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Measuring Organized Crime in the Western Balkans

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Measuring Organized Crime in the Western Balkans Measuring Organized Crime in the Western Balkans 2020 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna MEASURING ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE WESTERN BALKANS 2020 Acknowledgements The Measuring Organized Crime in the Western Balkans report was prepared by the UNODC Crime Research Section under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch and Kristiina Kangaspunta, Chief of the Crime Research Section. Core team Tejal Jesrani, Oualid Akakzia, Valentina Anchevska, Siniša Durkulić, Alen Gagula, Steven Earl Gawthorpe, Soňa Jacinová, David Jancsics, Almir Maljević, Manuela Murthi and Macarena Torres Rossel. Special thanks go to Enrico Bisogno, Raggie Johansen, Kobie Mulligan, Antoine Vella and Irmgard Zeiler. Qualitative information gathering and analysis in each of the beneficiaries of the MACRO project was devel- oped and implemented by Alexander Stoyanov, Boyko Todorov and Maria Yordanova. Local interviews were conducted by Plator Avdiu, Shpat Balaj, Taulant Boshnjaku, Zylyftar Bregu, Darko Dimov, Snezana Kamilovska Trpovska, Stevan Kandić, Vese Kelmendi, Donika Marku, Redion Qiriazi, Milan Radović, Jelena Šapić, Romario Shehu, Filip Stojanović, Kristina Ulama, Zoran Vujičić, Armela Xhaho and Erjola Xhelaj. The MACRO team would also like to extend heartfelt thanks to all those who agreed to be interviewed. Your generosity, time and willingness contributed greatly to this research. Graphic design, layout and mapping Suzanne Kunnen Advisory Committee The MACRO project benefited from the expertise, guidance and support of Advisory Committee members Albana Berbiu, Ajrija Chaushoska, Valentin Dinca, Isaia Guardascione, Ramiz Huremagić, Amra Ibrahimagić, Sanie Ismaili Sahiti, Gorana Knežević, Ekaterina Kolykhalova, Dragana Nikolić, Snežana Remiković, Velimir Savić, Alexandre Schmidt, Kiril Trajanoski, Henk Visser, Rositsa Zaharieva, Vesna Zajc, Jovana Živković and Uglješa Zvekić. National Technical Groups We are also grateful for the valuable contributions provided by members of the National Technical Groups: Republic of Albania Dritan Avdyli, Helidon Bele, Blerina Gjerazi, Elona Hoxha, Rudin Hoxhaj, Iva Hyseni, Delina Ibrahimaj, Tatjana Janku, Elvira Lila, Blerina Metanj (Subashi), Migena Mezini, Saimir Shyti, Alma Topciu (Tola), Ornela Xhem- bulla, Jonida Zenelaga. Bosnia and Herzegovina Mevsud Ćuprija, Nenas Ešpek, Sanela Fazlić Kulovac, Jasenka Ferizović, Mirza Jamaković, Mirsel Kaltak, Haris Karačić, Fuad Karić, Hanadi Karić, Elvir Mraković, Danijela Novak, Dejan Pejčinović, Ilija Plavša, Saud Ramović, Mirsad Ribić, Aleksandar Sladojević, Rusmir Šabeta, Vladimir Šehovac, Fatima Štrik, Goran Tomić, Bojan Tu- ranjanin, Vanja Vilipić. Special thanks go to Diana Kajmaković and Duško Šain. Montenegro Ivan Jokić, Dragana Kalezić, Tomica Knežević, Ivana Mihailović, Milan Pajić, Olivera Popović, Miroslava Raičević, Tijana Šuković, Natalija Vujanović, Marko Vukićević. Republic of North Macedonia Marijana Angelevska Gjorgjievski, Irena Georgievska, llco Jakimovski, Maja Katalinik, Gjurgjena Kostadinova, Andrijana Matekovik Seger, Lazar Mijovski, Biljana Superliska, Liljana Zivkovic. Republic of Serbia Rade Bajić, Zorana Ilić-Terzić, Miloš Jovanović, Vesna Kovačević, Lidija Milanović, Goran Nešić, Danilo Pe- trović, Đorđije Vujičić. 1 Measuring Organized Crime in the Western Balkans Kosovo UNSCR 1244 (1999) Naser Hasani, Violeta Hyseni, Basri Kastrati, Rozafa Kelmendi, Isa Krasniqi, Argjend Limani, Agron Llugalliu, Valdete Mustafa, Dardan Nuhu, Ahmet Nuredini, Iliriana Paqarizi, Besnik Ramosaj, Rrahman Sylejmani, Val- bonë Ymeri. Expert Group Invaluable inputs and suggestions were received from members of the Expert Group: Kristina Amerhauser, Georgios Antonopoulos, Fatjona Mejdini, Letizia Paoli, Ernesto Savona and Fabian Zhilla. Disclaimer The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, Member States or contributory organizations, and nor does it imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. This publication has not been formally edited. Comments Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: UNODC Research and Trend Analysis Branch Vienna International Centre PO Box 500 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected]. 2 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Regional background ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Conceptual background ............................................................................................................................................ 15 Scope and general methodology of this study ...................................................................................................... ..16 CHAPTER 1: REGIONAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. .19 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. .21 General structure and modus operandi ................................................................................................................ .25 Smuggling of migrants ............................................................................................................................................ .32 Drug production and trafficking ............................................................................................................................. .45 Trafficking in persons .............................................................................................................................................. .51 Trafficking in firearms ............................................................................................................................................. .55 Women in Organized Crime in the Western Balkans ............................................................................................ .57 CHAPTER 2: COUNTRY AND TERRITORY PROFILES ..................................................................................................... .61 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. .62 Albania .....................................................................................................................................................................62 Drug production and trafficking ............................................................................................................................. .64 Smuggling of migrants ............................................................................................................................................ 67 Bosnia and Herzegovina.......................................................................................................................................... .71 Firearms trafficking ................................................................................................................................................. .74 Montenegro ............................................................................................................................................................ .75 North Macedonia .................................................................................................................................................... .81 Serbia......................................................................................................................................................................85 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................................97 POLICY IMPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 100 Increasing availability and quality of data on OC .................................................................................................. 100 Trends and patterns of organized crime ................................................................................................................ 100 Smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons ................................................................................................
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