Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150

Impact of Pesticides on status of Grey ( pondicirianus ) in Bundelkhand region, Utter Pradesh,

Niket Mishra Institute of Environment and Development Studies, B.U., Jhansi-284128

Amit Pal Institute of Environment and Development Studies, B.U., Jhansi-284128

ABSTRACT

The Grey francolin ( Francolinus pondicirianus ) is the game species present in the drier region of Bundelkhand. Francolin species is an important organism of agriculture and forest ecosystem. A preliminary survey on Grey francolin bird diversity of Bundelkhand Region was carried out from January - 2017 to December – 2018. It included population and habitat behavior. During the study period mostly maximum no. of were found in Lalitpur, Jalaun and Mahoba are 362, 279 and 236 respectively. Maximum no of Grey Francolin were found in monsoon and post monsoon seasons in comparison to pre monsoon session. Total 30 pesticides were present in blood of grey francolin. Methyl Paraben , Alpha Naphthol, Aldrin, Malathion and Deltamethrin were highly present. Francolins mostly use herbs, shrubs and some small trees for nesting. Decline in number of grey francolin are due to mainly causes are hunting, use of pesticides, water scarcity, reduced food availability, climatic conditions and other anthropogenic disturbances. Immediate efforts for their conservation are needed because of instant decline no. of francolin in our nature.

Keywords: Bundelkhand region, Francolin, Diversity, Pesticides, Nature.

1. INTRODUCTION

India is one of 17 mega biodiversity centers of the world and the home for 1300 species of the which contributes 13% of the entire population of birds in the world [1].The grey francolin (F. pondicerianus) is found in the drier region of the India and extended to Indian sub-continent. Francolin is favorite game birds of India and Francolin species have good source of food for people [2]. Bird species also use grassland, agricultural and forest land use for foods and always feeds like seeds, insects, shoots, ants and caterpillars etc [3]. Generally in India, Francolins mostly use herbs, shrubs and some small trees for nesting[4]. However, the population of francolins is declining day by day due to compelling stress of food shortage, water scarcity, pollution, nesting failures, predation, habitat destruction, intensification, agricultural practices, stone crushing, other mining activities, climate change and deforestation etc [5]. The use of pesticides is increasingly recognized as a key factor for explaining population declines of farmland [6]. potential impacts of pesticide like Methyl Paraben , Alpha Naphthol, Aldrin, Malathion and Chloripyrifos were highly present. Major pesticides which using by local farmer, India is of paramount importance. The digression of natural wetlands has negatively affected on water birds[7]. However, the creation of artificial wetland areas is viewed as a

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valuable measure, since these provide new habitats for bird communities [8] [9]. Avian population was predicted to be greater in the post-harvest stage compared to the growing and pre-harvest stages; this may be due to increased food availability such as insects and waste grain [10]. Vegetation structure and landscape attributes influence local population and diversity of avian species [11][12].

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area The Bundelkhand is a geographical region (Semi-arid plateau) of central Indian. It is located between 23º 20’ and 26 20’N latitude and 78º 20’and 81º 40’E longitude. The present study was carried out in Bundelkhand region with special reference to Lalitpur ,Jalaun and Mahoba districts of Bundelkhand region Uttar Pradesh for two years (January 2017-December2018) (fig-2).

Sample Collection The Grey francolin ( Francolinus pondicirianus ) population and their habitat were recorded during all the seasons’ i. e Pre monsoon, Monsoon and Post monsoon seasons from January 2017 to December2018. Survey have been done with the help of line transects method and point count method. After done the survey experimental birds were captured with the help of forest department and local person. After captured we extracted 1mL of blood from the jugular vein and collect the blood in Lithium Heparin tube (Micro collection tube) as method adopted by Lopez-Antia [13]. The blood samples were analyzed for pesticides using GC – MS (made Perkin Elmer, Turbo mass) using standard methods .

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study was conduct in selected three villages in each district. Talbehat ,Pawa and Kadeshrakala village under the Lalitpur district, Birhera, Surajpura and Kuthonda Bujurg village under the Jalaun district, and Nakra, Panwari, Chateswar village under the Mahoba district, those districts were selected for the study sites on the basis of field visit and surveys. The maximum francolin population was recorded Pawa village of Lalitpur district in post monsoon season of 2017 and minimum francolin population was recorded in Chateswar village of Mahoba district during pre monsoon season of 2018 (Table-1).

Table-1: Status of francolin population in different district during 2017 to 2018

District-Lalitpur District-Jalaun District-Mahoba

Village Village Village Year Seasonal Kuthonda Talbehat Pawa Kadeshrakala Birhera Surajpura Nakra Panwari Chateswar Bujurg

January Pre- 23±1.2 32±1.5 18±0.57 31±1.2 19±1.5 15±1.2 25±1.52 13±1.2 10±0.57 2017 - Monsoon Dec2017 Monsoon 20±0.57 33±1.5 11±0.57 30±1.5 13±1.0 06±0.57 22±1.52 15±1.2 14±1.0

Post- 28±1.5 41±1.0 20±1.0 39±1.5 22±1.2 16±1.0 30±1.2 17±1.2 14±1.0 Monsoon

Total 226 190 160

January Pre- 10±0.57 12±0.57 08±0.57 12±.057 06±0.57 03±0.57 11±0.57 06±0.57 03±0.57 2018- Monsoon Dec2018 Monsoon 14±1.0 35±1.2 12±0.57 15±1.0 12±1.0 09±0.57 13±0.57 09±0.57 07±0.57

Post- 12±0.57 22±1.0 10±1.0 17±0.57 09±0.57 06±0.57 14±0.57 09±0.57 04±0.57 Monsoon

Total 136 89 76

Values are Mean ± SE (n = 3)

Blood sample results were presenting the Organophosphate, Organchlorine and carbamate group of Pesticides present in the francolin blood Maximum amount of pesticide found is Organchlorine group in all collected samples because of farmers spray the pesticides in unlimited amount (Table-2).

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Table-2 : Pesticides present in blood (ng/mL) of Grey francolin ( Male)

S.No Pest Name District Lalitpur District Jalaun Mahoba

Min. Max. Mean ±SE Min. Max. Mean ±SE Min. Max. Mean ±SE

1. Methyl 1083.86 1084.65 1084.25±0.39 1960.54 1968.94 1964.74±4.20 1549.3 1562.8 1556.05±6.75 Paraben 2. Alpha 343.92 347.57 345.74±1.82 762.75 763.75 763.25±0.50 542.98 543.72 543.35±0.37 Naphthol 3. Aldrin 79.82 80.8 80.31±0.49 196.97 198.28 197.62±0.65 111.26 112.83 112.04±0.78

4. Dieldrin 23.82 24.23 24.02±0.20 58.21 58.89 58.55±0.34 54.92 56.32 55.62±0.70

5. Ethion 26.86 27.36 27.11±0.25 52.87 53.05 52.96±0.09 45.78 46.05 45.91±0.13

6. Bitertanol 53.83 54 53.91±0.08 100.52 101.65 101.08±0.56 38.45 39 38.72±0.27

7. Deltamethrin 2915.86 2918.2 2917.03±1.17 3239.55 3241.39 3240.47±0.92 2564.28 2568.96 2566.62±2.34

4. CONCLUSION

India is a paramount importance for birds. There is an also urgent need to know more about the most threatened bird species which are found in this region. The present research work will emphasize on the identification of the birds and their richness, habitats, behavior etc. affected by the Geographical region mentioned pesticide from selected areas of this region especially the population of Gray Francolin. Studied found that the some avian species are more susceptible to pesticide in which breading season coincide with the major application of pesticides. Pesticides and their residues can effect avian and their young directly or indirectly by contaminating food sources. Exposure to pesticides during reproductive stages affects hatching success and fledging survival, as well as increases the chance of reproductive failure. Alternation of feeding behavior compromised immune system and increased predation further reduces the ability of these birds to maintain healthy population.

REFERENCES

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7. Ma, Z.; Cai, Y.; Li, B. and Chen, J. 2010. Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds: an international perspective. Wetlands 30:15–27. 8. J.B. Zedler, Wetlands at your service: reducing impacts of agriculture at the watershed scale. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1:65–72, (2003). 9. I. Hussain, A. Nisha, S. Khalil, Population biology of GreyFrancolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) in an agro ecosystem of the Pothwar Plateu, Pakistan. Chinese Birds 3(2): 91- 102 (2012). 10. J.D. Stafford, R.M. Kaminski, K.J. Reinecke, Avian foods, foraging and habitat conservation in world rice fields. Waterbirds 33:133–150 (2010). 11. D.E. Naugle, R.R. Johnson, M.E. Estey, K.F. Higgins, A landscape approach to conserving wetland bird habitat in the prairie pothole region of eastern South Dakota. Wetlands, 21:1–17( 2000). 12. G.A. Polis, M.E. Power, G.R. Huxel, Food webs at the landscape level. University of Chicago Press, Chicago( 2004).. 13. A.L. Antia, E. Manuel, O. Santaliestra, F. Mougeot, R. Mateo, Experimental exposure of red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) to seeds coated with imidacloprid, thiram and difenoconazole, 3071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Ecotoxicology 22:125–138. (2013).

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