of persons connected with disaster and emergency response organizations o 39A.220 – Agency emergency operations procedures o 39A.230 – Procedures for one multirisk, multiagency, unified incident command or management system o 39A.240 – State Emergency Operations Center – Agency representatives o 39A.250 – Superseded by KRS 39A. 280, 1998 o 39A.260 – Mutual aid agreements with other states – Workers' compensation o 39A.270 – Use of publicly owned resources at impending, happening, or response phase of disaster or emergency o 39A.280 – Nature of disaster and emergency response functions provided by state or local management agency – Immunity, exceptions o 39A.283 – Short title for KRS 39A.050, 39A.070, 39A.285, and 39A.287 o 39A.285 – Legislative findings o 39A.287 – Preparedness of Commonwealth to respond to acts of war or terrorism – Annual assessment o 39A.950 – Emergency Management Assistance Compact o 39A.990 – Penalty • Chapter 39B – Local Emergency Management Programs o 39B.010 – Local emergency management to be maintained – Unified local emergency management agency o 39B.020 – Local emergency management director – Joint appointment of a single local emergency management director – Qualifications o 39B.030 – Powers, authorities, rights, and duties of local director – Development of organizational structure o 39B.040 – Mutual aid arrangements with special districts and public and private agencies o 39B.050 – Local disaster and emergency services organization – Membership – Responsibility o 39B.060 – Emergency operations plan o 39B.070 – Execution of emergency powers – Emergency operations centers – Waiver of procedures and formalities

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 383 o 39B.080 – Powers, duties, rights, privileges, and immunities of employees rendering outside aid o 39B.090 – Liability for loss or damage to equipment used – Reimbursement of compensation and expenses of employees o 39B.100 – Contracts permitted o 39B.990 – Penalty • Chapter 39C – State Aid to Local Emergency Management Programs o 39C.010 – Supplementary state funds o 39C.020 – Allocation of state funds o 39C.030 – Purpose of supplementary state fund o 39C.040 – Director's responsibility – Advisory committee o 39C.050 – Criteria for funding local emergency management agencies o 39C.060 – Request for financial aid – Review and evaluation criteria o 39C.070 – Reimbursement – Claims and equipment purchase o 39C.080 – Performance evaluations – Records and reports – Review of program progress and compliance – Correction of deficiencies – Appeal process o 39C.090 – Requests for waiver of requirements o 39C.100 – Administration of supplementary state funding program – Administrative regulations o 39C.110 – Workers' compensation coverage – Limitations o 39C.990 – Penalty • Chapter 39D – Continuity of Government o 39D.010 – Temporary seat of state government – Acts valid and binding o 39D.020 – Designation of alternate or substitute places for local government – Acts valid and binding o 39D.030 – Ordinances and resolutions for continuity of government o 39D.040 – Emergency interim successors – Order of successions – Vacancies – Applicability of statute to all special districts and political subdivisions o 39D.050 – Preservation of essential state public records – Duties of Archives and Records Commission o 39D.990 – Penalty • Chapter 39E – Implementation of Federal Hazardous Materials Programs o 39E.010 – Kentucky Emergency Response Commission – Duties o 39E.020 – Definitions for chapter o 39E.030 – Members – Meetings o 39E.040 – Duties – Appointment of committees o 39E.050 – Fees – Trust and agency accounts – Administrative regulations o 39E.060 – Permissive activities of commission o 39E.070 – SARA Title III programs account o 39E.080 – Administrative support by Division of Emergency Management – Protection of federal funds – Administrative regulations o 39E.090 – Local emergency planning districts o 39E.100 – Local planning committees o 39E.110 – Committee duties

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 384 o 39E.120 – Commission to be advised of receipt of excess quantities of hazardous substances o 39E.130 – Naming of facility representatives – Liaison duties o 39E.140 – Political entities required to participate in local planning process o 39E.150 – Plan development, approval, and review o 39E.160 – Response to be consistent with plan o 39E.170 – State agency response o 39E.180 – Claims to be filed with Board of Claims o 39E.190 – Report of release of substance o 39E.200 – Establishment of warning and notification standards o 39E.210 – Report of inventories and location of extremely hazardous substances o 39E.220 – Additional information may be required o 39E.230 – Reports available to public – Protection of trade secrets o 39E.240 – Chapter supplemental to other laws o 39E.990 – Penalties • Chapter 39F – Local Rescue Programs – State and Local Search and Rescue Programs o 39F.010 – Definitions for chapter o 39F.020 – Rescue squads – Formation – Authorization to operate within a jurisdiction – Functions o 39F.030 – Regional or statewide specialized rescue services – Alternative affiliations agreement and alternative vehicle and equipment requirements o 39F.040 – Specialized squad using search dogs – Requirements – Organization of general rescue squad o 39F.050 – Organization of general rescue squad o 39F.060 – Activities permitted for general and specialized rescue squads o 39F.070 – Specialized rescue squad – Activities permitted o 39F.080 – State coordinator for search and rescue – Appointment and duties o 39F.090 – Coordinating and planning responsibility o 39F.100 – Rescue Aid Program – Purpose o 39F.110 – Rescue aid fund – Duties of director of division – Local director's responsibilities o 39F.120 – Requirements for rescue grant funding – Written standard operating procedures – Bylaws – Rescue vehicle – Membership – Training – Affiliation – Service fee prohibited o 39F.130 – Rescue and project funding – Application and review process o 39F.140 – Purchase, disposal, and inspection of equipment – Audit of funds o 39F.150 – Reports of lost, stolen, or damaged equipment or loss of capability to operate – Quarterly incident and training reports o 39F.160 – Rescue squad taxing districts o 39F.170 – Workers' compensation coverage – Limitations – Enrollment. o 39F.180 – Reports of search and rescue missions – Immediate search for lost, missing, or overdue person permitted

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 385 o 39F.190 – Development of comprehensive written search and rescue plan o 39F.200 – Local search and rescue coordinator o 39F.210 – Administrative regulations o 39F.990 – Penalty

Title VI – Financial Administration • Chapter 48 – Budget o 48.150 – Contingency plan

Title IX – Counties, Cities, and Other Local Units • Chapter 75 – Fire Protection Districts o 75.470 – KRS 75.400 to 75.460 not to be construed to conflict with authority of other named agencies • Chapter 99 – Urban Renewal and Redevelopment o 99.530 – Urban renewal projects o 99.540 – Urban renewal plan o 99.550 – Power and authority of agency with respect to urban renewal

Title XII – Conservation and State Development • Chapter 147A – Program Development o 147A.029 – Disbursement of funds for Local Match Participation Program • Chapter 151 – Geology and Water Sources o 151.600 – Public information program for flood plain management and flood hazard mitigation programs

Title XIII – Education • Chapter 158 – Conduct of Schools – Special Programs o 158.070 – School term – Professional development – Holidays and days closed – Continuing education for certain students – Breakfast program o 158.163 – Earthquake and tornado emergency procedure system • Chapter 160 – School Districts o 160.599 – Emergency loans to public common school districts

Title XVII – Economic Security and Public Welfare • Chapter 198B – Housing, Buildings, and Construction – Building Code o 198B.050 – Uniform State Building Code

Title XVIII – Public Health • Chapter 211 – State Health Programs o 211.855 – Cabinet's role as radon control agency for Commonwealth o 211.856 – Certification of persons engaged in radon analysis, mitigation, or testing - Fees • Chapter 224 – Environmental Protection o 224.16-070 – Water quality certifications for surface coal mining operations for applicants eligible for Nationwide Permit 21 or 26

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 386 Title XIX – Public Safety and Morals • Chapter 227 – Fire Prevention and Protection

Title XXVI – Occupations and Professions • Chapter 311A – Emergency Medical Services o 311A.020 – Powers and duties of board – Executive director and deputy executive director – Persons employed by board

Title XXVIII – Mines and Minerals • Chapter 350 – Surface Coal Mining o 350.570 – Right of cabinet to enter upon land for reclamation purposes – Acquisition and disposal of land by Commonwealth

Kentucky’s Pre-disaster mitigation: Following are revised statutes that specifically pertain to pre-disaster mitigation.

KRS 39. The Division of Emergency Management shall coordinate for the Governor all matters pertaining to the comprehensive emergency management program and disaster and emergency response of the Commonwealth. The division shall be the executive branch agency of state government having primary jurisdiction, responsibility, and authority for the planning and execution of disaster and emergency assessment, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery (KRS 39A.050).

KRS 147. Any general fund appropriations made for the Local Match Participation Program may be used for flood control planning and mitigation activities and straight sewage pipe removal and mitigation activities (KRS 147A.029).

KRS 151. The Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet shall administer KRS 151 and establish the requirements for obtaining a floodplain development permit (KRS 151.250). The water resources authority shall develop a public information program for use by local units of government which will assist them in the development of flood plain management and flood hazard mitigation programs (KRS 151.600).

KRS 158. The board of each local school district, and the governing body of each private and parochial school or school district, shall establish an earthquake and tornado emergency procedure system in every public or private school building in its jurisdiction having a capacity of 50 or more students, or having more than one classroom (KRS 158.163). The earthquake and tornado emergency procedure systems shall include, but not be limited to: • A school building disaster plan, ready for implementation at any time, for maintaining the safety and care of students and staffs

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 387 • A drop procedure, an activity by which each student and staff member takes cover under a table or desk, dropping to his or her knees, with the head protected by the arms, and the back to the windows • A safe area, a designated space including an enclosed area with no windows, a basement or the lowest floor using the interior hallway or rooms, or taking shelter under sturdy furniture • Protective measures to be taken before, during, and following an earthquake or tornado • A program to ensure that the students and the certificated and classified staff are aware of, and properly trained in, the earthquake and tornado emergency procedure system

KRS 198B. The Uniform State Building Code (KRS 198B.050) addresses issues concerning seismic and severe wind construction in response to the Commonwealth’s potential earthquake and wind threats.

KRS 211. The Cabinet for Health Services shall develop and conduct programs for evaluation and control of activities related to radon including laboratory analyses, mitigation, and measurements (KRS 211.855).

In addition to KRS legislation, the following are other initiatives being undertaken that address state hazard mitigation: • When purchasing a home located within the boundary of a special flood hazard area (SFHA), the buyer is required to purchase flood insurance. • Jurisdictions that participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) have established ordinances related to floodplain development.

State Hazard Mitigation Capability Matrix

The matrix below identifies the most significant state funded or state administered programs, related regulations or practices with respect to hazard mitigation or loss reduction. Many of the listed programs provide funding for various hazard mitigation activities. Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) and implementing regulations are cited for state programs in the listings below.

Definitions:

Pre-Disaster-Programs, plans, policies, regulations, funding, or practices that include an evaluation of the state’s pre-disaster mitigation measures.

Post-Disaster – Programs, plans, policies, regulations, funding, or practices that include an evaluation of the State’s post-disaster mitigation measures.

Affects development in hazard prone areas - Programs, plans, policies, regulations, funding, or practices that includes an evaluation of the State’s programs for mitigation measures in hazard prone areas.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 388 APPENDIX 16 Louisville Metro Hazard Fact Sheets

Louisville Metro’s degree of vulnerability depends upon the risk of a particular natural hazard occurring (including such factors as scope, frequency, intensity, and destructive potential), as well as the amount of the population, structures and facilities, economic activity, or environmental resources that are exposed. It is the purpose of the risk assessment to provide the best available information. The following formula method was used to determine an Exposure Score for Louisville Metro.

EXPOSURE SCORE = Population Rank + Building Rank + Essential Facilities Rank + Utility Facilities Rank + Social Vulnerability Rank + Transportation Rank + Potential High Loss Rank

DEFINITION OF VARIABLES TO DETERMINE EXPOSURE SCORE 1) Population Rank – Census tract population taken from Census 2000.

2) Building Rank – Real Property Assessments and building content, by parcel, from the Jefferson County PVA data. Plus, a count of buildings built before 1980, when building codes were upgraded.

3) Essential Facilities Rank – Census tract count of essential facilities. Data collected from HAZUS-MH, Jefferson County databases, EOP, Jefferson County Schools, LOJIC, Louisville Water Co., EMA, Jefferson County Fire Districts, MSD, and state databases. Essential facilities include: Hospitals, schools, emergency operation centers, fire stations, police stations, and nursing homes.

4) Utility Facilities Rank – Census tract count of utility facilities. Data collected from HAZUS-MH, Jefferson County databases, Louisville Water Co, and state databases. Utility facilities include: Communication facilities, electric power facilities, potable water facilities, sewer lines, gas lines, water lines, and waste water treatment facilities

5) Social Vulnerability Rank – Total populations numbers, by census tract, of the following: • Living with poverty, • No vehicle, • Female head of • Over 65 years old, household, • Manufactured homes • Renting, • Receiving public • Receiving disability assistance assistance, • Linguistically isolated, • Receiving public assistance

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 389

6) Transportation Rank – Census tract information and total count based on transportation facilities. Data collected from HAZUS-MH, and Jefferson County and state databases. Transportation includes: Airports, bus stations, highway bridges, railroad stations, railroad track footage, and highway footage.

7) Potential High Loss Rank – Count of hazardous material storage sites and military instillations within each census tract. This data was derived from Jefferson County databases.

Risk factors are characteristics of a hazard that contribute to the potential losses that may occur in the area. The hazard risk gauge is a graphic icon used during the initial profile ranking process to convey the relative risk of a given hazard. The scale ranges from green, indicating relatively low or no risk, to red, indicating severe risk.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 390 DAM HAZARD

SUMMARY OF DAM FAILURE RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: At any time Number of Events to-date 0 Dams that fail, historically, have some deficiency, Probability of event(s): which caused the failure. Chance of failure increases

with heavy rain or earthquake.

Warning time: Minimal, depends on frequency of inspection. Impacts human life and public safety. Economic loss, Potential Impact(s): environmental damage, and/or disruption of lifeline facilities

Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

Responsible for Monitoring State, MSD, Metro Parks, Corp of Engineers, private Dam Maintenance owner, and development community Potential Facility Shutdown 30 days or more

In KY, six dam failures have been reported to the National Performance Dam Program, none in Louisville Metro. Dams are classified based on the evaluation of damage possible downstream. Following is FEMA’s guide to dam classifications:

Description of Classification of Dams Classification Description Class A (Low) No loss of human life is expected and damage will only occur to the dam owner's property

Class B Loss of human life is not probable, but economic loss, environmental damage, and/or (Moderate/Significant) disruption of lifeline facilities can be expected

Class C (High) Loss of one or more human life is expected

Louisville Metro Summary of Dams Class A, B & C Class A (low) Class B (moderate) Class C (high) STATE 18 12 10 TOTAL 40

A dam failure is usually the result of neglect, poor design, or structural damage. When a dam fails, an excess amount of water is suddenly let loose downstream, destroying anything in its path. Many dams and levees are built for flood protection and usually are engineered to withstand a flood with a computed risk of occurrence. For example, a dam or levee may be designed to contain a flood at a location on a stream that has a certain probability of occurring in any one year. If a larger flood occurs, then that structure may be overtopped. If during the overtopping the dam or levee fails or is washed out, the water behind it is released and becomes a flash flood. Failed dams or levees can create floods that are catastrophic to life and property because of the tremendous energy of the released water.

Louisville Problems: 10 Class C dams, require an Emergency Operation Plan (EOP). State data for dam locations is incomplete. Need a local definition for dams.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 391 DROUGHT HAZARD

SUMMARY OF DROUGHT RISK FACTORS

Summer months or extended periods of Period of occurrence: no precipitation. Number of Events to-date 0

Probability of event(s): Infrequent Warning time: Weeks Activities that rely heavily on high water usage may be impacted significantly, including agriculture, tourism, wildlife protection, municipal water usage, commerce, recreation, electric power generation, and water quality Potential Impact(s): deterioration. Droughts can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, decreased land values, and Agro- business losses. Minimal risk of damage or cracking to structural foundations, due to soils.

Cause injury or death No Potential Facility Shutdown None

Drought Potential Impacts: High temperatures, prolonged high winds, and low relative humidity can aggravate drought conditions. In Louisville Metro, a secondary effect of a drought could be low river levels on the Ohio River. Low water can become unsafe for navigation in some areas. As a result, fully loaded barges may not be able to safely navigate the river, and tonnage may have to be reduced by 10 to 20 percent.

During periods of drought, some activities that rely heavily on high water usage may be impacted significantly. These activities include agriculture, tourism, wildlife protection, municipal water usage, commerce, recreation, wildlife preservation, electric power generation, and water quality deterioration.

Droughts can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, decreased land values, and Agro-business losses. In addition, there is minimal risk of damage or cracking to structural foundations, due to soils.

Louisville Problems: Need more data for assessment. No standard definition of a drought. No one agency/organization is tracking drought.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 392 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

SUMMARY OF EARTHQUAKE RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Year-round Number of Events to-date 0 Probability of event(s): Infrequent

Warning time: None

Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, fire, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases. Can Potential Impact(s): cause severe transportation problems and make travel extremely dangerous.

Aftershocks and secondary events could trigger landslides, releases of hazardous materials, and/or dam and levee failure and flooding.

Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths. Potential Facility Shutdown Months

Earthquakes can be experienced in any part of Kentucky, putting Kentucky’s entire population and building stock at risk. Each county has at least one fault running beneath it. The greatest hazard potential for earthquakes exists in highly populated areas, because these areas tend to have a greater number of tall buildings that are more vulnerable to seismic impact. Buildings and infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.) built during the 1920s to 1960s are also generally more susceptible to seismic movement than newer construction.

Louisville Metro Potential Earthquake Damage: Areas of softer soil and potential liquefaction generally result in increased vulnerability to the impacts of an earthquake. In Louisville Metro, old portions of the city and heavy industry are located on the alluvial deposits adjacent to the Ohio River. New portions of the city, including malls and the surrounding suburbs are constructed on the clay materials derived from limestone bedrock. Available soil maps and data from the Kentucky Geological Survey only represent approximately one-third of the metro area were available.

The HAZUS-MH pilot program results show that an earthquake of 8.6 M in the New Madrid seismic zone would result in structural building damage ranging from minor to significant extending well into the Louisville Metro area. A similar earthquake magnitude event in the western U.S. would impact a much more limited geographic area. Earth scientists estimate that enough energy has built up in the New Madrid seismic zone to produce an earthquake with a 7.6M. Everyone in Kentucky could feel such a quake, while the Louisville Metro area would experience the effects at a Modified Mercalli Intensity Zone 7. The effects of such an earthquake could include: (1) ruptured pipelines, (2) downed electrical and communication lines, (3) releases of hazardous materials, (4) fires, (5) collapsed bridges and overpasses, and (6) damaged or destroyed critical facilities.

Louisville Problems: need better data on soils for liquefaction to be able to run a true model of an earthquake.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 393 EXTREME HEAT HAZARD

SUMMARY OF EXTREME HEAT RISK FACTORS

Period of occurrence: Summer

Number of Events to-date: 6 deaths 1999- 2002 Probability of event(s): Likely

Several days of high temperatures Warning time: hovering over 90 degrees. Public health and safety, especially the elderly. Heavy use of water and Potential Impact(s): electrical facilities due to air conditioners, fans, etc… Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

Potential Facility Shutdown None

Background: Temperatures that hover 10 degrees or more above the average high temperature for the region are defined by NOAA as extreme heat. A temperature of 90°F is significant in that it ranks at the "caution" level of the NOAA's Apparent Temperature chart even if humidity is not a factor. At-risk during extreme heat are the elderly and the homeless.

July 1999 Heat Wave: During the last two weeks of July 1999, the Midwest experienced a lengthy series of days with temperatures in excess of 90F. Before it was over, some 232 deaths were attributed to the heat in the 9-state Midwest region. Louisville Metro had four deaths in 1999.

Louisville Problems: • Lack of data to Profile Extreme Heat, due to no long-term tracking Extreme Heat and deaths.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 394 FLOOD HAZARD

SUMMARY OF FLOOD RISK FACTORS Ohio River: January through May Period of occurrence: Flash Floods: anytime, but primarily during Summer rains Number of Events to-date: 29 NCDC

1950 - 09/30/2004 4 local

Probability of event(s): Highly likely River flooding – 3 –5 days Warning time: Flash flooding – minutes to hours

Out-of-bank flooding – several hours/days

Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, fire, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, Potential Impact(s): and hazardous material releases. Can lead to economic losses such as unemployment, decreased land values, and Agro-business losses. Floodwaters are a public safety issue due to contaminants and pollutants. Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

Potential Facility Shutdown Weeks to months Flooding is Kentucky’s most costly natural disaster. For many, the economic, social, and physical damage resulting from floods can be severe. Analysis performed for the local Floodplain Management Plan indicated the three watersheds with the greatest risk for loss of life and/or property damage relative to number of buildings and primary structures is Pond Creek, Beargrass Creek, and Mill Creek. Floyds Fork and North County are less developed and populated.

Repetitive Loss: Louisville Metro has the highest number of repetitive loss properties in Kentucky with 167 Repetitive Loss Properties, according to the 2004 National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) insurance claims. Based on an analysis of repetitive loss sites, the North County watershed, along the Ohio River, represents an area of extraordinary high risk, although there are a relatively low total number of structures in the floodplain. Other repetitive loss areas are also at-risk due to tributaries, ponding and drainage problems.

Existing Buildings Located in Floodplain by Occupancy Class Occupancy Class Total # of Buildings Total Property Value* AGRICULTURAL 67 $18,818,360 Floodplain Management Plan COMMERCIAL 893 $1,080,598,515 EDUCATION 19 $28,852,060 The local floodplain management GOVERNMENT 364 $55,076,950 plan adopted in 2001 estimated the total buildings at risk for the 100-year INDUSTRIAL 189 $1,477,984,910 flood as approx 6 %. This result RELIGIOUS 195 $89,659,710 aligns with the HAZUS-MH result RESIDENTIAL 9215 $2,567,722,775 (approx 6.8 % of buildings). TOTAL 10942 $5,318,713,280 *the sum of content and improved property value

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 395 HAILSTORM HAZARD

SUMMARY OF HAILSTORM RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Year-round

Number of Events to-date: 59 NCDC 1950 - 06/30/2004 Likely, usually associated with severe Probability of event(s): thunderstorms. Warning time: Minutes to hours

Large hailstorms can include minimal to Potential Impact(s): severe property and crop damage and destruction. Cause injury or death Injury

Days Potential Facility Shutdown

According to the NOAA, 1,972 reported hailstorms have happened in Kentucky since 1980. These storms of varying sized hail have caused $1.3 billion worth of property damage and $5.4 million worth of crop damage.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 396 KARST/ SINKHOLE HAZARD

SUMMARY OF KARST/SINKHOLE RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: At any time Number of Events to-date Unknown. 451 mapped sinkholes Probability of event(s): Infrequent Weeks to months, according to monitoring or Warning time: maintenance.

Economic losses such as decreased land values and Agro-business losses. May cause minimal Potential Impact(s): to severe property damage and destruction. May cause geological movement, causing infrastructure damages. Cause injury or death Injury

Potential Facility Shutdown Days to weeks

Kentucky contains one of the world’s largest Karst-ridden topographies. About 38% of the state has sinkholes that are recognizable on topographic maps, and 25% has obvious and well-developed Karst features. The surface expression of Karst includes sinkholes, sinking streams and springs. Karst hazards include: sinkhole flooding, sudden cover collapse, leakage around dams, and collapse of lagoons resulting in waste spills and radon infiltration into homes.

Louisville Metro is vulnerable to karst and sinkhole flooding. Sinkholes are among the most common problems of living in a karst area. Louisville has 451 mapped sinkholes according to LOJIC. Damage to infrastructure from sinkhole flooding and cover collapse is so common in Kentucky that it is typically dealt with by local authorities as a routine matter.

Existing Buildings Located in Karst/Sinkhole Region by Occupancy Class

Occupancy Total # of Total Property Class Buildings Value* AGRICULTURAL 1302 $302,524,630 COMMERCIAL 4551 $3,935,305,090 EDUCATION 288 $296,547,520 GOVERNMENT 537 $466,568,290 INDUSTRIAL 466 $2,912,578,380 RELIGIOUS 3106 $1,169,375,172 RESIDENTIAL 116553 $26,122,494,766 TOTAL 126803 $35,205,393,848 *the sum of content and improved property value

Louisville Problems: More data is needed to model the effects of karst and sinkholes. Karst and sinkhole incidents are not tracked by one agency and needs coordination.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 397 LANDSLIDE HAZARD

SUMMARY OF LANDSLIDE RISK FACTORS Chance of occurrence increases after heavy rainfall, Period of occurrence: snowmelt, or construction activity. Most landslides happen between spring and fall. Number of Events to-date: 4 + Slope failures usually caused by rain, snow, or freezing and thawing of soil water. SW portion of

Probability of event(s): county is more prone to landslide due to slope. Probability increases at the base of steep slope; the base of drainage channel; and developed hillsides where leach-field septic systems are used.

Weeks to months, depends on inspection for

weaknesses in rock and soil. Some landslides Warning time: cause damage gradually, whereas others move so rapidly that they can destroy property and take lives suddenly and unexpectedly. Economic losses such as decreased land values, disruption of utility and transportation systems, and Potential Impact(s): costs for any litigation. May cause geological movement, causing infrastructure damages ranging from minimal to severe. Cause injury or death Injury

Potential Facility Shutdown Days to weeks

Factors that allow landslide movement include: saturation by water, steepening of slopes by erosion or construction, alternate freezing or thawing, and earthquake shaking. Slope failures can occur in any season, but are more likely to be triggered by weather events such as rain, snow, or freezing and thawing of soil water. During summer and fall, intense or prolonged rainfall can trigger slope failures.

Landslides are more likely to occur in the SW portion of the county due to slope and unstable soils: Probability increases at the base of a steep slope; the base of a drainage channel; and developed hillsides where leach-field septic systems are used. Several studies have shown that almost any modification of a slope by people increases the risk of slope movement, especially in areas already susceptible. Flood insurance does not cover landslides. Private costs involve mainly damage to land and structures. A severe landslide can result in financial ruin for the property owners. Individuals can take steps to reduce their personal risk. • Steep slopes are more susceptible to landslides and should be avoided as a building site. • Slope stability decreases as water moves into the soil. Springs, seeps, roof runoff, gutter down spouts, septic systems, and site grading that cause ponding or runoff are sources of water that often contribute to landslides. • Changing the natural slope by creating a level area where none previously existed adds weight and increases the chance of a landslide. • Poor site selection for roads and driveways. • Improper placement of fill material. • Removal of trees and other vegetation.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 398

Existing Buildings Located in Landslide Area by Census Tract

Census Tracts Total # Buildings Total Property Value* 009104 60 $62,938,210 011901 39 $10,577,865 012001 237 $38,671,105 012002 49 $7,302,585 012003 297 $37,873,635 012105 257 $56,147,690 012202 175 $24,212,070 012203 388 $79,038,380 012204 469 $130,114,100 012301 134 $19,500,320 012302 237 $101,911,480 TOTAL 2,342 $568,287,440 *the sum of content and improved property value

Existing Buildings Located in Landslide Area by Occupancy Class

Occupancy Class Total # of Buildings Total Property Value* AGRICULTURAL 40 $6,665,990 COMMERCIAL 24 $25,714,850 GOVERNMENT 23 $3,062,420 INDUSTRIAL 1 $7,894,250 RELIGIOUS 24 $3,647,700 RESIDENTIAL 2230 $521,302,230

TOTAL 2,342 $568,287,440 *the sum of content and improved property value

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 399 SEVERE STORMS HAZARD THUNDERSTORMS AND LIGHTNING

SUMMARY OF SEVERE STORMS RISK FACTORS Period of occurrence: Spring, Summer and Fall Number of Events to-date: Thunderstorms NCDC: 176 1950 - 09/30/2004 Lightning NCDC: 8 Probability of event(s): Frequent

Warning time: Minutes to hours

Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, fire, damaged or Potential Impact(s): destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases. Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

Potential Facility Shutdown Days to weeks

In Kentucky, between 1996 and 2003, there have been eleven Presidential Declarations due to severe storms and other storm-related events. The Midwest and Great Plains regions of the U.S. average between 40 and 60 days of thunderstorms per year. These two regions are prone to some of the most severe thunderstorms on Earth.

Potential Impacts of Severe Storms: Due to the destructive nature of thunderstorms and lightning these events impact human life, health, and public safety. The community is at-risk for: utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, fire, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases.

Preparedness includes planning for emergency shelters and power outages.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 400 SEVERE WINTER STORM HAZARD SNOW AND ICE

SUMMARY OF SEVERE WINTER STORMS RISK FACTORS

Period of occurrence: Winter Number of Events to-date: 7 local and NCDC 1950 - 09/30/2004

Probability of event(s): Likely Days for snow Warning time: Minutes to hours for ice.

Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, and damaged or destroyed critical facilities Can cause severe transportation problems and make travel extremely dangerous. Potential Impact(s): Power outages, which results in loss of electrical power and potentially loss of heat, and human life. Extreme cold temperatures may lead to frozen water mains and pipes, damaged car engines, and prolonged exposure to cold resulting in frostbite. Injury and slight risk of death. Cause injury or death Significant threat to the elderly.

Potential Facility Shutdown Days

Kentucky's location makes it vulnerable to heavy snowfall due to the state’s proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, which provides a necessary moisture source, yet it is far enough north to be influenced by polar air masses. Low-pressure systems that bring heavy snow to Kentucky usually track eastward across the southern U.S. before turning toward the northeast.

Potential Impact to Louisville Metro: The level of impact severe winter weather will have upon a community greatly depends on its ability to manage and control its effects, such as the rapid mobilization of snow removal equipment. Louisville Metro has experienced several crippling winter storms over the years, which is common to the region due to its geographical location. It is expensive to acquire and maintain the necessary resources to combat winter’s effects such as generators, snow removal equipment, and trucks. Preparedness includes, planning for emergency shelters and power outages.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 401 TORNADO HAZARD

SUMMARY OF TORNADO RISK FACTORS Year-round, primarily during March Period of occurrence: through August

Number of Events to-date: 9 1950 – 9/30/2004 Probability of event(s): Infrequent Minutes to hours. Over 80 % of all Warning time: tornadoes strike between noon and midnight.

Utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), Potential Impact(s): structural damage, and damaged or destroyed critical facilities. Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Cause injury or death Injury and risk of multiple deaths

Potential facilities shutdown? 30 days or more

What Is A Tornado? A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud. It is spawned by a thunderstorm (or sometimes as a result of a hurricane) and produced when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. The damage from a tornado is a result of the high wind velocity and wind-blown debris. Tornado season is generally March through August, although tornadoes can occur at any time of year.

The occurrence of a Kentucky tornado is predictable because a tornado touches down somewhere in the Commonwealth every year. Tornadoes have caused $707.7 million in property damage, $186,000 in crop damage, 115 deaths, and 2,593 injuries. Kentucky is located in the most severe wind zone (ZONE IV 250 mph) in the country. This signifies that most of the state is highly vulnerable to tornadic weather. Tornadoes are somewhat common throughout Kentucky and have occurred in every month of the year. Conversely, the occurrence of a tornado is highly unpredictable in it is impossible to forecast the exact time and location that it will touch down and the path that it will take

Most tornadoes occur between March and July, with the month of May normally experiencing the greatest number of tornadoes. The strongest tornadoes, which usually result in the highest number of deaths and greatest destruction of property, occur between April and June. Most deaths occur in April, which is considered the beginning of the tornado season.

Tornado Potential Impact: Due to the destructive nature of tornadoes and wind, these events impact human life, health, and public safety. Community-wide impacts include: utility damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, and damaged or destroyed critical facilities. Tornadoes can also cause severe transportation problems and make travel extremely dangerous.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 402 WILDFIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY OF WILDFIRE RISK FACTORS

Period of occurrence: Year-Round, primarily Summer

Number of Events to-date 0 forest fires Chances of occurrence increase with Probability of event(s): drought or earthquake.

None, unless related to drought. Humans, through negligence, Warning time: accident, or intentional arson, have caused approximately 90% of all wildfires in the last decade. Impacts human life, health, and public safety. Loss of wildlife habitat, increased soil erosion, and degraded water quality. Utility

Potential Impact(s): damage and outages, infrastructure damage (transportation and communication systems), structural damage, damaged or destroyed critical facilities, and hazardous material releases.

Cause injury or death Injury and risk of death Potential facilities shutdown? 30 days or more

Since 1977, Kentucky has experienced 2,033 reported wildfires and 78,710 acres burned. Approximately 86% of these fires were caused by humans, and of those approximately 50% were arson. The damage to Kentucky‘s timber resource is valued at $85.58 per acre. This is an average yearly loss of $6,736,001. This figure does not account for the loss of wildlife habitat, increased soil erosion, and degraded water quality.

Wildfire is listed in the Louisville Metro EOP and the potential for wild or grass fire is apparent. However, local records of wild fire incidents are limited. Until better data is gathered, Project Staff determined the best way to quantify wildfire potential is to target vulnerable areas according to tree cover. Staff determined to map tree cover that is 3-acres or more as vulnerable or at-risk.

Louisville problems: Need better data from Fire Departments about grass and wildfire. Need a standard code for reporting the type of fires.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 403 HAZARD PROFILE RANKING FOR 12 NATURAL HAZARDS

The Risk Matrix provides a qualitative assessment of various hazards that could occur.

FLOODING SEVERE RISK HAZARDS SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS

HAILSTORM HIGH RISK HAZARDS TORNADO

EARTHQUAKE MODERATE HAZARDS SEVERE WINTER STORMS

DAM FAILURE

EXTREME HEAT

LIMITED RISK HAZARDS KARST/SINKHOLE LANDSLIDES WILDFIRE LOW RISK HAZARDS DROUGHT

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 404 APPENDIX 17 Louisville Metro Mitigation Acquisitions

Index County Map Woodland Manor 3rd Street Road Arnoldtown Road Seatonville Road S. Pope Lick Road Ruben Lane Old 3rd Street Road Fergusson Fife Calder Court

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 405

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 406

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 407 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 408 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 409 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 410 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 411 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 412 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 413 Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 414

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 415 APPENDIX 18 Louisville Metro Hazard Mitigation Action Plan May 2005 Louisville Metro Hazards Mitigation Goals

Goal 1—Minimize the loss of life and injuries that could be caused by natural hazards. Goal 2—Facilitate a sustainable economy by protecting agriculture, business, and other economic activities from natural hazards. Goal 3—Facilitate the strengthening of public emergency services, its infrastructure, facilities, equipment, and personnel to natural hazards. Goal 4—Develop a community-wide mitigation effort by building stronger partnerships between government, businesses, and the general public. Goal 5—Increase public and private understanding of natural hazard mitigation through the promotion of mitigation education and awareness of natural hazards. Goal 6—Enhance existing or design new policies and technical capabilities that will reduce the effects of natural hazards. Goal 7—Enhance existing technical and GIS data and capabilities that will reduce the effects of natural hazards.

The following mitigation actions vary in their objective to mitigate according to the 7 goals. Note that many of the actions are geared toward protecting existing structures and infrastructure, while others mitigate new and future planning and infrastructure, and still others are geared toward education and public outreach.

Note: “NOB” indicates an internal agency effort via Normal Operating Budget resources

Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 All Hazards Develop Cellular phone service emergency EMA Cell Companies 2005 to TBD Percentage of C 1 warnings (Jim McKinney) LEPC research cell coverage - Send out mass text messages for emergency MetroSafe warnings 2007 to -- Inform people about the availability of this service by implement their provider - Research other communities who have already implemented All Hazards To develop a strategy for protecting existing PVA Metro Facilities 2006 Resources needed Collected data A 7 buildings/infrastructure: KY Educ. Dept. Collect and Assemble building values. Data to reside KY Div. Health in LOJIC system for: Care ‰ Public facilities U.S. agencies ‰ Hospitals LOJIC ‰ Parochial and private schools ‰ Non-profits ‰ Local, state, and federal

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 416 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 All Hazards To develop a strategy for protecting existing Metro Facilities LOJIC 2005 NOB Spatial database A 7 buildings/infrastructure: PVA Collect Additional Enhanced Data for Publicly owned buildings and facilities Develop a central spatial database of all publicly owned buildings and facilities. Data to reside in LOJIC system All Hazards All Hazards Information Portal MSD (Randy All agencies 2006 - 2007 Grant in place Operating portal C For educational and public outreach: Stambaugh) ARC Develop Standardized Seasonal “Fact Sheets” EMA (Jim McKinney) Health Dept. • Message to be consistent for ARC, Health EMA Dept., EMA, LGE, Dept. of Educ, etc… LGE • Develop a seasonal section for teachers and JCPS citizens Metro Call • Metro Call could help drive data collection LOJIC and promote information All Hazards To develop a strategy for protecting existing MSD (Randy All agencies 2006 Grant in place Operating portal B 3, 4, 6 & 7 buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) All Hazards Information Portal EMA (Jim McKinney) - Track and share data on hazard occurrences and damage costs -- Database and upload function for agency use from All Hazard portal All Hazards Public education & standard public statements for Public Information ARC 2006 NOB Standard C 4, 5 All Hazards and Outreach JCPS Message • Develop a standard message and education Committee NWS strategy for pre and post-disaster messages. E.g. EMA o Boil water advisories MetroCall o Where shelters are located Metro/Suburban o When streets will be cleared Fire o When electricity will be back on KYEM Area 6 • Promote: Health Dept o Availability of hazard insurance, e.g., MSD flood, earthquake, etc USGS o Severe storm month Metro Police • Utilize recording by MetroCall to disseminate brief Corps of Engineers information on hazards Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting lives, existing, LOJIC (Curt Bynum) KY DOW 2005 NOB GIS locations A 7 Failure new and future buildings/infrastructure: MSD Verify GIS locations for existing state dams NRCS Metro/Suburban Fire Districts

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 417 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Metro Parks

Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting lives, existing, MSD KY DOW 2005 NOB If not at state – A 1, 2 Failure new and future buildings/infrastructure: (Vince Bowlin) Metro Parks do locally Class C, High-Hazard Dams Dam owner • Ensure all Class C dams have and maintain an Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) • Verify downstream warning system, public notice, etc. are included in EOP. Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting lives, existing, MSD (Vince Bowlin) Metro PW 2006 NOB Inventory B 1, 2, 7 Failure new and future buildings/infrastructure: LOJIC Develop a local inventory of all dams Dam & Levee Inventory of dams in local Metro parks Metro Parks (Bill MSD 2005 NOB Inventory B 1, 2, 7 Failure Herron) LOJIC Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting existing, new MSD (Vince Bowlin) Corp of Engineers 2008 TBD Modeling A 1, 2, 7 Failure and future buildings/infrastructure: KY DOW Develop Dam inundation models LOJIC (Curt Bynum) LOJIC Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting existing MSD (Vince Bowlin) Corp of Engineers 2006 NOB Catalogue A 7 Failure buildings/infrastructure: Metro Parks materials Collect types of dam materials KY DOW LOJIC Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting existing Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2005- 2007 NOB - Inspection A 2, 3, 4, 7 Failure buildings/infrastructure: Herron) Dam owner criteria and Develop better local dam construction and EMA updated inspections criteria Corp of Engineers classifications In order of the following: PDS - Adopted in 1. Develop inspection and construction criteria Land to review existing dams – adopt in Land MSD (Vince Bowlin) Development Development Code Code 2. Inspect dams to develop a report 3. Determine if dam classifications are out-of- date 4. Require dam owner to maintain EOP and annual drills Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting lives, existing, KY DOW Dam MSD 2006 NOB EOPs B 1 Failure new and future buildings/infrastructure: Safety Program Metro Parks Consider requiring EOP for Class B dams Dam owner LOJIC

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 418 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Dam & Levee To develop a strategy for protecting lives, and Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2005/06 Metro Parks # of dams A 1, 2, 3 Failure existing, new and future buildings/infrastructure: Herron) NRCS MSD Capital removed or Removal and replace unsafe dams Dam owner Projects repaired Once inspections are complete, the list of unsafe dams LOJIC NRCS will determine next steps for repair and/or remove MSD (Vince Bowlin) dams Dam & Levee To protect existing, new and future Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2005 NOB Permit process A 1, 2, 3, 4, Failure buildings/infrastructure: Herron) EMA 7 Develop a local dam permitting process PDS For dams that do not fit the state’s definition of a dam. IPL Adopt process in codes. MSD (Vince Bowlin) Dam & Levee To protect existing, new and future Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW 2006 Approx. $1500 per # of dams with B 2, 3 Failure buildings/infrastructure: Herron) Dam owner dam benchmarks and Place a benchmark or similar point on dams to EMA signs installed determine if movement is occurring Corp of Engineers ƒ Benchmark placement should coincide with PDS inspection and data development LOJIC MSD (Vince Bowlin) Dam & Levee To protect existing buildings/infrastructure: Metro Parks (Bill KYDOW Strategy in TBD # of dams with C 2, 3, 5 Failure Post a sign/landmark on dams with classification Herron) Dam owner 2005 signs type (A, B, or C). EMA /landmarks Signs to include: Corp of Engineers installed • A description of materials LOJIC • Potential for movement MSD (Vince Bowlin) • Contact numbers • Description of different types of things to look for when a dam fails Dam & Levee To protect existing buildings/infrastructure: MSD (Vince Bowlin) Corps of Engineers Ongoing with MSD funded; # of facilities A 1 Failure Evaluate damage to levee and flood protection LG&E no end date estimated at $2.2 evaluated and system million/yr. ($38 rehabilitated Primarily Ohio River Flood Protection System and large million Total Est. pump stations (i.e. Beargrass Creek) Cost) Drought To protect existing, new and future EMA & MSD (All All Agencies 2006 TBD Information B 2, 4, 6 buildings/infrastructure: Hazards Portal) LEPC gathered & Need a central local agency or avenue to report and Information receive info Disseminated • Link to All Hazards Portal • Need to collect loss of Agricultural, economic #s, water supply Drought Drought damage and education – EMA (Jim McKinney) NRCS 2006 TBD Information C 4, 7 Outreach and education should include Metro Call gathered &

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 419 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 • WHEN Drought occurs Public Health (Bill LWC Information • How do we keep the public informed Wetter) All Hazard Portal Disseminated • Agricultural extension could help keep track of this information Drought To protect existing, new and future NWS-- Mike NWS 2005 NOB Information C 4, 5 buildings/infrastructure: Callahan KGS gathered & Partner with State’s Drought task force (Water Corp of Eng Information Availability Advisory Committee) to State Disseminated • Track and deal with issues Climatologists • Assess statewide and local impacts NRCS • Contact Tom Priddy, U of K, who does Drought research Drought To protect existing buildings/infrastructure: EMA (Jim McKinney) NRCS 2005 NOB Information C 5 Public education: Foundations cracking in extreme All Hazards Portal gathered & drought MetroCall Information Promote public awareness, soil shrinkage can lead to Disseminated cracking in foundations – solutions are to water the lawn and the foundation Earthquake To protect lives and existing, new and future NRCS (Kurt Mason) USGS 2008 Resources needed Collected soils B 7 buildings/infrastructure: KGS data Develop Enhanced soils data to determine LOJIC liquefaction Corp of Engineers Need better soils data, esp. for downtown/urban area Local geotechnical, architectural & building firms Earthquake To protect existing buildings/infrastructure: PVA LOJIC 2007 - 2008 Resources needed Collected data A 7 Collect Additional Enhanced Building Data Fire Inspections ƒ Need year built, especially structures older than Police 1980 Metro Facilities ƒ Need type of foundation and building Health Dept. construction type Local Hospitals Earthquake Earthquake preparedness & Public Outreach EMA (Jim McKinney) EMA 2006 TBD Information C 5, 6 • Consider a Public Information Officer for all ARC gathered & hazard committee KY EM (Steve JCPS Information • Develop standard message for Media Ogelsby, EQ Media Disseminated • Research and distribute new KY EM Guide director) All Hazards Portal produced by the state MetroCall Earthquake To protect lives and existing, new and future KGS LOJIC 2005 NOB Locations B 1, 7 buildings/infrastructure: Location of existing fault lines

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 420 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Earthquake To protect existing buildings/infrastructure: Public Health (Bill Metro Public 2005 NOB Locations B 1, 7 Inventory Hospital underground wells Wetter) Health Data is with Metro Public Health Local Hospitals LOJIC Earthquake To protect existing buildings/infrastructure: Metro Facilities Metro PW 2008 TBD # of buildings A 1 Target Public buildings for retrofit Mgmt LOJIC retrofitted ƒ Once inventory of public building is completed JCPS Need grant funding (LOJIC), target earthquake-prone structures Libraries ƒ Develop standard for structural sound and asset Structural tie-down (i.e. heavy bookcases, equipment) Committee ƒ Promote purchase of earthquake insurance Extreme Heat Need a central local agency or avenue to report and EMA & MSD (All LEPC 2006 B 2, 5, 7 receive info for extreme heat Hazards Portal) Police Link to All Hazards Portal Fire NWS Health Department Metro Call Extreme Heat Collect standard damage reports EMA (Jim McKinney) NWS 2005 NOB Report system in D 3, 7 Reports come from NWS & Public Health Public Health place JCPS LEPC Extreme Heat Partner with existing Extreme Weather Group NWS (Mike NWS 2005 NOB Partnership C 5 Group makes projections of how long the weather will Callahan) continue and directs the opening of cooling centers. Flood Regulations to protect existing, new and future MSD (Randy EMA 2005 NOB Reduce A 2 buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) repetitive loss Enforce Floodplain Ordinance Regulations - Especially for repetitive loss Flood To protect existing buildings/infrastructure: LOJIC (Curt Bynum) MSD 2005 NOB Map A 2, 7 Map Repetitive Loss properties • Use NFIP insurance claims as basis • Expand repetitive loss sites to vulnerable “area”

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 421 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Flood Project to protect existing, new and future MSD (Randy 2006, if PDM grant Basin B 1 buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) funded application is being Woodland Manor Basin reviewed by state, Project involves the construction of a 38 acre-feet basin FEMA region, and at the confluence of Fishpool Creek and Southern Ditch National Review in the Pond Creek Watershed. This basin will benefit Committee local roads and residential properties in the Woodland Manor neighborhood that are particularly susceptible to frequent flood damage. Flood Project to protect existing, new and future MSD (Randy 2006, if PDM grant Basin B 1 buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) funded application is being Aganza Basin reviewed by state, Project involves the construction of an 860 acre-feet FEMA region, and basin within the Pond Creek Watershed. This basin will National Review benefit local roads, homes, and businesses that are Committee particularly susceptible to heavy flood damage due to development within this former swampland. Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and MSD (Randy LOJIC 2007 TBD, possibly Completed B 1, 7 future buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) grants elevations Collect Building first floor elevations • Use data to model at-risk structures • Cost could be significant depending on the # of elevations • Will require contractors Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and MSD (Randy LOJIC 2006 Grant in place Completed Map A 1 future buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) Mod Map Modernization and D-FIRM (digital Flood Insurance Rate Map) Information will provide better data for update to plan Flood Project to protect existing buildings/infrastructure: MSD (Randy Metro PW 2005 NOB for inventory Inventory A 1 Target public buildings damaged by flood for Stambaugh) Metro Facilities and strategy Strategy retrofit JCPS Grants for retrofit # of buildings 1. Inventory public buildings at risk from flood LOJIC (Curt Bynum) Libraries protected 2. Develop strategy to ensure buildings are Metro Facilities floodproofed/retrofitted Mgmt 3. Target flood-prone Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and MSD (Vince Bowlin) Corp of Engineers 2006 NOB Plans in place A 1 future buildings/infrastructure: EMA Review and update High Water Emergency Plans Mayor’s Office Metro PW Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and Corp of Engineers MSD 2006 NOB List of A 1

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 422 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 future buildings/infrastructure: (Richard Pruitt) EMA Emergency FWEEPS (Flood Warning and Emergency KYDOW Response Evacuation Plans). Metro PW Actions and • Review locations and number of existing Metro Police Post-Flood plans Metro/Suburban Recovery Plans • List all locations and plans and make Fire available to public agencies Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and MSD USACE 2007 Grants New Emergency A 1 future buildings/infrastructure: Response Determine if additional FWEEPs are needed Actions and Develop FWEEPs for areas not included in the List of Post-Flood Emergency Response Actions and Post-Flood Recovery Plans Recovery Plans Developed Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and USGS (Mike Griffin) EMA Phased Estimate $200K to # of gauges B 1 future buildings/infrastructure: MSD begin project Review Flood Warning Gauges and effectiveness NWS USGS proposes a web-based project to feed early Need grant funding warning program. Project would include developing flood tracking charts/ flows interactive and use of flood inundation mapping. Gauges could be phased. Flood Outreach Projects NWS (Mike All agencies 2006 TBD Completed C 1, 5 • Partner with KY Weather Preparedness Callahan) All Hazards Portal outreach & Committee (KWPC) KWPC partnerships • Promote the existing national FLASH program EMA (Jim McKinney) • Promote “Turn around and don’t drown”. • Include message for No Dumping of Debris in ditches. Flood Project to collect info to protect existing All Hazard Corporate 2009 Dependent on # of building B 5 buildings/infrastructure: Committee sponsors donations or grant protected Develop program for Non-profit retrofitting All agencies Investigate non-profit/humanitarian home building entities for low-income floodproofing /retrofitting projects in a floodprone area.

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 423 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Flood Project to collect info to protect existing MSD (Randy EMA 2006 for a # of building B 1 Acquisition may buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) KYEM plan protected Develop a plan to identify potential candidates for depend on Grants buyouts or assistance from disaster agencies. Capital Components may include: Improvements • Identify funding alternatives Budget • Coordination with disaster assistance agencies to ensure efficient use of funds • Define/prioritize potential acquisitions Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and MSD KYDOW 2005 MSD Capital Acreage of B 2 future buildings/infrastructure: Projects slopes stabilized Slope Stabilization Erosion and Sediment Control Flood Project to collect info to protect existing, new and MSD (Randy Louisville Metro 2006 – 2007 Acquisition depends # of building B 1, 2 future buildings/infrastructure: Stambaugh) EMA for strategy on Grants protected Develop strategy and solutions for Individual Corps of Engineers Properties with Flooding Problems KYEM 1. Develop strategy 2. Target and evaluate properties that do not fit into traditional projects 3. Develop potential solutions both on an individual and watershed level. Karst/Sinkholes Project to collect info to protect existing, new and PDS) PDS 2006 NOB Review agency B 6 future buildings/infrastructure through regulations: Planning in place Need a central local agency or avenue to report and Commission receive info for karst/sinkhole Metro PW Recommend development of karst and landslide review component in a new “overlay district” Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro Planning Metro Parks 2005 NOB Overlay Districts A 5, 7 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Design Services Olmstead formed Define plan review overlay districts Conservancy • Base on census tracts at risk from karst MSD • Incorporate into MIDAS NRCS KGS LOJIC IPL Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro Planning Metro Parks Research in NOB Adopted in Land A 6 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Design Services Olmstead 2005 Development Recommend local codes for karst regulations Conservancy Code ƒ Research what has been looked at in the past MSD 2006

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 424 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 ƒ New regulations to be addressed in Land NRCS passage Development Code KGS LOJIC IPL Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop a project to protect existing, new Metro Planning Metro Parks 2007 Resources needed Inventory B 2, 6 and future buildings/infrastructure: MSD LOJIC Dye-Tracing in sinkholes KGS Conduct dye-tracing to assess critical sinkholes and subsurface ground water impacts Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro Parks (Bill Olmstead 2006 NOB Inventory B 7 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Herron) Conservancy Sinkhole inventory in Louisville Metro Parks LOJIC Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop strategy to protect existing, new NRCS (Kurt Mason) USGS 2007 Resources needed Soils data B 6, 7 and future buildings/infrastructure: KGS Strategy for Collect better karst/sinkhole soils data LOJIC targeted areas 1. Research/develop soils data in census Corp of Engineers tracts at risk from landslide IPL 2. Incorporate into MIDAS Local geotechnical, architectural & building firms Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop a strategy to protect existing, Metro Facilities PVA 2007 NOB Data collected A 5, 6, 7 new and future buildings/infrastructure: LOJIC and strategy in Collect better building/facility data in karst census IPL place tracks • Develop building data info • Develop a strategy to target areas for outreach, regulations, retrofit, etc… Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Board of Realtors All agencies 2007 NOB Report on law C 6 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Research hazard disclosure laws Karst/Sinkholes Project to develop a project to protect existing Metro Parks (Bill MSD 2005 – 2006 Metro Parks funded Acreage of lands B 2 infrastructure: Herron) KYDOW – currently $125K repaired Repairs to public park lands and facilities Currently Olmstead for Iroquois in place for Iroquois & Cherokee Parks Conservancy LOJIC Landslide Avenue to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro PDS (Dennis Metro PDS 2006 NOB Review agency B 2, 6, 7 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Minks) Planning in place Need a central local agency or avenue to report and Commission receive info for landslide Metro PW Recommend development of karst and landslide review component in a new “overlay district”

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 425 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Landslide Project to enforce current regulations to protect PDS IPL 2005 NOB B existing, new and future buildings/infrastructure: Enforce Binding Elements • To limit clearing of vegetation on high-risk slopes Landslide Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro Planning Metro Parks 2005 NOB Overlay Districts A 4, 6 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Design Olmstead formed Define landslide plan review overlay districts to limit Conservancy development of high-risk slopes MSD Base on census tracts at risk from landslide NRCS KGS LOJIC IPL Landslide Project to collect info to protect existing, new and NRCS (Kurt Mason) Metro PW 2006 Resources needed Data collected B 6 future buildings/infrastructure: Metro PDS and strategy in Develop soils data for landslide Metro Parks place 1. Research/develop soils data in census LOJIC tracts at risk from landslide IPL 2. Incorporate into MIDAS KGS 3. Target areas USGS Landslide Project to protect existing, new and future Metro Facilities PVA 2005 Resources needed Data collected A 2, 7 buildings/infrastructure: LOJIC and strategy in Collect better building/facility data in landslide IPL place census tracks ƒ Develop building data info ƒ Develop a strategy to target areas for outreach, regulations, retrofit, etc… Landslide Project to develop regulations to protect existing, PDS NRCS Research in NOB Adopted in Land A 2, 3, 7 new and future buildings/infrastructure: KGS 2005 Development Recommend local codes for landslide regulations LOJIC Code ƒ Research what has been looked at in the past IPL 2006 ƒ New regulations to be addressed in Land Planning passage Development Code Commission Landslide Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Board of Realtors All agencies 2007 NOB Report on law C 6 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Consider hazard disclosure laws Landslide Project to protect existing, new and future Metro Parks (Bill MSD 3rd Qtr 2005 Metro Parks funded Acreage of lands B 2, 4, 5 buildings/infrastructure: Herron) KYDOW –2006 – currently $125K repaired Repairs and reforestation to public lands and Olmstead for Iroquois facilities. Currently in place for Iroquois & Cherokee Conservancy Parks LOJIC

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 426 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Wind/Storm Re-evaluate Outdoor Warning Sirens EMA LEPC 2005 EMA Capital Report and C 1, 3, 5 Driven Hazards: Review number, locations, and capabilities of warning Budget $145K Percentage of Tornadoes, sirens to ensure adequate coverage. (Jim McKinney) coverage Winter Storms, Thunderstorms, Hailstorms, and Lightning Wind/Storm Outdoor Warning Sirens --- a requirement for new EMA PDS 2005 NOB Adopt in Land C 1, 3, 5, 6 Driven Hazards subdivisions HBAL Development EMA is currently working with the development group (Jim McKinney) Developers Code to make Sirens a requirement for all new subdivisions. LOJIC MSD Wind/Storm Promote & Distribute Weather Radios ARC (George Betz) NWS 2006 Approx $10K # of radios C 1, 5 Driven Hazards ARC work a grant w/ packet to the radio/corporate EMA sponsor Corporate Requires funding sponsors Grants Wind/Storm Partner with the Home Builders Association to NWS (Mike HBAL 2006 to HBAL Partnership B 1, 5 Driven Hazards develop a program for pre-Built in weather radios Callahan) Developers begin • Identify the safest spot in the house ARC partnership Consumer • Develop an outreach pkg for new homeowner Wind/Storm Project to protect lives, and existing, new and A 1 Driven Hazards future buildings/infrastructure: Requiring or at least encouraging safe rooms/safe places in Manufactured Housing parks Wind/Storm Project to protect lives and existing ARC (George Betz) Insurance Co. 2006 - 2008 Safe rooms cost # of safe rooms A 1, 2, 3 Driven Hazards buildings/infrastructure: HBAL approx $5K Promote Safe Rooms EMA Grants • Encourage new construction to include a safe room • ARC work with the HBAL to build safe rooms • Study other communities to see what they have done

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 427 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Wind/Storm Project to protect existing, new and future HBAL 2006 NOB Partnerships C 1, 5 Driven Hazards buildings/infrastructure: NWS Public Outreach on retrofitting and wind-driven NWS ARC building techniques EMA • Standardize message and program for how to ARC All hazards portal make a home wind resistant KWPC • Promote existing Blueprint for Success Flash.org EMA IPL • KY Weather Preparedness Committee is working to buy FLASH cards Wind/Storm Map historical tornado paths NWS (Mike LOJIC 2005 NOB Map C 5, 7 Driven Hazards Callahan) Wind/Storm Project to protect existing buildings/infrastructure: KY Dept of Insurance Co 2007 NOB Reduction in D 5 Driven Hazards Partner with insurance companies Insurance LEPC premiums Help give premium reductions to people who have safe rooms or use other disaster-resistant techniques. Wind/Storm Project to protect existing, new and future All Hazards HBAL 2006 NOB Adopted in State A 1, 2, 5 Driven buildings/infrastructure: Committee NWS Building Code Hazards Hurricane Clips EMA ƒ Require hurricane clips through the State ARC Building Code – currently not required. IPL ƒ Develop a petition, signed by Louisville and KYEM Lexington, for amendment to state Bldg Code KWPC ƒ Code Plus issue – market HBAL for hurricane LOJIC clips and safe houses Wind/Storm Project to protect existing, new and future Metro Facilities PVA 2007 NOB # of buildings B 2, 7 Driven Hazards buildings/infrastructure: Mgmt LOJIC assessed Assessment of public buildings IPL ƒ Target structures that may need protection or Structural roof repair Committee ƒ Develop program to retrofit Wind/Storm Project to protect existing, new and future IPL (Robert 2007 NOB Report D 6 Driven Hazards buildings/infrastructure: Kirchdorfer) Research Minimum shingle type in codes/regulations Wind/Storm Develop a grant for “severe storm trailers” for the Suburban Fire JCPS 2006 Grant Purchase of C 5 Driven Hazards Fire Department to take to schools District (Joe trailer Johnson) Wind/Storm Expand Weather Spotter Program NWS (Norm CERT 2005 NOB # of spotters C 1, 5 Driven Hazards Reitmeyer EMA ARC Police

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 428 Hazard Type of Activity or Project Lead Implementer Other Proposed Proposed Funding/ Budget Performance Priority Matches & Contact Person Partners Schedule Considerations Measure Goals 1 - 7 Metro/Suburban Fire Districts TARC JCPS Wind/Storm Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro Parks – Bill Metro Parks TBD A 6 Driven Hazards new and future buildings/infrastructure: Herron Metro PW Develop a Tree Ordinance LOJIC Metro Parks and other government agencies are developing a community-wide Tree Ordinance. Wind/Storm Project to develop regulations to protect existing, LG & E (Keith Metro Parks Metro Primarily LG&E Reduction in B 5, 6 Driven Hazards new and future buildings/infrastructure: McBride) PW funded; supported average annual Tree trimming and power line maintenance by Parks and Public power outages Pro-Active plan before severe weather Works maintenance Wind/Storm Loss of Power- LG & E (Keith ARC 2005 - 2006 NOB Reduction in B 1, 5, 7 Driven Hazards ƒ Promote LGE plans and target community McBride) Public Health average annual expectations IPL power outages ƒ Increase outreach through ARC and JCPS EMA during power outages JCPS ƒ Develop cross Information management Metro PW Police Metro/Suburban Fire Districts All hazards Portal Wildfire Project to protect existing, new and future Metro Fire (Al EMA 2005 NOB Consistent C 1, 2, 3 buildings/infrastructure: Tronzo) reporting Develop standard for reporting grass, wild fire, Suburban Fire (Joe etc…. Johnson) Wildfire Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro Parks (Bill MSD Ongoing NOB Acres B 1 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Herron) Louisville Metro Capital budget purchased/ Acquire and deed restrict forested land New and future Acquisition depends acquired e.g. Jefferson Memorial Forest, greenways, and parks Fund on Grants LOJIC Wildfire Project to develop regulations to protect existing, Metro Fire (Al EMA 2005 NOB Strategy & B 1, 5 new and future buildings/infrastructure: Tronzo) LOJIC Implementation Develop strategy for fire suppression Suburban Fire (Joe plan 1. Collect national fire data Johnson) 2. Map areas 3. Target wildfire census tracts

Note: “NOB” indicates an internal agency effort via Normal Operating Budget resources

Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 429 REFERENCES

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U.S. Congress. 2000. Public Law 106-390. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. October.

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FEMA. 2001. “State and Local Mitigation Planning How-to Guide: Understanding Your Risks, Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses.” FEMA Document No. 386-2. August.

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Louisville Metro Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 430 Louisville Courier-Journal (Courier-Journal). 2002. “Afternoon Quake Causes No Damage in Kentucky.” By James Malone. On-line Journal Accessed at http://www.courier- journal.com/localnews/2002/06/19-ke061902s228238.htm.

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