Vol. 26, No. 15
Morxism ond the Reolity of Chino o Egyption President ln Beijing o Success Story of o Steel Mill to congratulate you and your col- When Premier Zhao was in I.ETTERS leagues on the 25th anniversary of Africa, he expressed the Chinese Beijing Reoieut. people's desire to develop friend- Many of us have watched with ship and co-operation with the African people. 1955 were 'Beijing Review' Anniversory interest the changes in style and In there content your publication only a few independent countries Please accept greetings from of over Africa; now, than na- the years, and there is no doubt in more 50 friends including myself. you publishing tions have gained independence. that are now the Zhao The coverage sort of magazine which foreigners Ziyang expressed a satisfac- of the achieve- tion He strongly de- mentls of the Chinese people by find both interesting and informa- with this. nouneed colonialism and hege- Beijing Retsieto and other Chinese tive. Beijing Review is now read proclaimed publications in many languages many coun- monism and China's is an arduous task; in peace my frierrds and I salute your ef- tries and I arn sure that you must hope for world and interna- Particularly feel that you have great re- tional co-operation. It was the forts. noteworthy is a wise true that the Spanish sponsibility to portray China both action of a man to talk edition of Beijing and straight about problems rvith Retsiero has been published for 20 honestly and positively, and I am years. sure that most people would now us Africans and to have no ulterior you motives. This promoted unity of pleased say that , have accomplished I am to say that since this. the African people on the basis of 1968 I have been a reader of your the OAU and helped solve issues. magazine. I have known about From a personal point of view the Chinese people and cherished I have found many of your arti- We regretted the visit to Africa warm feeling for them for 15 'cles extremely useful, particularly by US Vice-President George years. Using Chinese publications, those recent ones on economic Bush. He declared that the ques- especially Beijing Rersieto, I have change in both industry and dgri- tion of the Namibian independence learnt to read and write in culturg as I find the figures that can be soived only after the r,vith- Spanish. ihey contain are very useful for drawal of the Cuban troops from the lectures which I give to British Angola. We cannot understand I once again. extend my coni audiences about China. why the US Government main- gratulations on your fine work. tains such an attitude. The with- May you go on \rrith introducing Elizabeth Wright drawal of Cuban troops from An- the advances of China. London, Britain gola has nothing to do with Na- I shali continire to be your mibia. Why does the US Govern- Zhoo's Africon Visit ment oppose the Namibian efforts enthusiastic friend and I shall be gaining pleased to co-operate with you in I enjoyed reading the cover- for independence? I ap- your publication. age of Chinese Premier Z}rao preciate the African leaders, Ziyang's African visit in issue unanimous stand against Bush's John Jairo Zapata C. No. 5. Following the earlier trip infamous statement. They oppose Medellin, Colombia by Zhou Enlai, this was the second Bush's words and deeds in Africa. official visit to Africa by a Chi= Africans, Iet's unite! On behalf of the members of the nese historic Premier. It was of Muampata-Kia-I"okakao Great Britain-China Centre and its importance and was successful in Executive Committee I would like all fields. Kinshasa, Zaire
Control Populotion Growth Your recent article, "Controlling Population Growth" (No. ?) is Beijing Review very informative. Chirra has worked out a plan to effectively control population Airmoiled every week direct to you from the copitol of Chino growth. The one-child family is a satisfactory solution. BEIJING REVIEW brings you: I have a suggestion as how to counter the bias against a female o Lotest politicol, theor.eticol, economic ond child. People prefer male off- culturcrl developments in Chino spring as the boy will support o them when he grows up. d girl, Chino's views on mojor internotionol issues on the other hand, wiII leave the o lmportont Porty ond government docurnents family when she marries. {his can be compensated for if the state or the commune gives a sum of Also arsailoble in French, Geiman, Spanish and, Japa*ese eilitions money to families rvhen their daughters are married. Moreover, women should be given preference Order from CHINA PUBLICATIONS CENTRE (GUOJtSHUDIAN) jobs, P.O. Box to men in especially intel- 399, Beijing, Chino lectual professions. Mahmood-I Elahi Geneva, Switzerland HIGHTICHTS OT THE WEEK BErrlNG New Party Committees Elected Party committees at the provincial, municipal and autonomous region levels now have better educated, more REVIEW professionally competent, younger revolutionaries as leaders (p. 5). Published everY MondoY bY BEIJINO REVIRV - 24 Boiwonzhuong Rood. Beijing The People's Republic ol Chino Marxism lntegrated With China's Reality Integrating Marxist theory with China's concrete con- VoL26, No. 15 April 11, 1983 ditions -- this guideline which brought victory to China's CONTENTS new democratic revolution will remain the cardinal principle for builciing socialism in the new historical period (p. 14). TETTEBS NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Friendship with New Zeolond New Oilfield To Be Developed ond Austroiio Zhongyuan Oilfield on the border of Henan and EVENTS & TRENDS 5.10 Shandong Provinces and rich in oil and nautral gas will New provinciol Porty commit- tees formed have advanced technology and a rational system of ex- Codres toking extro spoce con- ploitation (p. 6). demned Henon-Shondong oilfield to be topped President Mubarak's V isit Foreign exchonge feserves grow . During this first visit to China by an Egyptian Pres- Egypt's President'Muborok icient, ieaders of the two countries had wide-ranging ex- visits Chino Ecuodorion Foreign Minister changes of views on the Middle East problem, third world visits Chino tasks and bilateral relations (p. 8). Foreign Ministry's press brief- ing Beijing South-South Conference Hanoi's Desperate Act opens Renmin Riboo commentator condemns the recent Viet- INTER.NATIONAL 11-13 namese attack on Kampuchean refugee camps along the Viet Nom: Attock on refugees: o desperote oct Thai-Kampuchean border as well as the intrusions into Seven South Asion Notions: Thailand by Vietnamese troops (p. 11). Regionol co-operotion strengthened lndonesio : Soehorto re-elected lndonesian President to o 4th term Re-elected GDR: Science reseorch soves resources A brief summary of Morrism ond the Reolity ot 'Chino tf Indonesia's achievements and problems over the past FEAIURE years President Shoudu Steel-A Success 17 under Story 19 Soeharto, who was re- New System lmproves ln- elected to a fourth five- dustry Zs year term in l\Iarch (p. 12). FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26.27 CULTUPE & SCIENCE 28.30 Success Story of a ART PAGE 31 Steel Company Published. in English, Fre-nch, The Shoudu,Iron and Spozish, Japonese ond German editions Steel Company, vrhich adopted the responsibility Dislribuhd h (hino PuUitoliors Centre (GtEJl SHUUAil), system earlier ttran other has P.0. Box 399, Ileiiing, Chino industrial enterpises, pro- Subrrription pri(es I I y!ot ): significantly raised ductivity and workers' in- lurtiolh.....r.tlz.m USl.'.lJ3tl3'00 A glimpse of Shoudu Steel. llrr Zcchnd..lfl.5t{.00 UI...... €6.E0 mmes (p. 19). Photo by Wang Donghai Conodo.. . . ., (rn.115.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS
have Friendship with Jlew Zealand and Australia :|;:'jffi:10,,1:u,,fi:,:rts China is co-operating with People are awaiting Pre- and Zhu Xuefan, and half a Australia in 27 technical projects mier Zhao's visrit to New dozen ministers have visited the covering agriculture and for- Zealand and Australia with two Oceanian countries. estry, industry and energy, great interest. Will you please education and management, Other exchanges have discuss China's relations with in- health and medicine, involving volved political figures, scien- these two countries? a total investment of $A35.5 tists, technicians, scholars, and million. Premier Zhao Ziyang is art and sports groups. Australia is helping China scheduled to leave Beijing April The prime ministers of China 12 on a tour of New Zealand build a number of modern and Australia have made a stock, poultry farms, and Australia. He will be the point periodicatly and cotton of keeping hotels, and industrial and min- first Chinese Premier to visit each other posted on important ing projects, and China is as- these two Oceanian countries international developments. Reg- sisting Australia in training since diplomatic relations were ular consultations on bilateral lichee growens and cunstructing established in 1972. and international issues were a China Town in Geelong near instituted 1980 The Chinese Premier and in between the Melbourne, leaders of the two host countries vice-ministers of foreign affairs will discuss international issues of China and Australia. The growth of friendly ties of mutual interest and explore Trade and ecpnomic co{pera- between China and these trvo ways of expanding economic tion between China and these Oceanian nations testifies that and technical co-operation. two friendly countries have countries with different social grown rapidly. systems, as long they ad- China has snjoyed very ami- fairly as cable relations with both New The volume of China-New here to the Five Principles of Zealand and Australia. There Zealand trade has increased 1E- Peaceful Coexistence, can live are no outstanding issues in fold since 1972, from US$9.?0 amicably together and co-oper- their bilateral relations. million to about US$140 mil- ate effectively for the benefit lion. The two countries have of their peoples. A common stand against ag- signed a long-term trade agree- qression and expansion and a It is China's consistent policy ment, and a special joint com- joint desire to work for peace, to seek mutual understanding mittee meets regularly to study stability and prosperity in the and develop relations with all new possibilities for increasi.ng Asia-Pacific region have forged other countries on the basis of trade between the two countries. a firm friendship between China the Five Principles of Peaceful New Zealand is helping China and these iwo Oceanian coun- Coexistence, to further the in- with the construction of modern tries. terests peace seed and stock farms and light of and security throughout the world. High level exchanges over and textile industry projects. the past decade have brought Agreements on trade and Premier Zhao's trip to Oce- the prime ministem, ania, coming shortly after his Parliament scientific, cultural and technical -11 successful leaders, foreign ministers and co-operation have been signed visit to African other ranking officials of New between China and Australia. countries, signifies yet another Zealand and Australia Chi- major step towards building to Trade between the two coun- na. In return, former Chinese stronger bonds of friendship tries reached US$1.12 billion in peo- Vice-Premiers Li Xiannian and with other countries and 1982, making Australia China's ples. Chen Muhua, Vice-Chairrnen of fifth largest trading partner. the National People's Congress Since L972, China's imports I - lnternotional t- Standing Committee Ulanhu from Australia have increased Editor Mu Youh.n I L------I
Beijing Reoieto, No. 15 CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS
New provincial Party committees formed golia, Ningxia and Guangxi autonomous regions increased. The members of these Party committees electeid from The Communist Party or- Members of the newly elected were candidates chosen through rec- ganizations in 27 out of the 29 standing committees of the Par- and polls among provinces, municipalities and ty committees in various prov- ommendations provincial, autonomous regions (except inces, municipalities and au- the cadres at the prefectural and county levels as Taiwan Province) have formed tonomous regions adhere to as factories, mines, en- their new leading bodies by the socialist road and are ready well at terprises, scientific research in- April 4. io dedicate themselves to the stitutions, colleges and univer- modernization of China. They This is an important part of sities, upon the approval of the are: the national structural reform Party Central Committee. for meeting the needs of the Younger. The average age because - In order to streamline the socialist modernization is now lower. The average age the Communist Party is the leading bodies, the number of of the l0 standing committee ruling party in China and the the standing committee mem- members the Party Party organizations play decisive of Shanxi bers is, in general, one-third roles in their localities, committee is 55.8, 10.5 years less than it was before. In younger than the previous lead- the new lgading bodies, a num- Chinese Com- Led by the ing body. ber of experienced cadres re- munist Party, pee the Chinese tained their posts. However, have great achieve- Many ple won Better educated. other veteran cadres who are ments socialist revolu- - in their more members of the new Party advanced in age left their posts construction. However, tion and c.ommittees have a college educa- and have tried their best to help 'the members the leading of tion. The portion of standing younger cadres learn their aew Party became older, were not committee members of the responsibilities. so weil educated nor very Guangdong provincial Party professionally competent. In oommittee with college educa- addition, there was a prolifera- jumped tion of concurrent and deputy tion from one-third to posts. two-thirds. Cadres taking extra To meet the needs of China's - Professionally more com- sPace condemned modernization drive, General petent. Many members of the Secretary Hu Yaobang advane- newly elected Party committees ed the restructuring of the are senior engineers, professors The Central Commission for leading bodies and the cadre and experts in the cultural, Inspecting Discipline under the system at the 12th National scientific and technological con- Chinese Communist PartY recently r,vrote open .letter Party Congress held in 1982. tingents. In the standing com- an the Party's leading cadres The ranks of the cadres mittee of the Heilongjiang pro- to at all levels to coriect are expected to be revolutionary, vincial Party committee, experts the unhealthy tendencies by better educated, professionally and professors accounted for Party membeis and especial- more competent and younger. one-third. chief engineer of A ly the Party's leading cadres to Last year, the Party Central the Ministry of Coal Industry occupy more housing and land. Committee and the State Coun- and a chemical specialist were This letter is one step that the the streamlining cil completed elected to the Shanxi provincial Chinese Communist Party .has Since the of their structures. Party committee. This will taken to effect a fundamental end of last year restructuring of greatly facilitate the leadership change in the Party style in the bodies been the leading has of coal mining in the'province. next five years. carried out at the provincial, rnu- nicipal and autonomous region In addition, the percentage of The letter has been heeded. levels. Streamlining at the pre- the minority nationality eadres According to the Central Com- fectural and county levels will elected to the new leading bodies mission for Inspecting Discipline, be carried out in the future. in Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mon- the people's government in He-
April 11, 1983 nan Province ordered all the ing majority of its members and unlawfully possess, compensate leading cadres of the province's leading cadres work whole- and return housing or land they supply and marketing co-op to heartedly for the masses. Those took in excess of their rightful rnove out of new, better housing Party members who are crowd- share before July 1, 1983, they (each apartment had a floor ed into one or two rooms but will be treated leniently or space of 142.8 square metres) try various means to help solve exempted frorn punishment. and it then reassigned the space. others' problems in living space Those who fail to do this will punished Wenzhou city Party com- are highly respected by society. be severely. Further, those leading cadres who looked mittee of Zhejiang Province Nevertheless, some Party but saw not, heard but investi- measured the dwelling areas members, especially sorne lead- gated not and indulged those where its standing committee ing cadres, have abused their who had made mistakes will be members and the deputy mayors power and occupied public land, investigated. of Wenzhou city lived. If they allocated public funds and com- occupied rnore than their share, mandeered labour and transport they had to relinquish it. A1- to build new houses for them- ready, 46 leading cadres includ- selves. Some diverted funds al- Henan-Shandong ing two secretaries of the city located for operating expenses Party committee have given up and other pur:poses to build oilfield to be tapped dwelling space totalling 2,588 themselves fancy living quar- square metres. Some of this ters. Others allotted more or Exploration at the Zhong- housing has already been given better housing to their own off- yuan Oilfield is being ac- to intellectuals, workers and spring and relatives. These evil celerated. members cadres who staff and tendencies have darnaged the This oilfield covers an area of had quarters. cramped Party's prestige and arousd 5,300 square kilometres border- Party organizations and pe> public indignation. ing Henan and Shandong ple's governments in other prov- The style of a political party Provinces. inces, municipalities and auton- i,n power determines its very Exploitation has already be- omous regions are also tak- survival. In order to enforce gun. ln 1982, production of ing measures to correct un- Party discipline and correct the crude oil reached 2.15 million healthy tendencies in allocating Party's style, the Central Com- tons. In addition, 0.5 million lodgings. mission for Inspecting Discipline cubic metres of associated gas I-ong years of erroneous guid- decided: If those who made was tapped. ing thinking in handling the re- mistakes in building and aI- lationships betu'een economic lotting houses re-examine their China has decided to develop construction and people's live- actions, return what they the Zhongyuan Oilfield into an lihood, especially during the ten tumultuous years of the "cultural revclution," resulted in too few residential buildings being con- structed, thus causing the present housing problem. After the Third Plenum of the Party's l1th Central Com- mittee was convened at the end of 1978, the state began to pay attention to the housing probletn and has since allocated huge sums of money to housing con- struction. However, 'uhe needs of the people have still not been met and citizens are highly sen- sitive about this issue. The Chinese Communist Par- ty is a political party that serves the people and the overwh€Im- A corner of the Zhongyuan Oilfield. o Beiiing Reuiew, Ivo. 15 CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS important centre of petroleum science and technology with Foreign exchange reserves grow relatively advancred technology, a system of rational exploitation and relatively good economic China has maintained a curtailment of investments in results. To achieve this a end, favourable balance of interna- capitai construction and reduc- group headed Song Zhen- by tional payments for two con- tions in the import of equipment ming, former minister the of secutive years (1981 and 1982), have resulted in lesser foreign petroleum industry, has been in spite of the depressed world exchange payments. established to tackle key techni- economy. China's foreign ex- cai problerns in the construction change reserves which were However, the growth of re- and production. US$2,200 million at the end of China's foreign exchange serves has not solved the prob- The geological structure of 1980 grew further to US$11,125 lem of a shortage of funds for the oilfield is rather complicat- million in December 1982. domestic construction. Accord- ed. There are many under- By the end of last year, China ing to Wang Weicai, Director of ground faults; the gas, and oii, had repaid, in full, high-irrterest the State General Administra- water are mixed together in loans amounting to LTS$S,100 tion of Exchange Control, the strata; and some oil-bear- Some rnillion. The loans, altogether increase in China's foreign ex- ing strata ai'e far underground. US$7,500 million for purchasing change reserves is only a tem- In order to solve related tech- equipment f.or 22 large and me- porary phenomenon. From the nical issues, Chinese and for- dium-sized projects in 1978, were long-term point of viev,r, China's eign advanced technology will borrowed from the European foreign exchange funds are still be utilized in tapping this financial market at an interest insufficient. With the develop oilfield. rate of 15 to 18 per cent. ment of China's modernization Oil is one of China's major China will be able to pay drive, more funds will be need- petro- energy resources. In 1982, 102 from its own foreign ex- ed for the exploitation of leum and coal and the in- million tons of oil and 10,800 change reserves the - remaining million cubic metres of natural US$2,400 million for the ad- frastructural projects for the gas were produced, of which vanced equipment yet to be de- development of transport and 20.317 million tons of crude oil livered. communications. China will stil] have to borrow from world and petrol were exported" In There are two reasons for financial organizations and the first quarter of this year, China's basically stable finan- other countries. China produced 25.82 million cial market and the growth of tons of crude oi!, 1.16 million China's foreign exchange re- Wang Weicai is optimistic tons more than planned. serves: First, China's political about the development of pro- China has abunciant oil re- situation is stable and its China's foreign exchange jects. pointed the serves. More than 300 sedi- economy is developing steadily. He out that mentary basins with a total Second, a series of measures use of foreign capital including countries area of over 4.5 milLion square were adopted to promote the funds from foreign kiiometres of sedimentary rock growth of both. state and local and international financial organizations constantly have been identified. In ad- exports, such as allowing locali- . will ditiori, China has one million ties and enterprises to retain expand; the number of enter- prises square kilometres of continental part of the foreign exchange with foreign funds and shelf. earned from their exports and funds from overseas Chinese the encouragement of exports and joint ventures involving In order to maintain the an- and creation of more foreign Chinese and foreign investment nual national oil output at 100 exchange. The vigorous de- wiII grow; economic co{pera- million tons, 35 million tons of velopment of tourism and the tion and trade exchanges with new output capacity needs to implementation of policies for foreign countries will also de- be added in the next three yeats. the overseas remittance have also velop steadily. Therefore, By. the late 1980s, some off- led to a large growth in foreign China's foreign exchange pro- shore oilfields wili also go into exchange receipts from non- jects will surely make good production. commercial transactions. The progress.
April L1, 1983 Egypt's President, Mubarak solution to the Middle East visits China problem." Deng Xiaoping said that final Mohamed Hosni Mubarak, had full exchanges of views on settlement of the Middle East President of the Arab Republic bilateral relations and.on inter- problem hinges on the unity of of Egypt, arrived in Beijing on national issues of mutual the Arab world. FIe said: "We April I for an official friend- interest. hope that the Arab countries ship visit at the invitation of Middle East Problem. Premier will strengthen their unity and the Chinese Government. China Zhao pointed out that the Begin that Egypt will play a greater great attached importance to regime in Israel is responsible role in strengthening Arab and warmly welcomed this first for the protracted tension and unity." visit to China by an Egyptian turmoil in the Middle East President Mubarak said that President. caused by.Israel's invasion of it is the position of both Egypt Premier Zhao Ziyang gave a the Arab countries. and China that steps should be banquet in honour of the dis- Zhao said: "The Government taken no',r,r to settle the Pales- tinguished guest and held talks and people of China strongly tinian people's right to self- with him. Deng Xiaoping, condemn Israel for its policy of determination so they may Chairman of Central Advisory aggression and expansion. We build their national entity on Commission of the Communist firmly support the Palestinian their own land, and to ensure Party of China, and Hu Yao- and other Arab peoples in their the right of all the peoples in bang, General Secretary of the just struggle to recover their the region to enjoy a secure and CPC Central Committee, sep lost territories and restore their stable life. arately met with President Mu- national rights. We firmly sup He called for an immediate barak. During these meetings, port their determination to seek end to the Israeli occupation of the leaders of the two countries a comprehensive, fair and just Lebanon so that the Lebanese people may be freed from the suffering imposed on them and resume their national develop ment and .reconstruction. Third World's Tasks. Premier Zhao said that in recent years the developing countries have come to see that, in the struggle to establish a new international economic order, it is essential to strengthen South-South co- operation while promoting North-South dialogue. It was very important, he said, that the Seventh Non-Aligned Sum- mit Conference stressed the need for the developing coun- tries to espouse the concept of collective self-reliance. President Mubarak said that the third world peoples must strengthen their mutual ties and co Beijing Reuieus, No. 15 CHINA EVENryS'-AND TRENDS and legitimate rights and to e>(- The Governments of China Foreign Ministry's press their own characteristics and Egypt signed an agreement and their aspirations for in- on scientific and technological dependence." co-operation. They also signed Press brief ing the letters exchanged on agricul- Bilateral Relations. Premier tural projects scientific and Zhao and President Mubarak for The Chinese Government has technological co-operation for expressed satisfaction with the lodged a strong protest with the the year 1983-84, and a protocol growth of Sino-Egyptian rela- Netherlands Government for its for 1983 the long-term trade tions in all fields and said that to approval of air routes between agreement. the two countries would con- the Netherlands and Taiwan, Qi tinue to promote friendly co- The two sides also reached Huaiyuan, Director of the Infor- operation in economic develop- agreement on establishing an mation Department of the Chi- ment, trade, culture and science Egyptian consulate-general's of- ,nese Foreign Ministry, announc- and technology. fice in Shanghai. ed at a news briefing on April 5 in Beijing. Ecuadorian Foreign Minister visits China Qi said, "On January 31, 1983 the Chinese Charge d'Affaires to At a banquet in honour of The two foreign ministers the Netherlands made a solemn Ecuadorian Foreigir Minister held talks on bilateral economic representation to the Nether- Luis Valencia Rodriguez on and trade relations and interna- lands Foreign Ministry concern- March 31, Foreign Minister Wu tional issues of common interest. ing the approval by the Nether- Xueqian said: "Of late, a super- lands authorities of the conclu- power's intervention in Nicara- Meeting with Valencia on sion of an agreement on opening gua has aggravated tensions in April 1, Premier Zhao Ziyang air services between Martinair Central America. stressed the importance of Holland N.V. and 'China Airlines' (Taiwan)." "It is our consistent position South-South co April 11, 1983 so as to prevent further Beijing South-South Conference opens to the relations between #,T and the Netherlands." Seeking practical measures to ground while reserving differ- strengthen relations among ences and co-ordinate their ac- At the news briefing, also Qi third world countries was the tions in various forums of North- issued statement condemning a focus of the South-South Con- South negotiations." the recent attack by Vietnamese ference on Strategies of Devel- troopa on Kampuchean refugee Strengthening South-South opment, Negotiations and Co- co-operation would helP the camp6 and their intrusion into operation at the Great Hall of third world muntries to enhance the territory of Thailand. the People in Beijing, April 4-7. their ec.onomic capabilities, On the US Government's Co-sponsored by the Third strengthen their position in negotiations and grant of political asylum to a World Foundation for Social and North-South play greaf strategic role in Chinese tennis player named Economic Studies and the Chi- a breaking up the old interna- Hu Na, said was a grave, nese Academy of Social Qi it tional economic order and es- premeditated, political incident Sciences, the conference drew 68 noted political figures and schol- tablishing a new one, Premier engineered by the United States. ars from 26 Asian, African and Zhao said. The Chinese Government will Latin American countries. The co-chairmen of the con- the Chinese react to this matter and make In a speech on the opening ference, Adviser to stern representations to the US day, Premier Zhao Ziyang said: Academy of Social Sciences of Government, he said. "This conference is convened at Huan Xiang and Chairman of the a time when the world economic the Selection Committee Foundation He SS Qi noted that the so-called re- situation is extremely grim and Third World spoke at the con- quest of Hu Na to the US the developing countries are Ramphal, also authorities for political asylum seeking ways to cope with it. ference. was result stressed the the of enticement 'iln recent year, the developed Huan Xiang South- and coertion by a handful of Western countries have been in urgency of strengthening The condi- Americans in collusion with the grip of the gravest economic South co-operation. of the devel- Taiwan agents. crisis since 30s. Under its tions and interests the be dif- impact the ecpnomic growth of oping countries may he said, The US Government has no the whole world, and the third ferent in some resPects, grounds interests are whatsoever to grant world countries in particular, but their common underdeveloPment' "political asylum" to Hu Na, he has been seriously hampered. to eliminate said. This action on the part of Therefore, it is necessarY to seek the United States is bound to "It is most timely and mean- ways to strengthen concrete co- impair Sino-US cultural and ingful for the Beijing South- operation, he said. South Conference to explore sports exchanges and adversely Dr. Ramphal said that there and. address itself seriously to aff ect Sino-US relations gen- is no better way of doing so such important issues as the erally. than by exploring the strengths development strategies of the the third world. correcting developing countries, North- of Answering an earlier question its errors, rectifYing its weak- Na's she South negotiations and South- on Hu worry that nesses and reinforcing the integ- might per':secuted South co-operation. be after her rity of its commitment to a return, Qi Huaiyuan said that "The struggle of the develop- genuine internationalism. the Chinese Tennis Association ing countries to expand their In another action at the con- has declared that if Hu Na national economies must be decides to return home, the as- ference, Premier Zhao was en- closely integrated with the trusted by the Third World sociation will still send her to struggle for the establishment participate in the International Foundation to confer the Third of a new international economic World Prize for 1982 on the Tennis Tournament to be held order. in Switzerland in June this year. Philippines International Rice "It is desirable for the third Research Institute. Since the "There was no question of world countries to put forward institute was established in 1960, persecuting her in the past nor some urgent and feasible pro- it has attained a series of major will it arise after her return to jects through full consultations scientific achievements and won China," Qi declared. in the spirit of seeking common high prestige in the third world' 10 Beiiing Reoiero, No. 15 INTERNATIONAT REPORTS AND COMMENTS support the just stand of the Viet Nom Thai Government and people in safeguarding territorial integrity Attack on refugees: a desperate act and opposing foreign aggression. China firmly supports the state- ment of the five ASEAN /\N March 31. the Vietnamese oommunity to put an immediate cpun- tries and demands the tJ ,.*p. occupying Kampu- end to it. that Vietnamese authorities put an chea, under the cover of artil- I'he massive Vietnamese mili- immediate end to their military lery and tank fire, mounted a tary operations along the Kam- operations Kam- barbarous attack on Kampu- along the puchean-Thai border poses a puchean-Thai border and to the chean refugee €mps along serious threat to the security of killing of Kampuchean refugees. Thai-Kampuchean border, the Thailand, and the inflow of and a number Vietnamese authorities wounding killing large numbers of refugees into The others should know of civilians and forcing that country has created great that the flames of to flee into Thailand. Small the struggle for Kampuchea's difficu-lties for it. Thai military groups of Vietnamese troops national salvation can never be authorities have con- even penetrated into Thai ter- strongly extinguished. Despite all the ritory. demned the Vietnamese ag- Soviet arms and money, Hanoi gression. The five ASEAN states has failed to extricate itself from This atrocity has fully reveal- have issued a statement de- the diffictrlties brought about by ed the vicious and yet weak nouncing the Vietnamese attack its invasion of Kampuchea. The nature of the Vietnamese au- on the Kampuchean refugee only way out is complete thorities as a regional hegemon- camps and appealed for urgent withdrawal of all the aggressor ist. assistance from the international troops from Kampuchea. beginning the dry community. Since the of (Ercerpts from April S "Renmin season, Viet Nam has made pre- The Chinese people resolutely Ribao" commentator's article) parations to stage attacks in Kampuchea in its attempt to weaken or wipe out the patrio- tic resistance forces of Kampu- Seven South Asion Notions chea. Meanwhile, it has plo- posed "partial troop with- Regional co-operation strengthened drawal" and a "regional confer- ence" to hoodwink public opinion and win recognition for rn HE 4th meeting of the for- Sri Lanka, include one-fifth of its occupation of Kampuchea. I eign secretaries of seven the world's population. Most of As long as ths Vietnamese South Asian nations. held the South Asian countries have authorities refuse to accept the March 28-29 in Dhaka, Bangla- suffered from Western colonial UN resolutions on the Kampu- desh, isstred a joint communique exploitation. Though they have chean question and withdraw saying that the foreign secre- now won political independence, their troops from Kampuchea, taries had agreed on an inte- the people of these countries all suggestions that they are grated programme for re.eional are still poor. Five_ of the 30- rvilling to solve the Kampuchean co-operation to be set in action odd least developed countries, issue by peaceful means are as soon as possible and that a as cited by the United Nations, sheer lies. meeting of the foreign ministers are South Asian countries. The would be held in New Delhi security of the South Asian re- The Vietnamese troops directed August 1-3. gion. has been threatened by the their recent attack defense- at foreign invasion of Afghanistan. less Kampuchean refugees. The Common Aspirotions Chinese people, together with The seven countries share a the people of the world, strongly The seven South Asian coun- common desire to develop their condemn this inhuman atrocity tries, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. na-tional economies and to safe- and appeal to the international Maldives. Nepal. Pakistan and guard their security and stabii. Aprll 11. 1983 11 ity has made these countries lamabad, Pakistan, in August different cpnditions. But these unite. Ttrerefore, when the late 1982 discussed matters pertain- countries have decided that Bangladesh hesident Ziaur ing to the proposed meeting of their differences should not Kahman in May of 1980 first foreign ministers. block co-operation based on proposed a summit conference There are still a few pending equality and mutual benefit. to discuss regional co+peration, This is positive trend bilateral problems or disputes certainly a Nepa.l, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and South Asian relations. among some of the South Asian in other cpuntries in the region ex- countries, each of which has Anning pressed their support. -Chen Progress The first meeting of foreign I ndonesid secretaries, who are lower in rank than the foreign ministers, Soeharto re-elected 4th term was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, to a in April 1981. This meeting set principles guiding the basic DRESIDENT Soeharto of In- in the founding of the Associa- their regional co-operation, the I donesia, 62 years of age, tion of Southeast Asian Nations main points being: first, cG was re-elected to a fourth five- (ASEAN) which became the ordinated con-sultations ; second, year term on March 10. Soe- central focus of its foreign af- disctxsion of regional co-opera- harto's government has brought fairs. In the economic sphere, tion only, not bilateral and dis- political stability and economic Soeharto returned foreign en- puted problems; third, regional development to Indonesia, but terprises con-fiscated by Soe- co-operation should supplement faces serious economii and karno's government, carried out rather than replace biLateral or social contradictions. an open{oor policy to in- multilateral co-opetation. At troduce foreign investment and Following its independence this meeting, five study groups aid, exploited natural resources in 1945. Indonesia's next 20 were set up to determine the (particularly reformed years were characterized by oil), potential and scope for regional policies, pro- frequent cabinet and rural vigorously co-operation in the fields of ag- changes production an unstable political situation. moted rice and riculture, rural development, carried three consecutive Rising to power after the "Sep- out telecommunications, meteorolo- five-year construction plans. gy and health. The study tember 30 Incident" of 1965, groups were to prepare detailed Soeharto was inaugurated Pres- These measures have changed proposals for the next mee-ting. ident in March 1968. He has the lives of the 150 million pee arrogated all powers to himself ple residing on the 13,000 is- In August of the same year for the past 16 yearrs some- lands of Indonesia. Inflation a commission of experts from thing rare in Indonesian - history. rates dropped from 600 per cent the seven countries was estab- in 1966 to 9.69 per cent in 1982. lished to explore possibilities Soehorto's Achievements Foreign exchange reserves of for a broader scope of regional Upon assuming office, only US$8 million in 1966 in- co-operation. Soeharto stressed domestic eco- creased to $6,300 million in 1981. In 1981, the GNP growth The second meeting, held in nomic construction and adopted rate was 7.5 per cent and per- Kathmandu, Nepal, in Novem- a series of important measures capita GNP reached S520, ber 1981, scrutinized the designed to establish a "new reports six times the $89 per-capita and proposals of the five study order" in Indonesia. In internal GNP of 1966. The World Bank groups and reorganized them as affairs, he reshuffled parlia- in 1982 listed Indonesia as a working groups. In addition, ment and government functions, the medium-income nation. After meeting selected three streamlined his political party fields years of rice shortages In- transportation, postal service- and implemented a policy of donesia is basically self- and science and technology army participation in govern- sufficient in rice today. for further study. The meeting- rnent and politieal affairs. In also discussed a date for a con- foreign affairs, Indonesia re- Over the past 16 years, Soe- ference of the foreign ministers joined the United Nations, im- harto's administration has Suc- of the seven countries, proved relations with Malaysia cessfully maintained relatively and other neighbouring coun- stable government and policies. The third rneeting heLd in Is- tries, and actively participated A stable and developed In- 12 Beijing Reuiew, No. 15 !NTERNATIONAt REPORTS AND COMMENTS donesia is essential to interna- share only 11.15 per cent of the using coal ash for building and tional stability, particularly that GNP. The jobless and semi- road construction. In the past 5 of the Southeast Asian coun- employed number nearly 24 years, more than 11 million tons tries. The "Inter-Governmental million, and 17.6 million people of ash have been thus used. Group for Indonesia" headed by have to rely on government the United States and Japan has relief. A centre for rational utiliza- provided large amounts of aid. tion of energy resources has Indonesia's political stability During the 1967-80 period, In- been established in Cottbus wiII be affected if these eco- donesia receivd more than District. Based on a prolrcsal nomic probiems $9,000 million in foreign in- and social con- of the centre, a lignite enter- tradictions resolved vestments from 29 countries. are not prise constructed a facility for soon. gathering waste heat from the process of producing coal Economic ond Sociol Probtems Shuhai bricks -Huang and then used the heat to pro- Recently the Indonesian econ- vide heating for factories and omy has been weakened by houses. the Western economic recession and the drop in oil prices. Total GDR The centre has also developed exports fell 8 per cent, a loss of the utilization of slag and about $9,900 million during Science research wastes of chemical factories in- January-September 1982 as stead of lime in glass production. compared with the correspond- saves resources Thus, a glass factory can de- ing period in 1981, From Janu- crease its energy and raw ma- ary to JuIy last year, exportsi of terial consumption by 10 per I N developing science and tech- oil and natural gas decreased I cent and 8 per cent respectively 16.46 per cent from last year's nology, the German Demo- while quality of its products is figures, a loss of $1,042 million cratic Republic (GDR) stresses improved. in foreign exchange. Foreign lowering production costs and exchange reserves in October saving raw materials. Attention The GDR has been actively pursuing 1982 fell to $4,300 million, and is also paid to improving the research and utiliza- GNP growth rate was less than economic management system tion of microelectronics, robots, 4 per cent. and the organization of labour. computers and electronic con- trols in industry to save labour. Indonesia's foreign debt has The GDR is an industrial Many old enterprises have been risen to $26,000 million since country with advanced scientific automated. 1969. During the fourth five- and technological development. year plan starting next year, However, it lacks natural re- The GDR's successes in science Indonesia will have to borrow sources and manpower and and technology are the product $12,000 million if its economic about 60 per cent of its fuel and of its highly developed educa- construction is to continue as raw materials are imported. tional system. Ten years of planned. Western bankers pre- Therefore, it has relied on scien- schooling is universal. College dict that Indonesia's growth tific and technological develop- and university graduates ac- rate will drop to around 2 per ment to promote productivity. count for 18.8 per cent of all cent this year. employed, persons and 95 per Germans strive to make full cent of the young employees re- Noting the wide gap between use of the latest advances in ceive two to three years of pro- the rich and the poor, Sumitro, science so that they can produce fessional training after gradua- Indonesia's noted economist, more from less. For example, tion from middle school. Thus estimates that at present half of about 16 million tons of coal ash employees are familiar with the the Indonesian people are living are produced by the power Iatest scientific and technolog- in poverty. While 56.73 per plants which burn lignite as fuel. ical achievements and are a cent goes of the GNP to the up- Therefore, faculty members of motive force in promoting scien- per per 20 cent of the popula- an engineering college in Cott- tific development. tion, 40 per cent of the popula- bus District and experts in tion with low incomes must building proposed enterprises - Xin Futan April 11, 1983 13 Marxism and the Reality of China by Hu Sheng o Chino's sociol ond historicol conditions put the revolution of this giont Asion notion on its own unique rood. o Since Chino hos never experienced the stoge of developed cop- itolism, it is unlikely thot its ongoing sociolist construction con ovoid o host of speciol problems ond difficulties. o We should leorn oll uselu! ospects of the copitolist system but ot the some time we shoutd moke coreful differentiotions ond onolyses be- fore obsorbing ond remoulding them. o We should proceed from the specific conditions of Chino ond use universol Monist principles to build sociolism in o Chinese woy. fiVER six decades ago, Marxism spread to haustible strength that could be called into ac- \.7 China and rapidly integrated itself with tion. Apart from the urban petty bourgeoisie the workers' movement and other revolutionary which could be its ally, the proletariat could movements. Armed with Marxism, the Chinese also find allies in other classes and social strata Communist Party appeared in its infancy with particularly in its struggle against imperialism. a new vitality unprecedented in Chin2's ideo- Under these social and historical conditions, logical and political arenas. China had to take a unique road in developing the revolutionary movement up entered At the time the Chinese revolutionary till it the stage of socialism. movement for a bourgeois republic was at an impasse, with slim chances for success. Because China was a semi-colonial. semi- Marxism and the Russian October Revolution feudal country, its revolution had to proceed broadened the horizon of the Chinese people, in two steps: first achieving victory in the particularly the advanced elements among them, democratic revolution and then starting the who gradually came to the conch.rsion that the socialist revolution, China's special condi- future of the Chinese nation, like that of the tions determined, among other things. that oppressed people throughout the world, lay in the proletariat should, and could, win the lead- socialism and communism. ership over the democratic revolution; that the The earliest Marxists in China believed that proletariat-led democratic revolution should the country's problems could be solved simply take armed struggle as the major form supple- by copying methods of socialist revolution mented with other forms of struggle; that the adopted by the Western proletariat. But before proletariat must establish rural revolutionary long, they came to see from their own experi- base areas, develop the peasant revolutionary ence that this would get them nowhere. In the war under its leadership and encircle the cities giant.Asian country of China, then already re- from the rural areas; and that the proletariat duced to both semi-colonialism and semi- could form a united front with the bourgeoisie feudalism, the target of the revolution was not under certain conditions. the ordinary bourgeoisie, imperialism, but In human history, a sociali,st society does feudalism and the comprador-bureaucrat bour- not come out of the void. It is established on the geoisie which ganged up with them, basis of civilizations created by humanity down Moreover, the country's political and eco- through the ages, particularly the civilization nomic development was uneven and its capi- created by capitalism which is at a level far talism undeveloped. While the ranks of the pro- higher than any previous one. Capitalism creat- Ietariat were not large, the peasantry had inex- ed tremendous productive forces and, in cor- 14 Beijing Reoieto, No. 15 respondence with these forces, developed full- influenced by social reformism and "labour fledged education, culture, science and tech- aristocracy" which appeared in capitalist coun- nology, economic management and so on. All tries but has never appeared in our country. these furnish the '.'building blocks" needed for In the long years of revolutionary wars, the socialism once the political power of a develop- Iand reform and the co-operative lnovement, ed capitalist country falls into the hands of the our peasants established a close alliance with proletariat and the socialist public ownership of the working class and had great confidence in the means of production is established. the leadership of the Communist Party. However, Ohina is totally different. Its so- Our intellectuals from the old society are, cialist society grew out of a semi-colonial, semi- generally speaking, imbued with strong patriot- feudal one where elements capitalism of ism although they received bourgeois educa- existed but were undeveloped. has never ex- It tion. Their experiences in the old and new so- perienced the stqge of developed capitalism, and cieties have convinced them that only the so- the "legacy" it inherited from the old society cialist system can make China prosperous and contained virtually nothing of what a capitalist powerful. society c'ould have offered. private For that reason, in building socialism China After the socialist transformation of will inevitably encounter many special problems ownership of the means of production was un- peaceful policy, and difficulties in the economic, cultural and dertaken by the "buying out" political arenas. We should therefore conscien- the majority of the Chinese bourgeoisie con- tior:sly solve these problems within the frame- sciously remoulded themselves into labourers work of the socialist system and learn every- earning a living by their own sweat and were ttr-ing necessary for socialism, which other na- willing to contribute their experiences and tions have learnt under the capitalist system. abilities to the socialist motherland. Similar place In taking our own socialist road, we should take changes took among other members of the this reality into consideration, just as we pro- upper-strata of the old society. ceeded from the reality of China as a semi-colo- These and other phenomena provide nial, semi-feudal society in carrying out the favourable conditions for building socialism. democratic revolution. Fully utilizing these conditions will, of course, The absence of the stage of full-grown cap- help overcome our weaknesses; but if we pay italism in our history has caused some special no attention to overcoming our weaknesses, we difficulties but, on the other hand, it has also will not be able to fully tap our strengths. had some advantages. Tempered in the long Generally speaking, building socialism is an years of national sufferings and revolutionary arduous task. Since entering socialism, China struggles, the Chinese people have fostered the has had to face problems which will not happen outstanding tradition of unity and hard struggle developed capitalist when they under the banner of patriotism. to countries change over to socialist society (these countries, The Chinese working class has rarely been in turn, will have problems we do not have). What are our special Workers of a Jilin provincial ehemical lndustrial company work hard for the accomplishment of modernization in China- problems? For example, the socialized, production in our society as a whole, especially the vast countryside, remains at a fairly low level and the commodity economy is under- developed; there is still much illiteracy, national education is not yet universal and our educational facilities are scanty; our science and tech- nology are backward and we have too few intellectuals and even fewer highly qualified intellectuals; and we lack ex- perience in running large- 15 scale production and commerce, rvhich sometimes results in poor management. The socialist system has indeed brought about an unprecedented growth of China's social productive forces. In summing up the achieve- ments of the 32 years since the establishment of the People's Re- public, the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, adopt- ed by the Party Central Committee in June 1981, pointed out: "We have scored signal successes in in- dustrial construction and have gradually set up an independent and fairly comprehensive industrial Hua Luogeng, Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of Scieuces, base and economic system." "The conducts investigations in a Harbin factory. This celebrated matrhe- maiician is only one of the many Chinese intellectuals who are conditions prevailing in agricul- lending their skills to socialist construction. tural production have experienced a remarkable change, giving rise to big increases one-sidecultural revolution" which probes into the laws of the development of so- continued for a long time and affected the over- ciaiist society. But this is, after all, oue of the all situation. These, of course, were due to the general laws. It we fail to proceed from China's complex social and historical f actors which actual conditions, we will never pinpoint what were profoundly analysed and expounded in needs to be reformed in the superstructure or the Resolution on Certain Questions in the His- the relations of production. If we undertake a tory of Our Party Since the Founding of the "reform" according to such abstract concepts as People's Republic of China. "the bigger the size, the higher the level of the public ownership, the better," then inevitably tlne of the major lessons that we must we will 6ee more practices like everyone eating draw from our "Left" mistakes is that if one from the "big rice pot" which hinders the de- turns a blind eye to China's actual conditions velopment of the proCuctive forces. The and becomes dogmatic about certain "formulas" formula of "a revolution in which one class (which, more often than not, are derived from overthrows the other" applies to a society in 16 Beijing Reuiero, No. 15 human history based on class exploitation; us- During the "cultural revolution," China's ing it in a socialist society which has abolished situation was wrongly assessed and it was be- the system of exploitation of man by man can lieved that bourgeois reactionary forces were only scuttle the socialist superstructure and the ubiquitous and, worse still, the wrong conclu- relations of production. sion was made that the status quo could be "Socialism should fight the bourgeoisie" changed and.a "purest" and "most perfect" so- was regarded as the soul of the so-called "con- cialist society established with one or two tinuing the revolution under the dictatorship of thrusts of the mass struggle. All these, need- the proletariat." This formula neither distin- Iess to say, are utopian ideas which bring noth- guishes the period of transition to socialism from ing good but harm. thd period in which the socialist system has Comrade Mao Zedong made monumental been established, nor makes a specific analysis achievements in his decades-long efforts to base of things that could seemingly be labelled bour- the Chinese revolution theoretically on materi- geois but even slaps this label on people right alism. Mao Zdong Thought, which applies uni- and left we have all seen the disastrous rF versal Marxist principles to' the concrete his- sults of abusing- this label. It goes without say- torical conditions of China and which sums up ing that during the socialist period it is neces- the creative experiences of the practice rrf the sary to combat decadent bourgeois ideas and Chinese revolution, is the crystallization of the crack down on any bourgeois force that seeks Chinese Communists' collective wisdom, but to undermine socialism. Comrade Mao played an exce-ptionally impor- However, in our socialist endeavours we tant role in its formation. Long periods of prac- should learn a-ll useful things produced under tice showed that he was a great Marxist ready ground. later the capitalist €ystem. Some of these (such as at any time to break new In his natural sciences and technology) have no class years, however, he depended too heavily on nature. Some (such as the management system practical experiences gained in the past protract- for large-scale production) bear class hallmarks ed revolutionary struggle '*,hile paying inade- but should still be carefully distinguished and quate attention to conscientiously studying the analysed so we can absorb and remould them; new situation and new problems arising after this is of special significance under China's his. China had entered the socialist period. As a re- torical conditions. sult, he gradually departed from the principle of combining theory with practice. Because he In a capitalist society commodity produc- had deviated from thd principle that he had tion grows at a level higher than any previous a)ways advocated, when he believed that he was societies, but according to an assumption by blazing a new trail for socialism, he was actually Marx and Engels, it will be liquidated in future bound hand and foot by a number of abstract societies. In China, hor[ever, commodity pro- concepts and formulas which u,ere divorced duction, rather than being fully developed, re- from reality. This serves as a profound lesson mains weak and small. If we equate comrnodity for future generations. production with capitalism regardless of China's reality and if we regard the assumptions of the To correct the "Left" mistakes and lead creators of Marxism as a formula that can be China's socialist construction on to a correct applied arbitrarily, then the development of our road, it is necessary to restore the tradition of socialist production r,l'ill be impeded. Mao Zedong Thought, i.e., the tradition of combining universal Marxist principles with The public ownership of the means of pro- the concrete practice of the Chinese revolution. duction, the principle of distribution "to each It is necessary to resolutely safeguard the ma- according to his work" as as the planneC '.vell terialist foundation of socialism and at the same and proportionate development of the national time dare to creatively use Marxism to solve economy represent only the general laws of the China's problems. socialist system. If we rely solely on these general laws but fail to integrate them with our This was precisely what the Party did at c AprLl 11, 1983 17 ediy excellent situation in the economic, polit- Both the achievements we have made and ical and cultural fields. the changes that have taken place in the course of building socialism The Party and the state have resolutely deserve our earnest analy- ses and studies, but due attention should also shifted the emphasis of their work to socialist be paid to our difficulties and weaknesses re- economic construction, which is not merely a sulting from the fact society return to the principles and policies laid down that our socialist evolved from a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society at the Eighth Party Congress in 1956. Our ex- and that China has not undergone the period of periences over the past 30-odd years have full-fledged capitalism. There are other factors brought home to us that in sociali,st revolution that should be neglected studying the and construction, ws should, rather than being not in concrete conditions China: huge popula- dogmatic about what is called universal formu- of the tion in sharp contrast arable land, Ias, use the Marxist stand, viewpoint and method to the limited to understand the reality of China and that we opulent natural resources most of which wait tapped, on. should formulate our principles, policies and to be and so measures on this basis. In the rural areas, we have adopted various responsibility bases It is necessary to refer to the experiences forms of the system which of other countries, but on no account should we remunerations on output and contract produc- simply pattern ourselves after them. Both in tion tasks along specialized lines. This has understanding and practice of socialist con- vigorously developeC sideline occupations and struction, our Party has become far more mature other diverse economic undertakings and has than at any time since the founding of the Peo- expanded commodity production and exchange. ple's Republic. In the economic fields, we have carried out China's current conditions are vastly dif- structural reforms centred on improving eco- ferent from what they were in 1956, the year the nomic results, in particular. we have restruc- socialist system was established. The socialist tured the managerlent system. We have made system has endured severe tests in the recent education and science our major strategic three decades and has struck solid root on the focuses in developing the economy and are striv- vast territory of China. Our socialist construc- ing to maximize the role of intellectuals and to tion has been crowned with tremendous suc- train as many new intelle'ctuals as possible. We cesses, and the mental outlook of the workers, have strengthened socialist democracy and im- peasants and intellectuals have undergone proved the socialist legal system. On the basis enormous changes. These are China's ba-sic con- clf self-reiiance, we have developed economic co- ditions, which we should bear in mind in all our operation and technical exchanges with foreign .endeavours. countries. All these and other efforts are condu- cive to developing the current socialist system and our achievements in socialist construction; they also help us to overcome weaknesses that resulted from the absence of a capitalist period in Chi- nese history. We can certainly overcome the special difficulties caused by social and historical conditions and build socialism in a distinctive Chinese way provided that we can comprehensively study and understand our nation's specific conditions and, in the light of these conditions, use the universal Marxist principles to construct our socialist material and spiritual civilization. (Abridged transl.ation oJ a "Hongqi" Benefited by the rural responsibility system, members of the Xiaolan commune in Jiangxi Province harvest the rice crop, article, issue No. 6, 1983.) l8 Beiiing Retsiew, No. 15 FEATURE,/SHOUDU STEET The responsibility system first instituteil in the and elevated multi-colour pipe- countryside is nous taking root in Chinese industrial lines. Everywhere under the blast furnaces, in front- of the enterprises. The Shoudu (Capital). Iron and Steel Com- factory buildings, on both sides panA, a huge state-run enterprise that adopted the of the maze of railway tracks - sAstem earlier than others, has achietsed results that haue flower beds. arbours, fish ponds and lawns flourish. aroused nationuide interest. It is a good, indicator of China's ongoing economic ref orms. Ed. The company's 10 goals for - the 1983-85 period are posted on bulletin boards in the com- po.und of the company head- I S one of China's state-run and increased decision-making quarters. r r industrial giants, the Shou- power since 1979. The goal hand du Iron and Steel Company has first is to in to the state a profit of 1,005 more than 70.000 workers and In each of the last four years, million yuan by 1985, a sum staff members on its payroll, it has recorded an average in- crease equivalent to the net value with an annual output of 3 mil- of over 20 per cent in profits. Its achievements far of the oompany's entire fixed Iion tons of iron, 1.5 million agsets at present. Also posted exceed those of other enter- tons of steel and one million are the details of the com- prises in 32 the 55 main tons of steel products. Its main of pany's 17 key technical trans- eeonomic targets, with six such plants are situated at the foot formation projects and plans targets reaching advanced in- of Shijing Hill on the west- for the development of col- ternational standards. ern outskirts of the nation's lective welfare services. capital. AII these projects are to be A New Look financed by the company itself This 64-year-old enterprise The factory zone has a pleas- without a single cent of state has been rejuvenated as a ant environment, its broad investment. Such ambitious result of managerial reforms highways lined with shade trees plans were, of course, out of the April 11, 1983 19 FEATUREISHOUDU STEET The result: the company has become a successful, going con- cern. Stote lnterests First Although some funds are now directly controlled by the com- pany, this dok not mean that the state revenue has diminish- ed. In the 19?5-78 period before power of decision was increased for the enterprise, the state col- lected a profit of 574 million Company le&der Zhou Guanwu lalks about the long- yuan from Shdudu Steel which and medium-term plans for the development of the received a state allocation of 350 enterPrise. million yuan, resulting in net receipts 224 yuan for question prior to 1978. Even if In 1979 the state conferred of million the state. they had been. drawn up. they more decision-making power on would surely have remained enterprises and allowed them to However, in only four years. mere plans on paper. utilize a portion of their own between 1979 and 1982, the state profits. Between 1979 and 1982, yuan In those days, the company received 1,016 million in aside 189.78 provided had no control over its own Shoudu Steel set profits and the com- million yuan for its own use, or pany funds, despite its annual output appropriations to the tune 15.92 per cent of its net profit. of. 125 yuan, net value of more than 1,000 million million for a income yuan yuan. Revenue and expendi- These funds have allowed it of B9l million for the state. ture were handled centrally by to institute many technical the state and the company man- changes, develop collective wel- "An enterprise must be well ager was allowed only 800 yuan fare services and pay bonuses t Economic Results oI lncreased Decision-Making Power for Shoudu Steel unit: one mitlion Vuon Net State Funds kept Profit state allocotions ba compana receipts before increased decision- making power 189.51 r.80.92 153.70 after increased decision- making power 37.08 270.00 10.10 259.90 1982 286.20 4.80 28t.40 79.51 Note: Between 1979 and f982, the annual proflt rvas divldecl lnto two maln parts, one for the state and the other for the company ltseu. The remainder represents speclat funds, as required by law, for envlronmental clean-up and repayment of state loans. 20 Beiiing Retsiew, No. 15 FEATUREiSHOUDU STEEL giving first place to the interests of the state. It must ensure ful- filment of the state plan and satisfaction of the needs of so- ciety," said company leader Zhou Guanwu. In the past few years, while guaranteeing a larger revenue for the state, Shoudu Steel also has managed to increase the amount of funds reserved for the company and the income of its workers and staff members. In 1981, for instance, the prof- it the company turned over to the state rose 9.4 per cent over the previous year, the funds re- Qi Shusen (u,caring glasses) briefing ahe next, shift at the furnace. served for the company grew by 8.1 per cent and bonuses paid to workers and staff members The operations of one steel- economic benefits for our own increased by 2.88 per cent. making shop are typical. mill. But because this helps pro- In 1982 Shoudu Steel commit- duction in the steel-rolling mill ted itself to annual increases in The head of the workshop He and brings an annual extra prof- graduate profits for the state. Using 2?0 Hualong, a 1966 from it of.2 million yuan to the com- million yuan (the 1981 profit for the Department of Metallurgy pany. we're glad to comply." the state) as the base figure, the of Chongqing Universif, said that since the the Another example increased company promised to hand in 6 institution of of per cent more profit every year responsibility system in June power of decision can be seen in 1981 (see 4. in order to guarantee the state a the following article), Blast Furnace No. each unit and each individual sustained, stable increase in responsibility is ful- has been assigned well defined "Our to revenue. various responsibilities and authority fil the targets set by the work section," said leader Hui The state also ceased allocat- from the company headquarters Zhif.ang. "For instance, one reg- ing funds to the company. All down to the factories, work- enterprise ulation says that we are allow- expenses are now shops, shifts and teams, to work- use three a covered by the retained profits. ers and staff members. More- ed to only drills month, no more than that." Thus, the company must in- over, the system specifies the crease its yearly profits faster amount of bonus for the over- As he talked, he picked up a than 6 per cent if it expects to fulfilment of each task. Cadres drill from the tool box to illus- have money at its own disposal. and workers of the company trate his point. Worth 58 yuan, In 1982 it made a profit of work in close co April 11, 1983 21 FEATURE/SHOUDU STEET include "the 95 per cent rate of There were 11 workers in cause he had hit back, he lost 30 punctuality of tapping" and ce Hui's team, mostly young men per cent of his month's bonus. ordination with other depart- who entered the faetory after T'he leaders of Blast Furnace ments. Implemq;rtation of these 1970. No. 4 did not merely take this rule6 arE supervised by the "Everything is so rigid now. economic measure. They held furnace leader. You can't afford to do wrong; a discussion about the incident Another change from the if you do, you lose some points," among all the furnace workers rigidly egalitarian past is that said 35-year-old Pi Zhankui, his and drew lesso,ns from it. The Hui has the power to examine eyes blinking. consensus was that when some- the work of those on his shift, thing has gone wrong in work, just as his superior has the A Vivid Lesson the proper way to solve the power to examine his work. "Did you ever lose some problem is to make criticism and self-criticism, certainly not to a worker to be promoted, points ?" "For resort to violence. The two par- he,needs to be recommended by "Just once." ties concerned both made self- the team leader who also has the right to determine how That was when he kicked up criticisms and said that they many points to award the mem- a row with a fellow on the shift thought their leadership was bers of his team." before his. The fellow named fair in handling the matter. Liu refused to do things accord- The point system is the basis ing to the rules during the shift Technicol lnnovotion for determining how much pay change. Pi protested and Liu Furnace leader Shusen, workers receive. A worker who Qi simply ignored him; they came Party branch secretary Cheng has done his work in accordance to blows. Liu was in the wrong Guihua technician Wen with the basic stipulations under and and was the one who started the Shizhan discussed the technical the responsibility system re- fight he lost his bonus for the innovation in Blast Furnace ceives 100 points; but he can month.- Pi was right but be- No. 4. Iose points for falling short of this goal in various ways. "In the past, only the interests of the state were taken into cronsideration, not personal in- terests. Egalitarianism prevail- ed in wages. Today, the prac- tice is 'to each according to his work.' Everybody now takes responsibility for his work because his personal interest is involved. And, as a team leader. I now fi,nd my work easier than before." However, he said, there was "no chance" a worker would work for his own interests alone. "We all know that when we have made great contributions to the state, our enterprise will be able to keep more profit for its own use and only then can each individual earn more. We have come to see this very clearly in these years. If our company fails to fulfil the task entrusted to it by the state, a rise in wage6 is simply out of the question. Steel billets ready to be shipped oui' 22 Beiiing Retsieto, No. 15 FEATUREISHOUDU STEEL One of four furnaces at Shoudu Steel, it has a .1,200- cubic-metre capacity. It was put into commission in L972 and rebuilt in 1977. By 1980, it again needed a major overhaul. Because the company could not Liu SiIi (Ieft) was suspend production at formerly a delin- afford to quent. Now, thanks that time and the furnace itself to the help of lryang was technically in working or- Zhiaq he ha^s be- come a model worker. der, the repairs were postponed. By the last quarter of 1981, Blast Furnace No. 4 still some- how managed to achieve its technical transformation, was Ma was sceptical when various technical targets, after twice as efficient in handling Shoudu Steel introduced the a fashion. Some people thought small steel billets so that the economic responsibility system. was be renovated it too old to total investment was recovered "Another new trick, ,eh?" he and crould not be expected to ln a year. surmised. But gradually he came function any better than it was to see from how things were Between 19?9 and 1981, the then. going that the concept of work- company spent 140 million yuan ersj becoming masters of their "We didn't see it this way on technical alterations, on the own jobs was not just empty and believed that it still had project to increase the vdriety some potential that could be talk. Those who worked dili- of products, save energy and tapped," Qi Shusen said. "When gently were awarded and those reduce pollution. This was a we enforced the responsibility who idled about, penalized. major contributor to the large system, we thought of not only annual improvements in eco- His wife, who had begun to profit. mainly making but of nomic work at the plant after he had, greater results. still contributions to the always did a good job, was plac- state. Without tapping the po ed higher than he was on the tential, how can we make "Opposition Leoder" Chonges His Mind wage scale and earnd more further contributions?" pay. This hurt his pride, and After an analysis of the Some workers did not expect made him feel uneasy, he said. furnace, the cadres concluded to like the new system. Iike the myself you are no that the key to improving the "infamous" Ma Guitian once "I told , nick,named lead- longer a young man. You have economic results was to change the "opposition been a worker for many years. the fairly primitive method of er" of the mill soldering sheet iron tubes and another worker, Maybe you should set a better charging the furnace. They Ye Zhencheng, also known as example for others." He decid- studied other blast furnace Ye the Big Lazybone. ed to mend his ways. plants both at home and abroad and worked out a new method Ma Guitian, 42, is an over- People around him were of charging. In December 1981, head travelling crane operator. happy to see him change. The they put the new method into leadership went to see his wife practice. The result: higher "I became a worker before I and said: "Your husband is output, a longer life for the finished my primary school making progress now. But furnace and reduced energy education. I came to this factorY that's only a beginning. You've consumption. in 1958. I took it easy when- heard his nickname. It doesn't ever I could. I used to quarrel does His The furnace has maintained a sound very nice, it?" with my boss and was always her high output since 1982. In Sep- wife felt dishonoured at troublesome. Sometimes I curs- husband's nickname. When he tember it beat its own average ed and swore. I would say, for daily record by producing 2,675 came homg, she encouraged him instance, that my boss 'was to change his ways. tons. even harsher than foremen of Similar stories could be seen the old days,'" he said. As As Ma Guitian plunged into and heard everywhere in Shou- time went oD, he came to the job, he became a versatile du Steel. For instance, the 650- be knorvn as the "opposition worker and often helped others type steel rolling machine, after leader." with their jobs. In the past, April 11, 1983 23 FEATURE SHQUDU STEEL THE economic responsibility lndustry I system is a new manage- New System lmproves ment method and a new approach to the distribution of There are also different forms The company has power over earnings that we have introduc- of distribution within an enter- four areas: ed to our socialist enterprises in prlse. For examPle, bonuse to 1. The power to set aside recent years. It is a sweeping those who have overfulfilled the some of its profits for its own change from the old practices production targets, Piece rate use. Under the former method, of over-centralization and wages, floating wages (i.e., float- the state handled enterprise ex- eating from the "everybody ing within a 20-30 Per cent of penditures and revenues in a same big rice pot." the basic wage), floating grades uniform manner. Tleis pt'dctice gives The new system enter- (i.e., whether one should go uP has been etiminated. A certain prises more power of decision one grade should be decided ac- proportion of the profits is set under the guidance of standard- cording to his work done in the aside for r:se by the enterprise ized state policies and plans. year. Only those who have for developing production, es- The new system clearly defines made great contributions for tablishing crollective welfare the rights and responsibilities years on end can have their serwices and awarding workers position of each in the enter- floating wage grades changed and staff members. prise, from the leadership down into fixed wage grades.) 2. The power to buy some to the least skilled jobs. It also The economic responsibility the materials it needs and assigns specific wages (remuner'- system instituted in Shoudu of job, change the former method ation) to each and defines Steel embodies two main ae- under which the state distribut- how bonuses are awarded, It pects: includes practical provisions for ed all means of production in a enforcing the principle of "more (1) The enterprise is econom- unified manner. ically responsible to the state. work, mors pay." 3. The power to arrange cer- This new system was initiated The company has the follow- tain production tasks and to first in the countryside. Later, ing economic commitments to market products other than it was applied to indqstry and the state: those required by mandatory commerce. Today, the respon- 1. To hand over planned planning. (At present, sales of sibility system in diverse forms profit to the state; 2. to fulfil such products account for about has been introduced to most the plan for the output, quality 15 to 20 per cent of the com- industrial enterprises in the and variety of its major pany's total sales.) country, which has stimulated products; 3. to fulfil the state 4. Th! power to make cer- the enthusiasnr of workers and plan for the amount of products tain investments and to borrow staff members for production to be allocated to other depart- from the state bank. and yielded good initial results. ments; 4. to see there is I [rar: In the distributiorr between ket demand for the products, to (2) The economic responsi- the state and enterprises, most avoid overstocking; 5. to main- bility syster4 instituted within enterprises adopt the method tain energy consumption at the the enterprise. of handing profit over to the level allowed by the state; 6. Thg company concretizes its state while retaining a certain to maintain the allocation of economic commitments to the percentage of it at their own bonuses for workers and staff state and iLs task of co-ordinat- disposal; a small number of members no higher than the ing with other departments by large enterprises (such as nraximum allowed by the state assigning particular tasks to Shoudu Steel) commit them- (in 1981 the state stipulated that every plant and mine, every selves to an annual increase in the total amount of annual workshop, every strift and team profits for the state; still 456 bonuses must not exceed three down to every individual. Thus others are experimenting with months' base pay, averaged for the enterprise has a total of the method of paying a certain all those on the payroll) ; 7. to over 230,000 targets. Leadership amount of tax to the state. The proceed with the larger projects at each level conducts strict results prove the last method of reconstruction and capital checking procedures to deter- to be most effective. The State construction items financed mine how well the targets are Council has decided to popular- through self-collected funds as achieved. These procedures ize this method. approved by the state. serve as the basis for evaluating L------24 Beijing Reoiew, No. 15 FEATURE/SHOUDU STEEL scrap materials scattered four to feed. He was told'that workers' reward promotion. and around the shop were consider- if he worked hard, he could Pi Zhankui, 35, a slag cleaner, ed refuse. Now he collected earn more and he and his is a worker of the 4th grade them when he had time and family could live better. This whose basic monthly pay is sent them to other sections for sounded attractive to him. 56.80 yuan. use. This saved the company a lot of money. "Now, things are getting bet- His job includes six duties, ter and better in our country. I such as routine clean-up of slag, "In the past I was like an am aware that if things go on keeping material consumption engine that has to be pushed like this, prospects good. within the specified limit, re- the are before it ignites. Now it starts If u'e workers do not work hard, covering scrap iron and so on. automatically," he said. how can our country become Pi is supervised by a team prosperous and strong? We ex- Ieader and is responsible to him. A lozybone Gets Busy pect to become moderately well If he perforths his duty entire- off in less than 20 years. We iy in accord with what is requir- Like Ma Guitian. Ye Zhen- must not just talk, but act," he ed under the responsibility sys- cheng, 47, began working at said emphatically. tem, he gets 100 points; if he Shoudu Steel in 1958. fails to meet some of the re- Ye is quite dexterous. Once quirements, he loses points. In He recalled the influences of he realized what benefit the the maintenance of equipment, anarchist thinking from the responsibility system would for instance. if the machine does days of the "cultural revolution" bring him, he became diligent not function properly and Pi (1966-76). "In those days, dur- as well. Now he is a deputy team played fails to report this to the team ing work hours i cards leader who has been commend- leader, he loses two points. or shot the breeze with other ed as an advanced worker. fellows. I washed my clothing, The amount of bonus he re- repaired and indeed, Ye also openly d,escribed his the my bicycle ceives is determined by finances. Before the reform, his number of points he earns Ac- did everything except my maximum income was 56 yuan cording to Pi himself, he usually rvork." a barely enough keep points gets month, to earns his full 100 and "That how you earned an average monthly bonus of 'r-as the wolf from the door. Now your narne, eh?" I was referring about 25 yuan. This, plus his he earns more than 100 yuan to his nickname Ye the Lazy- regular pay, and a health-pro- and has some spare cash to buy bone. tection subsidy (around 1i some decent clothing, some non- yuan), a night shift subsidy (six He nodded. That was what staple foods and other small to seven yuan), comes to a total he was called 15 years ago and amcnities. "When life gets'bet- of about 100 yuan a month. irt that tim,e he just didn't care. ter, we know what we are work- About a year ago, Shoudu No matter what he did, he re- ing for !" D Steel, out of its own funds. in- ceived his monthly pay just the stituted a newi wage system iiame, w known as the wages "floating After the introduction of the grades" system. To date, RE d CHINESE LITERATURE and responsibility system, ttre prin- 20 per cent of its workers and ciple of "more work, more pay" for the bcst of classical and staff members. that is, 14,000 rvas instituted. "Everybody got contemporary Chinese llterature people, promoted one Lrave been busy," Ye saiC. "I knew that I a Storles grade on the rvage scal,e higher could not get along like I did a Poems (Pi was one them). This pr,> I Plays of before." motion is "floating": if he does a Articles on art and ltterature Art leproductlons not work as well next year, the Leadership at different levels O promotion from the previous came to talk with him. One sec- Read CEINESE LITEBATUBE year will be cancelled. Only tion head named Cao told him, every month those who maintain their float- "You're a veteran worker notr. OTdbT CEINESE LITERATUBE ing promotions for three years You shouldj be leading others. through in a row can. in the 4th year, Won't you be ashamed of your- Chlna Publications Centre (Guoji have their floating wage grades self if you don't work harder to Shudlan) P.O. Box 399, Betjtng, Chlna changed into fixed rvage grades. create a better life with your own hands?" Ye has a family of April 11, 1983 25 FROM T'-IE CHEhIESE PRESS B: We simply don't have any OPIN!ON regulations on what to do with such cadres. incompetent director A: But the CPC Central Com- An mittee has already emphasized enCing the practice of lifetime Ttrere is a kind of cadres who The conclusions drawn from leadership. It remains a form of lifetime leadership when in- are ,always in poor spirits and this conversation were: First, just muddle along. And it is the director did not supervise competent cadres are transferred precisely such persons who the factory properly; second, he to another organization but re- make enterprise reorganization could not do so because of his tain their leading'posts. difficult. own misdeed. B: You're saying they should bs removd from their posts? The No. 5 Wood Products What should be done? The cornpany leaders gave this A: Yes. We should remove Eactory of the Fushun Frrrni- them offices and problem careful consi 26 Beiii.ng Re'uiero, No. 15 LI FE promote collectivs fisheries. Jiefang Riboo (Liberation Daily) Letter from Tokyo ;,:,:T:h:,""ffi,1'$"j, .3;'J; ment construction last year, a A letter of thanks from the join the station in attempting to 30,8 per cent increase over 1980, Tokyo Wako Transaction So- retrieve the wallet. and the largest annual amount ciety, dated April 19, 1982, ad- A policeman from the Bo- of apartment space built since dressed to the crew of the Chi- zhen Station went along the liberation in 1949. nese Railway Sub- Qingdao tracks for 20 kilometres and Wen Hui Boo (Literary Gazette) Bureau, reads, "My lost money found only a 10-cent note. Shanghai's first spare- and traveller's check have now When Xiao Dai and Zhu Si- -time art school, sponsored by been received in Tokyo. Please zhong arrived on the spot, they veteran artist Zhao Jingshen accept my sincere appreciation gave the whole thing some and two of his colleagues, will and gratitude for returning thought and concluded that the open soon. these. Yours truly, Yoshio Ta- wallet must have been blown Ti.anjin Ri.bao (Tianjin Daily) kata." off the tracks by the wind and has adopted a res- On April 11, ioshio Takata may have been picked up by ponsibility-Tianjin system under which took the No. 240 train from villagers living nearby. residential construction and Qingdao to Beijing. On the After a 13-hour search, they facilities all come under the train, he dropped his wallet found the wallet containing a municipal building company in- down the toilet on to the tracks. traveller's check worth 200,000 stead of being under the original Japanese yen plus 460.30 yuan The head of the train crew, three separate companies ENTERTAIN M EN'T rng stage and benches. It has bought a radio, a tape recorder, a seating capacity of 150 and is a TV set and 400 books. He visited by touring family subscribed to 45 newspapers and Rural recreationa/ troupes and storytellers who magazines, and set up his "fami- provide entertainment for pack- ly recreation room," free to all. actiYities prosper ed audiences. Peasants are enjoying more In an out-of-the-way village culture in every section of The responsibility in system in Minquan County, Henan China. During this past SPring improved rural areas has the Province, three brothers Han Festival, peasants used their cultural as well as the material Qingmao, Han Qingqi and Han own money to organize plentiful life of peasants. Qingming spent 6,000 yuan on cultural and recreational events. Many f olk artists in Jiutai film projectors and generators They staged many traditional County, Jilin Province, have and built an open-air cinema folk programmes, such as local been touring in family groups. last November. This satisfied operas, lion dance, dragon dance They work on the land in farm- their fellow villagers' thirst for and stilt skits. In remote vil- ing season but in slack times films, which in the past had been lages in Qinghai Province, 60,000 they travel to give performances viewed as a luxury in this re- peasant actors and actresses took for their fellow peasants. Guo mote village. The regulations part in lively activities. The Zhonglin with the other six proclaimed by its manager Han local operas were performed in members in his family formed a Qingming at the opening cere- Qinghai dialect and were so contingent, specializing in song mony are: Family members of populqr that others contracted and dance duet popular in the PLA soldiers and revolutionary them to perform right uP until northeast. His 21-year-old martyrs, elderly, widowers, spring ploughing. daughter Guo Fengqin sings the widows and orphans - free of leading roles in their repertoire charge; students and teachers - of 40 with traditional and half price. Thus this family PUBLICATION modern themes. Their perform- cinema enjoyed 60 soldout ances are welcomed by local vil- houses in a row. Bool ruarlet lagers. Farther south in Hubei Prov- In addition, family-run mini- ince, Ma Yunfa, a Tujia nation. if /ourishes theatres have sprung up. Su ality peasant in Hefeng Autone Fengpu turned his four spare mous County, had a grain har- A recent survey by the head rooms into a small theatre by vest of 10,000 jin and an income office of Xinhua Bookstore taking down partitions and add- of 4,470 yuan last year. He showed an increasing demand in Left: A family touring group in Sichuan Proiince. Right: A brigade-run cinema in Shanxi Province' 28 Beiiing Reuieu, No' 15 of 1982, a 46.8 per self-study of pedagogy, psychol- cent increase over ogy, ethics, aesthetics and foreign the same period of languages and reference books previous year the for college entrance examina- and sales climbed tions all enjoyed readership. to 492,000 yuan, a 2.6 times jump. As Sales of books on business increasing num- management, financial system, bers of Chinese accounting, taxation and statis- families have only tics rose as a result of China's one child, so par- modernization drive. ents are concerned with child's heal- The responsibility system and thy development diversified ec\onomy in rural and edr..lcation. areas have increased the peas- Books on infant ants' interest in books about care and cognitive agrotechniques, livestock breed- development, pic- itg, chemical fertilizers and ture and story insecticides. books, collections As the people's livelihood has of nursery rhymes risen since the Third Plenary as well as child Session of Party Cen- rearing advice the 1lth were sought. tral Committee and more house- holds have bought electrical Textbooks for appliances, purchases of books self-study and about maintenance and repair short-term train- Booksellers are busy on Shenyang,s of TV sets, recorders and tran- courBes con- morning market. rng sistor radios havs climbed. tinued hot items as China for books on political China's educational system ex- Meanwhile, the Xinhua theories, law, business manage- pands. Comtemporary Chinese Bookstore's survey revealed, ment and youths,moral cultiva- and Outline oJ Chinese History sales of low quality novels and tion. for TV college courses, aids to some other literature decreased. In Guangdong Province, more than 800,000 copies of Cultitsate Inner Beautg, a collection of speeches by Li Yanjie, associate professor of ethies at Beijing Teachers' College, sold out quickly. ?he demand for books on philosophy and political econom- ics exceeded their supply. Marx's Capitat sold out in many bookstores. In Changsha, capital of Hunan Province, one work unit bought up 80 sets at one time. The Guangzhou Xinhua Book_ YL' store carried 721 children's books and books concerning I Peasants child care in the first six months look over books offered for sate in rural areas near Shanghai, April 11, 198J 29 ARCHAEOLOGY Qidan Wornan corpse A Qidan (Khitan) female corpse which had been buried for 900 years was found in In- ,ner Mongolia. The corpse had a gold-plated bronzs mask covering her head, and wore a shroud made of bronze wire mesh and a silk burial suit. The stone arch-shaped tomb The Qidan corpse with a reconstructed model of the woman (centre rear). was situated at the foot of Wanzi Mountain, facing the fourth century, resided in the phenomenon resirlted from the east. It was 3.5 m high, with a upper reaches of Liaohe River dropping of tree-seeds by birds diameter of 2.2 m. There were and lived a nomadic life of fish- into the tree's forks where there tunnels in the tomb and four ing and hunting. In the early was piling dust. chunks of stone were wedged 10th century, the Qidan estab- This ginkgo tree is particular- inside against the door. T'he lished the powerful north China ly valuable to the study of the woman Qidan was found lying state of Liao, which existed dur- biological characteristics of tree on a raised platform without a ing the periods of the Five species, breeding and propaga- coffin. The burial style reflected Dynasties (907-960) and the tion. In terms of botanical evo- the special features of the Qidan Northern Song Dynasty (960- lution, the Chinese pistache and nationality. rr27). mulberry trees are more advanc- The tomb is the sixth Liao ed than ginkgo (the former tomb excavated east of Hohhot, being angiosperm; the latter capital of the Inner Mongolian BOTANY gymnosperm and they seldom Autonomous Region. It was grow in proximity. among a group of tombs of the Four trees Liao Dynasty (916-1125) ifrom in Ancierut trees the Qahar Right Wing Front one trunl. Banner (a banner equals to a An old walnut tree was lound An aged ginkgo tree, with county). in the Qamdo region of Tibet three other trees (a Chinese pis- The 1.65-metre-long corpse during a joint survey by scien- tache, a cypress and a mulberry) rvas well-preserved when was ,tists of the Chinese AcademY of it stemming from its trunk, was discovered. Its was Agricultural Sciences and the skin some- found recently at the Jingju rvhat elastic and Tibetan Academy of Farming its hair, in (Seclusion) Temple in Guang- good shape. and Animal Husbandry. Autopsy showed shan County, Henan Province. that most of the inner organs This tree, 22.5 metres tall and were dry and withered. The Ginkgo, one of the oldest tree 11.4 metres in chest circum- diaphragm between the chest species in the world, is often ference, is around 970 years old botanical and the abdomen, spinal nerves referred to as a living and bears 200 kilos of nuts each and parts of the lung lobes were fossil. year. well preserved. It was estimated This ginkgo was planted more A pomegranate tree in the that the woman was around 2b than 1,270 years ago by monk same region has a chest circum- years old and her blood type, B. Daoan when the temple was ference of 4.35 metres and is It was srxpected that she died built in the early Tang Dynasty. 810 years old; aird a peach tree of white arsenic, as quantities Now the tree is 24 metres tall, is 10 metres in circumference of it were found in the stomach 6.77 metres in chest circum- and 1,150 years old and bears area. ference, and 26.5 metr€B in peaches with smooth pits. Qidan, a subgroup of the crown diameter. The three A 1,600-year-old rrulberrY Donghu nationality, was one of other trees grow from the joint tree was also found during the north China's ancient peoples. of branches with the trunk. survey near Lhasa, the capital The QiCan emerged in the Specialists believe that this of Tibet. 30 Beijing Reuiero, No. 15 by Li Qun Li Qun is one of China's ex- perienced woodcut artists. Born in Lingshi County, Shanxi Province, in 1912, he has prac- tised this art form for over 50 years, pursuing realistic expres- sion with a Chinese flavour. His u'orks capture the beauty of life. He now serves as a standing council n-rember of the Chinese Artists' Association. Pictured here are some of his recent creations. ln the Woods. Crystal Spring. On the Changjiang River. For export SHANGHAI STATIONERY AND SPORTING GO[!O$ GHITA TATI(tIIAT LIGHI IIIDUSTRIAT PRIIDUGTS IilPORT AI{D EIPORT c0nPoRlTlor, sHAxGHil sTAilo[ERy ilrD sp0nTtilG G00Ds BRiltGH 128 Huqiu Road, Shanghai, China Cable Address: "STASPORT" Shanghai Telex: 33132 STASP CN