1. The Phrase 1. The Noun Phrase (NP) Phrases 2. The Adjective Phrase (AdjP) and Adverb Phrase (AdvP) 3. The Verb Phrase (VP) 4. The Prepositional Phrase (PP) 2. Phrases in the Sentence 3. Coordination of Phrases 4. Finding Phrases 5. Building Trees
2
Phrase Structure Phrase Structure Rules
• A phrase is a syntactic unit headed by a •… are generative. lexical category such as Noun, Adjective, • … give different analyses of Adverb,,, Verb, or Prep osition. synttilltactically ambi guous sent ences. • Phrases are named for their heads: •NP • … have a hierarchical structure. •VP • … allow recursion. •AdjP •AdvP •PP
3 4
Phrases Phrases
•NP •VP • ate the cake • The new student from Hungary •sat in the yard • AdjP • seemed very quiet •PP •so beautiful •in the yard • with glasses •AdvP • under the apple tree • quite happily •S •They left. • She bit her tongue.
5 6
1 Phrase Structure Rules Phrase Structure are Generative and Ambiguity • Use a finite set of rules and elements to 1. The journalist interviewed the actor in produce an infinite set of grammatical a tuxedo. sentences. E.g., •NP→ (D) N (PP) 2. The journalist interviewed •PP→ P NP (PP) [NP the actor in a tuxedo]. • Routine, family, fishing 3. The journalist interviewed • The president, a member, the contenders [NP the actor] [PP in a tuxedo]. • Time with family, the University of Wisconsin, 4. The journalist interviewed a budget for the State of Wisconsin [NP the actor [PP in a tuxedo]].
7 8
Phrase Structure Rules are Phrase Structure Rules are Hierarchical Hierarchical • In (3), the VP • In (4) the N’ actor in interviewed the a tuxedo is the actor in a tuxedo is mother of the PP in the mo ther o f the PP a tuxedo. in a tuxedo.
• The PP in a tuxedo • The PP in a tuxedo is the daughter of is the daughter of the VP interviewed the N’ actor in a the actor. tuxedo.
9 10
Phrase Structure Rules are Phrase Structure Rules are Hierarchical Hierarchical • In (3), the VP is • In (4), the NP is the interviewed the actor in a tuxedo. actor in a tuxedo. •The NP actorand • The V’ interviewed the PP in a tuxedo the actor and the PP are sisters. in a tuxedo are sisters.
11 12
2 Phrase Structure Rules Allow Phrase Structure Rules Allow Recursion Recursion •The frogs •NP→ (D) N (PP) •The frogs on the log •PP→ P NP ()(PP) • The frogs on the bump on the log
•The frogs on the bump on the log in the pond
• The frogs on the bump on the log in the middle of the pond
13 14
Phrase Structure Rules Allow Phrase Structure Rules Allow Recursion Recursion •The frogs •S → NP VP •VP → V S •The frogs [PP on the log] • The jury decided the •The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log]] defendant was guilty. •The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log [PP in the pond]]]
•The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log [PP in the middle [PP of the pond]]]]
15 16
Three Tests for Phrases
Tests for Phrases 1. Pronominalization
2. Coordination
3. Movement
18
3 Pronominalization Pronominalization
1. Many people I know like 4. But my next-door armadillos. neighbors haven’t told the other 2. My next-door neighbors keep an armadillo as a people on the pet. street about the three-toed sloth 3. The other people on the asleep in their street think that my next- maple tree. door neighbors are weird.
19 20
Pronominalization Pronominalization
1. Many people I know 4. But [NP my next- like armadillos. door neighbors] 2. My next -door haven’t told [NP the neighbors keep [NP an other people on armadillo] as a pet. the street] about [ the three-toed 3. The other people on NP sloth asleep in the street think that [NP my next-door their maple tree]. neighbors] are weird.
21 22
Three Tests for Phrases Coordination
• Coordination is the process by which 9 Pronominalization two words or phrases are connected by a conjunction . 2. Coordination • Conjunctions: FANBOYS •For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So 3. Movement
23 24
4 Coordinated Clauses Coordinated VPs
• I talked to the mechanic and I took a close • I listened to him and kicked the tires. look at the car.
25 26
Coordinated NPs Coordinated PPs
• The car didn’t have tail lights or windshield • The owner hadn’t parked it in a garage but wipers. on the street.
27 28
Coordination Coordination
• Is this coordination? • What’s wrong with the coordination in • The car was in such bad shape that I decided this sentence? not to buy it. • In my view Alaska pipeline is not going to be a solution to the US shortage of oil, because of many things such as high costs, earthquake, and it takes a long time …
29 30
5 Ambiguous Coordination Ambiguous Coordination
• Old men and women • Old men and women
31 32
Ambiguous Coordination Ambiguous Coordination NP NP
NP NP ADJ N’
ADJ N N N N
old menand women old women and women
33 34
Three Tests for Phrases Movement
9 Pronominalization
9 Coordination
3. Movement
35 36
6 Movement Movement
• Passive movement • What are the noun phrases?
• Algernon was driving the Toyota Land Cruiser. •[NP Algernon] was driving [NP the Toyota Land Cruiser].
• The Toyota Land Cruiser •[NP The Toyota Land Cruiser]
• The Toyota Land Cruiser was being driven •[NP The Toyota Land Cruiser] was being driven
• The Toyota Land Cruiser was being driven by Algernon. •[NP The Toyota Land Cruiser] was being driven by [NP Algernon].
37 38
Movement Movement
• Use passive movement to identify the • Use passive movement to identify the NPs in these sentences. NPs in these sentences.
1. The police arrested Algernon. 1. The police arrested Algernon. 2. They charged him with DUI. 2. They charged him with DUI. 3. Tawanda D. Lane will defend him. 3. Tawanda D. Lane will defend him. 4. The judge might suspend Algernon’s 4. The judge might suspend Algernon’s license for 12 months. license for 12 months. 5. What can you say about his chances? 5. What can you say about his chances?
39 40
Movement Movement
•Particle shift •Particle shift • She looked up [the word] in the dictionary. • Algernon’s attorney straightened out the • She looked [the word] up in the dictionary . charge of driving under the influence to • She looked up [the word ‘antecedent’] in the judge’s satisfaction. the dictionary. • She looked [the word ‘antecedent’] up in • Algernon’s attorney straightened [the the dictionary. charge of driving under the influence] out to the judge’s satisfaction.
41 42
7 Movement Movement
• Indirect object movement • Wh- movement 1. I bought my wife a bunch of flowers. 1. I bought my wife a bunch of flowers. 2. I gave my son a new Pokemon game. 2. I gave my son a new Pokemon game. 3. I sent my daughter the check. 3. I sent my daughter the check.
1. I bought a bunch of flowers for my wife. 1. Who did you buy a bunch of flowers for? 2. I gave a new Pokemon game to my son. 2. Who did you give a new Pokemon game 3. I sent the check to my daughter. to? 3. Who did you send the check to? 43 44
Wh- Movement Wh- Movement
1. Many people I know like armadillos. 3. The other people on the street think that 2. My next-door neighbors keep an my next-door neighbors are weird. armadillo as a pet . •Who … ? • Your next-door neighbors keep what •Who … ? as a pet? •What …? •Whatdo your next-door neighbors keep what as a pet? •Who…? 45 46
Wh- Movement Three Tests for Phrases
4. But my next-door neighbors haven’t told the other people on the street about the three- 9 Pronominalization toed sloth asleeppp in their maple tree.
•Who … ? 9 Coordination •Who … ? •What … ? 9 Movement
47 48
8 Summary
1. Phrases and Trees 2. Phrase Structure Rules … are gg(y)enerative (they allow recursion) … resolve ambiguity … are hierarchical 3. Three Tests for Phrases 1. Pronominalization 2. Coordination 3. Movement
49
9