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Tiocfaidh Ár Lá (Our Day Will Come): Negotiating the Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Heritage, and Identity in Northern Ireland

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Tiocfaidh Ár Lá (Our Day Will Come): Negotiating the Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Heritage, and Identity in Northern Ireland University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2015 Tiocfaidh Ár Lá (Our Day Will Come): Negotiating the Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Heritage, and Identity in Northern Ireland Doris Ellen Panzer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Folklore Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Panzer, Doris Ellen, "Tiocfaidh Ár Lá (Our Day Will Come): Negotiating the Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Heritage, and Identity in Northern Ireland" (2015). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1112. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1112 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1112 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tiocfaidh Ár Lá (Our Day Will Come): Negotiating the Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Heritage, and Identity in Northern Ireland Abstract Fifteen years after the Good Friday Agreement ended thirty years of violence in Northern Ireland, people still grapple with peace process implementation. Many within the Catholic minority continue their hopes for a united Ireland, free from British hegemony, refusing to accept they are citizens of the United Kingdom. In the border town of Strabane, County Tyrone, the remembered past plays a dynamic role in how people live in the present, envision their future, and pass it on to younger generations. During the Troubles, members of this republican community were either volunteers in the Irish Republican Army (IRA) or active supporters in what they considered a struggle for civil rights and a fight against British occupation. The ambush and deaths of three local lads by Crown Forces in 1985 was a pivotal event that inspired a greater commitment to opposing British rule, particularly through the expression and performance of their Irish and republican identity, using tangible and intangible symbols. These forms of cultural identity remain important as residents negotiate their place in post-conflict Northern Ireland. Flags, murals, and plaques identify ethno-national territory, serving as boundary markers and sites of memory for local residents. A memorial band established right after the shooting continues to honor the "local lads" as members march and perform republican music embedded with the narratives of republican hero/martyrs who died for Irish freedom. With music, drumming, and parading they embody memories, reimagine community, contest British citizenship, and create their own heritage of the Troubles. In a pub setting, this same music invites audience participation in singing the stories, extending the memorial and commemorative aspect to everyday events. As they perform their Irish identity and memorialize the past, this community has transitioned from being marginalized and at odds with local government, to participating on their own terms, incorporating republican celebrations and heritage into programs within the broader Strabane community, and taking an active part in planning for the future. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Anthropology First Advisor Kathleen D. Hall Second Advisor Richard M. Leventhal Keywords Heritage, Identity, Memory, Northern Ireland, Performing culture, Post-conflict Subject Categories Folklore | Social and Cultural Anthropology This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1112 TIOCFAIDH ÁR LÁ (OUR DAY WILL COME): NEGOTIATING THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP, HERITAGE, AND IDENTITY IN NORTHERN IRELAND COPYRIGHT 2015 Doris Ellen Panzer This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ny-sa/2.0/ ACKNOWLEDGMENT It is hard to find the words to thank the many people who encouraged and supported me through the process of conducting fieldwork in Northern Ireland and then the task of writing this dissertation. Family and friends – both local and a bit more far- flung; my Dissertation Committee, the Anthropology Department, and other faculty at the University of Pennsylvania; and, of course, the wonderful people of Strabane, County Tyrone, all contributed in a variety of ways to making this happen. First of all I need to acknowledge my husband, Robin Hiteshew, for his unflagging encouragement for me to leave family obligations here in Philadelphia and go live in Strabane for ten months so I could conduct fieldwork. Once I was back in Philadelphia, Robin’s steadfast support through the long process of transcribing interviews, analyzing data, and writing inspired me to keep working. Other family members and good friends have been understanding about my “tunnel vision” and distraction over the last few years. Their continuing interest and questions helped me work through how to explain and present my data for people unfamiliar with Northern Irish socio-political issues and history. I benefited financially from a Penfield Fellowship towards dissertation research that was awarded by the University’s Arts and Sciences Graduate Division. As welcome as that was, I benefitted even more from the academic and emotional support I received from my Dissertation Committee and other Penn faculty and staff. Throughout most of my collegiate experience I have been a non-traditional student, working full-time and taking classes at night. During my undergraduate years and while earning my Masters of Liberal Arts (MLA), I was fortunate to be taught and mentored by a series of amazing iii instructors through Penn’s College of General Studies, now known as the College of Liberal and Professional Studies. I wish I could thank them all. They inspired and nurtured my interest in academic research, particularly in ethnographic fieldwork, and gave me the academic foundation necessary to pursue a doctoral degree. Although the University had an official practice of accepting only full-time doctoral students, I was fortunate that the Dean was willing to allow me to matriculate in the doctoral program on a part-time basis. I sincerely appreciate how supportive and understanding faculty were of my non-traditional status as I juggled coursework and on-going work responsibilities. Even more significant, is the extensive support and guidance I received from my Dissertation Committee – I never could have reached this stage without them. Kathy Hall has been an insightful advisor who both challenged and encouraged me through this whole process. Her keen editorial eye and constructive suggestions helped me refine and address important aspects of my research in a collaborative process as I was writing my ethnography. In addition to other valuable guidance, Richard Leventhal astutely directed me towards additional resources that were essential to my analysis of the impact of collective memory within the Strabane republican community. I have benefited from Robert Schuyler’s engaging teaching style and subtle advising since I was an undergraduate. As the Anthropology Graduate Chair when I began the program, he was the first to support and encourage me as a doctoral candidate. Robert St. George was the second reader of my MLA Capstone Project in the early 2000s. I benefited greatly from his feedback then and have valued his opinions and advice ever since. Words are inadequate for expressing my appreciation for each of these faculty members and the way their time and talents have so enriched my life. iv Although I will not, cannot identify anyone from Strabane individually, I owe them all a big, big thank you. In addition to over seventy of them sitting down with me for interviews, many of my neighbors included me in their personal lives and the life of the town. They invited me over for numerous cups of tea, asked me to attend baby baptisms, and to go for a night out at the pub. Several of them are the close circle of friends who literally took me in as one of their own family – I am forever in their debt. In addition, I was given a warm welcome by many people throughout the town, but I owe particular thanks to staff and volunteers at Cairde, Gael Phobal, the Sinn Féin office, “Casey’s Bar,” and the very dedicated Strabane Memorial Flute Band. The willingness of band members to talk with me on multiple occasions and include me as they participated in numerous commemorations was essential to my understanding and appreciation of the importance of republican commemorations and commemorative music. And last of all, I need to acknowledge and extend heartfelt thanks to the former band member, now living in Philadelphia and part of my circle of Irish American friends, who connected me with Strabane and people living in the Head of the Town in the first place. Go raibh míle maith agaibh. (Thank you) v ABSTRACT TIOCFAIDH ÁR LÁ (OUR DAY WILL COME): NEGOTIATING THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP, HERITAGE, AND IDENTITY IN NORTHERN IRELAND Doris Ellen Panzer Kathleen D. Hall Richard M. Leventhal Fifteen years after the Good Friday Agreement ended thirty years of violence in Northern Ireland, people still grapple with peace process implementation. Many within the Catholic minority continue their hopes for a united Ireland, free from British hegemony, refusing to accept they are citizens of the United Kingdom. In the border town of Strabane, County Tyrone, the remembered past plays a dynamic role in how people live in the present, envision their future, and pass it on to younger generations. During the Troubles, members of this republican community were either volunteers in the Irish Republican Army (IRA) or active supporters in what they considered a struggle for civil rights and a fight against British occupation. The ambush and deaths of three local lads by Crown Forces in 1985 was a pivotal event that inspired a greater commitment to opposing British rule, particularly through the expression and performance of their Irish and republican identity, using tangible and intangible symbols. These forms of cultural identity remain important as residents negotiate their place in post-conflict Northern vi Ireland.
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