The Loyalist Origins of Canada's Identity Crisis
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© 2014 Mekala Shadd-Sartor Audain ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
© 2014 Mekala Shadd-Sartor Audain ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MEXICAN CANAAN: FUGITIVE SLAVES AND FREE BLACKS ON THE AMERICAN FRONTIER, 1804-1867 By MEKALA SHADD-SARTOR AUDAIN A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History written under the direction of Mia Bay and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Mexican Canaan: Fugitive Slaves and Free Blacks on the American Frontier, 1804-1867 By MEKALA SHADD-SARTOR AUDAIN Dissertation Director: Mia Bay This dissertation examines the migration of free blacks and slaves across the United States’ southern border into New Spain and later Mexico in the antebellum era. For fugitive slaves, Mexico offered a sanctuary from U.S. slavery. Mexico abolished slavery in 1829; never policed its borders very effectively; and at times, actively welcomed runaways. Northeastern Mexico was sparsely populated and attracted few immigrants and welcomed slave fugitives who could help defend its border. The nation also welcomed free blacks, offering them full citizenship rights—unlike the United States. Consequently, starting in the 1820s and 1830s, some free blacks began to immigrate there. The Texas Revolution and subsequent U.S. annexation of Texas made it less welcoming to free blacks, who became subjected to greater restrictions after the United States acquired the region. But some free blacks continued to migrate to Texas after 1836, and both free blacks and fugitive slaves migrated to Mexico after 1845. -
Unionism and Loyalism
Unionism and Loyalism Gordon Gillespie 26 June 2018 Unionism: Historical Viewpoint Defines itself in opposition to Irish nationalism. Rejects the idea of a historic Irish nation. Ireland only became a nation after the Act of Union in 1800 (ie within the UK). The 26 counties of the Free State/Irish Republic seceded from the United Kingdom – the six counties of NI did not withdraw from an Irish state. After partition in 1921 the Irish government encouraged political instability in NI by continuing the territorial claim to NI in the Irish constitution (removed in 1999). Academic Definitions Jennifer Todd: Ulster Loyalist – primary loyalty to the NI Protestant community. Ulster British – primary loyalty to the British state/nation. In practice there is an overlap between the two. John McGarry and Brendan O’Leary: Devolutionists – a NI assembly provides best defence against Irish nationalism because British government is unreliable. Integrationists – Union best maintained by legal, political, electoral and administrative integration with the rest of the UK. Norman Porter: Cultural Unionism – rooted in Protestantism. The concepts of liberty and loyalty are central. Liberal Unionism – aims to achieve a similar political way of life as the rest of the UK Unionist and Loyalist Organisations Organisations reflect social and economic divisions in the PUL community. Complicated by emergence of organisations in response to the Troubles or to specific political initiatives. Churches: Presbyterian, Church of Ireland, Methodist, Baptist, etc. Political parties: Ulster Unionist Party, Democratic Unionist Party, Vanguard, etc. Loyal Orders: Orange Order, Apprentice Boys of Derry, Royal Black Preceptory. Paramilitary Organisations: Ulster Volunteer Force, Ulster Defence Association and associated organisations. -
Natural Phonetic Tendencies and Social Meaning: Exploring the Allophonic Raising Split of PRICE and MOUTH on the Isles of Scilly
This is a repository copy of Natural phonetic tendencies and social meaning: Exploring the allophonic raising split of PRICE and MOUTH on the Isles of Scilly. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/133952/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Moore, E.F. and Carter, P. (2018) Natural phonetic tendencies and social meaning: Exploring the allophonic raising split of PRICE and MOUTH on the Isles of Scilly. Language Variation and Change, 30 (3). pp. 337-360. ISSN 0954-3945 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394518000157 This article has been published in a revised form in Language Variation and Change [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394518000157]. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Cambridge University Press. Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Title: Natural phonetic tendencies -
Caribbean English As a Challenge to Lexicography
Richard Allsopp CARIBBEAN ENGLISH AS A CHALLENGE TO LEXICOGRAPHY Introduction Almost as soon as the English throne finally broke with Catholicism, with the accession of Elizabeth I, one of her seamen, John Hawkins, sometime treasurer of her Royal Navy, began slave trading in defiance of Spain, and, in 1562, "got into his possession" at Sierra Leona (sic, from Hakluyt as cited in Payne 1907:7) "the number of 300 Negros at least" and sailed to the north coast of Hispaniola (Haiti) where he "made vent of the whole number of his Negros". Buying, transporting and selling slaves took easily 9 months (the 'triangular trade' took a year); but even if the migrated Africans would not have retained many English words from the ship's crew in this first venture - which Hawkins repeated on a much more wide-ranging Caribbean scale in one of Elizabeth's own ships (the Jesus of Lubeck) in 1564/65 - it is historically true that the English language had begun making substantial thrusts from Plymouth to the West Indies and South America long before it did so to North America. It was seamen's English that brought Protestantism's'mailed fist into the rich belly of the New World, as the logical forerunner of the religious hands that guided the Mayflower to North America some half a century later in 1620. If this sounds exaggerated one need only recall that Sir Francis Drake's great plundering armada of 25 ships sailed in 1585 on what is historically known as 'Drake's West Indian Voyage', and a hazardous channel in the Virgin Islands is still known today as 'Drake's Passage'. -
How New Is New Loyalism?
HOW NEW IS NEW LOYALISM? CATHERINE MCGLYNN EUROPEAN STUDIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD SALFORD, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, February 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Page 1 Chapter One Hypothesis and Methodology Page 6 Chapter Two Literature Review: Unionism, Loyalism, Page 18 New Loyalism Chapter Three A Civic Loyalism? Page 50 Chapter Four The Roots of New Loyalism 1966-1982 Page 110 Chapter Five New Loyalism and the Peace Process Page 168 Chapter Six New Loyalism and the Progressive Page 205 Unionist Party Chapter Seven Conclusion: How New is New Loyalism? Page 279 Bibliography Page 294 ABBREVIATONS CLMC Combined Loyalist Military Command DENI Department of Education for Northern Ireland DUP Democratic Unionist Party IOO Independent Orange Order IRA Irish Republican Army LAW Loyalist Association of Workers LVF Loyalist Volunteer Force NICRA Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association NIHE Northern Ireland Housing Executive NILP Northern Ireland Labour Party PUP Progressive Unionist Party RHC Red Hand Commandos RHD Red Hand Defenders SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party UDA Ulster Defence Association UDP Ulster Democratic Party UDLP Ulster Democratic and Loyalist Party UFF Ulster Freedom Fighters UUP Ulster Unionist Party UUUC United Ulster Unionist Council UWC Ulster Workers' Council UVF Ulster Volunteer Force VPP Volunteer Political Party ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my PhD supervisor, Jonathan Tonge for all his support during my time at Salford University. I am also grateful to all the staff at the Northern Irish Political collection at the Linen Hall Library in Belfast for their help and advice. -
In the Defense of Tories: Loyalism in the British Atlantic World
Jerry Bannister, Liam Riordan, eds.. The Loyal Atlantic: Remaking the British Atlantic in the Revolutionary Era. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. xxi + 318 pp. $29.95, paper, ISBN 978-1-4426-1109-2. Reviewed by Stephanie Seal Published on H-War (February, 2014) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey (Air University) In the past, many studies of the American nal friendship and loyalist identity formation; loy‐ Revolution have largely ignored the true histori‐ alist print culture and literature; slavery and loy‐ cal significance of America’s loyalists. However, alist migration; and sectarian memory and loyal‐ over the last decade the growing number of stud‐ ist politics. The Loyal Atlantic not only describes ies about loyalism in the Revolutionary Atlantic what loyalism is and how it functioned, but the world has revealed the importance of loyalists collection illuminates how it grew and developed and royalism to a clear understanding of the era. in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These In The Loyal Atlantic: Remaking the British At‐ essays ably describe how loyalism influenced lantic in the Revolutionary Era, editors Jerry Ban‐ Britain’s imperial power and governance in the nister and Liam Riordan explore how loyalism be‐ Atlantic world. came an influential movement in the British Em‐ One of the greatest contributions of The Loyal pire, arguing that it fundamentally shaped the Atlantic is Bannister and Riordan’s creation of a British Atlantic and that the true consequences of unique definition of loyalism. Instead of branding colonization and the American Revolution cannot all Tories who spoke out against American Whigs be fully understood without frst understanding as loyalists, Bannister and Riordan look beyond loyalism in the Atlantic world. -
Cumberland Planters and the Aftermath of the Attack on Fort Cumberland
Cumberland Planters and the Aftermath of the Attack on Fort Cumberland Ernest A. Clarke Halifax, Nova Scotia "There are many timorous and weak persons among us, who aw'd by fear, are drove to do what they would avoid, if they durst." John Eagleson, Anglican missionary and acting chaplain of Fort Cumberland, describing Cumberland Planters during the rebellion.1 ***** "O most mighty God," prayed the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel missionary at Windsor. "Ruler of Heaven and Earth," prayed the Rev. William Ellis as H.M.S. Vulture sailed out Minas Basin to relieve Fort Cumberland in November 1776. "Re-unite the Divided interests and Distracted minds of our Countrymen. Defend us from Seditious rage at home and from the Designs of all our...enemies, wheresoever they may be!"2 A good many of the distracted wheresoevers were, even as Ellis prayed, surrounding Fort Cumberland where sedition had raged through the Planter community, for the past year and where the fort had been under attack for a month by a band of 180 guerrillas led by the self styled Colonel Jonathan Eddy.3 Inside the fort were about the same number of defenders: a garrison of provincial troops, the Royal Fencible Americans, and two dozen or more 1 Eagleson to John Butler, 27 January 1776, Public Archives of Canada (PAC), MG 11, Vol.95, 112-7. 2 Prayer, Discourses and Sermons of the Rev. William Ellis, Dalhousie University Archives. Ellis also was a chaplain at Fort Edward. 3 The Planter community of Cumberland was an amalgam of halfpay officers, farmers, tradesmen and artisans heavily dependent on the fort for their livlihood. -
The United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812
Echa Przeszłości XXI/1, 2020 ISSN 1509–9873 DOI 10.31648/ep.6139 Mateusz Bogdanowicz Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Hope Restored: the United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812 Streszczenie: Artykuł analizuje procesy przesiedleńcze tzw. Zjednoczonych Lojalistów Imperialnych (United Empire Loyalists) z nowopowstałych Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki do Brytyjskiej Ameryki Północnej. Ocenie poddane zostały osadnictwo, kwestie polityczne i społeczne jak również wyzwa- nia natury logistycznej stojące przed już istniejącymi prowincjami kanadyjskimi – punktem docelo- wym lojalistów. Przedstawiono także proces powstawania (specjalnie na potrzeby lojalistów) prowincji Nowy Brunszwik oraz Górnej Kanady. Dodatkowym elementem badań są losy i zagadnienia związane z lojalistami rekrutującymi się spośród Indian i Murzynów amerykańskich, ich repatriacją i pomocą rządu brytyjskiego w tej operacji. Słowa kluczowe: Lojaliści, Kanada, prowincje, wojna o niepodległość, przesiedlenia, Zjednoczone Królestwo History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon. Napoleon Bonaparte The article is an attempt at a brief analysis and evaluation of the United Empire Loyalists (UELs) relocation process to Canada. It also evaluates their impact on shaping Canada’s political, economic and social profiles as well as on the regional stratification of the Anglophone element within the Canadian population between the American War of Independence and the War of 1812. The dates 1775 and 1812/1815 seem perfect for trac- ing the trends and progress of the Loyalist re-settlement to Canada and their development of the new Canadian provinces, their administration, society and economy. The period makes thirty years, i.e. a whole generation; it provides a proper insight into the tendencies which proved constant and influential in the historical development of Canada. -
Precarious Lives: Black Seminoles and Other Freedom Seekers in Florida
Precarious lives Black Seminoles and other freedom seekers in Florida before the US civil war A. A. Morgan Copyright 2020 A. A. Morgan This work is licensed under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. You are welcome to share it, within a few basic limits stated in the license, as long as you credit the author and do not alter the work. To view a copy of the license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. I gratefully acknowledge the insightful and constructive feedback received from Cheryl Nicchitta and Donna Stokes. All remaining mistakes and infelicities are my own. This work is offered free of charge. If you enjoy reading it, please consider making a small donation to the charity of your choice. i Dedication Sandy Perryman ? – 1839 warrior, diplomat, linguist ii Contents 1 Introduction 3 Seeking freedom in the Americas 18 Florida — a precarious haven 19 Seeking freedom in Florida 27 A fragile freedom 41 War 75 After Florida 78 Notes 95 Sources iii Introduction Florida was once a place where people in bondage came to be free. For generations, fugitives from the slave plantations of Alabama, the Carolinas, and Georgia crossed the border into Spanish Florida, where they sought official sanctuary or disappeared into the peninsula’s uncharted forests, swamps, and savannas. There, many of them fell in with American Indians, also relatively new to the region, who would become known as Seminoles. Their relationships with the Indians took many forms and have been described over the years in many ways — from slavery (similar to the Euro-American version but less brutal), to a form of vassalage in which they owed an annual tribute but were otherwise left to their own devices, to alliances between equals in which they served as trusted advisors, interpreters, and military allies. -
Newfoundland English
Izaro Zalacain Mendia Degree in English Studies 2019-2020 NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH Supervisor: Miren Alazne Landa Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Alemana y de Traducción e Interpretación Área de Filología Inglesa Abstract The English language has undergone many variations, leaving uncountable dialects in every nook and cranny of the world. Located at the north-east of Canada, the island of Newfoundland presents one of those dialects. However, within the many varieties the English language features, Newfoundland English (NE) remains as one of the less researched dialects in North America. The aim of this paper is to provide a characterisation of NE. In order to do so, this paper focuses on research questions on the origins of the dialect, potential variation within NE, the languages it has been in contact with, its particular linguistic features and the role of linguistic distinction in the Newfoundlander identity. Thus, in this paper I firstly assess the origins of NE, which are documented to mainly derive from West Country, England, and south-eastern Ireland, and I also provide an overview of the main historical events that have influenced the language. Secondly, I show the linguistic variation NE features, thus displaying the multiple dialectal areas that are found in the island. Furthermore, I discuss the different languages that have been in contact with the variety, namely, Irish Gaelic and Micmac, among others. Thirdly, I present a variety of linguistic features of NE -both phonetic and morphosyntactic- that distinguish the dialect from the rest of North American varieties, including Canadian English. Finally, I tackle the issue of language and identity and uncover a number of innovations and purposeful uses of certain features that the islanders show in their speech for the sake of identity marking. -
Orange Alba: the Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland Since 1798
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2010 Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798 Ronnie Michael Booker Jr. University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Booker, Ronnie Michael Jr., "Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/777 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ronnie Michael Booker Jr. entitled "Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. John Bohstedt, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Vejas Liulevicius, Lynn Sacco, Daniel Magilow Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by R. -
Loyalists in War, Americans in Peace: the Reintegration of the Loyalists, 1775-1800
University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2008 LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800 Aaron N. Coleman University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Coleman, Aaron N., "LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800" (2008). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 620. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/620 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERATION Aaron N. Coleman The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2008 LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800 _________________________________________________ ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION _________________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Aaron N. Coleman Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Daniel Blake Smith, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2008 Copyright © Aaron N. Coleman 2008 iv ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800 After the American Revolution a number of Loyalists, those colonial Americans who remained loyal to England during the War for Independence, did not relocate to the other dominions of the British Empire.