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COMPARATIVE STUDIES on the BLACK SAND CONCENTRATES of SOUTH INDIA by Dr

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COMPARATIVE STUDIES on the BLACK SAND CONCENTRATES of SOUTH INDIA by Dr COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE BLACK SAND CONCENTRATES OF SOUTH INDIA BY Dr. E. A. V. PRASAD [Department oJ Geology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati (A.P.), Indic] Received June 24, 1971 (Communicated by Dr. K. Neelakantam, F.A.SC.) ABSTRACT Samples of the littoral and alluvial placer deposits of the black sand concentrates which contain radioactive resistate minerals were collected from various parts of South India and their characters with respect to colour, density and radioactivity were presented. With the aid of a hand magnet and a sensitive Frantz Isodynamic laboratory model Lj magnetic separator, each sample was subdivided into magnetic, paramagnetic and nonmagnetic components. The paramagnetic mineral assemblage was further subdivided into fractions of varying mass magnetic susceptibility. The amounts of these fractions constitute the frequency distribution of mass magnetic susceptibility, expressed in terms of current strength, of the sample whose character is ttien evaluated by means of certain standard statistical parameters. Variation in the characters with respect to grain size was also studied. Fm'ther, it is suggested that the amount of magnetite is an "Index of Maturity" for these residual deposits. THE voluminous black sand concentrates occurring along the East and West coasts of India, in a series of local concentrations, at favourable localities, constitute a thorium asset of world importance. These placer deposits contain the radioactive mineral, monazite, together with the other industrial minerals ilmenite, garnet, rutile, zircon, magnetite and leucoxene in varying proportions. Such placer deposits of radioactive resistate minerals have been reported from many parts of the world (Nininger,1954; United Nations, 1956; Heinrich, 1958). In India these deposits extend with interruptions from Cape Comorin through Kerala and Maharashtra upto Gujarat as far north as the Narmada Estuary near Broach on the West Coast, while on 231 2 32 E.A.V. PRASAD the East Coast they extend through Madras and Andhra upto Orissa State. The distribution of these littoral deposits has been given by Tipper (1914), Nininger (1954), Wadia (1956), and Heinrich (1958). Hess (1937) has indica- ted the alluvial type, containing monazite, extending on the East Coast as far north as Mahanadi river as well as the Krishna river alluvium. Changes in land level and intricate stream diversions are believed to be responsible for the localisation of some deposits of this type (Gillson, 1949). The earlier investigations (Mahadevan and Srirama Das, 1948, 1954; Mahadevan and Sathapathi, 1948 ; Nateswara Rao, 1949 ; Anjaneyulu ; 1950 ; Balasankaram, 1951 ; Rangachari, 1952 ; Mahadevan and Poorna- chandra Rao, 1953; Srirama Das, 1951; La Fond and Prasada Rao, 1954; Mahadevan, 1954; Borreswara Rao and La Fond, 1956; Subba Rao, 1967) were carried out on these black sands occurring in and around the Waltair beach dealing, in general, with their origin and economic importance. David- son (1956) discussed the origin of the Kerala deposits. Borreswara Rao (1957) has carried out a survey of the East Coast extending from Vasishta- Godavary river .in the South to Vamsadara river in the North with special reference to the beach configuration and accumulation of the black sand concentrates. Prasad (1968) worked out the distribution of radioactivity in different size fractions of the black sand concentrates, and Prasad and Naidu (1971) discussed the leaching patterns in zircon and monazite of these deposits. In general, these deposits apparently appear to be of uniform character but actually they exhibit diversity, as the quantity and variety of these resis- tates are functions of: (1) The nature of the source rocks from which they were derived; (2) The nature and intensity of weathering in the source area; (3) The distance and duration of transportation; and, (4) The nature and extent of reworking at the site of deposition. Hence an attempt has been made to present the overall picture of these deposits of both littoral and alluvial environments by means of certain reliable and reproducible methods. The samples of littoral placer deposits were collected (Fig. 1) from Wal- tair (W), Andhra Pradesh; Rameswaram (RM), Cape Comorin (CC), Manavalakurichi (MK) and Muttom (MM) of Madras State; Kovalam (KV) near Trivandrum, Chavara (CH) near Quilon and Varkala (VK) of Kerala Black Sand Concentrates of South India 233 State, and Ratnagiri (RG) and Poornagad (P) of Maharashtra State; the samples of alluvial black sand concentrates were collected from the banks of river Krishna (K) at Vijayawada and the river Sabari (S) at Kunavaram and at the confluence of the rivers Godavary and Vasishta (GV) two miles north of Antharvedi--all in Andhra Pradesh. FIG. | ?2 ° 76" 80" 84" 8fl* I II 24' 20" 20" 16" 16" 12 ° L ARABIAN SEA k / g~Y OF BE'NG~A~,~ 12' 100 SO 0 100 200 8* 8* iNDIAN OCEAN II ...... ~ -J ,I t 7½, 7~ o 80" 84" 88' FIG. 1. Outline map cf Scuth India showing location of the sample stations: (1) Waltoir; (2) Rameswaram; (3) Cape Comerin ; (4) Manavalakurichi ; (5) Muttom ; (6) Kovalam; 7) Varkata; (8) Chavara; (9) Ratnaglri; (10) Poornagad; (11) Godavari and Vasishta- confluence; (12) Krishna; (13) Sabari. The [Deccan trap format,cn is indicated by the dotted area. As the name implies these deposits, in general, are black ; but from Rame- swaram to Cape Comorin the colour is widely varied with all transitions bet- ween black and red. At certain places on this part of the coastline the depo- sits are red, garnet forming the bulk with a little admixture of quartz and having very coarse texture. At Ratnagiri and Poornagad--as a matter of B3 234 E.A.V. PRASAD fact along the northern part of the West Coast adjoining the Deccan trap terrain, the deposits are fine grained and look dark brown. The deposits in all other localities of the country are dominantly made up of black opaque minerals in which garnet, monazite and zircon are generally recognisable even with the naked eye. Further, within the same sample, the colour very strikingly varies with grain size. As the grain size decreases, there is a pro- gressive diminution of the blackness due to the impoverishment of the dark opaque minerals, particularly limenite, and enrichment of the light coloured transparent minerals, particularly monazite and zircon. In general beyond 120 sieve mesh the blackness disappears and looks yellowish. The den- sities of the samples were determined by the gravimetric method (Tickell, 1965) and the values are given in Tables I and II. TABLE I Variation with graht size in a sample of the black sand concentate from Kovolam beach SI. Grain size Density Magnetic character /3-zctivity No. gm/cm3 CPM/gm M PM NM 1. -- 60 4- 72 sieve mesh; 210-250 microns .. 2.463 0.73 89-18 10.09 202 2. -- 72 4- 100 sieve mesh; 150-210 microns .. 2.653 0.88 72.13 26.99 332 3. -- 100 4- 120 sieve mesh; 125-150 microns .. 2.669 0.94 70.57 28.49 1,911 4. -- 120 4- 150 sieve mesh; 105-125 microns .. 2.920 0.39 60.84 38.77 3,539 MAGNETIC CHARACTER Each sample, passed through 60 sieve mesh and retained in 150 sieve mesh, was made free of the contaminated quartz by bromoform separation. Then it was washed first with acetone and then with distilled water and dried. Black Sand Concentrates of South India 235 TABLE II Some properties of the black sand concentrates of India Magnetic character S1. Sample Density p,-activity No. gm/cm 8 M PM NM CPM/gm 1. Waltair .. +2-694 1.31 91.03 7.66 154 2. Rameswaram~I .. +3.050 1-55 93-27 5.18 35 3. Rameswaram--II .. +2.533 2.46 94.94 2.60 33 4. Cape Comorin .. +2.882 0-69 79.75 19-56 1,160 5. Manavalakurichi--I +2.896 0.79 83.37 15.84 468 6. Manavalakurichi--II +2.617 1.32 89.64 9.04 188 7. Muttom .. +2.650 1.05 91.65 7.30 2,600 8. Kovalam .. +2-563 0.81 82.07 17.12 547 9. Varkala .. +2.607 0.96 77.22 21.82 453 10. Chavara .. +2.382 0-67 58.66 40.67 179 11. Ratnagiri .. + 1.934 53.18 46.82 Tr Nil 12. Poornagad .. +1.975 61.38 38.62 Tr Nil 13. Godavari-Vasishta eonttuence .. +2.440 15-03 75.59 9.38 830 14. Krishna .. +2.155 39-02 56-24 4-74 34 15. Sabari .. +2.377 3-91 81.22 14.87 42 Initially, the magnetic portion of each sample, weighing about 30-40 grams, was extracted with hand magnet and its weight was determined. Then the sample was repeatedly passed through a highly sensitive Frantz isodyna- mic laboratory model L1 magnetic separator and was subdivided into frac- tions of different mass magnetic susceptibilities by varying the current strength at a constant angle of side slope. Each sample was run through the magnetic separator, initially applying a current strength of 0-2 ampere and keeping the side slope at 10 °. The magnetic portion separated at this current strength was removed and the rest was again passed through the separator raising the current strength to 0.4 ampere. Thus the sample was repeatedly passed through the separator successively raising the current strength irt steps of 0.2 ampere upto 1.4 amperes at constant set up of the side slope at 10 °. Separation was not 236 E.A.V. PRASAD made beyond 1.4 amperes as saturation sets in (Flinter, 1959). The weights of the materials separated at each current strength were determined. All these fractions together constitute the paramagnetic mineral assemblage. The weight of the material, non-magnetic at 1-4 amperes, was also deter- mined.
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