Ancient Church Dedications in Cheshire and South Lancashire
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ANCIENT CHURCH DEDICATIONS IN CHESHIRE AND SOUTH LANCASHIRE. By J. Brownbill, M.A. Read 16th January, 1902. I^OR the purposes of this essay the old Arch- I deaconry of Chester has been taken by itself, not only as an ecclesiastical unit, but as represent- ing also an ancient civil division, that is, the county of Chester, including parts of Flintshire (and there- fore almost co-extensive with the Cestrescire of Domesday Book) and South Lancashire, the " land " between Ribble and Mersey" of the same ancient record ; which formerly constituted a peculiar dis- trict civilly, a kind of outer court to Cheshire. The Archdeaconry was thus another instance of the conservatism of ecclesiastical institutions, as ex- emplified otherwise in the use of language and vestments long since disused outside church. In studying the dedications of the ancient churches of the country, the first question that has to be decided is one of fact—what is the dedication of this or that particular church ? and then comes one of theory —what reason can be given for it ? It is not always easy—it is sometimes impossible —to discover to what saint a particular church was dedicated. Leaving out of account the alterations D 2 Ancient Church Dedications. brought about by the religious revolution of the sixteenth century, it is well known that many changes took place in earlier times. For instance, the numerous dedications to St. Thomas of Can- terbury must in many cases have practically, though not theoretically, superseded older ones, which were in time forgotten and lost. In the same wav Winchester Cathedral became known as J St. Swithin's, though originally it was St. Peter's. In other cases there has been a confusion of names ; for instance, the church at Aberford, near Leeds, was formerly supposed to be dedicated to St. Richard, but this has been corrected to Recarius, probably the same as Richarius or Riquier of Picardy. Then, apart from supersession or mis- take, the dedication has in many cases been lost altogether. In our own neighbourhood, Bidston, Overchurch, and Heswall may be given as instances, though the churches there are now dedicated to St. Oswald, St. Mary, and St. Peter respectively— titles which have at least an antique sound. One curious case of difficulty is at Runcorn. Sir Peter Leycester thought the dedication was to All Saints, on account of the wakes being held on that day, but afterwards confessed he had been mistaken, as he had found a deed of 1420, in which a certain Richard de Acton is described as 4i Vicar " of the Church of St. Bartholomew of Runcorn." From this case it would appear that the parish wake-day is not an infallible guide to the dedication of the church. Bishop Gastrell gives " St, Mary " and St. Bartholomew" as the dedications of Runcorn ; but the modern building is dedicated to All Saints.1 At Little Budworth the church is • See Ormerod's Cheshire, i, 674, and 679 note. Gastrell's Notitia Cestriensis, i, 348, and note. The wake-day at Runcorn may have been influenced by that of neighbouring churches, Great Budworth and Daresbury. Ancient Church Dedications. now designated St. Peter's, but Ormerod calls it St. Mary and All Saints'; this, however, is possibly due to a confusion with Great Budworth.2 At Thornton-le-Moors again the dedication is usually said to be St. Mary ; but Gastrell and Ormerod both assert it to be St. Helen, and this is endorsed very emphatically by Mr. Helsby in his edition of the latter's History of Cheshire? Again, at Tarle- ton, Gastrell mentions that the tradition existed of a dedication of the old chapel to St. Helen, and there is a St. Helen' s well still existing there ; this is confirmed bv Mr. Raines, in his account of the Lancashire Chantries ; but the later building (1720) was dedicated to St. James, and it is said the present one is Holy Trinity.4 The church at VVhalley, according to Domesday Book, was St. Mary's ; later it was All Saints'—possibly a new building—and the editor of Gastrell gives St. Wil- frid as a third possible dedication. Having discovered what in fact is the dedication of the church, the next step is to find a reason for it. This must arise from the religious devotion of the age when the church was built.5 Just as naming a child at baptism after a particular saint is equiva- lent to placing it under the protection or patronage of that saint, and is an act of perpetual invocation of him, so in the case of dedicating a church the primary object was to secure the intercession of one of the Court of the Heavenly King on behalf of the parish and its benefactors. The choice 2 Ormerod, ii, 223, 224, and note, cf. i, 605 It is called St. Mary's in 1505 and St. Peter's in 1526 ; op. cit. ii, 625 note The church at Alderley is also doubtful, either St. Mary's or St. Lawrence's ; op. cit. iii, 570 note. 3 Ormerod, ii, 21, and note. 4 Gastrell's Notitia, ii. Raines' Lanes. Chantries, 173. 5 In later times political or partisan loyalty has to be remembered as a cause ; e.g., the dedications to St. Anne and St. George in the eighteenth century. Ancient Church Dedications. might be determined by the personal devotion 01 the individual builder, or might result from a desire, widespread at the time of erection, to honour a certain saint and invoke his aid—as, for instance, the dedications to St. Thomas of Canterbury, already mentioned. The latter cases are interest- ing to the inquirer, as they may afford a clue to the date of foundation, and they leave less to conjecture than the more general instances in which the per- sonal devotion of some unknown benefactor has to be assumed as a cause. Leaving theory for a time, let us consider some cases in which the history is known and the reasons for the dedications chosen can be seen. There is, first, the story of St. Augustine and his companions, sent by St. Gregory to evangelise our ancestors. They were Romans. In Rome the principal church was the Lateran Basilica known as St. Saviour's (later St. John Baptist's), the Pope's cathedral church, described by its inscription as "the mother " and head of all the churches alike of the city and " of the world." Next to this, and in some respects more important, was the Vatican Basilica, outside the city, on the other side of the Tiber, with its memories and relics of St. Peter and St. Paul, the two great Apostles whose martyrdom made the city a place of pilgrimage and reverence for all Christ- ians. Then the missionaries themselves came from the Monastery of St. Andrew, on the Caelian Hill ; this was their home, and to it their thoughts must often have turned in this land of exile. How did they dedicate their churches ? The Venerable Bede tells us :—" Augustine having his episcopal " see granted him in the royal city [Canterbury], " as has been said, and being supported by the " King, recovered therein a church which he was " informed had been built by the ancient Roman " Christians, and consecrated it in the name of our Ancient Church Dedications. " holy Saviour, God and Lord, Jesus Christ, and " there established a residence for himself and his " successors. He also built a monastery not far " from the city to the eastward, in which, by his " advice, Ethelbert erected from the foundation the " church of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul."6 Thus Rome was, as it were, reproduced in Canter- bury. By and by, as the work prospered, a Bishop was established in London, where the church of St. Paul was built, commemorating the second shrine of St. Paul " outside the walls" of Rome ; and another Bishop was placed in Rochester, with a church dedicated to St. Andrew, the patron of their old monastery.7 No doubt other remini- scences of Rome could be pointed out, did we know the history in greater detail ; for instance, Bede tells us incidentally that in a great fire at Canter- bury, in dig, " the church of the Four Crowned " Martyrs" was in the centre of the conflagration, and was destroyed. This is another characteristi- cally Roman dedication.8 Other missionaries also would dedicate their churches to saints they had been accustomed to honour at home, and St. Peter appears to have been thought specially suitable in the early foundations. St. Paulinus dedicated his first church at York to St. Peter, and York Minster still bears the same name, and its archbishops show the cross keys on their arms.9 The cathedrals of Winchester and Worcester were dedicated to him, and the great abbey of Peterborough was founded to be a repre- sentation of Rome in the Midlands.10 In the 6 Bede H E., i, 33. The late Fr. Morris pointed out the meaning of the Canterbury dedications. 7 Bede, ii, 3. By forming at Westminster the monastery of St. Peter, the usual Roman association of the two great Apostles was preserved. 8 Bede, ii, 7, 9 Bede, ii, 14. "> A. S. Chron., 657. 24 Ancient Church Ddications. Archdeaconry of Chester some of the very oldest of the parish churches have this dedication. In Chester itself the tradition was that the original church was dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, now represented by St. Peter's in the centre of the citv ; Prestbury is another, and Bolton is a third.