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(Papaver somniferum L.)    

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 pH 1u9 `1 )& ^ J* c\] SO(     =& .[ 14 . 10 ] $1Ug   7  $] 72 ,O9: $?   , &  BL ,_; . ?  7$ IR1 c J,  $R  m  c9k0:   ) '()*    u 2   , I T BUX .7 e R &  BL 8=U SO( (  }  ) 5-7 × 4-5 k  7  Gg   $ 7$: $1O &  BL   }  9 $?  .8 , ,   gg 01 .[ 13 ] $?  ,  <9o J . 8 ,k, ( 1?  8: 14 )  99 c? 01  .[ 29 ]  I1,g  16 12 &  e$? IJ  J  x*  BO  9  8 2 ,) .[ 8] $1  $g IJ 0O  ,? 7,?  ]  $1U ,o  $\ 15  10  ]  n ,? .[ 9] $1?       $  1u9 $1  $\ 20 .b% G $ .G^ $ ,f % $ $% % !"# 1u9 n ,? . $?  GJ2 $ L   '()* 8) ,& @A , .[ 1] 8 $% $\ 20  10  ] @A   $  ) 1988 -2000  B ? 9 8 )] e\ P. somniferum  281000 ( 1988 B )  211000  . 8 O 7$? 8) e\ NL1 `O-  ,) 8 7   ( 1991 B ) $? $1O   $1O &  8 2 '()* % 7 p , 8) ,& @A $\ .[ 37 ] ?  , 7  % $? 7  &  @A  20000  , .[ 24 ] $?  7$11 $ ,2J 2001 B  8) ,&  (Concentrate CPS e\  gg $%  b% & bOA $? , '()* of Poppy Straw )     KV 8! #1  . bL, 9 , y=U CPS  g & 7$% 8 .[ 21 ] 8 7 & G)* 9 T[  b%  c2 (Straw ) $% $\ 80  40  ] BUX  &    T9g .[ 4]  ,)   #*  1: c? 9 7 (  & c= O], ) e& O], e=, $  7R 8!  $?  * , ºC $O2 !    O], & . 12 -14 ºC (API - Active Pharmaceutical   Bk 21 -23 ºC zO  c2 !{ O], & 16 -17 Ingredients ) .[ 21 ] $,2  , 7R   $? B  O],    \  .[ 7] 8 45 /8 .8) ,& @A $\ 10 /7  , 7  ` $? n T9g & , ^ |W $1  $ CPS e\    $\ g 8!  ,  & $O2 .e& O], $? .8),& @A $\ 46 /5  ,  ]  9 g   .[ 6] ?  ,O9: $% UO .[ 6] $1  $   CPS $\ 24 /5  c$= $ & & $  =

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cJ1 `, 2500 & I % &  8 ,U  & , & 7$? o | $]   .[ 11 ] 8 7$? * 11 J . ?  & , )1  $%J1 ,o1 $% J1 ,U KAk 8O  7$? 7 ) 1 79? c?   L 9 J1 . 8 7$? SO( $% $ ,U  $% J1 ,U 8 9 $  7,! RO(  & $% J1 ,U  .[ 20 ] $R PR  $   R '()*  RO( $%  8 c  ,o1  $k e,‚  $1 $% ,U G '()* . ?  8 2 , , $% J1  $% ,‚    ,    , ,VW1 J1 & , & 7R .[ 16 ] $$ ƒ $  ?   ca  =, $  , J1 ,o1 $  H , <=1 1: .[ 19 . 11 ] $1 J1  $  . (Sanguinarine ) O] !%   ? 11 J $% (Berberine Brid ge Enzyme ) BBE #  c?  79? c?   L 9   J1 , -(S)    -(S)  $k e,‚  8 7$? 7 ) 3 c$=  J1 ,U  ((S)- Scoulerine) c$= $1U 11 J $%  $ .[ 19 ] $9  .[ 20 ] ? J1  $O ,U   , -(S) J1 `, 1 e=,  $  , J1 ,U  o% & . $?    o  O 7 cV $%  ? (( S)- Norcoclaurine ) O –S . $9 7$? *1? $% 9: & Ig 1:    1 138

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L-Tryptofan Tryptamine Strictosidine

Secologan Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids

Dopamine L-Dopa

(S)+Norcoctaurimne

4-hydroxylphenylacetaldehyde

Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids

Tyramine L-Tyrosine Hydroxycinnamoyltyr amines

Cell Wall Bound Amides Coumaroyl -coa(R=H) Feruloyl -Coa (R=och 3)

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8-  $s% M ‰,( f1 somniferum 2  %, $  8 .    $ .1 . V L < l   72    WR\ . #  $O . 1376 .,) ],L .B  ˆQ .   .1381 .)!   2 7$) Šg . 3 1$O .44 7. Bernath J. Complex physio - ecologica l % U  , '()* -  . $9W GO , .2 evaluation the alkaloid formation of the poppy 7$) ,  g . ‰* '()* -   (Papaver somniferum L.). Herba .1327 . ,! 7) &  Hungarica 1986; 25: 43-76. 8. Bernath J, Danos B, Veres T, Szanto J, &  ‰,( SO( P,L . $9W s  .3 Tetenyi P. Variation in alkaloid production in 57 79?  g . !%   V , Y , poppy ecotype: Responses to different 1319 -1320 . ,! 7) &  7$) environments. Biochemical Syst . Ecol. 1988; & ) e& . B  ˆQ . '()* . $9] O: .4 16: 171-8. .1353 .k=L < 1 9. Bernath J, Tetenyi P. The effect of environmental factors on growth, development ˆQ . , 2 ! m1, . ...  ,Rf9 .5 and alkaloid production of poppy ( Papaver .393 WR\ . 1375 .,\k m1, e) . B  somniferum L.) II. Interaction of light and 8?, 8? .8? , . b J .6 Papaver bracteatum, Papaver  2   

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176: 599 - 605. temperature. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen 1981; 10. Bernath J, Tetenyi P. Production metabolic engineering applications. characteristics of papaver somniferum L. Phytochemistry 2000 ; 54: 121-38. cultivars of different origin and vegetation 21. Fist AJ. The Tasmanian poppy Industry: A cycles. Bulletin on narcotics 1982;Vol. case study of the application of science and XXXIV : 113- 127. technology. Proceeding of the 10th Australian 11. Bird DA, Facchini PJ. Berberine bridge Agronomy Conference , Hobart . 2001. enzyme, a key branch -point enzyme in 22. Fleming T. PD R for Herbal Medicines . benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, First Edition. Medical Economics Company. contains a vacuolar sorting determinant. Planta 1998:1011-2. Med. 2001; 213: 888-97. 23. Gerardy R, Zenk MH. Formation of 12. Bohem H, Nixdorf H. Analysis of the salutaridine. Phytochemistry 1993; 32: 79-86. production of thebaine. Morphine, Oripavine 24. Global illicit drug trends. United Nations and Isothebaine. Planta Med. 1983; 48: 193- office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention 204. (UNODCCP ). 2001. 13. Cullen J. Pap averaceae. In: Flora Iranica 25. Gunnar S. Drugs of Natural origin ( 4th (Edited by Rechinger, K.H.) AKADEMISCHE revised edition). Apotekarsocieteten, Swedish Bruck . 1966; 34: 10 -15 Pharmaceutical press . 1999. 14. Drugs and Narcotics. Available from: URL: 26. Husain A, Sharma JR. The Opium Poppy. http://www. indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/ Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic, Crop- Husbandry / Contents / Drug %20 and Lucknow, 1983. %20 narcotics .htm # top. 27. Jaffe JH, Martin WR. In: the 15. Duke JA. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics . 8 th ed. 2nd ed . CRC Press LLC . USA . 1985: 344-5. (Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds) 16. Edwards R, Gatehouse JA. Secondary Pergamon press . 1990; pp:485- 521. metabolism. In: Plant biochemistry and 28. Jonsson B, Jonsson R. Foradling av Vallmo molecular biology. New York: John Wiley & (Papaver somniferum)Sveriges Ustades Sons. 1999;pp: 193-218. forengings Tidskrift 1986; 96: 243-9. 17. Evans WC. Trease and Evans 29. Kapoor LD. Opium p oppy Botany, pharmacognosy .15th editi on. W.B.Saunders. Chemistry and pharmacology. Food products London. 2002 ; pp : 359. press . New York . London. 1995. 18. Fabri M, Delp G, Schmidi O, Theopold U. 30. Kharwara PC, Awasthi OP, Singh CM. Animal and plant members of a gene family Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and time of With Similarity to alkaloid - Synthesizing nitrogen application on yield and quality of enzymes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L. ). Ind. J . 2000; 271: 191-6 Agron. 1986 ; 31 : 26 -8. 19. Facchini PJ. Temporal correlatio n of 31. Miller RJ, Jolles C, Rapoport H. Morphine tyramine metabolism with alkaloid and amide Metabolism and Normorphine in Papaver biosynthesis in elicited opium poppy cell somniferum. Phytochemistry .1973; 12: 547. cultures. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 481-90. 32. Nielsen B, Roe J, Brochmann- Hanssen, E. 20. Facchini PJ, Huber -Allanach KL, Tari LW. Oripavine- A new Opium Alkaloid. Planta Plant aromatic L -amino acid decarboxylases: Med. 1983; 48: 205-6. evolution, biochemistry, regulation , and    1381

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33. Nyman U, Hall O. Some varieties of 40. Tetenyi P. Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.): Botany and Horticulture. In: Papaver somniferum L. with changed Horticultural Reviews (Edited by: Janick J.) morphinane alkaloid content. Hereditas . 1976 ; 1997; pp : 373-408. 84: 69-76. 41. The cultivation of th e opium poppy in 34. Park S, Facchini PJ. Agrobacterium- Turkey. Available from: URL: http:// mediated transformation of opium poppy, www .odccp .org / bulletin / S 0001. Papaver somniferum, via shoot organogenesis. 42. The opium poppy. Available from: URL: J. Plant Ph ysiol . 2000; 157: 207-14. http :// www .undcp .org / odccp / bulletin 1953-01- 35. Pelletier SW. Alkaloids, In: Chemical and 01-3. biological perspectives (Pelletier SW, ed.). 43. Tookey HL , 43-43-Tookey HL, Spencer John Wiley and sons 1983; pp: 1-31. GF, Grove MD, Duke JA. Effects of maturity 36. Ramanathan VS, Ramachandran C. Effect and plant spacing on the morphine Content of of temperature on the estimation of morphine in two varities of papaver somniferum L. opium by the method o f British Pharmacopoeia Available from: URL: http:// www.Undcp. org/ Available form: URL: http:// www.undcp.org/ bulletin / bulletin 1975- 01- 01_ 4 _ page 005. odccp/ bulletin/ bulletin 1974- 01- 01 2 page html. 007 html - 76 K 44. Valaer P . 1937. quoted by Fulton , C.C. The 37. Shuljgin G. Cultivation of the opium poppy Opium Poppy and Other Poppies. U.S. Treasury and the oil Poppy in the soviet union. Available Dept. Bureau of Narcotics Publications, from: URL: http:// www.Undcp. org / bulletin/ Washington, 1944. bulletin _ 1969- 01- 01_ 4 _ page 002. html . 45. Vladimir K. Cultivation of the opium 38. Simon JE, Chedwck AF, Craker LE. Poppy. poppy and opium production in Yugoslavia. Available from: URL: Http://www. Newcrop Director, Institute for the control of Drugs, .hort.pardue.edu. Zagreb (Yugoslavia). Available from: URL: 39. Singh R, Turkhede BB. Studies on N and P http: // www.odcc p. Org/ bulletin/ bulletin_ req uirement of Opium poppy with and without 1960- 01- 01_ 2 _ page 003. html . farm yard manure. Ind. J. Agron. 1982; 27: 88- 91.    1381 www.SID.ir 12