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Adams, Abigail, 109, 191, 198, 228, Arnold, Benedict, 151 266–267 Articles of Confederation, 173, 174 Adams, John, 87, 95, 96, 187, 197, 220, 239, 253, 269 Baker, John, 77 as admirer of , 101–102 Barlow, Thomas Oldham, 160 criticism of, 260 Bassett, Burwell, 83, 89, 105, 121, 214 and hostilities with France, 251–252 Bassett, Fanny. See Washington, Fanny as president-elect, 237–238 Bassett as vice president, 198, 227–228 Bassett, Nancy, 83, 89, 91, 105, 113, on Washington’s death, 265 121–122 Adams, John Quincy, 228, 237 Bastille, Washington presented with key Adams, Samuel, 100, 102 to, 199–200 Alexandria Academy, 179, 259 Belvoir sale of, 94 American victories in, 112, 125–127 social life at, 14–15 Cornwallis’s surrender, 137–138 Bloxham, James, 168 discouraging defeats suffered during, Boston Tea Party, 87, 91–92 116–117, 121 Boucher, Jonathan, 64–65, 66, 72, early days,COPYRIGHTED 106–107 MATERIAL74–75, 78 French support for, 123–24, 132–134 Braddock, Edward, 25, 26, 27, 29 Washington as commander during, Brandywine, battle of, 121 102–104, 107, 108, 114–115, Bunker Hill, battle of, 106 116–118, 128, 139 Burgesses. See Virginia House of Amson, John, 33–34 Burgesses animal husbandry at , 170–172 Cabot, George, 228 Arlington National Cemetery, 271 Calvert, Benedict, 80

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Calvert, Charles, 81 Custis, Parke Carlyle, Sarah, 23 (“Washy,” Martha’s grandson), 136, Carter, Robert “King,” 10 154, 155, 158, 188, 189, 218, 257, Cary & Co., 44, 49, 50, 51, 59, 60 259, 270, 271 Cato (Addison), 52 in the military, 254–255 Charleston, S.C., 140 at Princeton, 235–236, 240 cherry-tree myth, 6–7 Washington’s advice to, 236, 237, Clinton, George, 150–151, 163, 187 243, 247–248, 249–250 Committee of Correspondence, 78–79 Washington’s frustrations with, Constitutional Convention, 176–177, 241–244, 250–251 178–179 Custis, John Parke (“Jacky,” Martha’s Continental Congress, First son), 34, 79, 87, 89, 105, 109, 241 Washington’s role in, 94–96, 97 during the American Revolution, Continental Congress, Second, 98–99, 120–121, 137, 138 101–102 children of, 140–141 Cooper, Myles, 82, 85 daughters born to, 115, 122 Cornwallis, Lord Charles, 137–138 death, 138 Craik, James, 183, 262, 263, 264 as difficult young man, 72, 74–75 Crawford, Valentine, 89–90, 93 education, 64–66, 72 Crawford, William, 62–63, 73, 85, 89, engagement to Nelly Calvert, 79–82 135 expresses gratitude to Washington, Cromwell, Oliver, 9 113–114 crop rotation, Washington’s interest in, George and Martha’s indulgence of, 166, 168–169, 222, 261 50–51, 60 Cushing, William, 217 at King’s College, 82–83, 84, 85 Custis, Daniel Parke, 34 marriage, 88 Custis, Eleanor Calvert (“Nelly,” musical education, 48 Martha’s daughter-in-law), 83, 84, poor judgment in business affairs, 129, 85, 89, 109, 141, 153, 250 131–132 daughters born to, 115, 122 privateer purchased by, 120–121, 124 engagement to Jacky Custis, 81–82 Custis, Martha (Martha’s marriage, 88 granddaughter), 188, 260 pregnancy, 112 Custis, Martha Dandridge. See Custis, Eleanor Parke (“Nelly,” Martha’s Washington, Martha Dandridge granddaughter), 154, 155, 158, 188, Custis 189, 191–192, 218, 234–235, 249, 255–257, 259, 260 Dandridge, Bartholomew, 140–141, 221, Custis, Elizabeth, 188 225 Custis, Frances Parke (“Patcy,” Martha’s Dandridge, Martha. See Washington, daughter), 34, 79 Martha Dandridge Custis death of, 83–84 Deane, Silas, 95 George and Martha’s indulgence of, Declaration of Independence, 114, 184 60 Delaware River, Washington’s crossing health problems, 54, 62, 63, 66–67, 72 of, 117–18 musical education, 48 Dickinson, John, 69, 152, 164 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 295

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Dinwiddie, Robert, 19, 20, 21, 23, 31, 32 hostilities with after the Revolution, Dismal Swamp Land Company, 57 227, 231, 251–252, 257 Dixon, Jeremiah, 62 See also ; Dogue Creek, 71–72 French Revolution; Lafayette, Dunmore, Lord, 79, 85, 91, 105, 108 marquis de defeat of, 111–112 Franklin, Benjamin, 82 hostile actions taken by, 92, 97, 100, Franklin, William, 82 109 Fraunces, Samuel, 151, 188 ruling on land ownership, 99 Fraunces Tavern, 151 Dunmore’s War, 91, 97 Frederick County, Va., 35 Freeman, Douglas Southall, 4 East India Company, 91 Freemasons, 19, 265 Eden, Robert, 77, 80, 81, 85 French and Indian War, 19–20, 25–28, England. See Great Britain 31–32, 40 Evans, Joshua, 67 French Revolution, 193, 199–200, 218, Evans, Oliver, 172–173 231 as divisive issue in the , Fairfax, Ann, 14, 19, 24 219–220 Fairfax, Bryan, 93, 94 Fairfax, George William, 15, 16, 28, 33, Gage, Thomas, 82 36 Gates, Horatio, 100, 101 chooses to remain in England, 93–94 Genet, Edmond, 219–220 as friend of George and Martha George III, King, 108 Washington, 48, 61, 84, 150 Gibbon, Edward, 183 Fairfax, Lord, 10, 14, 16, 18 Great Britain Fairfax, Sally, 28, 33, 93 boycott of imports from, 68–70 as friend of George and Martha early hostilities with, 97–100 Washington, 48, 61, 84, 150 national debt of, 58–59 relationship with Washington, 36–37, response to Boston Tea Party, 91–93 38 taxes imposed by, 59, 60–61 Fairfax, [Colonel] William, 14, 15, 19, See also American Revolution; Jay 28, 32, 37 Treaty Federal City, 221 Great Meadows, 26, 27 , 13–14 Greene, Nathanael, 163, 174–175 flooding of Virginia farmland, 76 Grenville, George, 59 Forbes, John, 35, 37 Fort Cumberland, 26, 30, 225 Hale, Nathan, 52 Fort Dunmore, 89 Hale, Thomas, 170 Fort Du Quesne, 23, 26, 35, 37–38, 39, 73 , Alexander, 123, 133, 139, Fort Necessity, 23, 73, 74, 75 163, 182, 229–230, 231 Fort Pitt, 89, 92 feud with Jefferson, 205, 206 France as military leader, 125, 126, 137, 225, as American ally during the 253 Revolutionary War, 123–124, 133, pressures Washington to continue as 136–137, 219 president, 210–211 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 296

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Hamilton, Alexander (continued) Lafayette, George-Washington, resignation, 227 244–246, 248, 255, 270 as secretary of the treasury, 197, 223 as diplomatic dilemma for Washington as father figure to, 118, Washington, 228–232 119–120 Washington as godfather to, 133–134 Hammond, George, 214 Lafayette, marquis de (Gilbert du Motier Hancock, John, 100, 101, 184, 193 de La Fayette), 119–120, 139, 270 Hanson, Samuel, 179, 180–181, 183 in Denmark, 248–249 Harrison, Benjamin, 157 and the French Revolution, 193, Harvard College, 112 199–200 headrights, 10 as military leader, 125–126 Henry, Patrick, 78, 91, 94, 98–99, 161, released by Austrians, 244 258 on slavery, 144–145 Hopkinson, Francis, 166 taken captive by Austrians, 211, Houdon, Antoine, 165–166 213–214 House of Burgesses. See Virginia House Washington’s concerns for, 205 of Burgesses as Washington’s supporter and friend, Howe, William, 113, 116 123, 129–131, 132–134, 158–163, 170–171, 192–193, 255 international turmoil, during Lafayette, Virginie de, 143 Washington’s administration, Latrobe, Benjamin, 234 204–205 Laurens, Henry, 127 Intolerable Acts, 93 Laurens, John, 119, 123, 126, 127, 139, 140 Jay, John, 173, 181, 223, 229 Lear, Benjamin Lincoln, 204, 220 , 227, 229, 231 Lear, Tobias, 174, 187, 188, 190, 204, Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 78, 91, 114, 164, 205–206, 259 165–166, 200, 201, 202, 208, 238 as manager of Mount Vernon, 167–168 feud with Hamilton, 205, 206, as military leader, 253–254 210–211 proposes marriage to Fanny Bassett as secretary of state, 197, 219, 220 Washington, 224–225 Jewish congregation, Washington meets at Washington’s death, 261–265 with, 202 as Washington’s secretary, 185 and wife’s death, 220–221 Kalb, Johann, 124 Lee, Charles, 101, 125–126 King’s College, 80, 82–83 Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 57 Knox, Henry, 103, 118, 151, 163, Lee, Henry (“Light-Horse Harry”), 225, 176–177, 182, 187, 210, 227, 238 266 Knox, Lucy, 240–241 Lee, Mary Anna Custis, 271 Lee, Richard Henry, 57, 60, 91 Ladies Association of Mount Vernon, Lee, Robert E., 271 271–272 Lee, Thomas, 57 Lafayette, Adrienne de, 144, 158–159, Lee, William, 57 162, 213–214, 228 Lee, William (Washington’s slave), Lafayette, Anastasie de, 159, 162 258–259 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 297

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Lewis, Betty Washington (sister), Washington becomes owner of, 19, 76, 82, 156, 179–180, 192, 225, 24–25 241 Washington’s return to after absence, Lewis, Fielding, 100 136, 145, 203, 233, 239 Lewis, George, 225 George as Lewis, Howell, 221 manager of, 177–178, 184, 191 Lewis, Lawrence, 243, 254, 255, 259 Lund Washington as manager of, 100, Liberty Hall Academy, 259 110–111, 122, 134–135, 167 Lincoln, Benjamin, 164, 167 Livingston, Robert R., 187–188 Noailles, Louis, viscomte de, 137–138 Louis XVI, King, 128, 218 Norfolk, Va., 111–112 Lynch, Thomas, 95 Ohio Company, Washington as director Madison, James, 164, 208 of, 19–20 Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume Otis, Samuel, 187 de Lamoignon de, 147 Mason, Charles, 62 Peale, Charles Willson, 77–78, 87–88, Mason, George, 68 110 Mason-Dixon line, 62 Pearce, William, 221 Mayeur, Jean Pierre le, 163 Pendleton, Edmund, 94, 100 McHenry, James, 234 Penn, Richard, 82 Mercer, George, 38 Penn, William, 82, 94 Mississippi Land Company, 57 Peter, Martha Parke Custis, 260 Monmouth, battle of, 125–127 Philadelphia, College of, 204 Monroe, James, 228 Pickering, Timothy, 229 Morris, Gouverneur, 182, 260 Pine, Robert Edge, 156, 165 Morris, Robert, 148, 164, 177 Plenius, John, 48 Mount Vernon, 14, 160 Potomac Company, 164 additions and alterations, 35, 86 waterway, 71, 77, 163–164 animal husbandry at, 170–172 Powel, Eliza, 240, 243 as home for Martha and her children, 42–43 Randolph, Peyton, 99, 101 as manager of, 167–168 Rawlins, Albin, 262 William Pearce as manager of, 221 Reed, Joseph, 109 preserved by Ladies Association, Reinagle, Alexander, 192 271–272 Rhode Island, Washington’s visit to, 202 saved from destruction by British, Rittenhouse, David, 140 134–135 Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste-Donatien, slaves at, 47, 134, 205–206, 258–259 136, 137 social life at, 4, 5–6, 48–49, 76–77, Rolfe, John, 10 88–89, 164–166, 233–234 Rumney, William, 63, 66 uninvited guests at, 164–165 Washington’s concerns for during the Savage, Edward, 197, 244 war, 116, 117 Seixas, Moses, 202 Washington as designer of, 3, 35 Semple, John, 71 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 298

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Seven Years War, 40, 55–56, 57. See also Washington, Ann Fairfax, 14, 19, 24 French and Indian War Washington, Augustine (“Austin,” half Shirley, William, 30, 31 brother), 11, 32, 53 slavery, Lafayette’s concerns about, Washington, Augustine (father), 10–11, 144–145 13, 53 slaves, 6 Washington, Bushrod (nephew), 148, at Mount Vernon, 47, 134, 205–206 171, 234, 270, 271, 272 Spurrier, John, 170 as Supreme Court Justice, 6, 143, 253 Stamp Act, 60–61, 63 Washington’s advice to, 142 Sterne, Laurence, 146 as Washington’s heir, 259 Stuart, David, 158, 249, 252 Washington, Charles (brother), 72, 141, 225, 241 Talleyrand, 251 Washington, Charles (great-nephew), Thanksgiving Day, 195 259 Thomson, Charles, 184–185 Washington, Fanny Bassett (Martha’s tobacco farming niece), 154–155, 156, 158, 167, ’s early 188, 216–217, 218, 224–225, 232 involvement, 9–10 Washington, Fayette (great-nephew), George Washington’s involvement, 210, 224, 259 45–46, 49, 53, 59 Washington, Ferdinand (nephew), 141 Trumbull, John, 197, 198 Washington, George Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., 136 and , 95, 96, 227–228 as administrator of Custis’s estate, U.S. Congress, 197, 198–199 40–41 United States of America as agriculturalist, 2, 44, 46–47, 52–54, in mourning after Washington’s 59–60, 61, 69–70, 146–147, 166, death, 265–266 168–170, 181–182, 222 new capital planned for, 199, 221 ambitions, 6 ancestry, 9–11 , Pa., Washington’s troops as architectural designer, 3, 170, at, 121, 122–123, 124, 125 211–212 Vernon, Edward, 13, 14 birth, 11 Virginia House of Burgesses, 60 in Boston, 31 dissolved by Dunmore, 92 burial vault, 266, 269, 270 and Dunmore’s War, 91 canal project promoted by, 71, 77, 80, Washington as member, 35–36, 41, 161, 163–164 61, 65, 68, 77, 78–79 celebrated as hero after the end of the Virginia militiamen, 100 war, 150–153 and hostilities with the British, 97–98 as commander of the , 102–104, 107, 108, 114–115, Warren, James, 109 116–118, 128, 139 Warren, Mercy Otis, 109–110, 195–196, as commander of the U.S. armed 201 forces, 252–254 Washington City, as new capital of the as commander of the Virginia United States, 221 regiment, 29–30 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 299

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concerns regarding Jacky Custis, 129, health problems, 32, 33–34, 63–64, 131–132 200–201, 207 at the Constitutional Convention, as heir to Mount Vernon, 19, 24–25 176–177, 178–179 as horseman, 15 continuing involvement in public life, in hostile encounters with the French, 156–158, 173–175, 178–179, 20–24, 26–28, 37–39 252–254 and hostilities in the West, 89–91, Cornwallis’s surrender to, 137–138 93–94, 97 as correspondent with family and household purchases made for Mount friends, 103–106 Vernon, 44 criticism of, 117, 123, 217, 219, 226, and marquis de Lafayette, 119–120, 227, 236–237 129–131, 132–134, 143–145, crossing the Delaware, 117–118 158–163, 170–171, 192–193, death, 264–265 199–200, 213–214, 255 dental problems, 44, 77, 136, 140, land acquisitions, 57–58, 64, 67, 145–146, 163, 207 70–71, 73, 99, 161 departs for Second Continental last days as president, 235–238 Congress, 100 last will and testament, 258–259, 264 as dog breeder, 67, 70 literary interests, 2–3, 146 early education, 13 as livestock breeder, 170–172 as entrepreneur, 2, 71–72, 75–76, Martha as companion to during 172–173 Revolutionary War, 108–110, 118, eulogized by his countrymen, 265–267 122–123 expresses desire to retire from military experience, 101 presidency after one term, 206–207 milling enterprise, 71–72, 75–76, failing eyesight, 140, 207 172–173 and Sally Fairfax, 33, 36–37, 38 at Monmouth Courthouse, 125–127 fallibility, 6 mules favored by, 170–171, 181 farewell address, 235 in Philadelphia, 30–31 as father figure, 1–2, 6, 118, 119–120 portraits of, 77–78, 165–166, 197 final illness, 261–262 preparing to serve as president of the financial problems, 55–56, 58, 148, United States, 182–184 164 presidential routine, 197–198 first cabinet meeting, 206 as president of the Potomac Company, at the First Continental Congress, 164 94–96 as president of the United States, fishery of, 47, 173 184–185, 186–188, 192–195, 197, as fox hunter, 63, 67 206–207 French china ordered by, 148–150 in Princeton, N.J., 147–148 and fruit trees, 98 private life, 1, 3, 4–5 as guardian for children of family proposes marriage to Martha Custis, members, 140–141, 154–156, 179, 34 180–181, 183–184, 255–256 public persona, 3, 96–97, 148 Harvard confers honorary degree reelection as president, 212–213, 216, upon, 112 217–218 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 300

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Washington, George (continued) Washington, John Augustine (“Jack,” religious life, 42, 52, 96, 198 brother), 5, 22–23, 25, 27–28, 33, response to British provocation, 57, 66, 105–106, 115, 118, 127, 92–93 143, 175 at the Second Continental Congress, Washington, John Augustine (great- 101 nephew), 270, 271 slaves of, 6, 78, 205–206, 258–259 Washington, John Augustine, Jr. (great- social skills acquired by, 17–18 great-nephew), 271 social standing, 41–42 Washington, Lawrence (great-great- as smallpox survivor, 19 grandfather), 9 spending habits, 58, 60, 71, 96–97 Washington, Lawrence (great-great- as stepparent, 50, 51, 113, 129, 236, uncle), 9 237, 241–244, 247–251 Washington, Lawrence (half brother), as surveyor, 16–17, 18 11, 13 survivors of, 272 death, 19, 53 textile enterprise of, 75 as father figure to George, 13–14, 15 as tobacco farmer, 45–46, 49, 53, 59 health problems, 17, 18, 19 and trappings of wealth, 51–52, 54, Washington, Lawrence Augustine 56 (nephew), 141, 154, 180, 203, 225, at Valley Forge, 121, 122–123, 124 259 in the Virginia House of Burgesses, Washington, Lund (cousin), 60, 62, 98, 35–36, 41, 61, 65, 77, 78–79 116 and , 142, 143, as manager of Mount Vernon, 100, 148, 253, 259, 271 110–111, 122, 134–135, 167 and the , 223–224, Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis 226 (wife), 94 during the yellow fever epidemic, ambivalence about Washington’s 220–221 public life, 185–186, 191, 194–196 at Yorktown, 136–137 anxiety over her children, 62 See also Mount Vernon and her children’s education, 47–48 Washington, George Augustine and Nelly Calvert Custis, 85, 88 (nephew), 154–155, 159, 208 death, 267, 269 death, 214, 215 as First Lady of the United States, as manager of agricultural enterprise 188–191, 198 at Mount Vernon, 177–178, 184, as grandmother to Nelly and Washy, 191 155, 158 marriage to Fanny Bassett, 158, 167 health problems, 243 Washington, George Steptoe (nephew), as mistress of Mount Vernon, 43–44 141, 154, 179, 180–181, 183–184, in mourning for her daughter, 83–84, 203–204, 259 88 Washington, Harriot (niece), 141,154, religious life, 42 156, 188, 200, 208, 209, 232–233 and smallpox inoculation, 112 Washington, John (great-grandfather), spending habits, 49–50, 55, 58 9–10 unhappiness in New York, 194–196 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 301

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Washington proposes to, 34 Washington, Samuel (nephew), 225 as Washington’s companion during Watson, Elkanah, 165 the Revolutionary War, 108–110, Wayne, “Mad” Anthony, 125 118, 122–123 Weems, Mason Locke, 6–7 Washington’s concerns for during the Wessington, Lawrence de, 9 American Revolution, 104–105 West, Benjamin, 77 and Washington’s death, 264, 265, 267 Whiskey Rebellion, 223–224 Washington’s devotion to, 5, 97, 106 Whitting, Anthony, 214–215, 216, 221 and Washington’s health, 200–201 William and Mary, College of, 142 Washington, Mary Ball (mother), 11, Wood, James, 36 76, 141, 179–180, 192 Wright, Joseph, 166 Washington, Richard, 44 Washington, Samuel (brother), 66, 118, yellow fever epidemic, 220–222 141 Yorktown, battle of, 136–137, 138 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 302 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 303 bindex.qxd 7/12/06 9:58 AM Page 304