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From Byzantion to Istanbul 8000 Years of a Capital

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From Byzantion to Istanbul 8000 Years of a Capital FROM BYZANTION TO ISTANBUL 8000 YEARS OF A CAPITAL jUNE 5 -SEPTEMBER 4, 2010 SABANCI UNIVERSITY SAKIP SABANCI MusEuM ISTANBUL """"' I I ~N;;~~TY s I S I M SABANCI MUSEUM F'ROM BYZANTION TO 1ST ANBUL 8000 YEARS OF A CAPITAL 5ABANCI UNIVERSITY 5AKIP 5ABANCI MUSEUM · JUNE 5 - SEPTEMBER 4, 2010 HONORARY COMMITTEE Ha ya ti Yazzcz Ertugrul Giinay Giiler Sabancz Minister of State Minister of Culture and Tourism SabanCJ University Chairperson Seki b Avdagi~ lsmet Yiimaz Ahmet Dordiincii Istanbul2010 ECOC Ministry of Culture and T ourism Sabanct Holding Chairman of Executive Board Undersecretary CEO Yzlmaz Kurt Osman Murat Siislii Ahmet Ayka<; lstanbul2010 ECOC Ministry of Culture and Tourism S. U. Sakzp Sabancz Museum Secretary General Directorate General for Cultural Heritage President of the Executive Board and Museums Acting General Director Deniz Ozmen Sevi l Sabancz Ministry of Foreign Affairs S. U. Saktp Sabancz Museum Overseas Promotion and Cultural Affairs Deputy President of the Executive Board General Director I STANBUL 20!0 ECOC GENERAL SECRETARIAT DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE AND MUSEUMS Mehmet Giirkan Nermin Be~ba~ Deputy Secretary General Deputy Director Ahmer Akif Ko~yigit Ziilkiif Ydmaz Deputy Secretary General Chief of Section Museums and External Relations Osman Ozsoy Niliifer Ertan Events Directorate Chief of Section Cultural Activities and External Relations Suay Aksoy Dr. Giiner Sagir Cultural Heritage and Museums Directorate Cultural Activities and External Relations Museum Research Specialist SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE CuRATOR Nazan Ol~er SciENTIFIC ADVISORY CoMMITTEE Zeynep Kzztltan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin Akyiirek Prof. Dr. Robin Cormack Prof. Dr. Mehmer Ozdogan Rahmi Asal Asst. Prof. Dr. Koray Durak Prof. Dr. Semra Germaner Dr. Filiz \=agman Dr. Brigitte Pitarakis Dr. ~ehrazat Karag6z SCIENTIFIC EDITOR OF CATALOG Asst. Prof. Dr. Koray Durak EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE 1 1 SAKIP AVRUPA K0LT0R BA~KENTI €)0BANCI s s M SABANCI T. C. K0LT0RVE TURiZM BAKANLIGI I I MUSEUM - ISBN 978-605-4348-04-6 EXHIBITION COORDINATION GENERAL COORDI"ATION AUDIOVISUAL PRODUCTION AUD!OGUIDE TEXTS Htima Arslaner Angel Tirado Asst. Prof. Dr. Koray Durak Margarita Azcona Reyhan Alp EXHIBITION COORDINATION TEAM Reyhan Alp DESIGN AN D ExHIBITION F IT OuT AuDIOGUIDE Charlotte Bulte GPO Exhibitions and Museums Voiceover: NTV Studios Mehmet Yavuz Parl ar in collaboration with Lotech Design s.r.o. Espro Information Technologies lrem Konuk~u Skyskan GmbH Pelin Sarpkan Bienvendo Gil S.L SECURITY Yekta T1r a~ CONSERVATION TECHNICAL APPLICATION Group 4 Nur10in Kural Ozgorti~ Yahya Ulusal Ku ~ Ane Aldemir Kilercik Abbas KII1 \' INSURANCE Ahmet Demirra~ Seyfettin V JcJl Aksigorta Yeliz Baydeniz Mustafa Slfa Kiihn & Bi.ilow Serda) Aksakal Lloyd Erhan Cengiz FINANCIAL COORDINATION Leon Eckman Tanju Ula Ingosstrakh Insurance Company SCENOGRAPHY AND ART DIRECTION Aytekin A~lt Gras Savoye Boris Micka Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS hs art service austria TECHNI CA L DIRECTION Asuman Akbabacan Manuel Serrano Sin em Kaftanogl u TRANSPORTATION Aysun Tanyeri Bergen Fine Art Logistics ASSISTANT OF T ECHN ICAL DIRECTION Sibel Sonmez - Soz D a m ~ma nhk Umut Durmu~ ldil Karababa PUBLIC R ELATIONS TECHNICA L CoNTENT PRODUCTION A&B ll et i ~ im A.S . Victoria Llanos Bolton-Quinn Jeronimo Nuiiez Ash Kaymak,alan CATALOG CONTRIBUTORS COORDINATOR PRODUCTION Prof. Dogan Kuban <;:agatay Anadol Kitap Yaymevi Ltd. Sri. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ozdogan Hamidiye Mahallesi, Soguksu Caddesi 3/1 Prof. Dr. lnci Delemen D ESIGN 34408 Kiigtthane-lstanbul Dr. Sehrazat Karagoz Gozde Oral Tel: 0 212 294 65 55 Prof. Dr. Paul Magdalino E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. David Jacoby A PPLICATION Asst. Prof. Dr. Koray Durak Kemal Kara COLOUR SEPARATION, P RINTING & BINDING Prof. Dr. Robin Cormack Mas Matbaac1hk A.S. Prof. Dr. Robert G. Ousterhout TRANSLATION H amidiye M ahallesi, Soguksu Caddesi 3 Prof. Dr. Anthony Cutler Carol LaM otte 34408 KiigJthane-lstanbul Dr. Brigitte Pitarakis M ary Priscilla I~m Tel: 0 212 294 10 00 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin Akyi.irek E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Nevra Necipoglu PROOF READING Certificate no: 12055 Prof. Dr. Gtilru Necipoglu M ehmet Yavuz Parlar Prof. Dr. Suraiya Faroqhi Pelin Sarpkan Prof. Dr. Baha Tanman Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tiilay Arran Assoc. Prof. Dr. <;: igdem Kafescioglu Prof. Dr. Zeynep lnankur Prof. Dr. Semra Germaner Ersu Pekin FROM BYZANTION TO IST ANBUL- 8000 YEARS OF A CAPITA L 3 ISTANBUL in the The capital's decline and reconstruction 18TH CENTURY : FROM 1658 to 1703, the Ottoman court ruled from Edirne without ever DAYS of stripping Istanbul of its status and privileges as the official capital of the empire. Apart from the need, initially perceived by Koprulu RECONCILIATION and Mehmed Pa§a, to keep the (young) sultan away from sedition and court CONSOLIDATION intrigue, often leading to urban revolts threatening the palace and even the person of the sovereign, also figuring in this move was the urgency Tiilay Artan of cutting down the court's relatively enormous expenses in the imperial capital. For these and other reasons, over the second half of the seventeenth century Edirne developed from a provincial outpost into a modest and self-contained court city, attracting settlement, creating outlets for charity and worship, and fostering economic growth. In contrast, Istanbul came to a standstill, its walled-in quarters entering into progressive deterioration, with many sections permanently wiped out by fires or earthquakes. The imperial projects undertaken in this period were limited to the construction of two large fortresses at the Aegean mouth of the Dardanelles (1658-59), intended to protect the capital from the Venetians who were already occupying Limni (Lemnos) and Bozcaada (Tenedos), plus the completion of a waterfront mosque complex right at the entrance to the Golden Horn (1661-65). Both were patronized by the sultan's mother, Hadice Turhan Sultan.1 All this was during the 1648-87 reign of Mehmed IV, known as "the Hunter". Entrusting the administration to the powerful Koprulu dynasty of grand viziers, the sultan visited Istanbul only to attend some state ceremonies. Even then, he hardly ever stayed at the Topkapt Palace or at the summer palace in Be§ikta§ on the European shore of the Bosphorus. In fact, most of the time he did not really enter his imperial capital but camped with the army at the Davud Pa§a Palace, a hunting station outside the city walls. We know from narrative sources that huge numbers of tents, carriages, coffers, baskets or boxes, and other items were used in moving the palace folk from one city to the other. During the hunting parties, Mehmed IV and his retinue displayed lavish horse trappings as well as archers' rings, bows and arrows. Of all this, nothing has survived. Neither have the hunting lodges in the vicinity of Edirne, set out for the comfort of the sultan. There and further afield, they are known to have hunted thousands of stags; at least some of those antlers they may be supposed to have kept as trophies. All would seem to have been lost in the 1875 fire that reduced the Edirne Palace to ashes. The Harem quarters of the Topkapt Palace had also been destroyed in a disastrous 1665 fire caused by arson, reflecting the capital's 300 III. KONSTANTINIYYE: CAPITAL of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE > ARTS and IM AG ES in ISTANBUL continuing social unrest. Unlike the rest of the declining city, the royal women's apartments were immediately rebuilt. Thanks to the politically powerful, even heavy-handed Hadice Turhan Sultan, the Harem was not only enlarged and renovated, but also the two privy rooms known as the Twin Pavilions were refurbished and came to epitomize the current state of the arts. 2 Despite persisting problems in procuring polychrome tiles from lznik, these Twin Pavilions were completely reverted with tiles, inside and outside. Also exclusively tile-reverted was the Tiled Kiosk at Be~ikta~, a magnificent new reception hall built on the waterfront of the summer palace in 1680 (fig. 1).3 This Tiled Kiosk, reputed to have been an awesome structure shining blue-and-white right on the water, frequently used and occasionally rebuilt throughout the eighteenth century, has also disappeared together with the palace that it was part of. But we can get a sense of what it might have been like by turning to one of the period's few architectural monuments still standing in lstanbul.4 Built at the turn of the eighteenth century, the waterfront palace of Amcazade Huseyin Fig. lAntoine-Ignace Melling (1763-1 83 1) Pa~a, yet another grand vizier from the Koprulu dynasty, originally Tiled Kiosk, the Summer Palace at comprised both men's and women's apartments. Located at Be§ikta§ Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et Anadoluhisan on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus, today the only des rives du Bosphore, Paris: Didot Topkap1 Palace Library surviving part of the palace is the reception hall (divcmhane) that used to Istanbul, Turkey FROM BYZANTION TO ISTANBUL- 8000 YEARS OF A CAPITAL 301 ISTANBU L IN THE 18TH CENTURY: DA YS OF RE CONC ILIATI ON AND CONSO LIDATIO N TOLAY ART AN belong to its men's quarters. With three projecting chambers, the kiosk is known to replicate the plan of the Tiled Kiosk at Be§ikta§. Both the exterior and the vast interior, however, were very different. On the outside, the divanhane's wide windows closed with wooden shutters are typical of residential architecture in wood. The interior, too, was covered with wooden panels, all decorated with vases of flowers in bright polychrome lacquerwork, a style known as Edirnekari. Each panel was of a different composition, and the flowers are painted in a highly naturalistic manner (fig. 2). Fig. 2 Di viinhane (Reception Room), Waterfront Mansion of Amcaziide Hiiseyin Pa§a Anonymous Azize Tay lan Co llection Re-inscribing the House of Osman into Istanbul In the aftermath of the disastrous Vienna campaign of 1683 and the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Ottomans ceded most of the territories they had conquered from Hungary (after 1526) to the Habsburgs.
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