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Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used to Treat Diseases of the Reproductive

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Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used to Treat Diseases of the Reproductive Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3(4), pp. 301-314, April, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875© 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat diseases of the reproductive system and preliminary phytochemical screening of some species of malvaceae in Ndop Central Sub-division, Cameroon Focho D. A.1, Nkeng E. A. P.2, Lucha C. F.1*, Ndam W, T.1 and Afegenui A.1 1Department of Plant Biology, University of Dschang, Cameroon. 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Cameroon. Accepted 6 April, 2009 Ethnobotanical investigations and chemosystematic analyses of plants were carried out in Ndop Central Sub-division to identify medicinal plants that treat diseases of the reproductive system and to know the characteristic compounds in the family Malvaceae that have chemotaxonomic value. A total of 88 plant species belonging to 77 genera and 42 families were sampled treating about 24 different reproductive ailments. Their scientific names, vernacular names, parts used, modes of preparation and administration are presented. Chemical screening involved 8 species and 4 families. From the chemical analyses, alkaloids and phenolic compounds are characteristic compounds of the family Malvaceae indicating that they have chemotaxonomic value in the family. Ecdysterone and ajugasterone are not present in the plants tested, indicating that they are not the characteristic ecdysones in that family. Key words: Ethnobotany, chemosystematics, malvaceae, medicinal plants, reproductive system, Ndop. INTRODUCTION The study area to 2000 m. The average altitude is 1200 m (Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF), 1999). The climate Ndop Central Sub-division is found in Ngoketunjia Divi- comprises two distinct seasons: a dry season from mid- sion of the Northwest Region of the Republic of Came- November to mid-March and a rainy season which ex- roon (Figure 1A and B). It lies between latitudes 5°40 N tends from mid-March to mid-November. Annual rainfall and 7°N to the North of the equator, and between lon- is estimated at about 1600 mm (Nkouandou, 2005). The gitudes 9°45 E and 11°10 E. Ndop Central Sub-division mean annual temperature is about 30°C (Ministry of Envi- has a surface area of 410 km² (Statistical data, (Ndop ronment and Forestry (MINEF), 1999). The climate is Council, 2006). Ndop shares a common boundary to the subtropical with low temperatures. West with Sabga, to the North with Babungo, to the East The pristine vegetation is composed of two main types: with Baba I. The study area includes Ndop town and four the high altitude shrub savannah and swampy vegetation. villages: Bamunka, Bamali, Bambalang and Bamessing The high altitude shrub savannah is dominated by fire- (Figure1C), with a population of about 56,532. This popu- resistant species such as: Annona senegalensis, Termi- lation is made up of the Tikari tribe (Nkouandou, 2005). nalia lecardii, Schefflera abyssinica and Croton macro- The main activity of the people is agriculture that stachyus. This area is subject to intense non-sustainable includes animal rearing and fishing. The relief is charac- practices (grazing, bushfires, over-harvesting of firewood terized by the Ndop plain surrounded by numerous hills and medicinal plants). where rivers take their rise. The altitude varies from 300 The swampy vegetation is found on the plain and is dominated by Elaeis guineensis Jasq (oil palm), Raphia hookeri G. Mann and H. Walt (raphia palm) and remnant economic species such as Piptadeniastrum africana, *Corresponding authors. [email protected]. Ceiba pentandra and Milicia excelsa. (Nkouandou, 2005). 302 J. Med. Plant. Res. Table 1. Distribution of people interviewed in terms of villages. Villages N° of TMPs N° of Herbalist N° of TBAs N° of Herb Sellers N° of Lay pop° Total Ndop 7 15 6 10 60 98 Bamunka 14 18 8 8 80 128 Bamali 3 5 5 3 30 46 Bamessing 4 10 8 4 40 66 Bambalang 6 9 9 5 45 74 Total 34 57 36 30 255 412 Percentage (%) 8.25 13.83 8.73 7.28 61.89 100 Maize is the main food crop. The main cash crop is rice ductive diseases in Ndop and conduct phytochemical which is cultivated on an industrial scale by the Upper screening for bioactive components of some species of Noun Valley Development Authority (UNVDA). the Malvaceae family. Information from ethnobotanical surveys and subse- quently phytochemical screening of plants have been METHODOLOGY used in the past and are currently being pursued espe- cially in developing countries as a means to initiate drug Ethnobotanical Survey discovery efforts (Farnsworth, 1966). According to medi- An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Ndop Central Sub- cal records of the district hospital in Ndop Central Sub- division from 28th December, 2005 to 10th July, 2006. Interviews division, about 31,093 people (55% of the population) were conducted in the field during collection trips and by exami- suffer from diseases linked to the reproductive system. nation of freshly collected specimens with informants, after seeking In this rural community, childbirth is of great importance oral consent. Inquiries on the prevalence, types, mode of trans- and most ailments related to the reproductive system are mission and symptoms of reproductive ailments were made by treated traditionally using plants. However, the people orally interviewing doctors in government health centres in Ndop and some specialized healers. Local traditional healers, birth atten- that hold the indigenous knowledge on the uses of plants dants, herbalists, herb-sellers and aged persons having practical are the older generation and the traditional healers. The knowledge of the use of plants for health care were interviewed. younger generations have little interest in the practice Data on plant species, local name, part used, diseases treated, due to urbanization and technological advancement mode of preparation and administration of herbal medicine were (Focho et al., 2009). Hence, there is danger that this recorded following the standard questionnaire of the Scientific Technical and Research Commission (STRC) of the Organisation of knowledge will eventually disappear if nothing is done. African Unity-OAU (Adjanohoun et al., 1996). The informants Also, ethnobotanical surveys carried out in Cameroon by guided us to the field where we could see and collect specimens of Adjanohoun et al. (1996) reported only very few medici- the plant in question, in cases where they were not found around nal plants of Ndop Central sub-division. There is there- their homes. Standard methods were used in plant material collec- fore, need for an exhaustive documentation of the medici- tion, drying, mounting, preparation and preservation (Jain and Rao, 1976). nal plants of Ndop. Plants were identified first by their vernacular names and later Plant chemosystematics is the application of plant validated by Dr. Tchiengue Barthelemy, Mr Paul Mezili and Dr. Jean chemodata to the systematic problem (Judd et al., 1999). Michel Onana, botanists at the Cameroon National Herbarium It is rapidly expanding inter-disciplinary field concerned Yaounde (YA). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Univer- with using chemical constituents to explain relationships sity of Dschang Teaching Herbarium. A total of 412 persons were between plants and inferring phylogeny. The family of interviewed amongst which were 34 TMP, 57 herbalists, 36 TBA, 30 herb sellers and 255 lay population (Table 1). Malvaceae was chosen for the chemotaxonomic study because recent studies on alkaloids, ecdysones and phe- nolic compounds show that they are important com- Chemical Screening Methodology pounds for chemotaxonomic studies of some genera of Considering that identification of plants may sometimes be difficult the Malvaceae (Dinan et al., 2001; Karou et al., 2000; using only morphological characters, a chemotaxonomic study was Darwish and Reinecke, 2003; Ghosals et al., 1975). conducted in an attempt to solve such a problem. Four different genera containing eight different species Eight species, medicinal and non-medicinal in Ndop belonging to of this family were chosen for screening. Also from the four genera of the family Malvaceae were chosen for the chemical screening namely: Abelmoschus cailei (A.Chev) J.M.C Stevels, ecological point of view, the Malvaceae constitutes one of Hibiscus asper Hook.f, H. rosa-sinensis Linn, H. sabdariffa Linn, H. the most important angiosperm families (Cobley, 1962). It schizopetalus Hook.f, Malvaviscus arboreus Cav, Sida acuta Burm.f is cosmopolitan in distribution. This screening aims at and Sida rhombifolia Linn. helping taxonomists in their endeavour to arrive at a truly natural classification of the Malvaceae. Collection and preparation of the plant material The objectives of this study were to identify and docu- ment plants traditionally used for the treatment of repro- Fresh plant specimens were harvested and weighed using a capa- Focho et al. 303 Table 2. Plant species, parts, weights of plant material, quantity of methanol used, the extract weights obtained and the percentage yields of the extracts of the plants. Weight of Quantity of Extract % Yield of the S/No Plant Part plant (g) Methanol (ml) weight (g) extracts 1 Abelmoschus cailei (A.Chev) J.M.C Stevels. Leaves 50 550 3.74 7.48 Stem 50 600 5.45 10.9 2 Hibiscus asper Hook.f. Whole plant 50 650 14.74 29.48 3 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Whole plant 50 600 13.81 27.62 4 Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Whole plant 50 650 5.16 10.32 5 Hibiscus schizopetalous Hook.f. Leaves 50 550 3.65 7.30 Stems 50 600 3.46 6.92 6 Malvaviscus arboreous Cav. Leaves 50 600 10.41 20.82 Stems 50 550 15.03 30.06 7 Sida acuta Burm.f. Whole plant 50 650 12.55 25.1 Leaves 50 600 8.53 17.06 8 Sida rhombifolia Linn. Stems 50 700 2.94 5.88 city weighing balance.
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