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Estudio De Los Factores Que Condicionan, a Escala Local, La Presencia De Epidendrum Rhopalostele (Orchidaceae): Implicaciones Para Su Conservación

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Estudio De Los Factores Que Condicionan, a Escala Local, La Presencia De Epidendrum Rhopalostele (Orchidaceae): Implicaciones Para Su Conservación UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA, ALIMENTARIA Y DE BIOSISTEMAS Estudio de los factores que condicionan, a escala local, la presencia de Epidendrum rhopalostele (Orchidaceae): Implicaciones para su conservación Autor: María Lorena Riofrío Guamán Directores de tesis: Dra. Elena Torres Dr. José María Iriondo 2015 María Elena Torres Lamas, Profesor Contratado Doctor del Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y José María Iriondo Alegría, Catedrático de Universidad del Departamento de Biología y Geología de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos CERTIFICAN: Que los trabajos de investigación desarrollados en la memoria de tesis doctoral: “Estudios de los factores que condicionan, a escala local, la presencia de Epidendrum rhopalostele (Orchidaceae): Implicaciones para su conservación”, son aptos para ser presentados por María Lorena Riofrío Guamán ante el Tribunal que en su día se consigne, para aspirar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Vo.Bo. Director de Tesis Vo.Bo. Director de Tesis Dra. María Elena Torres Lamas Dr. José María Iriondo Alegría i Agradecimientos A mi familia, a ti mi amado esposo Carlos, por estar siempre junto a mi, a mis adorados hijos Carlos Axxel, María José y Santiago Daniel, gracias por compartir su vida y llenar la nuestra, por esperarme, Ustedes son mi motivo. A mis padres, a ti mami por mostrarme el camino, a ti papi por recordarme que la vida sigue. A Ustedes mis hermanos por estar allí. Gracias, infinitas gracias Dra. María Elena Torres y Dr. José María Iriondo, mis directores de tesis. Ustedes marcaron el camino a seguir, fueron mis guías en este proyecto, su tenacidad y gran paciencia, sus enseñanzas constantes en todos los aspectos, su gran visión me permitieron llegar hasta aquí, nuevamente gracias por creer, por brindarnos sus amistad. Gracias Dr. Marcelino de la Cruz, sus códigos fueron imprescindibles, sus enseñanzas, su persistencia nos permitieron avanzar. En el Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid gracias al Dr. Pablo Vargas por el espacio y disposición de ayuda y a Emilio Cano por su paciencia en la enseñanza. A Usted Dr. Juan Pedro Martín gracias por su apoyo y consejos en el laboratorio. Dr. César Pérez usted fue el conductor del proyecto de doctorado su ayuda permitió que estemos hoy aquí, a Usted y al Dr. Luis Miguel Romero nuestro rector (UTPL) gracias por soñar y abrirnos las puertas, vuestra gestión fue decisiva. En la UTPL a todos quienes creyeron y participaron de este crecimiento, el apoyo institucional fue fundamental. Juan Pablo, Paulo y Angelito gracias por su ayuda. Estimado Beto, aprecio mucho su apoyo y agradezco la amistad forjada. A mi compañero de campo, de laboratorio, de análisis, con quien superando todas las adversidades que los bosques de niebla nos brindaron (lluvias, frío y calor intensos, terreno con heterogeneidad de pendientes, escalados difíciles, mosquitos, fiebres, obstrucciones de carreteras, discusiones intensas) y compartiendo los buenos y gratos momentos conseguimos finalizar el trabajo, sin ti no lo habría logrado, muchas gracias Carlos eres el pilar fundamental en esta construcción. El trabajo de esta tesis doctoral fue financiada parcialmente por la SENESCYT- Gobierno de la República del Ecuador. iii Índice: Resumen ................................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ............................................................................................... 5 Conservación de orquídeas epífitas en los bosques montanos del Sur del Ecuador ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Estudios necesarios para sustentar la generación de planes de recuperación de orquídeas epífitas ........................................................................................................................... 7 Descripción de la especie de estudio ................................................................................... 11 Área de estudio: ............................................................................................................................ 13 Objetivos y planteamiento de la tesis .................................................................................. 14 Bibliografía ......................................................................................................................... 15 1. Spatial structure of Pleurothallis, Masdevallia, Lepanthes and Epidendrum epiphytic orchids in a fragment of montane cloud forest in south Ecuador ........................................................................................................... 21 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 21 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 22 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 23 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 26 2. Analysis of the factors that condition the presence of Epidendrum rhopalostele ............................................................................................................... 27 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 27 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 30 Study site ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Study species .................................................................................................................................. 31 Spatial georeferencing of trees and E. rhopalostele ...................................................... 31 Characterization of trees and E. rhopalostele .................................................................. 33 Data analysis .................................................................................................................................. 34 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 37 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 47 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 51 3. Fine-scale genetic structure of Epidendrum rhopalostele .................. 57 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 57 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 59 Study species .................................................................................................................................. 59 Study site and mapping ............................................................................................................. 59 Sampling for genetic analyses and DNA extraction ...................................................... 60 Data analysis .................................................................................................................................. 61 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 63 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 68 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 70 4. Mycorrhizal preferences of epiphytic orchid Epidendrum rhopalostele (Orchidaceae) .................................................................................. 75 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 75 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 77 Study species and site ................................................................................................................ 77 Sampling .......................................................................................................................................... 77 iv Light microscopy .......................................................................................................................... 78 DNA isolation, PCR, cloning, and sequencing ................................................................... 78 Phylogenetic analyses of Epidendrum rhopalostele mycobionts ............................. 78 Spatial and association analyses of mycorrhizal fungi ................................................ 79 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................
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