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Isance Placentia How a Community Understands Its Past: Oral History, Archaeology and Identity in Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador. by © Patrick S. Carroll A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Folklore Memorial University ofNewfoundland St. John's Newfoundland 2 ABSTRACT For the majority of the residents interviewed for this research, their personal history involved the experience of being from someplace other than the original Placentia. Their main attachment to Placentia and its history is through the authorized heritage myth of the town as the "ancient French capital" epitomized by the archaeological excavations that were being conducted at the time of my fieldwork. For the majority of people I spoke with the town's history is most important for its role in the development of economic opportunities to be derived from heritage tourism. Two reasons for this are that a lack of personal experience with Placentia's Past makes it easier for the community to adopt well-constructed narratives of the French and British occupations and, at the time of this research, economic viability was the most important item on the town's agenda. The story of the "ancient French capital" was the epitome of economic opportunities provided by the archaeological excavations and the potential for future income resulting from the development of heritage tourism products. The myth ofthe "ancient French capital" provides a means for individuals to attach themselves to a place where they have limited personal experience. It is an accepted narrative that provides a foundation for belonging at the community level. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the residents of Placentia, Newfoundland, who agreed to be interviewed for this research and the many others who generously shared their stories, comments, and time with me. I would like to thank Dr. Peter Pope and Stephen Mills and the Newfoundland Archaeological Heritage Outreach Program for providing funding and other support. Financial support was also generously provided through the David Buchan Graduate Research Award in Folklore, the Mary Griffith Bursary, and the Women's Association of Memorial University of Newfoundland. I would also like to thank Greg Thomas and my other colleagues at Parks Canada for their enthusiasm and support. Thank you to the Folklore Department at MUN for being exceptionally supportive and for being a surrogate family as I waded through the quagmire of graduate school. For helping guide this beast to harbour, I thank my advisor Dr. Gerald Pocius. Thank you especially to Lee Everts and Gary Lundrigan for their friendship and for helping set things straight over breakfasts at the "Big R." Also, thank you to Lori Pretty and to Chris Newhook for their unending generosity. To Sunyi, thank you. This research is dedicated to the memory of my father, James Montgomery Carroll, and to the memory of my grandmother, Mona Gertrude Carroll. For everything else, I thank my mother. 4 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................. ..... ... ................... .... ................ 2 Acknowledgements .. ........... ..................... .. ........................................................ 3 List of Figures .................. ................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 1.1 Method .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. 15 1.2 Developing a Research Method .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 1.3 The Interview Process ......................................................... 21 Chapter 2: The Keeping of the Useful Myths .............................. ...... ............... 26 2.1 Community, Past, Understand, and How ............................. 30 2.1.1 Community ........ ...................... .......................... .............. 31 2.1.2Past ................................... .......... .................... ........ ......... 38 2.1.3 Understand ................................................... .. .................. 42 2.1.4 How .. .......................................... ..................................... 49 Chapter 3: An Overview of Placentia's History ................................................ 55 3 .I Plaisance: 1500-1 7 13 ......................................................................... 56 3.2 Under British Rule: 1713-1 811 ......................................................... 58 3.3 The Sweetman Era: 181 2-1880 ......................................................... 7 1 3.4 Ushering in the Twentieth Century: 1880-1941 ............. .................. 77 3.5 Argentia: 1941-1970 ........................................................................... 82 3.6 Placentia: 1970-2003 .......................................................................... 86 3.7 Summary ....................................................... ..................... 90 5 Chapter 4: The Public Landscape and the Heritage Myth ................................. 91 4.1 Toward a Definition of Heritage .......................................... 92 4.2 Heritage Defined ............................................................ .. ... 98 4.5 Building a Heritage Landscape ................... ....... .. ................ 99 4.6 Summary .. ....................... .................. .... ........................... 126 Chapter 5: Experiencing the Past in Placentia . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 128 5.1 "History's been around me pretty much all my life." .......... 128 5.2 "There's an interest in it and there's not an interest in it." ... 132 5.3 Historic Themes ................................................................ 134 5.4 Learning History .. .............................. .......................... ..... 139 5 .4.1 Cyril Bambrick ...................................... .. ....... .... 145 5.4.2 Gerry Griffiths ............................ ... ...... ............... 147 5.4.3 Gerald O'Reilly ... ......... .. ... .. .......... ........ ............. 149 5.4.4 Helen Griffin ............. ................................. ........ 153 5.4.5 Kristin McCrowe and Aaron Hickey ................... 156 5.5 Living the Past .......... .. ................ ...................................... 160 5.5.1RitaPower .......................................................... 161 5.5.2 Margaret Kelly ................................................... 164 5.5.3 Art O'Keefe ................................................... ..... 168 Chapter 6: History is the Memory of Things Said and Done ........................... 176 Figures ..................................... .. ................... .. .............................. .......... 183-188 Endnotes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 189 6 Interviews ........................... .. ..................................................... ............... .... .. 200 Bibliography ............................... ...... .............................................................. 201 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure I: Regional map showing Placentia in relation to the Province of Newfoundland. Figure 2: Poster advertising summer performances of the Placentia Area Theatre d'Heritage. Figure 3: Town sign posted on highway entering the community from Point Verde. Figure 4: Town logo. The image incorporates several elements of the town's cultural heritage: water, canon, hills, clock on the courthouse, steeple of the Catholic Church, wall of a fortification, and the French and English names for the town. Figure 5: Flower box designed with a Fleur de Lis and a shamrock. Figure 6: Overview ofthe town. Photograph taken in 1959. Figure 7: Recent photograph of the town showing the Lift Bridge and the development of the Great Beach. Figure 8: Map of the municipality ofPlacentia. Insert: "Town of Placentia Map" produced by the Placentia Lions Club to be used as "both a guide for visitors and a keepsake for Placentia area residents." 8 The world is only that which we say and think and know ... it is a poem, not a scientific treatise. Hugh Brody, The Other Side of Eden "History's been around me pretty much all my life, just didn't know it." John Bruce, Placentia, NL. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION In the summer of2002 I spent six weeks in Placentia, Newfoundland interviewing residents and talking informally with them about their community in order to answer my research question: how does a community understand its past? I wanted to know where people had come from, how long had they lived in Placentia? Where was their family from? Is Placentia different from other communities? In their opinion, what is Placentia best known for? What can they tell me about their past and how did they learn about the community' s history? The main research interest of this thesis is to explore expressions of community identity and belonging in the oral history and material culture of Placentia, Newfoundland. (Figure 1) Placentia was chosen as the location for this research because of archaeological excavations that were ongoing as part of a community heritage development program at the time of the fieldwork for this thesis. Placentia, the "ancient French capital of Newfoundland," has long been part ofNewfoundland's heritage landscape because of the ruins of French military
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