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Bottom Trawl Assessment of the in the Caribbean Sea off Colombia

LUIS ORLANDO DUARTE, LUIS MANJARRÉS, and FABIÁN ESCOBAR Laboratorio de Investigaciones Pesqueras Tropicales, Universidad del Magdalena, Carrera 32 # 22-08, Santa Marta, Colombia

ABSTRACT Based on records by on board observers, bycatch composition, bycatch rates and total annual bycatch of the shrimp trawl fishery off Colombia, Caribbean Sea, were estimated. Estimates of annual bycatch were calculated based on bycatch rates and fishing effort information. Confidence intervals were calculated by bootstrap procedures. 185 taxa (January 2000 – June 2001), a bycatch to shrimp catch ratio of 16.6 (13.4 – 21.3, C.I. 95%) and an annual bycatch estimation of 4538 t (4114 - 5122, C.I. 95%) were computed in the northern fishing zone. In the southern fishing zone, 253 taxa (August 2004 - July 2005) were registered, a bycatch to shrimp catch ratio of 10.8 (9.8 – 11.8, C.I. 95%) and an annual bycatch of 2507 t (2118 – 2980, I.C. 95%) were estimated. Bycatch to shrimp catch ratios ranked among the highest in the world. Proliferation of benthic scavengers (Portunidae) could be attributed to the high levels of . Species contributing to habitat structure, like sponges, shown high catch rates. In summary, the results suggest a deteriorate condition in the ecosystem and stress the urgent need of mitigation measures if we are to maintain its functioning.

KEY WORDS: Bycatch, Trawl fishery, Tropical ecosystems, Ecosystem impacts

Evaluación de la Captura Acompañante de la Pesquería de Arrastre de Camarón en el Mar Caribe de Colombia

Con base en registros de observadores a bordo, se estimó la composición, las tasas de captura y el volumen anual de la de captura acompañante en la pesquería de arrastre de camarón en el mar Caribe de Colombia. Estimaciones anuales de la captura acompañante se realizaron con base en las tasas de captura acompañante e información del esfuerzo pesquero. Los intervalos de confianza fueron estimados mediante procedimientos bootstrap. En el zona de pesca norte se registraron 185 taxa (enero 2000 a junio 2001), una proporción entre camarón y pesca acompañante de 16.6 (13.4 – 21.3, I.C. 95%) y una estimación anual de pesca acompañante de 4538 t (4114 - 5122, I.C. 95%). En la zona de pesca sur se registraron 253 taxa (agosto 2004 a julio 2005), una proporción entre camarón y pesca acompañante de 10.8 (9.8 – 11.8, I.C. 95%) y una estimación anual de pesca acompañante de 2507 t (2118-2980, I.C. 95%). Las proporciones entre captura acompañante y camarón se encontraron dentro de las más altas del mundo. La proliferación de carroñeros bentónicos (Portunidae), podría ser atribuido a los elevados niveles de descarte observados. Especies que contribuyen a la arquitectura del hábitat, como las esponjas, exhibieron tasas de capturas elevadas. En síntesis, los resultados sugieren una condición deteriorada del ecosistema y hacen urgente la implementación de medidas de mitigación, si se quiere mantener su funcionamiento.

PALABRAS CLAVES: Captura acompañante, Pesca de arrastre, Ecosistemas tropicales, Impactos en ecosistemas

Évaluation Inférieure de Capture Accessoire de Chalut de la Pêche de Crevette en Mer des Caraïbes Outrede la Colombie

Basé sur des disques près à bord des observateurs, composition en capture accessoire, capture accessoire évalue et la capture accessoire annuelle totale de la pêche de chalut de crevette outre de la Colombie, mer des Caraïbes, ont été estimées. Des évaluations de la capture accessoire annuelle ont été calculées ont basé sur l'information de CPUE. Des intervalles de confiance ont été calculés par des procédures de circuit fermé. Les legs de réduction de capture accessoire (BRD) étaient viser expérimentalement examiné à atténuer l'impact écologique de la pêche. 167 taxa (le janvier 2000 à juin 2001) et une évaluation de capture accessoire d'annuaire de 4530 t (4114 - 5122, C.I. 95%) ont été calculés dans la zone de pêche nordique ; Dans la zone de pêche méridionale, 159 taxa (l'août 2004 à juillet 2005) ont été enregistrés et une capture accessoire annuelle de 2060 t (1676 - 2584, I.C. 95%) ont été estimés. La capture accessoire aux rapports de crevette s'est rangée parmi le plus haut au monde. Espèces contribuant à la structure d'habitat, comme des éponges, montrées des taux de capture élevés. La prolifération des extracteurs benthiques (Portunidae) pourrait être attribuée aux niveaux élevés des écarts. On a observé une réduction significative du CPUE des espèces évaluées économiques abondantes et hautes employer BRD. En fait, son utilisation intensive représenterait une diminution de 727 t de la capture accessoire de la zone de pêche méridionale. En résumé, les résultats suggèrent une condition de détériorer dans l'écosystème et soulignent le besoin pressant des mesures de réduction si nous devons maintenir son fonctionnement.

MOTS CLÉS: La capture accessoire, pêche de chalut, legs de réduction de capture accessoire, écosystèmes tropicaux, écosystème effectue

INTRODUCCIÓN resulted in a global mean estimate of 27 million t discarded Bycatch is part of the illegal, unreported and unregu- per year, i.e. about 35% of global landings (Alverson et al. lated fishing which has become a major issue of interna- 1994). Although the most recent estimation of global tional fishery research (Pitcher et al. 2002) and is probably discards suggests a decrease in the annual discards (7.3 one of the most important problems facing the global million t; Kelleher 2005), caution should be applied to such fishing industry nowadays. A comprehensive assessment result as several major fishing countries were under- represented in the discards database employed in the

Proceedings of the 62nd Gulf and Caribbean Institute November 2 - 6, 2009 Cumana, Venezuela Duarte, L.O. et al. GCFI:62 (2010) Page 115

Figura 1. Caribbean Sea off Colombia. Evaluated fishing zones are indicated (hatched). analysis (FAO 2004). Bottom trawl shrimp fishery is the most impacting MÉTODOS fishing activity on bycatch around the world accounting for Observers were placed on board commercial shrimp 27.3% of the global discards estimation, since this fishery trawlers working in two fishing zones of the Colombian uses small-mesh nets (Alverson et al. 1994). In recent Caribbean Sea. Monthly samples were collected between years, programs to assess the impact of bycatch by shrimp January 2000 and June 2001in the northern fishing zone fishery have been carried out in some areas of the Caribbe- (Viaña et al. 2004) and between August 2004 and July an Sea and (e.g. Ortiz et al. 2000), 2005 in the southern fishing zone (Manjarrés et al. 2006) however reliable estimations of the bycatch over the entire (Figure 1). region is a fort coming task. Shrimp trawl fisheries are one of the most valuable Trawling ships operating in the study area have steel fisheries in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, but historical hull and similar engine (400 HP in average), tonnage landings of the fleet show a strong reduction and a (around 100 tons), storage capacity, equipment and fishing retrospective study of the shrimp and bycatch rates gear characteristics (four Korean or Japanese type nets, two diagnoses a general trend to reduction in the biomasses of by each side, with headrope length 12 m and mesh size demersal resources in the northern Colombian Caribbean 4.45 mm each) (Zuñiga et al. 2004). The selection of Sea (Duarte et al. 2004). Despite the importance of a vessels and trips undertaken did not follow any survey thorough understanding of the composition of commercial design but was based on fishers’ selection of particular trawl fishing catches for the and of areas and times. During the trips, one of the four nets in the appraisal of the impact of this industry on target and the ships was randomly selected from each tow to assess non-target species for an integrate fisheries management the catch composition. Target and incidental catches were that prioritizes the ecosystem to the target species (Pikitch sorted, identified and weighted on board, and 20% of the et al. 2004), there have been very few published studies on homogenized discards were stored for further identification bycatch practices in Colombia, mostly as technical reports and weighting in the laboratory (Pauly 1983). Observed to national fishery authorities. At present, there is no catches were expanded to the entire tow multiplying the requirement for the reporting of the bycatch in Colombia, values of the selected net by four. so there is little monitoring or management. As a conse- Annual bycatch, discards (fraction of the bycatch quence, reliable assessments of bycatch magnitude for the which is returned to the sea for economic, legal or cultural shrimp fishery operating in the Caribbean Sea off Colom- reasons), (fraction of the bycatch sold, bia have not been published. used as food, bait or other purposes) and annual catches of The aim of this study was to estimate bycatch to the ten taxa dominating catches in each fishing zones were shrimp catch ratios and the magnitude and composition of estimated based on bycatch rates and annual effort. the shrimp trawl fishery bycatches off the Colombian Monthly and annual fishing effort was derived from two Caribbean Sea. Management implications of bycatch sources: (a) daily displacement data of the vessels operat- estimations are discussed. ing in the region obtained from fishing companies and (b) departure and arriving records of vessels supplied by the Page 116 62nd Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute

Table 1. Bycatch to shrimp catch ratios estimations of the trawl fishery operating at the northern and southern fishing zones of the Caribbean Sea off Colombia. 95% studentized Boostrap confidence intervals are indicated. Estimations based on 77 hauls carried out in the northern zone and 184 hauls in the southern fishing zone.

NORTHERN SOUTHERN

Ratios mean CI mean CI

DISCARDS/SHRIMP 12.6 (10.4-15.7) 8.7 (7.9-9.5)

INCIDENTAL/SHRIMP 3.9 (2.8-5.7) 2.0 (1.8-2.4)

BYCATCH/SHRIMP 16.6 (13.4-21.3) 10.8 (9.8-11.8)

Table 2. Annual bycatch, discards and incidental catch estimations (tonnes) of the trawl fishery operating at the fishing zones of the Caribbean Sea off Colombia. 95% studentized Boostrap confidence intervals are indicated.

NORTHERN SOUTHERN mean CI mean CI

BYCATCH 4538 (4114 - 5122) 2507 (2118 - 2980)

DISCARDS 3448 (3087 - 3940) 2045 (1727 - 2473)

INCIDENTAL 1090 (848 - 1454) 462 (334 - 685)

Rˆ *R General Maritime Direction (DIMAR). TB  The ratio estimator method (Scheaffer et al. 1990) was SE(Rˆ*) -1 employed to estimate bycatch rates (kg h ) and bycatch to shrimp ratios since it has been shown to provide reliable estimations, particularly when both bycatch and shrimp ˆ SE(Rˆ) where R and are the estimator and exhibit high variability (Ye 2002): n n Rˆ * ˆ standard error of the ratio parameter R; and R  bi oi i1 i1 SE(Rˆ*) are the ratio estimator and standard error from where n are the tows sampled, bi is the weight of the a random sample of size n drawn with replacement from bycatch species category caught in the i-th tow, and oi is the original sample (b1,o1),…,(bn,on). A total of 10000 the two duration or the weight of the objective species (i.e. bootstrap samples were computed.. shrimp) to be landed in the i-th tow sampled. Nonparametric confidence intervals of bycath rates were derived by the studentized bootstrap procedure (Efron The standard error, , was estimated using 1982) which has outperformed other resampling methods the crude bootstrap or double bootstrap procedure (Shiue et for estimating confidence intervals for ratios of expecta- al., 1993), that is, for each bootstrap sample, a further tions in simulation studies (Choquet et al. 1999). The bootstrap sampled was used to computed bootstrap method works on the idea of how the standard t-intervals Rˆ ** “correct” the standard z-intervals when the sample size is estimates of whose sample variance was the small, but goes one step further and frees one from the requirement of a normal-distributed population, approxi- bootstrap estimate of the variance of . 1000 boot- mating the distribution function: strap samples were computed for each bootstrap sampled. Thus, the studentized bootstrap confidence interval of Rˆ  R coverage 1-a was: T  SE(Rˆ) ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ by R TB ( 2)SE(R*),R TB (1 2)SE(R*)

Duarte, L.O. et al. GCFI:62 (2010) Page 117

Table 3. Annual catch weights (tonnes) and 95% studentized Boostrap confidence intervals of ten taxa dominating bycatch of the trawl fishery operating at the fishing zones of the Caribbean Sea off Colombia.

NORTHERN SOUTHERN Mean CI mean CI

Portunidae 543 (385-771) Portunidae 363 (235-501) Upeneus parvus 255 (183-350) Cathorops sp. 316 (272-409) Eucinostomus spp. 215 (151-338) Lepophidium spp. 160 (105-233) Porifera 174 (86-541) Synodus spp. 86 (57-128) Syacium spp. 202 (161-260) Prionotus punctatus 85 (55-125) Synodus foetens 161 (130-208) Syacium spp. 76 (46-120) Micropogonias furnieri 155 (107-235) Eucinostomus spp. 66 (44-97) Asteroidea 141 (100-200) Porichthys plectrodon 70 (70-115) Lagocephalus laevigatus 130 (74-283) Lutjanus synagris 57 (37-85) Lutjanus synagris 120 (65-261) Diplectrum spp. 54 (35-82)

RESULTADOS of considering the Great Caribbean as a zone of identity A total of 261 tows carried out at night-time were that requires international cooperative management observed during the study (77 in the northern zone and 184 schemes in order to address common issues (Richards and in the southern fishing zone). In the northern zone a total Bohnsack 1990). of 185 taxa were found, with fishes identified with a higher Development of benthic scavenger species is expected taxonomic resolution (164 species) than invertebrates and as a response to the high level of discards which character- algae. In the southern zone 253 taxa were recorded ized trawl shrimp fishing. A high abundance of , including fishes, invertebrates and algae. mainly Portunidae, recognized scavengers in trawl areas Bycatch to shrimp catch ratio was higher and more (Wassemberg and Hill 1987), was found in the by-catches. variable in the northern fishing zone than in the southern Increasing abundance of crabs in other trawl fishing areas zone, although discards dominated bycatches in both cases of the Southern Caribbean Sea has been registered (Table 1). In addition, total annual bycatch, discards and (Manickchand-Heileman et al. 2004), indicating strong incidental catch were higher in the northern fishing zone trawl disturbance. Shifts of energetic fluxes can be than in the southern zone, but in both zones more than 76% expected in the ecosystem as a consequence of high levels of the bycatch was discarded (Table 2). of detritus altering the food web structure and functioning. Ten taxa dominating annual catches represented 53% Species contributing to habitat structure, like sponges, and 46% of the total bycatch in the southern and northern shown high catch rates. There is a general consensus that fishing zones respectively. Five taxa were heavily caught reduces habitat complexity by removing in both fishing zones: Crabs (Portunidae), Lizardfish sessile megabentos, smoothing the seabed and removing (Synodus spp.), (Syacium spp.), Mojarra taxa that produce biogenic structure (Hall 1999). Effects on (Eucinostomus spp.) and Lane Snapper (Lutjanus syn- marine communities and ecosystems are postulated for this agris). Invertebrates, like sponges (Porifera) and Sea stars disturbance with consequence in ecological, economic and (Asteroidea), dominated the catches in the northern zone social functions in the region (Duarte 2008). Economic (Table 3). valued species, like Lutjanus synagris, Cathorops spp. and Bycatch from tropical shrimp fisheries is characterized Micropogonias furnieri are heavily caught by the trawl by high diversity (Stoboutzki et al. 2001). Results in the fishery, mainly in juvenile stages (Duarte et al. 2006) Colombian Caribbean Sea confirm such observation and which threat their population structure and potential yields point out the necessity of management actions to mitigate in artisanal fisheries targeting these species. Moreover, in impacts on the biota which could bring about disruptions in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, species caught as bycatch the ecosystem processes if functional diversity is eroded are mainly small (e.g. Upeneus parvus, Eucinostomus spp., (Folke et al. 2004). Syacium spp., Lepophidium spp., Synodus spp., Diplectrum Bycatch to shrimp ratios in the Colombian Caribbean spp.) and with low economic value, as has been widely ecosystem ranged among the highest in the world (Figure recorded in shrimp trawl fisheries (Kelleher 2005). 2). The recent low shrimp capture rates probably contrib- The high bycatch levels detected in the Colombian ute to this finding. It is interesting to note that in general Caribbean Sea stress the need to address management high values of bycatch to shrimp ratios occur as well in practices for reducing the deleterious effect of trawl Venezuela and Gulf of Mexico. This point out to the need Page 118 62nd Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute

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