WORDS, WORDS, WORDS – CORPORA AND LEXIS ABSTRACTS Table of Contents Welcome to ICAME 2015 in Trier! 1 Pre-conference workshops 3 Workshop I: Are there monolingual corpora? (Computer says no.) 4 Workshop II: Corpus linguistics and linguistic innovations in non-native Englishes 11 Workshop III: Words, words, words – Lexis, corpora and contrastive analysis 21 Workshop IV: The future of the International Corpus of English (ICE): New challenges, new developments 40 Plenaries 53 Full papers 59 Software demonstrations 181 Work-in-progress reports 187 Posters 213 List of Delegates and Presenters 242 Welcome to ICAME 2015 in Trier! We sincerely hope that you will all enjoy every aspect of this conference. Please let one of our team of organisers and helpers know if there is anything we can do to improve your stay. We hope you will enjoy exciting plenaries, top-class research papers, excellent wine, delightful companionship and conversation. Organizing Committee: • Sabine Arndt-Lappe • Anne-Katrin Blass • Daniela Kolbe-Hanna • Sebastian Hoffmann (chair) • Lilian Lee Hoffmann • Kerstin Lunkenheimer • Andrea Sand • Michael Stubbs Student Helpers: • Lisa Dillmann • Denis Gusakov • Franziska Hackhausen • Jenifer Ramberger • Isabelle Reinhardt 1 Pre-conference workshops Workshop I: Are there monolingual corpora? (Computer says no.) Convenors: Arja Nurmi & Päivi Pahta (University of Tampere) Beyond the monolingual ideal? Advanced L2 English(es) on a diachronic continuum Mikko Laitinen (Linnaeus University) This presentation discusses new corpus-based ways of approaching advanced L2 English(es) in present-day multilingual settings. The broad context is the diversification of English today (Schneider 2014) when it is used as an additional linguistic resource alongside various L1s. This expansion has already led some scholars (Mukherjee & Hundt, eds. 2011) to reconsider the partly monolingual ideal in English corpus linguistics, and the presentation aims at contributing to the debate. The monolingual ideal is understood as (a) dividing the sources of evidence into neat sets of native, second language and foreign language corpora (the corpus level), (b) drawing clear boundaries between what actually constitutes a language (e.g. the lexical level), (c) focusing on norms and models of usage (e.g. the lexico-grammatical level). Parallels are first made to other fields in which the monolingual ideal has already been questioned, either directly or directly. Cases in point are for instance the study of English as a lingua franca (ELF) where the focus falls not on norms of use, but on creative practices in which meanings are actively negotiated by non-native speakers (Seidlhofer 2011; Jenkins et al. 2011; Mauranen 2012) or recent advances in ethnographically-oriented research on multilingualism (Jørgensen et al. 2011; Blommaert & Rampton 2011). The presentation then introduces ongoing research on advanced L2 English. Its aim is to test the applicability of some of the methods from diachronic linguistics in understanding the globalization of English and to chart new ways of approaching lexico-grammatical variability in it. This research sees advanced L2 English as one stage in the long continuum of Englishes and investigates how English is shaped by speakers/writers in today’s multilingual settings (cf. Mair 2013) and how they adapt to variability in the core grammar (cf. Laitinen & Levin forthcoming). The approach suggested is new since previous approaches both in learner English research and ELF have been synchronic. It should be noted, however, that a related approach has recently been elaborated in the study of post-colonial World Englishes by Noël, Van Rooy & van der Auwera (2014). The presentation zooms into ongoing corpus compilation work in which the aim is to collect a representative sample of English texts in multilingual settings. The objective is that the sampling frame should enable diachronic and diatopic analyses of advanced L2 use and make possible quantitative comparisons between advanced L2 evidence and some of the existing standard English corpora. Finally, I will introduce the set of research topics, stemming from 4 the corpus material, which have so far been investigated, and discuss a set of broader research questions on which this type of corpus material of English texts in multilingual settings could shed more light. References Blommaert, J. & B. Rampton. 2011. Language and superdiversity. Language and Superdiversities, 13:2: 1-22. Jenkins, J., A. Cogo & M. Dewey. 2011. Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca. Language Teaching, 44(3): 281-315. Jørgensen, J.-N., M. Karrebæk, L. Madsen & J. Møller. 2011. Polylanguaging in superdiversity. Language and Superdiversities, 13(2): 23-37. Laitinen, M. & M. Levin. Forthcoming. On the globalization of English: observations of subjective progressives in present-day Englishes. In E. Seoane & C. Suárez-Gómez eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations (Varieties of English around the World). Amsterdam: Benjamins. Mair, C. 2013. The World System of Englishes. Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide, 34:3: 253-78. Mauranen, A. 2012. Exploring ELF: Academic English Shaped by Non-Native Speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mukherjee, J. & M. Hundt eds. 2011. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Noël, D., B. van Rooy & J. van der Auwera. 2014. Diachronic approaches to modality in World Englishes: introduction to the special issue. Journal of English Linguistics, 42(1): 3-6. Schneider, E. W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of world Englishes. World Englishes, 33(1): 9-32. Seidlhofer, B. 2011. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press. …sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a after the court proceedings no nso Ghana bɛkɔso a enjoy asomdwoeɛ a yɛre enjoy yi – Exploring Akan-English code-switching in a corpus of Akan broadcast discussions. Gloria Otchere (University of Oslo) The centuries-old contact between the English language and Akan, the most widely spoken indigenous language in Ghana, has had a significant influence on English in Ghana. English in Ghana is currently ranked at the Nativisation-Endonormative stage on Schneider’s model for the development of second language varieties of English; an indication of the localization of the English language in Ghana with very conspicuous traces of the indigenous Ghanaian languages. It is, however, obvious that the influence is bi-directional as contemporary spoken Akan exhibits widespread borrowings from English and code-switches between Akan and English. A typical example is the title of this paper which is an extract from an Akan corpus of broadcast discussions. While some attempts have been made at exploring the influences of Akan on English, very little has been done to explore the influence of English on Akan. This paper is a step in this direction. It explores the morphosyntactic rules governing Akan- English code-switches from an insertion model perspective. Specifically, it aims at identifying both the syntactic frames or matrix and the types of elements that are or may be inserted in instances of Akan-English code-switches. 5 Previous explorations of Akan-English code-switching have shown, among others, evidence for both inter and intra sentential code-switching (Forson, 1979) and that it is socioeconomically, religiously and politically constrained (Albakry & Ofori, 2011; Nartey, 1982; Nyarko, 2012). None has focused on the grammar of Akan-English code-switching. As such, not much is known about the patterns of embedded English language insertions into Akan frames. The study adopts the insertion model of code-switching (cf. Myers-Scotton, 1993, 1995, 1997) which have become very particularly influential in exploring grammatical regularities in code-switching. The data for the study is a corpus of Akan radio broadcast discussions. It comprises discussions held between 2013 and 2014 in one of the Ashanti regional branch of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. It thus contains mainly the Asante Twi dialect of Akan. It is expected that the study will shed light on the morphosyntactic regularities of Akan- English code-switching. References Albakry, M. A., & D. M. Ofori. 2011. Ghanaian English and code‐switching in Catholic churches. World Englishes, 30(4), 515-32. Forson, B. 1979. Code-Switching in Akan-English Bilingualism. Unpublished PhD, UCLA. Myers-Scotton, C. 1993. Dueling Languages. Grammatical Structure in Code-Switching. Oxford: Claredon. Myers-Scotton, C 1994. Language processing and the mental lexicon in bilinguals. In R. Dirven & J. Vanparys eds. Current Approaches to the Lexicon. A Selection of Papers Presented at the 18th LAUD Symposium, Duisburg, March 1993. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 73-100. English as a lingua franca and multilingual practices: A corpus compiler’s perspective Marie-Luise Pitzl (University of Vienna) Building a corpus of spoken English as a lingua franca (ELF) in which participants with various L1 backgrounds interact in different contexts poses a range of challenges to corpus compilers. During the process of corpus compilation, these challenges occur at different stages and relate to different aspects, such as corpus structure, transcription, mark-up, annotation and metadata (see e.g. Breiteneder et al. 2006; Breiteneder et al. 2009; Majewski 2011; Osimk-Teasdale 2015; Pitzl et al. 2008;