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What Is a Tree in the Mediterranean Basin Hotspot? a Critical Analysis
Médail et al. Forest Ecosystems (2019) 6:17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0170-6 RESEARCH Open Access What is a tree in the Mediterranean Basin hotspot? A critical analysis Frédéric Médail1* , Anne-Christine Monnet1, Daniel Pavon1, Toni Nikolic2, Panayotis Dimopoulos3, Gianluigi Bacchetta4, Juan Arroyo5, Zoltán Barina6, Marwan Cheikh Albassatneh7, Gianniantonio Domina8, Bruno Fady9, Vlado Matevski10, Stephen Mifsud11 and Agathe Leriche1 Abstract Background: Tree species represent 20% of the vascular plant species worldwide and they play a crucial role in the global functioning of the biosphere. The Mediterranean Basin is one of the 36 world biodiversity hotspots, and it is estimated that forests covered 82% of the landscape before the first human impacts, thousands of years ago. However, the spatial distribution of the Mediterranean biodiversity is still imperfectly known, and a focus on tree species constitutes a key issue for understanding forest functioning and develop conservation strategies. Methods: We provide the first comprehensive checklist of all native tree taxa (species and subspecies) present in the Mediterranean-European region (from Portugal to Cyprus). We identified some cases of woody species difficult to categorize as trees that we further called “cryptic trees”. We collected the occurrences of tree taxa by “administrative regions”, i.e. country or large island, and by biogeographical provinces. We studied the species-area relationship, and evaluated the conservation issues for threatened taxa following IUCN criteria. Results: We identified 245 tree taxa that included 210 species and 35 subspecies, belonging to 33 families and 64 genera. It included 46 endemic tree taxa (30 species and 16 subspecies), mainly distributed within a single biogeographical unit. -
GREENING ROME the Urban Green of the Metropolitan Area of Rome in the Context of the Italian MAES Process
GREENING ROME The Urban Green of the Metropolitan Area of Rome in the Context of the Italian MAES Process Italian Ministry for the Environment and the Protection of Land and Sea - Maria Carmela Giarratano - Eleonora Bianchi - Eugenio Dupré Italian Botanical Society - Scientific Coordination: Carlo Blasi - Working Group: Marta Alós, Fabio Attorre, Mattia Martin Azzella, Giulia Capotorti, Riccardo Copiz, Lina Fusaro, Fausto Manes, Federica Marando, Marco Marchetti, Barbara Mollo, Elisabetta Salvatori, Laura Zavattero, Pier Carlo Zingari 1. Introduction The Italian Ministry for the Environment provides financial support to academia (Italian Botanical Society – SBI and Italian Zoological Union – UZI) for the implementation of the MAES process in Italy. A preliminary collection of updated and detailed basic data at the national level was carried out, including ecoregions, land units, bioclimate, biogeography, potential natural vegetation and CORINE land cover at the fourth level. Starting from these data, the Italian MAES process has been organised into six steps. The outcomes of this process have provided the Ministry for the Environment with a reliable body of information targeted to: - an effective implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy (MATTM 2010); - the improvement in biodiversity data within the National Biodiversity Network (Martellos et al. 2011); - the further development of the environmental accounting system (Capotorti et al. 2012b); - the implementation of a road-map to be delivered to the regions (sub-national level); - the effective use of the products of all MAES process to concretely support European structural and investment funds 2014-2020 through the Joint Committee on Biodiversity, the governing body of the Italian National Strategy (Capotorti et al., 2015). -
Report of Two Spontaneous, Rare Phenotypic Traits in the Genus Phillyrea L
Flora Montiberica 70: 80-86 (III-2018). ISSN: 1138-5952, edic. digital: 1988-799X REPORT OF TWO SPONTANEOUS, RARE PHENOTYPIC TRAITS IN THE GENUS PHILLYREA L. José Luis MEDINA-GAVILÁN SOCEAMB, Sociedad de Estudios Ambientales. C/Perú, 4, 1ª planta. 41100-Coria del Río (Sevilla). [email protected] ABSTRACT: In this note, I document two previously unreported, spontane- ous and exceptionally rare phenotypic expressions affecting reproductive traits in adult plants of the Mediterranean genus Phillyrea (Oleaceae): (i) a morph with an abnormally elongated stigma and lobes transformed in two long branches (i.e. deeper-stigma phenotype), detected in a population of Phillyrea latifolia L. from NE Spain, and (ii) a morph with fruits lacking anthocyanins (i.e. colourless-fruit phenotype), in a population of Phillyrea angustifolia L. from SW Spain. Both phenotypes occurred at a very low frequency within their respective populations. Despite this, the novel traits acquired are discussed in an eco-evolutionary con- text, revealing their potential use as a study model, limited but suggestive, to test adaptive hypothesis in natural conditions. Keywords: phenotypic expression; adaptive value; anemophilous syndrome; selection mediated by frugivorous birds. RESUMEN: Descripción de dos caracteres fenotípicos, raros y espontáneos en el género mediterráneo Phillyrea L. En esta nota documento la presencia de dos expresiones fenotípicas desconocidas, espontáneas y excepcionalmente raras, que afectan a caracteres reproductivos en plantas adultas del género mediterráneo Phillyrea (Oleaceae): (i) un morfo con un estigma anormalmente largo y lóbulos transformados en dos ramas (i.e. fenotipo de estigma profundo), detectado en una población de Phillyrea latifolia L. en el noreste de España, y (ii) un morfo con frutos carentes de antocianinas (i.e. -
Species: Cytisus Scoparius, C. Striatus
Species: Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/cytspp/all.html SPECIES: Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus Table of Contents Introductory Distribution and occurrence Botanical and ecological characteristics Fire ecology Fire effects Management considerations References INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS Scotch broom Portuguese broom © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's © 2005 Michael L. Charters, Sierra Madre, College CA. AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Zouhar, Kris. 2005. Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2007, September 24]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: CYTSCO CYTSTR CYTSPP 1 of 54 9/24/2007 4:15 PM Species: Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/cytspp/all.html SYNONYMS: None NRCS PLANT CODE [141]: CYSC4 CYST7 COMMON NAMES: Scotch broom Portuguese broom English broom scotchbroom striated broom TAXONOMY: The scientific name for Scotch broom is Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link [48,55,57,63,105,112,126,132,147,154,160] and for Portuguese broom is C. striatus (Hill) Rothm. [55,63,132]. Both are in the pea family (Fabaceae). In North America, there are 2 varieties of Scotch broom, distinguished by their flower color: C. scoparius var. scoparius and C. scoparius var. andreanus (Puiss.) Dipp. The former is the more widely distributed variety, and the latter occurs only in California [63]. This review does not distinguish between these varieties. -
Torus-Bearing Pit Membranes in Species of Osmanthus
IAWA Journal, Vol. 31 (2), 2010: 217–226 TORUS-BEARING PIT MEMBRANES IN SPECIES OF OSMANTHUS Roland Dute1, 5, David Rabaey2, John Allison1 and Steven Jansen3, 4 SUMMARY Torus thickenings of pit membranes are found not only in gymnosperms, but also in certain genera of dicotyledons. One such genus is Osmanthus. Wood from 17 species of Osmanthus was searched for tori. Fourteen spe- cies from three of the four sections investigated possessed these thick- enings. Ten of the species represent new records. Only the three New Caledonian species of Section Notosmanthus lacked tori. This observation in combination with other factors serves to isolate this section from the remainder of the genus. Key words: Notelaea, Osmanthus, pit membrane, torus. INTRODUCTION Osmanthus is a member of the Oleaceae (Olive Family), a moderate-sized family with circa 24 genera and 615 spp. (Stevens 2001). There are 33 natural species within the genus (Table 1; Xiang et al. 2008), and they show a tropical to temperate distribution (Bailey & Bailey 1976; Denk et al. 2001; Xiang et al. 2008). Generally, individual shrubs are found in moist forests (Hsieh et al. 1998; Chou et al. 2000; Denk et al. 2001), frequently on steep slopes (Green 1958). In some instances populations are sub- ject to monsoon conditions and hence to periods of relatively low rainfall (Yang et al. 2008; Hua 2008). Tori are thickenings of intervascular pit membranes found not only in gymnosperm, but also in angiosperm wood, including that of Osmanthus (Dute et al. 2008; Dute et al. 2010). Tori were first observed in O. fragrans, O. -
Structural Diversity and Contrasted Evolution of Cytoplasmic Genomes in Flowering Plants :A Phylogenomic Approach in Oleaceae Celine Van De Paer
Structural diversity and contrasted evolution of cytoplasmic genomes in flowering plants :a phylogenomic approach in Oleaceae Celine van de Paer To cite this version: Celine van de Paer. Structural diversity and contrasted evolution of cytoplasmic genomes in flowering plants : a phylogenomic approach in Oleaceae. Vegetal Biology. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2017. English. NNT : 2017TOU30228. tel-02325872 HAL Id: tel-02325872 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02325872 Submitted on 22 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REMERCIEMENTS Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements s'adressent à mon directeur de thèse GUILLAUME BESNARD. Tout d'abord, merci Guillaume de m'avoir proposé ce sujet de thèse sur la famille des Oleaceae. Merci pour ton enthousiasme et ta passion pour la recherche qui m'ont véritablement portée pendant ces trois années. C'était un vrai plaisir de travailler à tes côtés. Moi qui étais focalisée sur les systèmes de reproduction chez les plantes, tu m'as ouvert à un nouveau domaine de la recherche tout aussi intéressant qui est l'évolution moléculaire (même si je suis loin de maîtriser tous les concepts...). Tu as toujours été bienveillant et à l'écoute, je t'en remercie. -
Olea Europaea) Disentangles Ancient Allo- and Autopolyploidizations in Lamiales
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/163063; this version posted July 13, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Page 1 of 36 Phylogenomics of the olive tree (Olea europaea) disentangles ancient allo- and autopolyploidizations in Lamiales. Irene Julca1,2,3,*, Marina Marcet-Houben1,2,*, Pablo Vargas4, and Toni Gabaldón1,2,5,# 1) Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2) Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF). 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 3) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). 08193 Barcelona, Spain. 10 4) Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (CSIC-RJB). 28014 Madrid, Spain. 5) ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain. *Both authors contributed equally # Author for correspondence: [email protected] 15 Abstract Background Polyploidization is one of the major evolutionary processes that shape eukaryotic genomes, being particularly common in plants. Polyploids can arise through direct genome doubling within a species (autopolyploidization) or through the merging of genomes from distinct 20 species after hybridization (allopolyploidization). The relative contribution of either mechanism in plant evolution is debated. Here we used phylogenomics to dissect the tempo and mode of duplications in the genome of the olive tree (Olea europaea), one of the first domesticated Mediterranean fruit trees. Results bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/163063; this version posted July 13, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
Influence of Seasonal Weather Variations on Fuel Status for Some Shrubs Typical of Mediterranean Basin
P1.16 INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL WEATHER VARIATIONS ON FUEL STATUS FOR SOME SHRUBS TYPICAL OF MEDITERRANEAN BASIN Grazia Pellizzaro1*, Andrea Ventura1, Pierpaolo Zara1 1CNR – IBIMET, Institute of Biometeorology, Sassari, Italy 1. INTRODUCTION Therefore, the knowledge of seasonal variation of ignitability and vegetation moisture The term flammability refers to the ability of content could contribute to identify critical a particular fuel to ignite and sustain fire. periods of high fire risk in Mediterranean maquis Although there is not an accepted standard for ecosystems. flammability vegetation measurement, most The main objectives of this work were (i) to methods are based on measuring the “ignition describe the seasonal pattern of live fine fuel delay time” (ID time) or time to ignition, which is moisture content (LFMC) and ignitability values the time required for the fuel to start ignition in for some Mediterranean shrubs, and (ii) to presence of a constant heat source (Trabaud, evaluate the influence of weather seasonality, on 1976; Valette, 1990; Dimitrakopoulos and LFMC variation. Papaioannou, 2001). Ignitability of living vegetation is influenced by several factors 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS including structural properties, chemical properties and moisture content. The moisture The study was carried out in a natural content of living plant is a critical parameter reserve located in North Western Sardinia, Italy affecting fire ignition (Van Wagner, 1977; (40° 36’ N; 8° 09’ E, 30 m a.s.l.). The climate is Chandler et al., 1983; Carlson and Burgan, Mediterranean with a water deficit from May 2003). Depending on the moisture content, through September and precipitation mainly living vegetation may act as a heat source or a concentrated in autumn and winter. -
Biological Fire Prevention Method: Evaluating the Effects of Goat Grazing on the Fire-Prone Mediterranean Scrub J
Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Forest Systems 2012 21(2), 199-204 Available online at www.inia.es/forestsystems ISSN: 2171-5068 http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2012212-02289 eISSN: 2171-9845 Biological fire prevention method: Evaluating the effects of goat grazing on the fire-prone mediterranean scrub J. M. Mancilla-Leytón* and A. Martín Vicente Dep. Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Universidad de Sevilla. Apdo.1095 Sevilla 41080 Abstract The effect of goat grazing on the shrubby understory of a pine forest in Doñana Natural Park was evaluated using non-destructive measures of vegetation volume over a period of twenty-four months. After establishing grazing exclu- sion fenced plots 350 adult Payoyas goats were introduced. Vegetation was sampled before the introduction of goats and afterwards twice a year, using the point intercept method and thereby obtaining data of height, frequency, cover and biovolume of species. After two years the total biovolume of the vegetation of the ungrazed area had increased signifi- cantly by 32.9%, while at grazed area, vegetation biovolume decreased significantly by 23.1%, leading to a significant decrease in mean height of the species. Although the number of species remained unchanged throughout the study, significant changes in their relative abundance were found in grazed area. The different responses of scrub species to grazing can be used as a tool to control species sensitive to grazing in shrubby forested areas. Significant reduction of total biovolume due to a reduction in vegetation height will help to reduce fire risk, thus contributing to the conserva- tion of Mediterranean woodlands and forests while also fulfilling an important role in the economic and social lives of the rural population of Mediterranean countries. -
Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia
Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) USAID C ONTRACT NUMBER: LAG-I-00-99-00014-00 SUBMITTED TO: USAID WASHINGTON E&E BUREAU, ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION SUBMITTED BY: CHEMONICS INTERNATIONAL INC. WASHINGTON, D.C. FEBRUARY 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I INTRODUCTION I-1 SECTION II STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY II-1 A. Overview II-1 B. Main Landscape Zones II-2 C. Species Diversity II-4 SECTION III STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION III-1 A. Protected Areas III-1 B. Conservation Outside Protected Areas III-2 SECTION IV STRATEGIC AND POLICY FRAMEWORK IV-1 A. Policy Framework IV-1 B. Legislative Framework IV-1 C. Institutional Framework IV-4 D. Internationally Supported Projects IV-7 SECTION V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS V-1 SECTION VI RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVED BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION VI-1 SECTION VII USAID/GEORGIA VII-1 A. Impact of the Program VII-1 B. Recommendations for USAID/Georgia VII-2 ANNEX A SECTIONS 117 AND 119 OF THE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT A-1 ANNEX B SCOPE OF WORK B-1 ANNEX C LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED C-1 ANNEX D LISTS OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF GEORGIA D-1 ANNEX E MAP OF LANDSCAPE ZONES (BIOMES) OF GEORGIA E-1 ANNEX F MAP OF PROTECTED AREAS OF GEORGIA F-1 ANNEX G PROTECTED AREAS IN GEORGIA G-1 ANNEX H GEORGIA PROTECTED AREAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DESIGN SUMMARY H-1 ANNEX I AGROBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN GEORGIA (FROM GEF PDF GRANT PROPOSAL) I-1 SECTION I Introduction This biodiversity assessment for the Republic of Georgia has three interlinked objectives: · Summarizes the status of biodiversity and its conservation in Georgia; analyzes threats, identifies opportunities, and makes recommendations for the improved conservation of biodiversity. -
Wood Anatomy of the Oleaceae
IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 9 (2),1988,103-182 WOOD ANATOMY OF THE OLEACEAE by Pieter Baas*, Petra M. Esser*, Marijke E. T. van der Westen*, and Marinus Zandee** Contents Summary ...................................................... 104 Introduction . .. 104 Materials and methods ............................................. 106 Phenetic analysis .............................................. 106 Cladistic analysis . 106 Survey of wood anatomical character states in the Oleaceae . .. 107 Introduction 107 - Growth rings 108 - Vessel grouping and distribution 108 Vessel frequency and element size 110 - Vessel perforations 110 - Vessel wall pit- ting 111- Vessel wall thickness and sculpturing 112 - Tyloses and vessel contents 112 - Vascular tracheids 113 - Fibres 113 - Axial parenchyma 127 - Ray tissue 128 - Crystals 129 Generic wood anatomical descriptions . 129 Explanatory note 129 - Abeliophyllwn 129 - Chionanthus (including Linociera) 130 Comoranthus 132-Fontanesia 133-Forestiera 134-Forsythia 135-Fraxinus 135 - Haenianthus 137 - Hesperelaea 137 - Jasminum 138 - Ligustrum 140 Menodora 141-Myxopyrum 142 - Nestegis 142 - Noronhia 143 - Notelaea 143 Nyctanthes 145 - Olea 146 - Osmanthus 149 - Phillyrea 151 - Picconia 152 Schrebera 153 - Syringa 153 - Tessarandra 155 Classification of the Oleaceae . .. 156 Phenetic wood anatomical classification . .. 156 Phylogenetic classification ........................................ 159 The position of Nyctanthes . 166 The wider affinities of the Oleaceae . 167 Ecological and functional considerations. .. 168 A tentative evolutionary scenario for the Oleaceae ........................... 173 Needs for further studies . .. 174 Keys to the woods of the Oleaceae .... .. 174 Comprehensive wood anatomical key to the genera of the Oleaceae . 175 Simplified wood anatomical key to the genera of the Oleaceae. 176 Acknowledgements . .. 177 References . 177 * Rijksherbarium, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. ** Institute of Theoretical Biology, Groenhovenstraat 5, 2311 BT Leiden, The Netherlands. 104 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. -
The Dynamics of Cork Oak Systems in Portugal: the Role of Ecological and Land Use Factors V
Vanda Acácio Vanda the role of ecological and land use factors land ecological and of the role The dynamics of cork oak systems in Portugal: Portugal: in oak systems of cork dynamics The The dynamics of cork oak systems in Portugal: the role of ecological and land use factors V. Acácio 2009 The dynamics of cork oak systems in Portugal: the role of ecological and land use factors Vanda Acácio Thesis committee Thesis supervisors Prof. dr. ir. G.M.J. Mohren Professor of Forest Ecology and Forest Management Wageningen University Prof. dr. Francisco Castro Rego Associated Professor at the Landscape Architecture Department Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Portugal Thesis co-supervisor dr. Milena Holmgren Assistant Professor at the Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University Other members Prof.dr. P.F.M. Opdam, Wageningen University Prof.dr. Stefan A. Schnitzer, University of Wisconsin, USA Prof.dr. B.J.M. Arts, Wageningen University Prof.dr. B.G.M. Pedroli, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation (PE&RC). The dynamics of cork oak systems in Portugal: the role of ecological and land use factors Vanda Acácio Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Doctorate Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 17 November 2009 at 4 PM in the Aula. Vanda Acácio The dynamics of cork oak systems in Portugal: the role of ecological and land use factors, 210 pages.