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The Geology of Norfolk

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The Geology of Norfolk THE GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK A collection of papers assembled by the PARAMOUDRA CLUB to mark its tenth anniversary. Edited by G. P. LARWOOD and B. M. FUNNELL CONTENTS Introduction -------- Page 269 Strata of Norfolk .. 270 The Sub-Cretaceous Rocks of Norfolk, by R. G. Thurrell -------- 271 The Lower Cretaceous Deposits of Norfolk, by G. P. Larwuod .. 280 The Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, by N. B. Peake and J. M. Hancock .. 293 The Palaeogene and Early Pleistocene of Norfolk, by B. M. Funnell 340 The Glacial and Interglacial Deposits of Norfolk, by R. G. West ------- ,, 365 TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORFOLK AND NORWICH NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY, VOLUME 19 PART 6 Edited by E. A . ELLIS Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Royal Society for a generous grant towards the cost of this publication. Norwich Printed by the Soman-Wherry Press Ltd., Norwich Published September, 1961 THE GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK INTRODUCTION The present collection of papers incorporates the results of import- ant recent investigations, and provides a comprehensive, up-to-date account of the pre-Holocene geology of Norfolk. It has been assembled by the Paramoudra Club to mark its tenth anniversary, and is published in co-operation with the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society. The Paramoudra Club was founded in 1950, as an association of student geologists, to promote interest in the geology of the county of Norfolk, and now includes in its membership many professional and amateur geologists from Norfolk and elsewhere. The members of the Paramoudra Club take this opportunity to thank those authors whose contributions have made this publication possible. Figures 1, 2, and 10 are based in part on Crown Copyright Geological Survey maps by per- mission of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office. A brief summary of the geology of Norfolk will be found in the British Association publication "Norwich and its Region ” (1961). 270 THE GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK TABLE 1. STRATA OF NORFOLK Formations, Zones and Deposits Stages Periods and Systems Barrier Islands and Spits Broadland and Fenland Deposits Post-Glacial Holocene Hunstanton Till and Outwash Deposits Last (Hunstanton) Glaciation Morston Raised Beach Ipswichian Interglacial Gipping Till and Outwash Deposits Gipping Glaciation Nar Valley Clay Hoxnian Interglacial Nar Valley Freshwater Beds H A Lowestoft Till W V Corton Beds Lowestoft Glaciation o H Cromer Till and Norwich Brickearth C/5 Leda myalis Bed s CL Arctic Freshwater Bed Cromerian Interglacial Cromer Forest Bed Series Weybourne Crag U er °iv sion Icenian Norwich Crag| PP ! ° TLower Division Ludham Crag PButleyan London Clay Ypresian Eocene Reading Beds Sparnacian and PThanet Sands PThanetian Zone of Belemnella lanceolata Maastrichtian Zone of Belemnitella mucronata Zone of Gonioteuthis quadrata Zone of Marsupites testudinarius Zone of Uintacrinus Senonian Zoze of Micraster cor-anguinum Zone of Micraster cor-testudinarium Upper C/3 Zone of Holaster planus 3 O Zone of Terebratulina lata Turanian a u Zone of Inoceramus labiatus < H w X Zone of Holaster subglobosus Cenomanian u Zone of Schloenbachia varians Red Rock and Gault Clay Albian T3 £ c Carstone Aptian {“ CO o ^ T Clay « Snettisham Neocomian (5 Sandringham Sands . Kimeridge Clay Kimeridgian J URASSIC THE SUB-CRETACEOUS ROCKS OF NORFOLK 271 THE SUB-CRETACEOUS ROCKS OF NORFOLK By R. G. Thurrell I he oldest formation exposed at the surface in Norfolk is the Upper Jurassic Kimeridge Clay, but the buried pre-Kimeridgian sequence is known to some extent from deep borings within the county at North Creake and near Southery, and by inference and extrapolation from boreholes elsewhere in the northern part of East Anglia. These borings reveal a sequence of Mesozoic sediments resting on an irregular surface cut across a basement of Palaeozoic or older rocks. Variations in the configuration and in the physical characteristics of this Palaeozoic base- ment to the south and south-west of Norfolk have also been determined by seismic methods (Bullard and others, 1940), and more recently the Geological Survey (Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1958, p. 8) has completed gravity and magnetic surveys over East Anglia which reveal so far un- explained strong negative anomalies in the Fens and in North Norfolk (see Gravity overlay for Geol. Surv. “ Quarter Inch ” Map, Sheet 12, 1960). THE PALAEOZOIC AND PRE-MESOZOIC FLOOR 'The Palaeozoic floor beneath East Anglia forms the north-western part of the London-Brabant massif which has remained resistant to deformation since the coal-bearing strata in Kent and around Namur in Belgium were preserved in downfolds along its southern borders, towards the close of the Carboniferous period. Subsequent denudation gradually reduced the stable-block to an area of low relief and upon this peneplain the succeeding Mesozoic rocks were laid down with strong unconformity. The only place in Norfolk where the Mesozoic cover has been pene- trated in a deep boring is at North Creake, eleven miles east-south-east of Hunstanton, where Triassic rocks rest directly on the Pre-Cambrian basement at 2,561 ft. below Ordnance Datum (O.D.). No Palaeozoic rocks were present (Kent, 1947). In Suffolk and in Cambridgeshire however the floor has been encountered more frequently. At Lowestoft, Lower Greensand was found to rest on Palaeozoic rocks of possibly Silurian age at a depth of 1,615 ft. below O.D., and at Harwich (Essex) old rocks of uncertain age were encountered at 1,013 ft. below O.D., overlain by Gault. At Stutton, eight miles south-east of Ipswich, again the Gaidt rests directly on rocks which are probably Upper Silurian (Ludlovian) or Downtonian in age at a depth of 974 ft. below O.D. Near Bury St. Edmunds, at Culford, the Palaeozoic floor was struck at only 527 ft. where it was overlain by Low^er Greensand, but there was no definite evidence of the age of the older rocks. The shallowest occurrence of Palaeozoic rocks in northern East Anglia so far known is below Cambridge, where Carboniferous Limestone is present 355 ft. down, below- Lower Lias. Further north-east at Soham, 97 ft. of red-beds of possibly Permo-Triassic age separate the Lower Lias from the Palaeozoic floor which consists of steeply dipping marine Devonian facies at a depth of 777 ft. below- O.D. This far-flung scatter of information shows that the surface of the Palaeozoic floor rises steadily south and south-westwards underground beneath Norfolk towards a ridge or undulating plateau beneath Cambridge and Culford, and then falls away east and south-eastward towards Stutton and Harwich. Unfortunately, the data so far available concerning the stratigraphy and structure of the rocks which outcrop on the surface of 272 THE GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK the platform are too scattered to allow the insertion of geological bound- aries however tentative. This concept of gently sloping subterranean surfaces culminating in the region of Cambridge is supported by geophysical data and by the evidence of borings in the Mesozoic cover which have not reached the Palaeozoic floor but which suggest that the floor continues to plunge away north-eastwards beneath Norfolk. A borehole at Coombs, near Stowmarket, stopped short of the floor after passing through 57 ft. of drift deposits and 838 ft. of Cretaceous beds. Another hole at Holkham Hall was stopped in PKimeridge Clay at 713 ft. below O.D., having penetrated 655 ft. of Chalk, 8 ft. of Red Chalk, 10 ft. of Gault and 70 ft. of Carstone. A deep boring at Messrs. Colman’s works at Norwich (Whitaker, 1921) passed through 12 ft. of superficial deposits, 1,152 ft. of Chalk, 6 ft. of Upper Greensand and 36 ft. of Gault, and yet did not reach the Palaeozoic floor. Seismic investigations undertaken by members of the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics at Cambridge (Bullard and others, 1940) in conjunction with borehole evidence confirm the northerly slope of the basement beneath north-west Suffolk, and south-west Norfolk. At Lakenheath results indicate that the Chalk, underlain by Gault and Lower Greensand, rests directly on the Palaeozoic floor at 810 ft. below O.D., and at Feltwell, five miles to the north, where Jurassic rocks may also be present, the floor is probably at 830 ft. below O.D. Further evidence that the Mesozoic sedimentary wedge continues to thicken northward as the relatively more dense rocks of Palaeozoic and Pre-Cambrian age become more deeply buried is suggested by the pattern of isogams shown on the gravity overlay map recently published by the Geological Survey (1960). In general, the line along which the force of gravity was found to be normal runs east and west across central Norfolk, and the country to the south shows a slight positive gravity anomaly and that to the north a much stronger negative anomaly. Even allowing for the effect of predictable or probable variations in the composition of the rocks in the Mesozoic cover, it is clear that the increasing depth of the basement or some far-reaching change in its physical characteristics must in large measure be responsible for the low value of the gravity measure- ments in the region towards the North Norfolk coast and in the northern part of the Fens. Research is still proceeding and no further comment can be made at present. Since the Palaeozoic floor shelves away gradually northward beneath Norfolk, successive Mesozoic strata tend to thin out southward as they overlap onto the sloping basement. It is clear from the numerous bore- hole records where Gault rests directly on Palaeozoic rocks that the highest parts of the massif were not submerged completely before the widespread advance of the sea in the Albian transgression. In his account of the boring at North Creake, Dr. Kent (1947) has constructed a map showing the probable south-eastern limits of the various horizons in the area and their relationship to each other according as the sea was advancing or retreating from the flanks of the Palaeozoic land-mass.
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