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Ferencias Panamericanas BLANCA DEMOCRACIA Y DERECHO INTERNACIONAL EN LAS AMÉRICAS BLANCA BEATRIZ M. RAMACCIOTTI DEMOCRACIA Y DERECHO INTERNACIONAL EN LAS AMÉRICAS 6 Ninguna persona o entidad, sin autorización escrita de autor y editor, está facultada para reproducir el todo o parte de esta obra, adaptarla, traducirla o disponer su tra- ducción o publicarla, en cualquier forma mecánica, elec- trónica y fotográficamente o su grabación por cualquier medio de recopilación informática, por cuanto el derecho de propiedad establece que el autor es el único que puede disponer de ella. La infracción a estas disposiciones está penada por lo establecido en el art. 172 y concordantes del Código Penal (art. 2,9,10,71 y 72 de la Ley Nº 11.723. FOTOCOPIAR ESTE LIBRO ES DELITO ISBN: 978-987-1579-08-2 © by BEATRIZ M. RAMACCIOTTI EDITÓ: LERNER EDITORA SRL Duarte Quiros 545 Loc. 2 y 3 - Tels. y Fax: 0351 - 4229333 [email protected] [email protected] Córdoba - Argentina En testimonio de gratitud y afecto, a mi Consejera de Tesis Doctoral, Profesora Doctora ZLATA DRNAS DE CLEMENT En testimonio de agradecimiento a mis profesores de la Universidad Católica del Perú, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Harvard y Georgetown En testimonio de amor y admiración, a mi esposo y maestro, ENRIQUE LAGOS LETELIER En testimonio de permanente recuerdo y cariño, A mis padres ANA MATILDE y ORLANDO RAMACCIOTTI A mis hijos RICARDO, MARTÍN, MARCELA y CARLOS CUBAS RAMACCIOTTI BLANCA ÍNDICE Prólogo ......................................................................................................................... 15 Introducción ................................................................................................................ 21 PRIMERA PARTE La Internacionalización del Paradigma Democrático 1. La Democracia en el Mundo Contemporáneo ....................................... 31 1.1. El Actual Contexto Internacional ........................................................... 31 1.2. La Democratización Política de los Estados ........................................ 36 2. El Concepto de Democracia y la Internacionalización del Paradigma Democrático ............................................................................... 41 2.1. Una Aproximación al Concepto y a las Fuentes de la Democracia ............................................................................................................. 42 2.2. La Internacionalización del Paradigma Democrático ...................... 48 SEGUNDA PARTE El Paradigma Democrático en el Sistema Interamericano Conceptos Introductorios .................................................................................... 67 TÍTULO I El Paradigma Democrático antes de la Carta Democrática Interamericana 1. Primera Etapa (1889-1947): El Paradigma Democrático en los Inicios del Sistema Interamericano .......................................................... 73 1.1. Los Primeros Antecedentes ....................................................................... 73 1.2. Las Conferencias Panamericanas ............................................................ 74 10 BEATRIZ M. RAMACCIOTTI 1.3. La Conferencia Interamericana sobre Problemas de la Guerra y de la Paz (México, 1945) ................................................................................ 92 1.4. La Conferencia Interamericana para el Mantenimiento de la Paz y la Seguridad del Continente (Río de Janeiro,1947). ................. 95 1.5. Análisis del Desarrollo del Paradigma Democrático (Primera Etapa 1889-1947): La Solidaridad Continental y los Derechos Políticos ..................................................................................................................... 98 2. Segunda Etapa (1948-1984): El Paradigma Democrático y la Organización de los Estados Americanos ........................................ 99 2.1. La Carta de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (1948) .......... 101 2.2. La Declaración de Santiago (1959) ....................................................... 107 2.3. La Declaración de los Pueblos de América (Punta del Este, 1961) .......................................................................................................................... 111 2.4. El Protocolo de Reformas de la Carta de OEA (Buenos Aires, 1967) ......................................................................................................................... 113 2.5. La Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (1969) ........... 117 2.6. Aplicación del Paradigma Democrático en el Contexto de la Guerra Fría ....................................................................................................... 120 2.6.1. Guatemala (1954) ............................................................................ 120 2.6.2. Cuba (1962) ........................................................................................ 123 2.6.3. República Dominicana (1965) ...................................................... 127 2.7. Análisis del Desarrollo del Paradigma Democrático (Segunda Etapa: 1948-1984): Avances y Retrocesos en las Primeras Décadas de la OEA ............................................................................................................... 129 3. Tercera Etapa (1985-2000): La Acción Colectiva en Defensa del Paradigma Democrático ............................................................................ 132 3.1. El Protocolo de Reformas de la Carta de la OEA (Cartagena, 1985) ........................................................................................................................ 132 3.2. El Compromiso de Santiago y la Resolución 1080 (Santiago de Chile, 1991) ..................................................................................................... 139 3.3. El Protocolo de Washington (Washington DC, 1992) .................... 141 3.4. El Protocolo de Managua (Nicaragua, 1993) ................................... 143 3.5. La Democracia en el Proceso de las Cumbres de las Américas (1994 en adelante) ............................................................................................... 144 3.6. La Democracia en los Acuerdos de Integración Subregional ........... 152 3.7. La Aplicación del Paradigma Democrático según la Resolución 1080 sobre “Democracia Representativa” ........................... 159 DEMOCRACIA Y DERECHO INTERNACIONAL 11 3.7.1. Haití (1991) ........................................................................................ 159 3.7.2. Perú (1992) .......................................................................................... 161 3.7.3. Venezuela (1992) .............................................................................. 162 3.7.4. Guatemala (1993) ............................................................................. 163 3.7.5. Paraguay (1996) ............................................................................... 164 3.7.6. Paraguay (1999) ................................................................................ 165 3.7.7. Ecuador (2000) ................................................................................. 166 3.7.8. Perú (2000) .......................................................................................... 167 3.8. Análisis del Desarrollo del Paradigma Democrático (Tercera Etapa: 1985-2000) : La Acción Colectiva en Defensa de la Democracia ................................................................................................. 171 TÍTULO II El Paradigma Democrático a Partir de la Carta Democrática Interamericana 1. Cuarta Etapa (desde 2001): La Carta Democrática Inter- americana como Núcleo Central del Régimen Democrático Interamericano ......................................................................................................... 176 1.1. Adopción de la Carta Democrática Interamericana (2001) ......... 176 1.2. Análisis Jurídico de la Estructura Normativa y Contenidos de la Carta Democrática Interamericana (CDI) ........................................ 177 1.2.1. Parte Considerativa .......................................................................... 178 1.2.2. La Democracia y el Sistema Interamericano ............................ 179 1.2.3. La Democracia y los Derechos Humanos ................................. 184 1.2.4. Democracia, Desarrollo Integral y Combate a la Pobreza ........ 185 1.2.5. Preservación de la Institucionalidad Democrática ............... 187 1.2.6. La Democracia y las Misiones de Observación Electoral .......... 192 1.2.7. Promoción de la Cultura Democrática ..................................... 193 2. Hacia la Consolidación del Paradigma Democrático: La Aplicación de la Carta Democrática Interamericana .................. 195 2.1. La Carta Democrática en la Práctica .................................................... 195 2.1.1. Venezuela (2002-2004) .................................................................. 197 2.1.2. Nicaragua (2005-2006) ................................................................... 203 2.2. Análisis del Desarrollo del Paradigma Democrático (Cuarta Etapa: 2001 - hasta la actualidad): La Carta Democrática como Núcleo Central del Régimen Democrático Interamericano .................... 205 12 BEATRIZ M. RAMACCIOTTI TERCERA PARTE El Régimen Democrático Interamericano y el Desarrollo Progresivo del Derecho Internacional Conceptos Introductorios ................................................................................... 211 1. La Legitimidad Democrática en las Fuentes del Derecho Internacional
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