71. DUBROVAČKE LJETNE IGRE 71st DUBROVNIK SUMME FESTIVAL 2020. HRVATSKA CROATIA

SIMFONIJSKI ORKESTAR HRVATSKE RADIOTELEVIZIJE CROATIAN RADIO AND TELEVISION SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA

IVO LIPANOVIĆ DIRIGENT / CONDUCTOR LANA KOS SOPRAN / SOPRANO ŽELJKO LUČIĆ BARITON / BARITONE

ISPRED KATEDRALE | IN FRONT OF CATHEDRAL 25. KOLOVOZA | 25 AUGUST 22.15 | 10.15 PM

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN: FIDELIO – UVERTIRA OVERTURE

RUGGERO LEONCAVALLO: I PAGLIACCI – PROLOG PROLOGUE

GIUSEPPE VERDI: ERNANI – KAVATINA ELVIRE IZ 1. ČINA ELVIRA’S CAVATINA FROM ACT 1, SURTA E LA NOTE…ERNANI INVOLAMI

GIUSEPPE VERDI: UN BALLO IN MASCHERA / KRABULJNI PLES – ARIJA RENATA IZ 3. ČINA / RENATO’S ARIA FROM ACT 3, ALZATI…ERI TU

GIUSEPPE VERDI: IL TROVATORE / TRUBADUR – KAVATINA LEONORE IZ 1. ČINA / LEONORA’S CAVATINA FROM ACT 1, TACEA LA NOTE PLACIDA…DI TALE AMOR

GIACOMO PUCCINI: MANON LESCAUT – INTERMEZZO

GIACOMO PUCCINI: MANON LESCAUT – ARIJA MANON IZ 4. ČINA / MANON’S ARIA FROM ACT 4, SOLA, PERDUTA, ABBANDONATA

GIUSEPPE VERDI: RIGOLETTO – ARIJA RIGOLETTA IZ 2. ČINA / RIGOLETTO’S ARIA FROM ACT 2, CORTIGIANI, VIL RAZZA DANNATA

PIETRO MASCAGNI: CAVALLERIA RUSTICANA / SEOSKO VITEŠTVO – INTERMEZZO

GIUSEPPE VERDI: IL TROVATORE / TRUBADUR – DUET LEONORE I GROFA IZ 4. ČINA / LEONORA AND LUNA’S DUET FROM ACT 4, UDISTE…MIRA, DI ACERBE LAGRIME

Fidelio je jedina opera koju je napisao uvertire. Tri odbačene verzije katkad se Ludwig van Beethoven (Bonn, 1770. - Beč, izvode zasebno kao dramatične uvertire 1827.), glazbeni velikan čija se obljetnica Leonora, 1, 2 i 3, a četvrtu je učinio rođenja obilježava diljem svijeta. Na djelu kraćom i jednostavnijom – i stigao ju je je radio od 1804. i više puta ga revidirao, dovršiti tek za drugu izvedbu završne do konačne verzije iz 1814. Libreto verzije Fidelija, 1814. Josepha Sonnleithnera zasniva se na francuskoj drami nastaloj prema istinitoj Na ovom opernom programu također su priči iz Francuske revolucije: U operi je ulomci iz dviju najpoznatijih verističkih glavni lik Leonora koja se prerušila u opera, djela Leoncavalla i Mascagnija. muškarca, Fidelija. Zapošljava se u Verizam je zapravo bio književni stil, zatvoru, u kojem je njezin suprug zasnovan na realističnom prikazivanju Florestan nepravedno zatočen iz života običnih ljudi, a na glazbenoj je političkih razloga, i iz kojega će ga ona, sceni značio reakciju i na Wagnerove i na hrabrošću i ustrajnošću, izbaviti. Sve su romantičke talijanske opere: želju za Beethovenove teme sadržane ovdje: odmakom od kvazihistorijskih zapleta, za ljubav, vjernost, pravda, slobodoumlje. bržim pripovijedanjem i za prikazivanjem Tijekom mukotrpnog rada na verzijama svakodnevnih strasti i lokalnoga kolorita. opere, Beethoven je napisao i četiri Ruggero Leoncavallo (Napulj, 1857. proviruje iza zastora i ruši „četvrti zid“: – Montecatini, 1918.) skladateljski se obraća nam se kako bi nam objasnio probio baš operom I pagliacci (Pajaci, skladateljeve namjere s ovim djelom i iako se u Hrvatskoj uvriježio talijanski upozorio da ono nije tek igrokaz, već naslov) iz koje večeras slušamo Prolog. stvarna priča s izvođačima pravih Bio je inspiriran Mascagnijevom emocija. Cavalleriom te je, baš kao i Mascagni dvije godine prije, djelo poslao na natječaj Pietro Mascagni (Livorno, 1863. - Rim, nakladnika Sonzogno za jednočinke i 1945.), studirao je glazbu, unatoč osvojio prvu nagradu. Prije slave bio je roditeljskom protivljenju, na nastavnik glazbe i kavanski glazbenik, u Konzervatoriju u Milanu, u klasi Italiji, ali i Marseilleu i Parizu, a neko je Amilcarea Ponchiellija. Nisu mu, međutim, vrijeme živio u Egiptu. Glazbu je učio u odgovarala tamošnja stroga pravila pa se Napulju, a književnost studirao u Bologni. pridružio putujućoj opernoj trupi. Prije Pagliaccia skladao je Napisao je petnaest opera – među kojima operu Chatterton, a poslije je namjeravao L'Amico Fritz i Le Maschere te operu skladati trilogiju o talijanskoj renesansi, Nerone, u počast Mussoliniju – no ali je napisao samo prvi dio, operu I Cavalleria je daleko najpoznatija i donijela Medici. Skladao je još i opere La Bohème, mu je uspjeh gotovo preko noći. Prerano, Zazà, Maia, Zingari, Goffredo smatrao je, rekavši, „okrunjen sam prije Mamelli, Kralj Edip, nekoliko opereta, no što sam postao kraljem“. Imao je romance, balet. zapaženu dirigentsku karijeru i bio je i Operu I pagliacci napisao je na vlastiti glazbeni ravnatelj Milanske Scale, libreto, kao i druga djela. Radnju je naslijedivši ondje Artura Toscaninija, koji osmislio prema istinitom događaju, iako je otišao 1929. iz političkih razloga. ga je francuski pisac Catulle Mendès Za operu Cavalleria rusticana Mascagni optužio za plagijat njegova djela, od čega je naručio libreto prema istoimenoj je poslije odustao. Opera bogatih verističkoj melodrami Giovannija Verge, a orkestralnih boja i stalnoga dramskog napisali su ga Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti i intenziteta praizvedena je 1892. Njezina Guido Menasci. Na natječaj Sonzogno, za se radnja vrti oko članova kazališne trupe jednočinke, 1888., zapravo je htio poslati i njihovih strasti: Canio i Nedda su u jedan čin svoje opere Guglielmo Ratcliff, braku, Nedda ima tajnu vezu sa Silviom, no njegova je supruga u njegovo ime već no u nju je zaljubljen i Tonio. Kada Nedda poslala Cavalleriu, kojom je pobijedio odbije Tonija, on njezinu suprugu ispriča među 73 prijave. Prva veristička opera da ona ima ljubavnika. Tijekom njihova postavljena je u Rimu 1890., a njezina se nastupa, Canio napada i ubija Neddu, radnja odvija na Uskrs: Mladi seljak zatim i Silvija koji ju pokuša spasiti, a Turiddu zaveo je pa ostavio Santuzzu i publika isprva misli da je sve to dio sad je u vezi s Lolom, udanom za Alfija. predstave. U Prologu Tonio, član trupe, Kada Turiddu odbije Santuzzine molbe da joj se vrati, ona kaže Alfiju za vezu Manon koja se zaljubi u studenta des njegove supruge. U tom dijelu opere Grieuxa i s njim odlazi u Pariz, umjesto u slijedi instrumentalni Intermezzo, koji samostan, kamo je šalje otac, no zatim se donosi jednu od najpoznatijih klasičnih ipak odlučuje za luksuznu sigurnost s melodija (koja se čuje već prije, u crkvi) bogatim Geronteom. Kada se vrati prvom širokog poteza i himničnu. Mascagni je ljubavniku, Geronte je daje uhapsiti zbog želio pokazati da život ide dalje dok se u krađe te je prognana u Ameriku, a selu razvijaju strasti i sprema tragedija, pridružuje joj se i Des Grieux. Sjetan, ali Intermezzo je ujedno tek kratak dramatični Intermezzo premošćuje predah, jer Alfio će ubiti Turiddua. vremenski i prostorni skok u radnji, ujedno je i razdjelnica između vedrih dana Manon i njezinog tragičnoga kraja. U Posljednji iz duge linije talijanskih ariji „Sola, perduta…“, pod suncem opernih velikana, Giacomo Puccini Louisiane, Manon je na rubu snaga i, dok (Lucca, 1858. – Bruxelles, 1924.) potjecao Des Grieux traga za vodom, pjeva o tome je iz obitelji crkvenih glazbenika, kako je i kako je usamljena, ali ne želi umrijeti. sam počeo. Autor je nekih od najcjenjenijih svjetskih opernih djela, koja Prije Puccinija, operni je svijet osvojio čine srž repertoara opernih kuća, no nenadmašni autor Giuseppe Verdi (Le povjesničari glazbe i kritičari nisu ga Roncole, 1813. – Milano, 1901.). Autor uvijek ozbiljno shvaćali, smatrajući ga iznimno melodičnih djela i majstor komercijalnim, sklonim manipuliranju i skladateljske karakterizacije, Verdi je šokiranju publike. Njegova djela odlikuje održavao istu razinu stila u cijelom opusu, iznimna dramatičnost, prijemčiva u kojem središnje mjesto, kronološki, ali i sentimentalnost i posvećenost detaljnoj po popularnosti, ima trilogija nastala karakterizaciji likova, kao i vješta, katkad između 1851. i 1853., Rigoletto, Traviata i apartna orkestracija te dar za Trubadur (Krabuljni ples nastao je melodičnost. Većina njegovih opera nekoliko godina kasnije, 1859.). sadržava mladi ženski lik koji se žrtvuje, Prije toga, a nakon Nabucca i ili je žrtvovan zbog okrutnog muškarca. Lombardijaca, napisao je operu Ernani, Prije, danas najpoznatijih, djela La na libreto Francesca Marie Piavea i prema Bohème, Tosce, Madame Butterfly, ili romanu Victora Hugoa. U Španjolskoj u Turandot, probio se operom Manon 16. stoljeću, Elvira i Ernani zaljubljeni su, Lescaut iz 1893. U operi, na kojoj su no ona je zaručena za svojeg ujaka, Don radila petorica libretista, prema djelu Gómeza de Silvu, a u nju je zaljubljen i Antoine-Françoisa Prévosta, Puccini je kralj. U kavatini iz 1. čina Elvira kombinirao vagnerovske leitmotive i priželjkuje da se Gómez udalji kako bi je talijansku ideju dramma in musica, u Ernani mogao odvesti. kompleksnoj simfonijskoj strukturi. Krabuljni ples, o ubojstvu švedskoga Manon Lescaut opera je o šarmantnoj kralja Gustava krajem 18. stoljeća, Verdi je također napisao na Piaveov libreto. U da joj je netko pjevao serenadu, zapravo ariji „Eri tu…“ iz 3. čina opere, Renato je to bio vitez u crnome kojega je jednom shvaća da svoju ljutnju treba usmjeriti na okrunila, kao pobjednika viteškog turnira, prijatelja Riccarda, koji se udvara a njezina ljubav za njega kao da se razvija njegovoj supruzi – za što će mu se Renato u stvarnom vremenu, od mirnog početka i osvetiti – a ne na nju, Ameliu. scene do vrhunca cabalette. Na Piaveov libreto i također prema Na kraju opere Trubadur – i večerašnjeg Hugoovu djelu nastala je i opera programa i ovogodišnjih Igara – u duetu Rigoletto, o istoimenom grbavcu i „Udiste..“, u pokušaju da oslobodi dvorskoj ludi koji mrzi raskalašeni, zatočenog Manrica, Leonora se obećaje iskvareni svijet oko sebe. U ariji grofu Luni, no prije toga popije otrov. „Cortigiani..“, Rigoletto je gnjevan na Leonora će umrijeti od otrova, Luna će dvorjane koji su oteli njegovu kćer Gildu dati pogubiti Manrica, a tek će onda od kako bi je odveli Vojvodi i sada sprečavaju Azucene doznati da mu je to bio brat. očevu potragu za njom. Trubadur je nastao 1853., prema libretu Dina Puhovski Salvadorea Cammarana koji je radio prema španjolskoj drami Il trovador

Antonia Garcíe Guiterreza. Operi je predbacivan pretjerani formalizam u usporedbi s ostalim operama iz toga razdoblja, svojevrstan korak natrag od Rigoletta, no danas se smatra da upravo formalni okvir koji donekle „suzbija“ emocionalnost radnje i likova djelu daje dio energije, kao i neposrednost jezika, kompleksan libreto, donekle suzdržane melodije sa snažnom orkestralnom pratnjom.

Sadržaj opere poznato je kompliciran, no osnovu čine četiri glavna lika: Trubadur iz naslova je Manrico, plemenitaš iz 15. stoljeća, sin i nasljednik grofa Lune, no kao dijete ga je, iz osvete zbog smrti majke, ukrala Ciganka Azucena i odgojila kao svojega, što se sve događa prije radnje opere. U operi su Manrico i njegov, njemu nepoznati, polubrat, novi grof Luna, zaljubljeni u istu ženu, Leonoru. U sceni „Tacea la notte…“ Leonora pripovijeda

Fidelio is the only opera written by favourite themes: love, fidelity, justice, Ludwig van Beethoven (Bonn, 1770 – freedom of thought. During his arduous Vienna, 1827), the great composer whose work on different versions of the opera, anniversary of birth is celebrated all over he wrote four overtures. The three the world this year. He began working on discarded versions are sometimes it in 1804 and revised it a number of times performed separately as dramatic until the final version from 1814. Joseph overtures Leonore Nos. 1, 2 and 3, while Sonnleithner wrote the libretto after a the fourth – which Beethoven hadn’t French drama which was based on a true managed to finish until the second story from the French Revolution: The performance of the final version of Fidelio main character Leonore, disguised as a in 1814 – is shorter and simpler. man, Fidelio, gains employment at the This evening’s opera programme also prison where her husband Florestan is presents excerpts from the two most unjustly imprisoned for political reasons, popular verismo operas, those by from which she will eventually set him Leoncavallo and Mascagni. Verismo as an free with her courage and persistence. operatic genre had its origins in a literary The opera contains all of Beethoven’s movement of the same name which sought to provide realistic portrayal of and their passions: Canio and Nedda are lives of ordinary people, and it developed married and Nedda is having a secret as a reaction to both Wagner’s and Italian affair with Silvio, while Tonio is also in romantic operas. Instead of presenting love with her. When Nedda rejects Tonio’s pseudo-historical plots, verismo advances, he tells her husband that she composers sought to portray everyday has a lover. During their performance, passions and local settings, as well as to Canio attacks and kills Nedda and Silvio, increase the pacing of the stories. who attempts to save her, while the audience at first believes that all this is part of the performance. In the Prologue, Ruggero Leoncavallo (Naples, 1857 – Tonio, a member of the troupe, peeks Montecatini, 1918) made a breakthrough behind the curtain and breaks down the with his opera Pagliacci (Italian: ‘Clowns’ ‘fourth wall’: he addresses us in order to or ‘Players’), whose Prologue we will be explain the composer’s intentions and hearing this evening. He was inspired by warn us that this is not merely a play, but Mascagni’s Cavalleria rusticana and, just a true story with performers who have like Mascagni two years earlier, he real emotions. applied for the Sonzogno publisher’s one- act opera competition and won the first prize. Before he became famous, he was a Pietro Mascagni (Livorno, 1863 – Rome, music teacher and café musician in Italy, 1945) studied music, against his parents’ Marseille and Paris and he also lived in wishes, at the Milan Conservatory under Egypt. He studied music in Naples and Amilcare Ponchielli. Since the strict rules literature in Bologna. Before Pagliacci, he of the Conservatory did not suit him, he composed the opera Chatterton and decided to join a travelling opera planned to write a trilogy about the company. He wrote fifteen operas – Italian Renaissance, but only wrote the including L'amico Fritz and Le maschere, first part, the opera I Medici. His other as well as Nerone, an opera honouring works include operas La bohème, Zazà, Mussolini – but Cavalleria rusticana is by Maia, Zingari, Goffredo Mameli, Edipo re, far the most popular and it made him several operettas, romances and a ballet. famous practically overnight. Too soon, He wrote the libretto for Pagliacci, as he considered, saying, ‘I was crowned well as for his other works. Although he before I became king.’ He had a successful based the plot on a true story, the French career as a conductor and succeeded writer Catulle Mendès accused him of Arturo Toscanini as musical director of La plagiarism, but later dropped the Scala, Milan, who left his post in 1929 for accusation. The opera with rich orchestral political reasons. colours and continuous dramatic intensity Mascagni commissioned the libretto for was premiered in 1892. The plot revolves Cavalleria rusticana, based on Giovanni around the members of an acting troupe Verga’s verismo melodrama of the same title, from Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and orchestrations and his gift for melody. Guido Menasci. He was planning to Most of Puccini’s operas have a young submit one act of his opera Guglielmo female protagonist who sacrifices herself Ratcliff to the 1888 Sonzogno competition or is sacrificed for a cruel man. for one-act operas, but his wife had Before La bohème, Tosca, Madama already sent the Cavalleria on his behalf Butterfly or Turandot, today his most and it won the first prize among of the popular works, he made his breakthrough total of 73 operas in the competition. It with opera Manon Lescaut from 1893. was staged in Rome in 1890 as the first Five librettists were involved with the verismo opera. The plot takes place on opera, based on a novel by Antoine- Easter: Young peasant Turiddu seduced François Prévost; Puccini combined and left Santuzza and now he is with Lola, Wagnerian leitmotifs and Italian idea of who is married to Alfio. When Turiddu dramma in musica in a complex refuses to return to Santuzza, she tells symphonic structure. Manon Lescaut is an Alfio about his wife’s affair. This part of opera about the charming Manon, who the opera contains orchestral Intermezzo falls in love with Des Grieux, a student, with one of the most famous classical and leaves for Paris with him instead to a melodies (already heard earlier, at the convent where her father is sending her, church). Mascagni wanted to show that but then she chooses the luxury and life goes on regardless of the passions and security of a relationship with the rich tragedy that is about to happen in the Geronte. When she returns to her first village, but the Intermezzo at the same lover, Geronte has her arrested for theft time provides only a short break, since and she is banished to America, where Alfio is about to kill Turiddu. she is joined by Des Grieux. The melancholic, dramatic Intermezzo The last from the long line of Italian opera bridges the time and space gap in the plot masters, Giacomo Puccini (Lucca, 1858 – and also serves as a divider between Brussels, 1924) came from a family of Manon’s happy days and her tragic end. In church musicians, which is how he started aria ‘Sola, perduta…’, Manon is at the end his career in music. He wrote some of the of her strength under the Louisiana sun world’s most popular operas, which and, while Des Grieux is trying to find constitute the core opera repertoire, but water, she sings about how lonely she is, music historians and critics did not but does not want to die. always take him seriously, considering him commercial and prone to Before Puccini, the world of opera was manipulating and shocking the audiences. conquered by the unparalleled Giuseppe His works are exceptionally dramatic and Verdi (Le Roncole, 1813 – Milan, 1901). A sentimental, with characters developed to composer of exceptionally melodious detail, and characterised by skilful works and master of characterisation, Verdi maintained the same level of style Il trovatore was written in 1853 to the in his entire opus, in which the trilogy libretto by Salvadore Cammarano based written between 1851 and 1853, on the drama Il trovador by the Spanish Rigoletto, La traviata and Il trovatore (Un author Antonio García Guiterrez. The ballo in maschera was written several opera was criticised for its excessive years later, in 1859) has a central place, formalism in comparison to other operas both chronologically and in terms of of the period and perceived as a step back popularity. compared to Rigoletto, but today it is Before that, and after Nabucco and I considered that the formal framework Lombardi, he wrote the opera Ernani to a that ‘suppresses’ the emotionality of the libretto by Francesco Maria Piave based plot and characters to a certain degree is what lends the opera some of its energy, on a novel by Victor Hugo. It is set in 16th century Spain; Elvira and Ernani are in in addition to the straightforwardness of love, but she is engaged to her uncle, Don language, complex libretto and somewhat Gómez de Silva, and the king is also in restrained melodies with strong love with her. In cavatina from Act 1 orchestral accompaniment. Elvira wishes Gómez to leave so that The plot of the opera is known for its Ernani can take her away. complexity, but it is based on four main Un ballo in maschera, the opera about characters: The troubadour from the title th the murder of Swedish king Gustav at the is Manrico, a 15 century nobleman, a son and heir to Count di Luna, who was end of the 18th century, is another Verdi’s abducted and raised as her own by piece written to Piave’s libretto. In aria ‘Eri tu…’ from Act 3, Renato realises that Azucena, a gypsy, to avenge the death of he should focus his anger on his friend her mother, all of which takes place Riccardo, who is courting his wife Amelia before the beginning of the plot. In the – for which Renato will have his revenge – plot, Manrico and his half-brother and not on her. unbeknownst to him, the new Count di Luna, are in love with the same woman, Rigoletto, the opera about the Leonora. In the scene ‘Tacea la notte…’, eponymous hunchback jester who hates Leonora says that someone sang her a the debauched, corrupt world around serenade, in fact it was the knight she him, was also composed to Piave’s libretto once crowned the winner of a based on a play by Victor Hugo. In aria tournament, and her love for him seems ‘Cortigiani…’, Rigoletto is furious with the to develop in real time, from the calm courtiers who abducted his daughter beginning of the scene to the culmination Gilda in order to take her to the Duke and in the cabaletta. now they are preventing her father’s At the end of Il trovatore – as well as this search for her. evening’s programme and this year’s Dubrovnik Summer Festival – in the duet ‘Udiste…’, Leonora promises herself to Count di Luna in an attempt to liberate Manrico from captivity, but drinks poison before she does it. In the end Leonora dies of poisoning, Luna has Manrico executed, and only then does he find out from Azucena that Manrico was his brother.

Dina Puhovski