THE PRINCETON From the Publisher TORY Dear Princetonian March 2005 Volume XXII - Issue II For what seems like the fi rst time in a long time, Publisher Editor Emeritus a student-run publication made the news that was Ira Leeds ’06 Duncan Sahner ’06 not the Tory. Over the last month, both the Nassau Weekly and the Princeton Tiger made the front page Senior Managing Editors of the Daily Princetonian (2/16/05 ,2/22/05) for re- Paul Thompson ’06 Jurgen Reinhoudt ’06 marks each publication made at the expense of Jews Managing Editors and African-Americans, respectively. While I will Christian Sahner ’07 Ward Benson ’07 not address the oft-discussed matter of the severity of either publication’s poor taste, I do want to draw your Copy Editors Powell Fraser ’06 Stephen Lambe ’06 attention to the reaction of the administration with regards to these incidents. As a disclaimer, I warn Financial Manager Operations Manager the reader that my remarks about the administration J. Ruben Pope ’07 Robert W. Wong ’06 will be unusually positive. In a surprise move by the administration, Dean Hilary Herbold actually Production Team upheld the Nassau Weekly’s right to free speech by distinguishing between Nene Kalu ’07 Mike Kratsios ’08 “free expression” and “harassment.” As the Tory writer Clarke Smith reported Matt Martin ’08 last spring (March 2004), the University’s “Rights, Rules, Responsibili- ties” does include a clause regarding offensive language directed at another Staff Writers individual. At the time, we were very concerned that Princeton might get caught up in the national phenomenon sweeping higher education of uni- Julie Toran ’05 Clarke Smith ’07 Marissa Troiano ’06 Marissa Troiano ’06 versity administrations instituting speech codes. What could possibly be Stuart Lange ’07 Jordan Reimer ’08 more important to academic development than the free expression of ideas? Matt MacDonald ’07 Will Scharff ’08 Fortunately, Herbold clearly explained in a Daily Princetonian letter to the Eleanor Mulhern ’07 Juliann Vikse ’08 editor (2/17/05) that Princeton’s speech code can only be enacted when the offensive language is directed at an individual. While I remain unconvinced Board of Trustees of the consistency with which Herbold’s distinction may be used, I must say it is a step in the right direction. Peter Heinecke ’87 Anna Bray Duff ’92 The issue you are about to read once again proudly celebrates the freedom David Daniels ’89 Brian Tvenstrup ’95 of expression we enjoy as a quintessential American right. We tackle issues Mark Banovich ’92 Wickham Schmidt ’99 that President Tilghman herself has deemed unacceptable to even bring up for Timothy Webster ’99 discussion such as cognitive differences developing from gender. Similarly, The Princeton Tory is a journal of conservative and letters sent to us regarding the last issue continue the political dialogue the moderate political thought written, edited and produced Tory has fostered on Princeton’s campus. We print these controversial is- by Princeton University students and delivered free of sues because no one else does. I, personally, print pieces that I disagree with charge to all Princeton students and faculty. The Princeton Tory is a publication of The Princeton Tory, Inc. Opinions because I know that analytical debate in print is the only way to further the expressed herein are those of the authors and not neces- search for truth. sarily those of the editors, trustees, Princeton University, Regardless of the accusations thrown at us from the Left, we are here to or the Princeton Tory, Inc. stoke the debate on political thought and protect the free expression of ideas. The Princeton Tory accepts letters to the editor. Direct correspondence to: P.O. Box 1499, Princeton, NJ We ask the questions and raise the points that others are afraid to ask. We 08542; or by e-mail: [email protected]. Advertise- exercise the rights that so many around the world have never experienced. ment rates for The Princeton Tory can be found on the Please, read this issue. Ask the larger questions. Find truth. magazine’s website at www.princetontory.com. Donations to The Princeton Tory areare fullyfully tax-deductible.tax-deductible. PleasePlease mailmail donations to: P.O. Box 1499, Princeton, NJ 08542. Sincerely, The Princeton Tory is a member of the Collegiate Network. The Princeton Tory gives special thanks to Ira Leeds ’06 the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Princeton Alumni Viewpoints, and The Bachman Foundation. The Princeton Tory, Inc. is a non-profi t corporation registered in New Jersey. No part of this publication should be construed to promote any pending legislation or to support any candidate for offi ce. No part of this Letters to the Editors: publication may be reproduced without express written consent of the Publisher. [email protected] Copyright © 2004, The Princeton Tory, Inc. P.O. Box 1499, Princeton, New Jersey 08542 The editors welcome, and will print, letters on any topic.

2 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 PRINCETONTHE TORY March 2005 www.princetontory.com

LETTERS 5 Responses from the January Issue

THE RANT 6 The Tory comments on:  Reactions to the Nassau Weekly  Annual Giving  Leslie Bernard-Joseph and more...

NATIONAL COVER ARTICLE: 12 Embracing States’ Rights Lawrence v. Princeton And their importance to everyone. The Fight for Gender Equity in the Ivory Tower Ruben Pope ’07 Christian Sahner ’07

14 22 Minutes Bush’s philosophical revolution. Powell Fraser ’06

16 Why Women Should Vote Republican The wage gap and other tall tales. Juliann Vikse ’08

THE LAST WORD 17 America and Chirac Why the U.S. should just say “non.” Jurgen Reinhoudt ’06

The Princeton Tory Online www.princetontory.com MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 3 LETTERS Every month, many of our readers send us letters voicing their thoughts on the articles in the most recent issue of the Tory. These letters have been reprinted below with responses from the staff writer when appropriate. Unless otherwise noted, the letters are printed in full with no editing done by the Tory. Regarding the January 2005 Publisher’s Note cally associate the Tory with racism, though I’m sure you oppose To the Editors: stereotypes in all other circumstances. At worst, you are personally incapable of seeing this past election as anything other than a racial I’m delighted that Mr. Leeds found my Prince piece on anti- struggle, calling your own objectivity into question. American hostility in China engaging enough to preface the recent I must conclude that your piece was meant to be a humorous Tory with his reaction to it. I am writing, however, to share some rant mocking the Tory for its choice in writers and candidates. If of my concerns with his response. this was the case, I was still disappointed. I write a humor column Despite Mr. Leeds’s uncorroborated accusation that my column for the Prince that is often well-received, and I don’t have to slander romanticizes Chinese society, I am indeed aware of the Chinese anyone or use the f-word more times than “The Big Lebowski” to government’s disregard for many basic human rights. During my two get a laugh. I see this was your fi rst article for the Nassau Weekly; months in China, I met people who had been intimidated, arrested, for the sake of the ideal of journalism, I hope it was your last. imprisoned, abused, and even permanently physically disabled by government offi cials for political dissent or “committing journalism” PF (no kidding, the offi cial name of the crime). So yes, the irony of Beijingers’ criticisms of the Land of the Free’s policies does not escape me. But Mr. Leeds ignorantly con- fuses irony with hypocrisy. While I found it irritating for Beijing Regarding the January 2005 Rant cabbies to confl ate Americans with their government, it is far more To the Editor, irresponsible to confl ate the Chinese people with their government. In calling plebeian Chinese citizens’ criticisms of U.S. policy “hypo- No doubt you will receive many letters from liberals on campus critical,” Leeds is essentially blaming the Chinese government’s regarding your Rant about black support for the GOP. However, as a human rights violations on the victims of those abuses, the Chinese lifelong conservative—the Vice President of College Republicans, in people. fact—I was incensed by your contention that the Republican Party America is a democracy. China is not. America’s government should write off black voters. Not only was that remark thoroughly (and by extension its policies at home and abroad) is chosen by uncalled for, but it was terribly misinformed. According to exit polls and representative of its citizens. China’s is not. We have a govern- conducted by the National Election Pool, nearly 16 percent of blacks ment of the people, by the people, and for the people, as well as in Ohio voted for Bush. In fact out of the 136,000 votes that Bush mechanisms for criticizing, revamping, and ousting our political won Ohio by, 110,000 were logged by blacks. With the Kerry camp leadership. The Chinese have none of these things. Of course they whining about provisional ballots, the Dems could have won the expect more of us. election were it not for African-Americans. But if you don’t think the GOP needs these votes, perhaps you think it should hand back Sincerely, that state’s 20 electoral votes? Catherine Rampell ‘07 Your rant hurt the cause of conservatives everywhere by perpet- uating the stereotype that Republicans are racist. The 21st Century Republican Party clearly has a very different set of priorities. The Bush Administration championed two programs specifi cally target- Katie McCulloch ’06 chose to use the Nassau Weekly (02/03/05) ing at aiding minority voters, namely the Faith Based Initiative and to respond to Powell Fraser ’06 regarding his article on the USG No Child Left Behind school reform. My question is, when will The Presidential Election. Mr. Fraser has decided to answer Ms. Mc- Tory stop seeing America through the eyes of Jim Crow? Culloch in kind by responding in his home publication, the Tory: Sincerely, Dear Katie: Alexander V. Maugeri ’07, CR VP

It is always refreshing to know that informed debate is alive and well on this campus. In this spirit, I would like to congratulate Oftentimes, upset readers submit letters far to lengthy to print. In an you for your brilliant bit of investigative reporting into the Room- effort to satisy all parties, the Tory has edited two letters received MateGate scandal: I do indeed share a room with former presidential regarding the January 2005 Rant to a printable link. The full letters candidate Shaun Callaghan. have been posted online at www.princetontory.com. This, however, was the pinnacle of your article. The rest of your capitalized, profane sputtering did not ever approach what could be To the Tory: considered a coherent argument. While I considered my article a careful objective analysis (despite my proximity to the Callaghan One cannot compare the Civil War with the war on terror Campaign), your response to my conclusions was to call me a bigot without a clearer reading of the facts. Great Britain and France and an a__hole. Next, calling me a bad writer and then proceeding vocally favored the Confederacy and sold them boats, but it was to abuse the English language as you did only causes me to further Union navy that attacked Great Britain’s ships on suspicion alone. bemoan the state of the Writing Program here. Also, blockades did not end European support (we were losing), it And why the accusations of bigotry? At best, you automati- was the Emancipation Proclamation, which turned the Civil War 4 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 LETTERS from a simple power struggle to a moral one. Besides, the Civil love from the black voter.” War was a defense of the United States from itself. What place did No, I wouldn’t. Why not? Because I don’t base my party loyal- foreign powers even have in such a war? We will see if or when ties on such historically ignorant foundations as the Tory does--and, Kurdistan and Sunni Iraqis seek their independence following a apparently, neither do the majority of African-American voters. Shi’i majority election. The Republicans have in the past generation or two consistently tak- Lincoln was talking about democracy when he addressed the en positions antithetical to or ignorant of most African-Americans’ Congress in 1861. The United States was the one democracy in the interests--Reagan never met with the Congressional Black Caucus world. The South represented a system in which human beings until 1987, and even then only after Jesse Jackson complained about were removed from the rights democracy should have given them. it--and blatantly played on white racism when it proved profi table It was an ideological struggle between the people and oppression, (remember Willie Horton?). In all: just because Lincoln was a Re- and letting the South secede dealt a blow to the United States and publican doesn’t mean the GOP ought to have fi rst or even equal, thus democracy. However, this new peoples’ contest, this war on claim on African-American voters’ loyalties. Why? For the reason terror, is no more a war on democracy than communism or socialism that George W. Bush himself gave in a speech to the NAACP in was. We are one of a hundred democracies, some more liberated 2000: that “the party of Lincoln has not always carried the mantle than we are. This is a war on powerlessness, in this case those with of Lincoln.” So think twice and do your homework before drawing lots (us) fi ghting those who have little (them) because we are so sweeping, simplistic conclusions--because even your own president scared that we feel that we have none. Democracy is under no threat has some idea of why most black voters can’t stomach your party. from terrorists, peoples’ lives are, and peoples’ lives are also under Try and convince black voters to vote for the GOP fair and square, threat from us. For Heller to borrow Lincoln’s meaning does not since you seem to honestly think they’d be better off under your make George W. Bush into a great president, it makes great words party’s governance--but don’t insult an entire ethnic group--or said out of context. 90% of it, as it were--simply because they make up a minority of the population. I know the Tory is known for its arrogant, mean- Ediomoabasi Effi ong Ibok ’05 spirited rhetoric (not unlike modern-day conservatives generally), Word Count Reduction: 1,245 words to 288 words and I’ve more than gotten used to it personally; but that little dig was beyond the pale. Dear Tory: Akil Alleyne ‘07 I think you went a bit far with one of your “Rant” items in Word Count Reduction: 954 words to 293 words January’s edition of the Tory. “As the party of Lincoln,” you sim- plistically wrote, “you would think the Republicans would get more

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MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 5 HE ANT  A recent action by theT UN again exemplifi es the trouble in RKavita Ramdas in Robertson Auditorium. Let’s get this straight. which the organization fi nds itself. Three countries that are either Harvard President Larry Summers has said that possible biologi- outright tyrannies or close, Cuba, Zimbabwe, and Saudi Arabia, cal differences between men and women (for example, the fact have been named to the fi ve-member group called the Working that there are more very smart and very stupid men than there Group on Situations, which is the screening panel that decides are very smart and very stupid women because women are more which accusations of human rights abuse will be dealt with by clustered around the IQ mean) could be a contributing cause the UN Human Rights Commission. Wasn’t Fidel Castro the man for the dominance of men in science and engineering. Ayatollah who ordered dozens of journalists arbitrarily detained merely for Sistani says that for moral reasons, women should not be able to speaking out against his human rights violations? Isn’t Zimba- shake the hand of any man other than a father, brother or hus- bwe’s Robert Mugabe “imitating Stalin by seizing thousands of band. Furthermore, one of Sistani’s decrees states that “If a man private farms and driving millions toward starvation,” as Inves- marries a woman, but does not have sexual intercourse with her, tor’s Business Daily recently noted? In Saudi-Arabia, of course, the obligatory precaution is that as long as their marriage lasts, women aren’t even allowed to drive, let alone vote or participate he should not marry her daughter” and “If before marrying his in the civic process. And these are the countries that are supposed maternal or paternal aunt’s daughter, a person commits incest to decide which human rights complaints are valid concerns? (sexual intercourse) with her mother, he cannot marry that girl on This development is just the latest in a series of UN scandals that the basis of precaution.” To put Summers and Sistani in one sen- are destroying any credibility the institution has left. tence regarding women’s rights is outrageous: Summers is in no way whatsoever a milder version of Sistani, nor does he espouse  In their “fair and balanced” look at the Tory, the Nassau Week- the same “principle” with regard to male superiority over women ly (2/3/05) argued that while most Tory writers are well-versed to a lesser degree. The lecture is just one more indication of the in politics, there was “the exception of one staff member, who increasingly preposterous nature of Princeton’s feminist commu- miscited similarities between George W. Bush and Abraham Lin- nity and the administration’s indefensible support of it. coln, claiming that Lincoln, like Bush, had lost the popular vote in 1864.” Had this author himself been well-versed in reading, he  Something to ponder: a recent analysis of the 2004 presiden- would have noticed the Tory article mentioned the 1860 election, tial election results shows that President Bush won 97 of what not 1864, and agued that Lincoln lost the majority of the popular the most recent census determined to be the nation’s 100 fastest vote—never did it assert that Lincoln won on the Electoral Col- growing counties. A Democrat in the White House soon? We lege technicality. Maybe if the writers at the Nass spent more think not. time editing and less time trying to think of really “rad” ways to make fun of the Holocaust, we wouldn’t have to rant.  Tuition at Princeton is high as it is, higher than the average household income in the United States, in fact. But according  On the other hand, despite the differences our two publica- to the Prince, the University Board of Trustees felt it’s not quite tions have had over the years, the Tory would like to congratulate high enough. The Board recently approved raising tuition by The Princeton Tiger on its handling of its similar confl ict with the 5% to $40,213. Just what are they going to spend this money Black Student Union. Though some of the BSU’s membership on? The Prince article (01/31/05) talks at length about the hir- might not have understood, we here at the Tory easily fi gured ing of 2 new psychiatrists, but there’s another reason, which the out that the point of including a KKK group in the Tiger’s piece article mentions very briefl y: “Funds will also be used to create a “Facebook Groups You Hope to Never See” was to mock the new LGBT Center.” The University’s endowment grew by over a KKK, not the victims of the KKK. How the BSU could have billion dollars last year and there are at least a dozen student and failed to perceive this seemingly obvious statement confounds us University-run groups and programs on LGBT issues. However, and thus we feel that the editors of the Tiger should be applauded apparently the administration has decided to continue its break- for not immediately surrendering to the forces of unbridled politi- neck dash to be at the pinnacle of politically-correct academia cal correctness and the superfl uous indignation of the BSU but on the backs of students and their parents who, of course, were instead stating that “It is disturbing that the BSU’s fi rst impulse never asked whether they thought such a center is needed. If was to take a joke which targeted no particular race and mutate it the University is going to raise our tuition in order to improve into an affront against the African-American experience. Perhaps campus equality, the money should go to something truly neces- the BSU should consider that their response contributes to racial sary, a conservative’s student center. Indeed, our liberal friends divisions on our campus, rather than dismantling them.” The would surely agree that the now unoccupied Cannon Club would Tory could not agree more. be ideal for us.

 “I hope to God we [the UN] never get another oil-for-food  Free our Jihadist brothers or Special Ops Cody gets it! In case program or anything approaching that kind of responsibility,” nobody noticed, last month a group of Iraqi insurgents claimed said UN Deputy Secretary-General Louise Frechette on February that they had an American soldier named “John Adam” in cus- 16. Neither do freedom-loving Americans, Ms. Frechette. tody and would execute him if America didn’t release their fellow thugs. John Adam, it turns out, is an American soldier, but not a  A lecture titled “From Summers to Sistani: Women’s Rights real life-sized one. The terrorists were holding a G.I. Joe-like ac- Under Attack in the 21st Century” was recently delivered by tion fi gure named Special Ops Cody at gunpoint. We don’t know 6 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 why they held him at gunpoint, were they scared he’d escape? take). Perhaps we should merely be thankful that this impracti- But more to the point, did they really think we wouldn’t fi nd out? cal, politically-correct, and perhaps nearly socialist attitude is limited to the admissions departments and administrations of  Hillary Clinton’s recent religious revival is nothing new to America’s elite universities. those of us who remember her run for her New York senate seat in 2000. After all, in an attempt to pander to Jewish voters she  The UN’s High Commissioner for Refugees was recent- claimed to have a Jewish second cousin once removed, or some ly found guilty of misconduct involving sexual harassment by an similarly distant and irrelevant relative, and that therefore she offi cial investigation. According to the report, which the UN did was part of the Jewish community. With the coming evangelical not release, but which the British Independent newspaper got its political revolution, no wonder Hillary is jumping on the band- hands on, fi ve women have faced sexual harassment by the UN’s wagon and speaking about how she has always been a religious Commissioner responsible for the fate of 17 million refugees. person, even when Bill was boffi ng interns and she was coving Woman B described an incident at a UNHCR function at which up Whitewater, Travelgate, Filegate, and Vince Foster’s “sui- Mr. Lubbers, the commissioner, grabbed and embraced her, pull- cide.” The only question is: what religion will she embrace next? ing her body against his. She was shocked and embarrassed, and pushed him away. Woman C said Mr. Lubbers had attempted to  As the class of 2005 would know, the Annual Giving Drive grope her. She pushed him back, and threatened to slap him if he is already in full swing. We know that Princeton’s formidable attempted to do the same again. UN Secretary-General Kofi An- endowment has enabled Princeton to do many fantastic things. nan, despite the damning fi ndings, gave the commissioner a mere However, after paying four years of full tuition we are now being warning not to do it again, and the commissioner will fi nish his told that we still have to give more because we just didn’t pay full term in 2005, right according to schedule. If this is how the enough, as each of us really “costs” the university $200,000 per UN deals with sex scandals, how will they deal with the sexual year. This fi gure includes everything from all of the graduate stu- abuses committed by UN peacekeepers against young girls (some dents and others here on a full ride (including the foreigners who as young as 13) in Congo? get scholarships from an organization that does not pay taxes to the US government), all of the landscaping fees, all of the money  According to a recent study of 100,000 students by the S. and misappropriated recently, and even the overpriced catering from James L. Knight Foundation, “almost three in four students said Olives for politically-correct events that no one actually attends. they took the First Amendment for granted or didn’t know how Oh, and maybe some of us would feel better about giving if Presi- they felt about it.” Furthermore, “Three in four students said dent Tilghman would actually grow up and allow the university fl ag burning is illegal. [It’s not]. About half the students said the to, say, be audited and do other things that any corporation would government can restrict any indecent material on the Internet. [It have to do...then maybe Shirley’s staff would not do things like can’t].” The sad truth is that after several decades of making high transfer $10 million into the Tory account (which we did not school history textbooks politically correct, most students don’t Continued on the next page

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-- Compiled by the Editors MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 7 even know what they need to know in order to be good citizens: American nominee who broke through the glass ceiling. the rights guaranteed to all U.S. citizens under the United States Constitution. It’s time high school American history textbooks  Will the real American party please stand up? The President started spending less time on Ida Tarbell’s crusade against has facilitated what is perhaps the greatest triumph of western Standard Oil and more time on what’s really important: the US ideals in the Middle East since Kemal Ataturk’s remade the Constitution. Every American needs to memorize the Bill of Turkish nation. However, it’s interesting that as President Bush Rights from the fi rst to the last letter before graduating from high discussed the coming wave of freedom in Iraq that was demon- school. Perhaps before we go forward with the proposed distribu- strated by the recent elections there, which, we should add, had tion requirement for the study of a nonwestern culture we should over twice the turnout of the last EU Parliamentary elections, the think about one for our own. only party thunderously applauding, the only party holding up purple-stained fi ngers in solidarity with our Iraqi brothers, and  Democratic Senator Robert Byrd held up a vote on Condo- the only party willing to applaud American success, was the GOP. leezza Rice’s nomination for days. On the Senate fl oor, Sen. Seriously, it’s as if the Democrats are rooting for al Zarqawi and Byrd spoke with passion and rising anger against President his goons... Bush’s nominee to the post of Secretary of State. Sen. Byrd, who fi libustered the 1964 Civil Rights Act and vehemently opposed  And fi nally, we are happy to inform USG President Leslie desegregating the military, once complained in a letter: “I should Bernard-Joseph that despite the condescending and authoritarian rather die a thousand times and see old glory trampled in the dirt tone of his recent email to the student body, we are talking about never to rise again than see this beloved land of ours become de- the USG Survey on Race and Campus Life Report. In fact, not graded by race mongrels, a throwback to the blackest specimen of only are we talking about it, we are working feverously to come the wilds.” As recently as 2001, Sen. Byrd used the term “white up with our own policy proposals on the matter. Look to future n***ers.” No word yet from the BSU, but you can imagine the editions of the Tory for some novel solutions to problems the hellish fury that would be unleashed by politically correct groups report highlights. if a Republican Senator with a history of membership in the KKK were to argue so strongly against a Democratic, female, African- “Wassup”… we’ll pass. -- Compiled by the Editors

Courtesy USBIC Educational Foundation 8 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 CAMPUS LAWRENCE V. PRINCETON: THE FIGHT FOR GENDER EQUITY IN THE IVORY TOWER (i.e. physics, engineering) when he sug- people used to say that women couldn’t drive Christian C. Sahner ’07 gested a novel theory. Declaring, “[I am] an automobile.” In a separate interview Newspapers over the past month have going to provoke you,” Summers then pro- with the Boston Globe, Hopkins gave even been littered with stories about MIT biolo- posed that, “…in the special case of science greater spin to Summers’ speech, declaring, gist Nancy Hopkins, who purportedly almost and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic “It is so upsetting that all these brilliant “threw up” and “blacked out” at a January aptitude, and particularly of the variability young women [at Harvard] are being led 14th meeting of the National Bureau of of aptitude; and that those considerations by a man who views them this way,” as if Economic Research (NBER) in Cambridge, are reinforced by what are in fact lesser fac- Summers were an abusive headmaster who Massachusetts. Judging from her symptoms, tors involving socialization and continuing seized books from his female students. it sounds as if Dr. Hopkins had just come discrimination.” As both the transcript and The response from women at Princ- from a wild night at an MIT frat, but there testimonies from several conference at- eton has been especially passionate, and was no alcohol, nor illness, nor assault to tendees indicate, Summers did not so much in light of the university’s recent and speak of at the otherwise mundane NBER endorse the theory, as submit it for academic concerted efforts to recruit more academic conference. So what caused Nancy Hopkins’ debate. Within the context of the nine-page minorities—namely women—their volatile evident distress? According to the esteemed address, the mention of “intrinsic aptitude” reaction comes as unsurprising. In a most professor herself, the culprit was Harvard was little more than an aside within a much melodramatic column published in the Daily president Lawrence Summers, whose “de- broader discussion of how to bring more Princetonian, Mechanical and Aerospace grading” comments amount gender equity women into the sciences. And as Summers Engineering professor Emily Carter con- had practically pushed Hopkins to the point himself repeated throughout the speech, in fessed that she can fi nally “turn to my male of physical infi rmity. Yet Summers’ speech an effort to preempt charges of sexism and colleagues who keep insisting that there are has been blown out of proportion and dis- torted in the weeks since its delivery. Indeed, what began as an aside comment couched in If Princeton, Harvard, and other elite universities are ample caveats and justifi cations has become truly committed to academic discourse, all ideas deserve a lightning rod for feminists and liberals thorough inquiry.inquiry. But as the Summers backlash has to cry wolf over gender discrimination in pitifully demonstrated, ideas which may be perceived as American universities. “irresponsible” or “damaging” (to quote Maria Klawe) Summers, a former Treasury secretary apparently deserve no such investigation. under Bill Clinton and hardly a right-winger himself, has been dogged by controversy throughout his tenure at Harvard. Princeto- clarify his own personal sentiments on the no more problems for women in academia nians will remember the highly publicized matter, “I would like nothing better than to and I can tell them what my inner soul has feud between Summers and Cornell West in be proved wrong.” been saying all these long years: the prob- 2001 over the famous professor’s dubious Yet Summers’ comments have inspired lems [of gender bias] remain.” “hip-hop scholarship”—a dispute which enmity from women academics across the The inner soul of Maria Klawe, dean ended in West’s departure for a prestigious country, stirring a fl urry of criticism from of Princeton’s School of Engineering and professorship at Princeton. all fronts. Diatribes from prominent female Applied Science, seems to be a little less an- A transcript of Summers’ controversial scientists, including Princeton President guished, but nonetheless perturbed, saying, NBER address was released by Harvard Uni- Shirley M. Tilghman, have peppered news- “[Larry Summers’ comments] have added versity on February 17th, roughly a month papers for weeks now, eclipsed in quantity credibility to beliefs frequently held in our after its original delivery. Previously, details only by the number of apologies Summers society that women are less able to succeed of the closed-door comments had been large- seems to have issued in response. Nancy in science and engineering.” Klawe’s sub- ly fi ltered through conference participants Hopkins, certainly the most theatrical of the sequent comments at a February 7th faculty and other second hand reports. According bunch, told the New York Times, “When meeting were less polite, indeed altogether to the transcript, Summers was musing on he started talking about innate differences catty, when she referred to “a certain presi- the underlying causes for the well-acknowl- in aptitude between men and women, I dent of another school who is prepared to edged gender gap within the hard sciences just couldn’t breathe…Let’s not forget that sacrifi ce his career for the sake of [certain MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 9 CAMPUS statements regarding] women engineers.” his institution, especially when the subject contrary. President Tilghman has certainly been touches on educational matters.” Tilghman Of any faculty member at Princeton, at the fore of the criticism, though. In 2001, should swallow her own advice; indeed, President Tilghman, a renowned molecular Tilghman, along with Summers and seven thoughts of green-haired students and the biologist, should at least recognize that other presidents from leading research uni- Vagina Monologues start popping up, but certain discrete neurological differences versities, convened at MIT to commit to a I digress. exist between the sexes. As Doreen Kimura common goal of building gender equity in President Tilghman’s silly rhetoric observed in her 2002 Scientifi c American science and engineering. Princeton mobi- lized by commissioning a gender equity task force, whose 2003 report stated that the situation was far from ideal, though progress President Tilghman, a renowned molecular biologist, was visible—evidenced by the increase should at least recognize that certain discrete neurological among women scientists from 8.4 percent in 1999 to 13.9 percent in 2002. Tilghman differences exist between the sexes. then selected psychology professor Joan Girgus as the fi rst “assistant dean of the faculty to oversee gender equity.” Girgus’ reached its worst at the aforementioned fac- article, “Sex Difference in the Brain,” cog- offi ce “help[s] new faculty fi gure out how ulty meeting, where she stuck it to Summers nitive disparities between men and women to organize their lives at Princeton,” and as by promising that Princeton is “prepared to arise at the earliest stages in human develop- a recent statement from President Tilghman become the Ellis Island” for marginalized ment, due in large part to the organizational and other women faculty intimates, with the female scientists. And while Tilghman’s powers of sex hormones. Indeed, it appears goal of “address[ing] the multitude of small analogy is cute, it further exposes what that the emergence of androgens (male sex and subtle ways in which people of all kinds many have perceived as a suspect tendency hormones) around the third month in the are discouraged from pursuing interest in at Princeton toward female appointments in gestation period (before which all fetuses scientifi c and technical fi elds.” What these senior faculty and administrative positions. are female) yield a variety of neurological “small and subtle ways” are specifi cally, If the university is so concerned with gender changes within the networking patterns of she fails to elaborate on, but judging from bias, it should be worried by Tilghman’s call the brain. In consequence, behavioral studies her responses to Larry Summers’ address, to use gender as the foremost determinant strongly indicate that men and women excel claims of “intrinsic aptitudes” certainly in hiring within the sciences. And from a at different cognitive tasks. For instance, count among them. more rudimentary perspective, President men consistently perform better on exami- Some of Tilghman’s most pointed Tilghman’s “Ellis Island” proposal is simply nations which test spatial manipulation and criticism has been toward Summers’ admin- another unprofessional slap in the face to perception. Likewise, they on the average istrative form in public, for as she noted in Larry Summers, whom Tilghman already eclipse women in mathematical reasoning, the Daily Princetonian, “A university presi- painted the fool in 2001 when she welcomed navigation skills, and target-directed motion. dent inevitably speaks in public forums for Cornell West and the “alternative” scholar- Women, by contrast, defeat men in tests of ship that the “narrow-minded” Summers had verbal memory, fl uency, fi ne motor skills, failed to appreciate at Harvard. The “Ellis and rapid identifi cation. Island” statement is especially worrisome, Despite the compelling evidence in for if Tilghman remains committed to the favor of cognitive disparities between men common goal of gender equity as laid out at and women, as Kimura notes, it remains MIT in 2001, then she should stop lambast- important to remember that on the aver- ing Summers, and gift some of Princeton’s age, “variation between men and women many female scientists to Harvard. tends to be smaller than deviations within Yet the question remains, is Summers’ each sex.” She continues, though, warn- theory of innate difference between the ing, “[but] very large differences between sexes valid? Tilghman shrugs off the notion, the groups do exist.” To be sure, there are noting the “absence of good social science plenty of exceptionally gifted women, but research that would support the view that as far as averages go, tests in mathematical intrinsic aptitudes between genders explain and scientifi c thinking consistently indicate their differential inclusion in science and that women aggregate in the middle band of engineering.” Psychology professor Emily testers, while men are divided between the Pronin, in another Prince article, instead top and bottom of the sample set—as one attributed the dearth of female scientists to commentator said, “hitting stellar highs and “anxiety and concern about being judged humiliating lows more frequently.” In short, according to negative stereotypes and about there will most certainly be talented female having one’s performance viewed as confi r- scientists vying for posts at Harvard and mation of those negative stereotypes.” This Princeton, but statistically speaking, more ambiguous, rather vague claim stands in are likely to be male. Lawrence Summers, President of Harvard University, has recently come under attack for comments made marked opposition to the rigorous, verifi - This phenomenon is plainly demon- about women in the sciences. able research that indicates strongly to the strated by countless studies, though perhaps 10 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 CAMPUS most compellingly by the Johns Hopkins have provoked thought on this question all of this is simple: we are entitled to know University Talent Search for mathemati- and provoked the marshalling of evidence whether the evidence for inherent cognitive cally precocious youth. Among the thirteen to contradict what I have said.” But the disparities is true. But the very universities year-olds who scored above 700 on the academy is too concerned with upholding best equipped to perform the research are too SAT math section of this exam since 1971, impartiality and minority rights to behave afraid of being fl agged for misogyny and too roughly thirteen out of fourteen were boys. in such an intellectually honest fashion. blinded by partisan presuppositions to even Though advocates for gender equity argue And as Summers further recommended at test the waters. that girls are simply discouraged from pursu- the end of his speech, “I think we all need And what if science were to discover, ing mathematical and scientifi c studies, this to be thinking very hard about how to do once and for all, that men are indeed bet- explanation falls short of rationalizing the better on these issues and that they are too ter suited toward achievement in the hard truly gross imbalance in the JHU study, and fails to even confront the research on hor- As one commentator said, monal organization and notion of cognitive Summers’ Soviet style confession of talents. Other disgruntled feminists attribute differences between men and women to sin attests to a vicious absence of courtesy socialization, namely to the purported lack of collaborative learning and encouragement important to sentimentalize rather than to sciences? It would be further confi rmation girls receive in the classroom. Sounds about think about in as rigorous and careful ways that defi nite differences exist between the as concrete a proposition as the “small and as we can.” sexes, but any husband and wife without a subtle” ways of discrimination that hold If Princeton, Harvard, and other Princeton Ph.D. could tell you that. Unfor- women scientists back at Princeton. elite universities are truly committed to tunately, Summers’ critics seek to gloss over Ultimately, as University of Alaska academic discourse, all ideas deserve this divergence in the hope of imposing an Fairbanks psychologist Judith Kleinfeld thorough inquiry. But as the Summers artifi cial equivalence on men and women. wrote in a recent column, “The fi ght boils backlash has pitifully demonstrated, ideas The sexes are, without question, equal in down to a paltry point—more males than which may be perceived as “irresponsible” value, but differently skilled. Look at the females are apt to have off the map talent or “damaging” (to quote Maria Klawe) anatomy of a man and a women, and one that lands them professorships in [the hard apparently deserve no such investigation. instantly recognizes that while dissimilar, sciences], especially at elite universities.” What Nancy Hopkins, Shirley Tilghman, they are complimentary. The same can be This, however, should not undermine the and their allies have effectively affi rmed said of their behavior and respective cogni- commendable progress and contributions is the existence of a de facto speech code tive aptitudes, which when paired together, women have made in other academic fi elds, which prevents any polite person from help form a complete whole—nature’s way including the law, medicine, social sciences, voicing opinions that might either per- of assuring that men and women bond, and and humanities—which were all previously petuate negative stereotypes or somehow ultimately, form families. dominated by men. compromise another’s self esteem. With Clearly Larry Summers’ comments have The Larry Summers fi asco also raises that in mind, let me now formally apolo- broad implications for how the academy is to important questions concerning the place gize to the Tory’s female readership who properly handle gender inequity. The notion of provocative ideas within the academy. may have decided to drop their plans for of intrinsic aptitude should not scare us, but Professor Carol Armstrong, the director of a BSE after reading this article. merely prompt us to stop pointing fi ngers Princeton’s Program in the Study of Women As absurd as that apology was, at society, and instead, examine ourselves and Gender, believes that, “In the position President’s Tilghman’s position on “in- when we wonder about disparities between [Summers] holds, he should be more careful nate differences” is even more so. Judging the sexes. But as one commentator said, in the opinions he expresses…There’s prov- from all the diversity rhetoric that comes Summers’ Soviet style confession of sin at- ocation that’s useful, and there’s provocation out of Nassau Hall, we are led to believe tests to a vicious absence of courtesy within that isn’t.” Joan Girgus concurs, asserting, that Princeton supports the exchange the academy. And with Summers’ job on the “When you talk about it in an unsophisti- of opinions and theories. The Harvard line because of the controversy, we must ask cated way…it gives a misimpression about controversy, however, has illuminated ourselves whether it is honorable to crucify a what we know and we don’t know.” After the fi ne print: you can say whatever you man and his reputation for the sake of a petty all, she continued, “When you’re the presi- please in the ivory tower presuming it ideological battle and an informal public dent of Harvard, everybody listens.” conforms to the prevailing orthodoxy. comment. Perhaps we too should follow in But what Girgus fails to realize is And in the case of Larry Summers, any the footsteps of our president in forcefully that’s the point. Summers is just the type of proposition of intrinsic aptitude is unac- demanding recompense for hypocrisy and person needed to elevate discourse about ceptably out of step with standards of dishonesty from Nassau Hall. the genesis of gender inequity out of the propriety. Tilghman’s knee-jerk reaction well-trodden feminist arguments, and con- serves to simply underline another of Christian Sahner ‘07 sider what science has long believed: that these detested stereotypes, as conserva- is from Maplewood innate differences exist, and may be at the tive commentator Jonah Goldberg said in NJ. He is a prospective root of the acknowledged disparity between a January 19th column, it affi rms the idea Art and Archaeology men and women in certain cognitive tasks. “that feminists and the Left are pro-science major, with an interest As Summers himself noted in his closing and pro-scholarship as long as they already in the Middle Ages. remarks, “I have served my purpose if I agree with the conclusions.” The point of MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 11 NATIONAL EMBRACING STATES’ RIGHTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO EVERYONE

righteousness, by appointing conservative Consider LA Times columnist Michael Kin- J. Ruben Pope ‘07 judges and approving legislation.” Dob- sley who echoes this point: “Although I am The moment Democratic Presidential son echoed this thought, warning that the pro-choice, I was taught in law school, and candidate John Kerry conceded, every lib- president and Republicans better deliver still believe, that Roe v. Wade is a muddle eral pundit spouted forth some playful quip on issues like abortion, gay marriage and of bad reasoning and an authentic example on the fi ner points of secession. However conservative judges. If they don’t, warned of judicial overreaching.” humorous the intent of these comments may Dobson, “I believe they’ll pay a price in the Consider the logic of “penumbras have been, the comments always alluded to next election.” formed by emanations” in a setting less an underlying truth or possible fear of what I understand the sincerity of Christian controversial than abortion. Imagine that the coming years may bring. Why are they conservatives’ turmoil over what they see as the Americans for Tax Reform, an orga- so scared? The answer seethes with an irony the demoralization of this country and for nization which favors lower taxes, were only a neo-confederate could enjoy. They are that I give pause, but I do not give reprieve. to sue the federal government in order to scared because northeast liberals spent the How dare these people threaten the president ban the progressive tax. Using “penumbras last fi fty years cultivating and expanding a and the party to deliver a court that will up- formed by emanations,” they can concoct massive and intrusive national government hold their view? That is not how the system an ironclad argument with the logic of the that they no longer control. By dominating works! While the president does indeed Founding Fathers are on their side. The Fifth the legislature and manipulating the Su- owe a debt to social conservatives for his Amendment states that “no person shall be preme Court, liberals effectively imposed re-election, the Court owes these social con- deprived of life, liberty, or property, without their will on the conservative regions of the servatives nothing, or at least nothing new. due process of law; nor shall private property country. Not anymore. Its job, as it has always been, is to interpret be taken for public use, without just compen- In one of the great misnomers of our the laws, not to make them. That is the only sation.” Well, property could be construed time, this process was dubbed the “culture court conservatives should demand. as money, and taxes take that property for war,” a war that columnist Jeffrey Rosen Even though conservatives now have the public use, a direct violation of the Fifth claims liberals won because “they won the opportunity to abuse the Federal gov- Amendment. In addition, the Fourteenth in the court of public opinion” (The New Republic, Supreme Mistake); Bush’s re- The promise of states’ rights is not a election proves otherwise. The problem is that liberal victories were not trench fought ban on federal policy; it is instead an insurance that the battles in state to state legislatures, not even policy will be tested before it is implemented. argued in Congress; activist judges simply dropped nuclear bombs in the Court- Engel v Vitale, Roe v Wade, Texas v. Lawrence ernment as liberals have done for the past Amendment declares “no state shall deny to etc. essentially wiping out the need (or at fi fty years, we have a responsibility not to. any person within its jurisdiction the equal least the Left’s need) to debate these issues We cannot be shortsighted, blindly pushing protection of the laws.” Well then. One could any further. After all, most people support abortion and gay-marriage to the forefront easily argue that there is nothing equal about judicial dicta when they agree with it; it is of a reactionary agenda. We must not forget someone having to give 33% of his income much simpler than having to win an argu- why Roe v. Wade is such a LEGAL travesty. to the government, while another person ment among the people. It has nothing to do with women or babies does not have to give a cent. Personally, But I do not. Naively, I assumed my or Bibles. It is blatant usurpation of states’ this writer does not believe this “right to fellow conservatives would agree with me, rights, rights that liberals are fi nally starting exemption” exists, but the logic train runs but they are just as guilty as the Left in this to appreciate now that their point of view parallel to Roe’s “right to privacy” and it is regard. Licking their chops on November is being threatened. That being said, what a scary proposition that high powered inter- 3rd, leading social conservatives such as Bob should we conservatives hope for over the est groups can usurp our sacred democracy Jones III, President of Bob Jones University coming years? through such perverse litigation. and Dr. James Dobson, Founder and Chair- To begin, Roe v. Wade has to be sepa- With regard to to gay-marriage, con- man of Focus on the Family brazenly put rated from the issue of abortion: overturning sider conservatives’ (ab)use of Congress to forth their expectations. As quoted by NY the former cannot outlaw the latter. Now, get a federal amendment passed banning Times columnist Maureen Dowd, Jones why should it even be overturned? Simply gay marriage. In a recent article by Profes- stated: “Christ has allowed you to be his put, Roe is bad law. If you are pro-choice it sor Robert George titled “Why we need a servant. So he could leave an imprint for might be good policy, but it is still bad law. marriage amendment,” George argues that 12 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 NATIONAL even though 38 states have past laws ban- the railroads which were supported by the of wasting resources badgering a recalcitrant ning gay-marriage and 11 have enshrined federal government, and Wyoming saw the Congress? this in their constitution, one thunderous wisdom of allowing women to vote long But these tactics are not confi ned to the Supreme Court ruling could strike down before the rest of the country did. While Left. One could just as easily fi re back that all of those laws. On this matter, of course, I will be the fi rst to admit there have been the South should stop trying to implement its he is absolutely correct. After all, consider strong negative marks on the pages of the views on marriage to the rest of the country, Matt Foreman, of the National Gay and history of states’ rights, state governments especially considering that the Bible belt has Lesbian Task Force, discuss his thoughts are no worse than any other of the forms of some of the highest divorce rates in the coun- on democracy: “Fundamental liberties government. The Federal Government has try. I agree. I applaud the northeast for its should never be put up for a popular vote. a number of outrages in its history; it sanc- remarkably low divorce rates, and especially We’ll win some states and we’ll lose some tioned genocide against the Indians as well Massachusetts – the only state to legalize states, but eventually the Supreme Court as the internment of thousands of Japanese. gay-marriage – for having the lowest divorce is going to look at the Bill of Rights and We would be wise, therefore, to analyze rate in the country. Granted, some conserva- isn’t going to give a damn what’s in any of the people behind these decisions instead tives attribute this to the number of couples these state constitutions.” Mr. Foreman and of blaming the governmental mechanisms in the northeast who “live in sin,” a.k.a. those who agree with him would do much to they used. living together without getting married, but remember Justice Holmes famous dissent in Imagine how liberals could fi ght Bush’s it is highly doubtful that that it is enough to Lochner; “I think that the word liberty in the tax policy through their respective states. skew the numbers that much. fourteenth amendment is perverted when it The charge against the Bush administration There is nothing wrong with admitting is held to prevent the natural outcome of a dominant opinion.” The Court owes these social conservatives nothing, So with these radicals damning state constitutions, Professor George goes on to or at least nothing new. Its job, as it has always been, is to argue that the only way to protect individual interpret the laws, not to make them. That is the only court states’ rights is to defi ne marriage between a man and a woman and enshrine this into the conservatives should demand. United States’ Constitution. Here is where I cry foul. I’ve read George’s brilliant work, or just conservatives as a whole is that we that a certain region or state is more success- Clash of Orthodoxies, and the detail with are heartless misers who care nothing for the ful in an area than another. After all, liberals which he anticipates and rebuts counter-ar- poor. It’s a fatal irony, then, that the states like to look to other countries for advice on guments is remarkable. I know that there is that suffer from the greatest gap in income how to run America; it follows that they no way he could have written what he wrote distribution are those in the northeast and would be just as comfortable looking at other without realizing the obvious, namely, that California – bastions of liberalism. If these areas of this country for solutions. Further- if a state wanted to allow gay-marriage but states are so concerned about the poor, more, the promise of states’ rights is not a there was a Federal Constitutional Amend- why not heavily tax areas like Greenwich, ban on federal policy; it is instead an insur- ment preventing this, then its rights as a state Westchester, and Orange County, and then ance that the policy will be tested before it would be violated by the very Amendment redistribute that money to areas like New is implemented. Politics is not like science: that is supposed to “protect” them. While Haven, Harlem, and Compton? After all, our unlike science, politics is not afforded the he and many other social conservatives government provides a variety of ways to luxury of controlled environments. All we would no doubt like to slap a federal ban on tax, and if liberals would stop concentrating can hope for is to run our experiments in an same-sex marriage (and abortion as well), on federal mandates, they might realize how area that, if it all goes wrong, will adversely this violation of states’ rights would be no much power they actually have to solve the affect as few people as possible; and if the different than a federal endorsement back- problems plaguing their states. experiment is promising, it can be gradually ing the two. Besides income redistribution, they extended and tweaked to suit the growing Despite my efforts to be fair, I am sure could really get a handle on environmental number involved. Federal bans or endorse- by this point, all the left wing readers are issues. Imagine if they would get their heads ments by definition can not allow such seething; they probably just consider me out of Alaska and concentrate on New Jer- leniency, and thus can never be as successful another crazy southern conservative still sey. What’s the worst that could happen in as a simple states’ rights approach. fi ghting the war, but to do so would be a Alaska? We destroy some beautiful sights shame. There is so much potential for both that are too cold for anyone to visit anyway. ideologies to use the power vested in their While all their attention is devoted there, Ruben Pope individual states to prove which one is better New Jersey – the most densely populated ’07 is a sopho- for our society. More often than not, we for- state in the Union – remains the only state more from Temple get that some of our greatest achievements to have every county fail clean air standards. Terrace, FL. He were forged in the states, and expanded as Granted, I am not Peter Singer, but given is a member of a result of those successful experiments: the choice between people and penguins, I the Mathey Col- Massachusetts led the abolitionist charge would choose the former. Why doesn’t the lege Council and with their state constitution long before Left spend their time swaying the liberal plans to major in the nation was ready to accept it, Illinois leaning legislature in New Jersey to pass Politics. stood up against big business by regulating tighter environmental regulations, instead MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 13 NATIONAL 22 MINUTES: BUSH’S PHILOSOPHICAL REVOLUTION unexpectedly: thanks to the inauguration, Another allusion to the Declaration and Powell Fraser ‘06 political theorists and philosophy professors to Locke is also tucked into the speech with- can also have their day. in the fi rst few minutes. Bush argued that Standing in the frosty air at a security Bush’s second inaugural address was “we are led, by events and common sense, checkpoint in downtown Washington, I won- more than a policy forecast; it was more to one conclusion: The survival of liberty in dered what lay ahead. Literally, I could not than a declaration of doctrine; it was more our land increasingly depends on the success see over the heads of the thousands who had than crowd-pleasing rhetoric for the legions of liberty in other lands.” This statement is thronged to our nation’s capital to witness of faithful who crowded the mall on that Bush’s version of a self-evident truth, an idea the swearing in of the President. But there morning. In his speech, President Bush that also originated from Locke. “Reason, was also a certain mystique, an excitement laid forth what he declared to be the driv- which is that law, teaches all mankind, who in the air, a question of whether or not we ing philosophy of his administration (and, will but consult it,” wrote Locke in defend- were standing at the crossroads of history. indeed, of America as we know it). The ing his ideas. Locke believed that logic was Such conclusions are much easier to make philosophy is a coherent one, despite pulling God’s gift to mankind, and when Bush as- in hindsight, but occasionally history tips its from a wide range of the greatest political serts that the answer to our national security hand and lets you know that you may well thinkers in Western civilization. And given concerns lies in “common sense,” we are be witnessing an event the signifi cance of the theoretical undercurrents of the speech, hearing the echoes of Locke. which will echo through the ages. to attempt to understand its policy implica- The next philosopher called into service So far as inaugurations go, some have tions without engaging its origins would be by President Bush is Immanuel Kant. “The captured our imaginations more than oth- impossible. best hope for peace in our world is the ex- ers. George Washington’s second inaugural The fi rst philosophy to surface in the pansion of freedom in all the world,” said speech was about a paragraph long. Abra- Bush address is the work of British thinker Bush in his address. In saying this, Bush ham Lincoln’s second inaugural address has John Locke. “From the day of our Found- is referencing a concept known as “the become one of the most cherished pieces of rhetoric in our history. And William Henry A policy aimed at “ending tyranny in our world” is certainly Harrison never had the opportunity to give ambitious, and critics will call it absurd. Bush, however, a second inaugural address because he caught pneumonia giving his fi rst. I suppose believes that such an achievement is possible; in fact, he that the main question on the minds of his believes it is inevitable. supporters was an anxious curiosity over whether or not the speech would ever end – the long-winded Harrison braved the wind- ing, we have proclaimed that every man and democratic peace,” originally proposed by chill and spoke for almost two hours. woman on this earth has rights, and dignity, Kant in his essay “Perpetual Peace.” The No one watching the ceremony on TV and matchless value, because they bear the defi nitive articles of this peace treaty include could have possibly missed the Harrison image of the Maker of Heaven and earth,” stipulations that “the civil constitution of anecdote, as every pundit repeated it at one Bush said in his speech. A historian would every state shall be republican” and that “the point or another. Pundits have a fi eld day quickly identify this as an allusion to the right of nations shall be based on a federa- whenever the President speaks, and the In- Declaration of Independence. But the origi- tion of free states.” Many of Kant’s ideas augural Address and the State of the Union nator of this idea was Locke, who derived reappeared in Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen are always prime targets for analysis. In his the value of the individual from the sanctity Points, making such goals the policies of our State of the Union speech, President Bush of the work of the creator. In his Second “idealistic nation.” outlined an ambitious plan to restructure So- Treatise on Government (1690), Locke Bush also channels Kant in describing cial Security, guaranteeing the employment described men as “the workmanship of one freedom as a moral imperative. “We will of many economists and policy analysts for omnipotent and infi nitely wise Maker… they persistently clarify the choice before every the next few years. With rumors of war with are his property, whose workmanship they ruler and every nation: The moral choice Iran or North Korea circulating, the brigades are, made to last during his, not another’s between oppression, which is always wrong, of armchair generals enlisted by the news pleasure.” Locke then proceeded to suggest and freedom, which is eternally right,” Bush networks will be able to feed their families the idea of inalienable rights to life, liberty, mandated. Kant wrote, “There can be no until both countries give up their nuclear and property. In Locke’s world – and Bush’s conflict between politics, as an applied ambitions. One other group will also benefi t – human rights exist through God. branch of the right, and morality, as a theo-

14 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 NATIONAL retical branch of the right.” When Bush said, he stated at the Inauguration. In such a sce- rial written for The New York Times (“The “All who live in tyranny and hopelessness nario, the US can only survive in the realist Doctrine That Never Died,” 1/30/2005), can know: the United States will not ignore world by clinging to its idealistic beliefs. In saw echoes of the Monroe Doctrine and a your oppression, or excuse your oppressors,” such a construct we choose to wage not just 19th century American belief in manifest we hear him echoing Kant’s demand that a war against a specifi c enemy but rather a destiny. He follows the doctrine from its we must “let justice reign, even if all the War on Terror – by Bush’s philosophy we beginning, the American assertion its right rogues in the world must perish.” In this are not simply pursuing strategic goals but to interfere in governments in the Western vein, Wilson asserted in 1917 that “the world also moral ones. Fred Barnes of The Weekly Hemisphere, to its modern version, the must be made safe for democracy. Its peace Standard seessees parallelsparallels herehere betweenbetween thethe American quest to bring democracy to the must be planted upon the tested foundations elder Bush and his son: just as George Bush entire world. He points to Teddy Roosevelt, of political liberty.” oversaw the unifi cation of East and West Henry Cabot Lodge, and George Kennan Placing Bush in the same foreign policy Berlin, George W. Bush has torn down the as the torchbearers of this doctrine, which arena with Kant and Wilson signifies a wall between realism and idealism (“Bush’s encourages America to reject its “splendid dramatic departure from the traditional Breakthrough,” 1/20/2005). isolation” in favor of taking an active role in school international relations theory advo- What are the policy implications of this world affairs. In a moment of humor, Wolfe cated by the Republican Party. Advisors to philosophical revolution? Bush made his wonders why no one at the Woodrow Wilson Bush’s father like James Baker and Brent point very clear: “So it is the policy of the School has noted this “fourth corollary to the Scowcroft were the guardians of an interna- United States to seek and support the growth Monroe Doctrine.” tional relations philosophy called “realism.” of democratic movements and institutions in As Bush closed his address, he an- Scowcroft’s protégé was a professor at every nation and culture, with the ultimate nounced to his shivering audience, “we are Stanford’s Hoover Institution named Condo- goal of ending tyranny in our world.” The ready for the greatest achievements in the leezza Rice, who would later become one of Wall Street Journal editorial board noticed history of freedom.” And suddenly, after the chief foreign policy advisors to George a potential pitfall of this strategy. “Critics only 22 minutes, the speech was over. In his fi rst four years, Bush had led America through a terrorist attack and two wars Placing Bush in the same foreign policy arena in two countries. In his fi rst half hour of with Kant and Wilson signifi es a dramatic departure his second term, he had completely rede- from the traditional school international signed American foreign policy and given it philosophical underpinnings that seemed relations theory advocated by the Republican Party. downright liberal. Yet for some reason, the Americans present seemed more excited than ever. Now we have four years to see W. Bush. “Idealism,” “moralism,” and will point out the inconsistencies of America what direction the Bush Doctrine will take, “Wilsonianism” have all been hallmarks of doing business with a Musharraf or Putin and a lifetime to judge this bold move in the Democratic Party, espoused by Franklin despite their detours from democracy,” they hindsight. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. wrote. Saudi Arabia and Egypt also become John F. Kennedy proposed in a speech Realism is generally understood to be dubious allies under this new policy. “But that history, when standing in judgment of an extremely cynical approach to inter- we made such accommodations during the our lives, will look back and ask if we were national relations. It sees the world as a Cold War as well, by necessity, and that men of courage, judgment, integrity, and state of anarchy, comprised of individual didn’t stop presidents from letting the dis- dedication. On January 20, 2005, President self-interested actors. Hans Morgenthau, in sidents behind the Iron Curtain know that George W. Bush offered us with his own espousing the principles of realism, asserts we were on their side,” the editors conclude revision of the Kennedy rubric: “Did our that morality has no bearing on states or their (“Liberty Bell Ringer,” 1/21/2005). generation advance the cause of freedom? actions and that states’ sole goal is to ensure A policy aimed at “ending tyranny in And did our character bring credit to that their continued existence. Realists argue our world” is certainly ambitious, and critics cause?” These are the criteria upon which that states’ values should play no role in the will call it absurd. Bush, however, believes Bush wishes to be evaluated, and these are decision-making process and the sole goal that such an achievement is possible; in the questions that will determine whether of any sate action should be to guarantee fact, he believes it is inevitable. “History we truly stood at the crossroads of history the continued existence of that state. In a has an ebb and fl ow of justice, but history on that January morning. realist world, “the enemy of my enemy is also has a visible direction, set by liberty my friend,” and Nixon’s trip to China makes and the Author of Liberty,” said Bush. The sense at the height of the Cold War. idea of a direction of history was originally So is Bush a realist, like his predeces- presented by Hegel and then adopted by Powell Fraser ’06 sors in the party, or has he gone to the left Marx, who used it to argue the inevitability is a Politics major from and embraced Wilson? While this question of the socialist revolution. Bush’s version, Atlanta, GA. An offi cer is compelling, it implies that the two schools however, has a decidedly Christian edge to at Quadrangle Club, of thought are mutually exclusive. Bush it and reminds us once again of John Locke Powell interned last does not believe he must choose between and his belief in an ordered, logical world summer for a media realism and idealism. “America’s vital in- created by God. lobby organization in terests and our deepest beliefs are now one,” Popular author Tom Wolfe, in an edito- Washington, DC. MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 15 NATIONAL WHY WOMEN SHOULD VOTE REPUBLICAN THE WAGE GAP AND OTHER TALL TALES

individualism and freedom to make personal many of whom are obviously women—and Juliann H. Vikse ’08 economic choices. This contrasts with the choosing how it should be spent. Democrats’ agenda, which is in essence to Enticing as government-paid health- It is endlessly entertaining listening expand government and pander to women care, daycare, and forced extra paid leave to feminists—who supposedly represent as members of a special interest group who and higher wages may seem, they support the powerful, influential modern wom- are incapable of making their own deci- the government’s role as our benefactor. an—demand more support from the federal sions. Larry Elder, an African-American Furthermore, these mouth-watering entitle- government. Angrily parading around Wash- libertarian author and radio show host, often ments hide subtle realities that undermine ington with angry scowls can’t hide the fact complains about racial condescension: that the strength and moral fi ber of our society. that they are essentially groveling to Uncle is, the notion that the government should Subsidized federal childcare would crowd Sam. When women accept the government cater to blacks as if they were powerless to out private providers, and as a result, women as their caretaker, they are seen as—and help themselves. Women can and should would be left with far fewer childcare op- are—less independent. I see women and identify with this line of thought. Mary tions. Mandates on employers make hiring men as intellectual equals, driven by the Katherine Ham, a writer for the Independent more expensive and job opportunities more same broad ambitions, aversions, and Women’s Forum, asserts, “I simply don’t scarce. Thus, these mandates can be seen as needs. There are important issues facing this believe I need the help of men like [John benefi cial for women only when analyzing the job market from the point of view of a neglected underling. We are continually Women should embrace these differences —which do not painted as being victimized by a tyrannical, and should not inhibit them from pursuing any career to chauvinist stratum of powerful men, even as America’s 9.1 million women-owned any degree—and turn to a party which fosters individual businesses employ 27.5 million people and empowerment through fair treatment rather than by contribute $3.6 trillion to the economy. An influx of government spending assuming the role of caretaker. (mainly on programs organized and im- plemented by an absurdly inefficient bureaucracy) leads to higher taxes, which is country that are, for the most part, concerns Kerry] and the government to make it in life, a burden on families. The 2004 Republican of both men and women. According to a nor am I up for forking over my tax dollars convention’s theme of creating an “owner- recent Time Magazine poll, there is no dis- to cheapen my achievements with a special ship society” involves returning power to tinguishable “gender gap” when it comes to set of girly rules.” individuals through tax cuts, Social Security interpreting current political affairs. Women There is a current faction actively pursu- reform, and health savings accounts. Alter- and men think alike when it comes to the war ing women in order to convince us that we natively, feminists who almost unfailingly on terror, jobs and the economy, and both need the Democrats in power because we’re support big government see women as un- gender groups rated these three issues as the victims. Representative Juanita Millender- able to stay afl oat in the free market and thus most important factors entering into their McDonald (D-CA) said, “Historically, it has reliant on a powerful federal presence to minds when they decided to favor George been the Democratic Party that women have regularly step in on their behalf. It is insult- W. Bush on November 2nd. turned to, because it is the party of inclusion, ing to suggest that a government that levies In a New York Times/CBS News Poll equality and compassion...” But I whole- an onerous tax load in the name of spoon- conducted a few weeks before the election, heartedly disagree: a party that favors far feeding healthcare, education, welfare, and women who were registered to vote—and greater intervention in the economy, govern- social security is what women need in order likely to vote—said they favored President ment-provided healthcare, an over-extensive to achieve the highest possible place in so- Bush over Kerry by 48 to 43%. This serves system of regulations on businesses, and ciety. Granted, every contingent of society as a sharp contrast to the 2000 election, in steeply progressive taxes is one of depen- benefi ts from some governmental assistance which women favored Gore over Bush, dence, and should not be considered a shelter and incentives (tax relief to small business 54 to 43%. They clearly preferred the for women. All of the aforementioned mea- startups, college fi nancial aid, or expense conservative agenda, one with a focus on sures involve taking money from taxpayers, credits), but it should be applied across the 16 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 NATIONAL board, not according to gender. employment in order to raise her family, it raising families, so to speak, when assess- Some would argue that gross dis- seems fair to allot higher wages to the man ing careers, by choosing lower-paying jobs crepancies in earned wages are a basis for who has ten more years of work experience. with more work fl exibility. An important gender-based government assistance. It is As we all know, experience is valued in the issue facing modern women is management often stated that women make seventy-seven work force. While a number of raises are ap- of family and work; while men are, on the cents to every dollar made by men; this portioned relative to success and exceptional whole, more free to choose employment fi gure is often used justify grievances (some- work, a substantial number are proportional based on income, women are more inhibited times well-founded grievances, to be sure) to seniority. In his latest book, Why Men by their commitment to raising their chil- about inequality, especially in the workforce. Earn More: The Startling Truth Behind the dren. It is tempting to suggest that men with However, the number is used so often that Pay Gap and What Women Can Do About families are faced with the same choices, its relevance is often misunderstood. It is It, Warren Farrell claims that women prefer and consider factors such as work hours and derived from the 2002 census survey, in a jobs that involve nominal danger, minimal location at risk of making less money. It is section that compared yearly median earn- travel, and incorporate social skills. In the true that the aforementioned factors do play ings of full-time working women to those book, he cites statistics showing that men a part in men’s employment decisions, but these factors play a lesser role for men than they do for women with children. We are continually painted as being victimized by a Equal outcomes are often times not the tyrannical, chauvinist stratum of powerful men, even as correct means to assess fairness. This is refl ected by the effects Title IX has had on America’s 9.1 million women-owned businesses employ 27.5 male sports programs. Since athletics are, million people and contribute $3.6 trillion to the economy. in general terms, less popular with women than men, it is easiest for universities to enforce Title IX (and in doing so avoid government inspection and litigation) by eliminating men’s sports teams; over 100 of their male counterparts. The median of make up 92% of occupational deaths because men’s NCAA teams were cut in 2003 alone. the two lists (including a wide selection and the most hazardous occupations—including An important question to address is whether variety of job descriptions) were compared, construction, mining, and fi refi ghting—are the fi ght for women’s rights should under- thus creating the basis for remonstration. employed primarily by men (in most cases, mine the rights of men. The important question is whether the afore- 96-98% of employees are male). It is time for women to assume mentioned process substantiates women’s There have been several studies that a more individualistic outlook. We are grievances and consequent calls for “equal have used control groups in attempts to currently more than willing to accept the pay for equal work”—that is, whether the create a more accurate number than the com- benefi ts of being intrinsically different than statistic accurately depicts the current wage- monly used 75 cents per dollar. One study men (such as maternity leave policies), but earning status of women. in particular focused on a population which baulk at the existence of a wage gap—even This begs the question why any consisted of childless men and women aged though its existence can be attributed businessperson whose focus is purely on the 27 to 33. It found that the women earned 98 to our own employment decisions. It is bottom line would not hire women only, if cents for every male dollar. Other studies, the Republican Party that champions the female labor is so drastically less expensive however — such as a recent report by the individualism that women must embrace than male labor—this is the basic principle General Accounting Office— concluded in order to achieve truly equal status. It of supply and demand. It is important to note that after controlling for education and oc- is naïve to reject the existence of intrinsic that a greater proportion of full-time working cupation, a signifi cant gap remained, close differences between women and men. women hold lower-paying types of jobs than to eighty cents for every dollar earned by Instead, women should embrace these men: women do not necessarily get paid less men. However, the GAO study warned that differences —which do not and should than men if they have the same type of job. this disparity cannot necessarily be linked to not inhibit them from pursuing any career The seventy-seven cents fi gure that has gender bias because “we cannot determine to any degree—and turn to a party which been embraced by the feminist movement as whether this remaining difference is due to fosters individual empowerment through a basis for indignation does not account for discrimination or other factors that may affect fair treatment rather than by assuming the several important factors, including levels earnings.” The report emphasized the point role of caretaker. of education, occupational choice, and years that women often trade income for fl exibility of experience. Take the example of a mother in order to manage their families and care for who leaves the work force for a period of ten their children. Juliann Vikse ‘08 years in order to care for her young children. It is easy for ambitious, Ph.D. seeking is a prospective Lengthy absences from the workplace are Princeton women to judge their peers using Politics major not accounted for by the “unequal pay for their own standards. The average woman from Holmdel, equal work” fi gure. If a man and woman of with a family is less likely to consider maxi- New Jersey. She the same age and of a similar educational mizing her income as the most important sings with the Ti- background hold the same job, they should issue when deliberating over job choice, gressions and is obviously be granted equal pay. However, if when compared to men and single women. a member of the the woman has taken a ten-year leave from Even single women may “plan ahead” for IRC. MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 17 THE LAST WORD AMERICA AND CHIRAC WHY THE U.S. SHOULD JUST SAY “NON” the good things you can do with $60 billion! and bigger government programs—regard- Jurgen R. Reinhoudt ‘06 Surely travelers won’t mind paying $20, $30 less of whether these programs are effective or $40 per airplane ticket for all the suffer- or not. In addition, the UN is an organization French President Jacques Chirac re- ing people in the world, right? Right? And affl icted with a great deal of problems; it’s cently voiced his support for a global tax if airlines and shipping companies can pay an organization that is simply not fi t to run at the Davos Forum in Davos, Switzerland. an extra tax on fuel, what’s wrong with a a global tax program. The United Nations The tax would be used to help treat and global gas tax for consumers? Can you really is largely responsible for the oil-for-food prevent AIDS, but in theory, it could be in your heart say that you can’t afford to pay scandal, through which Saddam Hussein used for any variety of other purposes. Le 1 cent per gallon more for people who are skimmed $6 billion off of oil export money Monde, France’s infl uential left-of-center starving? How about 10 cents? 30 cents? that was supposed to go to the suffering daily, promptly proclaimed: “Jacques Chi- Here begins the road to a global tax children of Iraq, a scandal that has, interest- rac pleads for international solidarity at nightmare. Under the guise of helping the ingly, gone very much underreported in the the Davos Forum.” In his speech, Chirac poor, whatever tax is instituted will grow European media. said at least $10 billion was necessary to exponentially. The money raised by the tax The commission investigating the combat AIDS in developing countries. He which Mr. Chirac is proposing would in program has already found Benon Sevan, offered several ideas for where this money theory be used to help AIDS victims and the former UN Undersecretary-General in could come from: a “contribution” (a tax) on improve AIDS prevention efforts; nothing, charge of the program, guilty of corrup- international fi nancial transactions, which however, says that the money from the glob- tion. When asked to explain a mysterious could bring in about $10 billion, another one al tax would be used only for that purpose. $160,000 cash infusion, Sevan said it came on “incoming and exiting capital fl ows” in It’s highly likely that the language of the from his aunt in Cyprus. Sevan’s aunt was countries which maintain banking secrecy proposal would allow the UN General As- a retired government worker who lived off laws, a “contribution” (a tax) on fuel used sembly to spend the money as it sees fi t, for a modest pension; it’s highly unlikely she by planes and ships, and a “weak charge” (a what it defi nes to be the “greater good.” One would have (or could have) given $160,000 tax of one dollar) on the three billion airplane assumes here that the UN would manage the to her cousin in a moment of intense un- tickets sold every year in the world. Euro- global tax; earlier global tax proposals, such fl inching generosity. Rather disturbingly, pean leaders, always keen on higher taxes, as the Tobin Tax, favored that approach. she died under mysterious circumstances are already discussing a proposal for a tax on Just because a politician with an abil- by falling into an elevator shaft before in- kerosene, the fuel used by airplanes. ity for oratory says a tax will be used for a vestigators had a chance to talk to her. The In light of the extraordinary human certain purpose certainly does not mean the oil-for-food scandal is just one of a number devastation caused by AIDS in the develop- tax will indeed be used for that purpose. of scandals affl icting the UN. Letting the ing world, notably Africa, it’s virtuous and That is simple political wisdom, but many UN manage any type of global tax is inher- noble to want to do more. The solutions liberal idealists ignore it at their peril. Do ently unwise. which President Chirac lays out, however, you remember how American states said Regardless of possible UN involvement, are wrong for several reasons. they would use the hundreds of billions of a lack of effectiveness is the most signifi cant A quick glance at the history of the US dollars from the tobacco settlement? For problem affl icting Chirac’s proposal. Let’s income tax will suffi ce to illustrate that a smoking prevention and cessation programs, assume the money from the global tax would small tax quickly becomes a big tax: the fi rst but that’s not what happened. According to indeed be used for its stated purpose—AIDS income tax law after the Sixteenth Amend- Tobacco Free Kids, an anti-smoking orga- relief and prevention. Even then, private ment went into effect in 1916 mandated a nization, “states during the current budget efforts are far more effective in relieving 7% maximum rate. Who could object to a year have allocated $538 million for tobacco human suffering than government efforts, 7% top tax rate? Absent any strict limits, prevention, which amounts to less than 3% and in this regard, several recent events are however, this 7% top tax rate rose to 90% of the record $20 billion the states will col- worth observing. The fi rst is the success of within the next thirty years. There is little lect [in 2005] in tobacco revenue from the an AIDS vaccine in development by one reason to suspect a global tax would be 1998 state tobacco settlement and tobacco of those supposedly evil pharmaceutical any different. It would certainly not rise taxes.” Many anti-smoking organizations companies. The AP reported recently that to 90%, but it would most assuredly rise rue the day they entered a compact with “The Merck candidate vaccine is designed quickly, especially if the United Nations is in government to mercilessly squeeze tobacco to persuade the defenders of each cell, called charge: the UN is ideologically predisposed companies. ‘killer T cells,’ to attack HIV when the virus to taxing and spending, and in that regard, Many idealists will ask why, in today’s enters the cell. According to Sarah B. Alex- the UN leadership is “in sync” with most increasingly globalized world, we should not ander, associate director of the HIV Vaccine European leaders. let the UN General Assembly, where every Trials Network, or HVTN, “It is the most A $1 tax on the 3 billion airplane tickets government is represented, make the deci- promising candidate that we’ve seen so far.’” sold around the world is not a lot, right? So sions. The problem with the United Nations And the United States is by far the most gen- why not make it $10? Or $20? Think of all is that it is always in favor of higher taxes erous sponsor of AIDS vaccine research: of

18 · THE PRINCETON TORY MARCH 2005 THE LAST WORD the $600 million to $700 million invested in given directly to governments, by contrast, period, when it received enormous amounts AIDS vaccine research worldwide last year, often does not have the desired impact. of foreign aid, infl ation averaged 25% and the United States provided $582 million. Under the Clinton Administration, the Con- energy and agricultural production plum- Another pharmaceutical company, gressional Budget Offi ce published a report meted. Aspen Pharmacare, South Africa’s largest on government aid and stated, in unusually Parts of Africa, such as Tanzania, are drug maker, has developed a highly useful strong terms: “In many cases, foreign aid just as poor today as they were 35 years AIDS treatment combination pill, even as has sustained governments in their pursuit ago. Those advances that have been made South Africa’s President, Thabo Mbeki, of economically counterproductive political in Africa have been made thanks to stable continues to deny that HIV causes AIDS. and economic policies. Such policies in- governments, strong private property rights The FDA recently approved the Aspen pill, clude the persecution of particular groups, and local assistance by non-governmental meaning that money from the US Federal restrictions on private trade and the infl ow of organizations. Letting AIDS relief money Government (including President Bush’s private capital and enterprises, confi scation fl ow through governments is not a good multi-billion AIDS fund) may be used for of property, price policies that discourage idea. Giving non-governmental organiza- purchasing the drug for AIDS relief. It’s agricultural production, and the expropria- tions the money and letting them handle it estimated that the cost of the combination tion of foreign capital and enterprises.” in a transparent and accountable manner is. treatment will be about $20 to $30 per person The Netherlands is one of 5 countries Individual governments may certainly give per month, a signifi cant amount by African in the world to spend more than 0.7% of to non-governmental organizations, if they standards, but the price will be made more its GDP on development aid (Denmark, choose, but creating a global tax to give manageable through the help of private Norway, Sweden and tiny Luxembourg are non-governmental organizations this money foundations and funds such as the Global the other 4.) It’s worth noting that although would be an enormous mistake. Aids Fund. The Aspen package consists of the Netherlands has given dozens of billions President Chirac’s proposal is refl ective a generic equivalent of a pill developed by to Africa over the past 35 years, offi cials of the European Zeitgeist: instead of relying the British fi rm Glaxo Smithkline and the at the Dutch Department of Development on private charity and private compassion generic equivalent of a pill developed by Aid are at a loss to point out specifi c gains, to help those in need, Europeans tend to the German fi rm Boehringer Ingelheim; both preferring instead to talk about a long-term look toward the government to solve social companies have licensed Aspen to produce process and solidarity with the poor. There ills, including the AIDS epidemic. This is the drugs. is almost nothing to show for the billions. unfortunate, because it is government aid What about efforts on the ground? That’s quite simply extraordinary. In fact, that has held African nations back in recent Non-governmental organizations and other in a number of cases, the money had a decades, even as private aid has greatly im- organizations are doing extraordinary work negative impact, either disappearing into proved the lives of millions. It would be far in South Africa and other nations to help the the pockets of corrupt government offi cials better to reduce the role of government and population deal with this epidemic. In April or landing in the hands of warlords, fueling let private charities and free enterprise work of 2004, Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors armed confl ict. Government money is not a together to solve the AIDS crisis. Pharma- without Borders) launched an anti-retroviral guarantee for success! ceutical companies (the fi rms that develop treatment program at Bulawayo Hospital in One of the men most responsible for cures for everything from acute lower-re- Zimbabwe that uses fi xed-dose combina- the ineffi cient spending of Dutch aid money spiratory infections and malaria to blinding tions that cost $20 per patient, per month is Jan Pronk, a socialist and former Dutch trachoma, leprosy and tuberculosis, etc.) are and require only two pills a day. Reported Minister of Development Aid. He’s sym- well on their way to developing a cure and the San Francisco Chronicle: “The number bolic of a number of European socialists. a vaccine for AIDS. By working directly of AIDS patients receiving life-saving drug One writer notes that he was often received with the population at the local level and treatment in poor or middle-income nations as an extremely generous type of Calvinist disseminating the AIDS treatment options rose 60 percent in the past six months, the Santa Claus when he worked as Minister of that are already available, non-governmental WHO said [in January 2005]. The number Development Aid: he gave billions to dicta- organizations have the opportunity to make of people receiving anti-retroviral therapy in tors and authoritarian rulers, no questions a tremendously positive impact on helping less-developed countries jumped to 700,000 asked. Pronk’s approach is one mimicked AIDS victims and working to support pre- in December, up from 440,000 in June. by a number of European countries, but it vention efforts. A global tax is not needed; Much of the gain occurred in sub-Saharan is clearly not the road to prosperity for na- more private support for AIDS relief and Africa, where an additional 160,000 people tions in development—nor is it effective for prevention is. received therapy.” expanding AIDS treatment and prevention Much, much more remains to be done, programs. (Pronk is currently working at the and the major relief efforts should be led by United Nations—one just hopes he’s not in Jurgen Re- private organizations. Governments should charge of AIDS relief.) inhoudt ’06 is a not be the direct recipients of the money. It Tanzania is an example of a country Politics major is not surprising that Americans, who are where government foreign aid has hurt far from Ossining, results-oriented people, are especially gen- more than it has helped: since the early NY. He lived in erous when it comes to donating to private 1970s, Tanzania has received more interna- France from 1993 charities: Americans gave a whopping $241 tional aid per capita than any other country. to 1998. billion to charity organizations in 2003, Today, it remains one of the world’s poorest more than anyone in the world. That money nations. It had no per capita GNP growth is generally well spent. Foreign aid that is between 1980 and 1992, and during this MARCH 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 19