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Calliderma Atagensis, Un Estel·Làrid De L'eocè De La Tossa De Montbui

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Calliderma Atagensis, Un Estel·Làrid De L'eocè De La Tossa De Montbui Miscellanea Aqualatensia, 18 (2019), p. 198-207 Calliderma atagensis, un estel·làrid de l’eocè de la Tossa de Montbui Josep Llansana i Marcè Centre d’Estudis Comarcals d’Igualada (CECI) Calliderma atagensis, una estrella de Calliderma atagensis, a starfisch from mar del eoceno de la Tossa de Montbui the eocene in Tossa de Montbui RESUMEN ABSTRACT El descubrimiento excepcional de una es- The exceptional discovery of a Callider- trella de mar fósil Calliderma atagensis ma atagensis starfish, complete with all completa con todas sus piezas, nos permi- its pieces, allows us to undertake a detai- te hacer un estudio muy detallado de su led study of its morphology as well as the morfología, así como el ensamblaje de las assembly of the 580 pieces that compose 580 piezas que la componen. Asimismo, it. Furthermore, it will enable us to carry servirá para hacer una revisión de su ubi- out a revision of its location within the cación dentro de la familia Goniasteridae. Goniasteridae family. PALABRAS CLAVE: Paleontología, descubri- KEYWORDS: Paleontology, discovery, star- miento, estrella de mar, Eoceno superior fish, Upper Eocene INTRODUCCIÓ Ara fa anys, en una excursió pels voltants de la Tossa de Montbui, vaig tenir la sort de trobar una estrella de mar fòssil completa. L’estel·làrid es tro- bava en una marga, totalment desarticulat amb els ossicles solts, però agru- pats, cosa que en va permetre poder agafar-la amb tot l’espai que ocupava. La troballa és excepcional, ja que rarament es troben exemplars complets, ja que els ossicles dels estel·làrids estan units per membranes musculars, que es destrueixen ràpidament en morir l’animal. Per això, el més corrent és trobar peces marginals aïllades i disperses. 201 MISCELLANEA_18.indd 201 18/6/19 17:33 Josep Llansana i Marcè SITUACIÓ GEOGRÀFICA I GEOLÒGICA El jaciment on fou trobat l’asteroïdeu es situa al vessant nord de la Tos- sa de Montbui i a tres quilòmetres al sud-oest del cap del municipi dins de la comarca de l’Anoia. (Fig.1) Geològicament, s’ubica a la Depressió Central Catalana, que juntament amb el Pirineu i les Serralades Costaneres conformen les tres principals uni- tats geològiques de Catalunya. A la part inferior de l’era Terciària, fa entre 60 i 35 milions d’anys, la Depressió Central era una conca de sedimentació, a voltes continental i a voltes marina i que anava més enllà dels límits de Cata- lunya amb l’Aragó fins a l’Empordà. Fa uns 40 milions d’anys, era ocupada Figura 1. 202 MISCELLANEA_18.indd 202 18/6/19 17:33 Calliderma atagensis, un estel·làrid de l’eocè de la Tossa de Montbui per un mar que formava part d’un gran oceà anomenat Tethys (el qual s’este- nia des de l’actual mar Carib fins a Indonèsia, passant pel sud d’Europa, Orient mitjà, Pakistan i l’Índia). Era el període Eocè, pis Bartonià. Abad (2001) hi va aixecar una sèrie estratigràfica, amb la següent suc- cessió de baix a dalt: (Fig.2) La base de la sèrie no ha pogut ser observada, ni tampoc el sostre per estar amagades per enderrocs de pendent actuals. En la primera de les intercalacions, situada a 4 m de la base, es troben (mostra 1) discociclines i valves soltes de: Chlamys biarritzensis (D’Archiac, 1848) En la segona intercalació, a 8 m de la base i separada de l’anterior per 1 m de lutites grises, es troba una abundant fauna formada per briozous ra- mosos trencats i altres conulàrids i per abundants mol·luscs. En Pterio- morpha (mostra 2), es dona el següent contingut: Figura 2. Columna estratigráfica del jaciment del Peu Nord de la Tossa de Montbui 203 MISCELLANEA_18.indd 203 18/6/19 17:33 Josep Llansana i Marcè Septifer eurydices vapincanus (Boussac, 1911) Vulsella linguiformis (Leymerie, 1831) Lentipecten corneus (Sowerby, 1818 ) Chlamys biarritzensis (D’Archiac, 1848) Spondylus buchi (Philippi, 1846) Dimya crearoi (Oppenheim, 1901) Hyotissa martinsi (D’Archiac, 1850 ) Cubitostrea plicata (Solander in Brander, 1766 ) Tots ells, excepte Spondilus buchi Philippi, 1846 i Dimya crearoi Op- penheim, 1901, presenten les valves soltes. Cap d’ells es troba en posició de vida i no ocupen en l’estrat una posició preferent. En les lutites grises immediates al contacte amb el banc anterior (mos- tra 3) es troben exemplars dispersos de: Dimya crearoi (Oppenheim, 1901) Els exemplars d’aquesta espècie presenten les dues valves juntes i re- colzades sobre la valva inferior. El tercer banc, situat a 11,7 m de la base, està separat de l’anterior banc calcari per 2,7 m de lutites grises. La fauna és rara i es restringeix a exem- plars aïllats de foraminífers (discociclines i operculines) i rares Dimya crea roi Oppenheim, 1901 (mostra 4). SISTEMÀTICA Classe ASTEROIDEA (de Blainville, 1830) Subclasse NEOASTEROIDEA (Gale, 1987) Superordre VALVATACEA (Perrier, 1884) Ordre VALVATIDA (Perrier, 1884) Família GONIASTERIDAE (Forbes, 1841) Gènere OPHRYASTER (Spencer, 1913) Calliderma atagensis (Valette, 1925) 1925 Calliderma atagensis (Valette: Notes sur p.76) 1941 Calliderma atagensis (Valette: Bataller Equinodermos fósiles, p. 60) 1997 Calliderma atagensis (Valette: Breton & Vizcaino Astérides l. fig. 5) 204 MISCELLANEA_18.indd 204 18/6/19 17:33 Calliderma atagensis, un estel·làrid de l’eocè de la Tossa de Montbui GENERALITATS SOBRE ELS ASTEROÏDEUS Els asteroïdeus o estel·làrids formen un grup entre els invertebrats equinoderms (caracteritzat per tenir una simetria anatòmica de cinc). Dins dels equinoderms hi ha altres grups com els equinoïdeus (eriçons de mar), els holoturoïdeus (cogombres de mar), les ofïures i els crinoïdeus, entre al- tres. Els equinoderms es caracteritzen per tenir un aparell especial anomenat sistema ambulacral, format per un complicat sistema de canals relacionats amb diferents parts modificades del seu esquelet i que formen els ambula- cres. Els ambulacres es prolonguen en uns tentacles especials erèctils ano- menats peus ambulacrals, els quals surten a l’exterior, amb funcions com ara la locomoció de l’animal, la de tentacles, la d’òrgans sensitius i, fins i tot, la respiració. L’aigua de mar penetra per l’anomenada placa madrepòrica. Tam- bé tenen un sistema digestiu amb boca i anus. El sistema nerviós és difús. L’esquelet dels equinoderms és d’origen dèrmic i està format per plaques o ossicles, formats per un sol cristall de calcita. Aquestes peces tendeixen a formar files a partir de la boca. Tots els equinoderms són marins. Els asteroïdeus es caracteritzen pels seus cinc braços entorn d’un disc central; com indica el seu nom tenen forma d’estrella. Cada braç està for- mat per dues files de plaques, a les quals se n’afegeixen altres de laterals i dorsals. A la cara ventral del seu cos s’obre la boca en posició inferior, amb cinc plaques radials i des d’ells surten cadascun dels cinc solcs ambula- crals, veritables solcs oberts. Entre cada una de les plaques bucals hi ha una placa interradial. La placa madrepòrica ocupa una posició interradial i en posició dorsal. L’anus hi pot arribar a faltar. El braç conté cecs intestinals, les gònades i els canals ambulacrals radials. Els asteroïdeus són sensibles a la llum mitjançant els receptors que tenen situats als peus ambulacrals. Els individus són mascles o femelles i la reproducció és sexual. També pot ser asexuada i a partir d’un braç formar la resta de l’organisme, com en cas d’accident que es trenqui un braç... L’esquelet és intern i està format per un entramat d’ossicles que s’es- tén per tot el cos. Els ossicles tenen formes molt variades i estan units per parts toves. Un cop morts, les parts toves es descomponen i els ossicles es disgreguen i dispersen. Els asteroïdeus actuals es mouen lliurement en el fons marí (en gene- ral dur i rocós) de tots els oceans, mitjançant els peus ambulacrals, des de la zona intermareal fins a 6.000 metres de profunditat. En el registre fòssil hi ha formes que vivien enterrades a la sorra o el fang, amb els braços aixecats cap amunt, modus de vida que van anar abandonant. S’alimenten d’altres organismes. Hi ha més de 1.800 espècies repartides en set ordres. 205 MISCELLANEA_18.indd 205 18/6/19 17:33 Josep Llansana i Marcè Els asteroïdeus, malgrat que hi ha jaciments on són molt abundants, rarament fossilitzen i, en general, solament s’hi troben els ossicles solts. La manca de sedimentació fina n’impedeix la fossilització. És molt difícil tro- bar alguna part de l’animal tal com estava en el moment de morir. Es conei- xen fòssils des de l’ordovicià (Paleozoic inferior). MATERIAL Es tracta de 580 peces (Fig. 3) que corresponen a 170 ossicles margi- nals (superior-marginals i inferior-marginals), 184 plaques dorsals (hexa- gonals), 200 plaques ambulacrals i adambulacrals, 25 peces bucals i una placa madrepòrica. És un esquelet complet d’estel·làrid. Figura 3. 206 MISCELLANEA_18.indd 206 18/6/19 17:33 Calliderma atagensis, un estel·làrid de l’eocè de la Tossa de Montbui DESCRIPCIÓ Disc central ample, braços curts que passen suaument sense cap brusquedat a amples arcs interradials. La boca està situada a la cara oral en posició central, cinc solcs d’ossicles ambulacrals i adambulacrals re- corren la línia mitjana de cada braç. Els solcs acullen els tubulars, que els serveixen per caminar. La placa madrepòrica està a la cara aboral. Les pla- ques aborals es disposen com a tessel·les d’un mosaic, essent-ne el con- torn hexagonal. Les plaques de la boca de contorn triangular es disposen de forma pentagonal. Els ossicles marginals tenen la forma d’un quadri- làter allargat, cara superior bombada, coberta d’impressions punctifor- mes, fines, espesses, d’igual mida i arriben fins al fons de l’artell.
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