'Iddah Takhyiir

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'Iddah Takhyiir ‘IDDAH TAKHYIIR (Sebuah Perspektif Berlakunya Masa ‘Iddah bagi Suami)* Oleh Erfani, S.H.I., M.E.Sy. ** A. ‘Iddah Suami Perspektif Keadilan Gender; Sebuah Pendahuluan Sebagai respon terhadap pemahaman ajaran agama Islam yang bias gender, telah muncul gerakan feminisme Islam di Indonesia, yang berlangsung dalam beberapa cara. Pertama, melalui pemberdayaan terhadap kaum perempuan, yang dilakukan melalui pembentukan pusat studi wanita di perguruan-perguruan tinggi, pelatihan-pelatihan gender, baik melalui seminar-seminar maupun konsultasi. Kedua melalui buku-buku yang ditulis dalam beragam tema yang berkaitan dengan perempuan. Ketiga, melakukan kajian historis tentang kesetaraan laki-laki dan perempuan dalam sejarah masyarakat muslim yang berhasil menempatkan perempuan sejajar dengan dengan laki-laki dan membuat mereka mencapai tingkat prestasi yang istimewa dalam berbagai bidang, baik politik, pendidikan, keagamaan, dll. Keempat, melakukan kajian-kajian kritis terhadap teks keagamaan, baik al Quran maupun hadits, yang secara literal menampakkan ketidaksetaraan antara laki dan perempuan.1 Salah satu tema yang secara literal (dianggap) mengandung ketidaksetaraan laki-laki dan perempuan adalah masa ‘iddah yang selama ini berlaku hanya bagi perempuan pasca putusnya perkawinan, sementara laki-laki tidaklah demikian. Kajian pun dimulai dengan mempertanyakan kembali kebersihan rahim wanita (baraaturrahim) sebagai ‘illat dalam berlakunya masa ‘iddah bagi perempuan. Namun jika kebersihan rahim benar sebagai ‘illat, maka kemajuan teknologi khususnya di bidang kedokteran, yang memungkinkan untuk mengetahui kehamilan dalam waktu yang relatif singkat dan dengan hasil yang cukup akurat, menjadi sandungan berlakunya ‘illat tersebut secara mapan. Karenanya ‘illat kebersihan rahim dalam kewajiban ber‘iddah nampaknya tidaklah dapat dipertahankan lagi.2 Pun demikian jika maksud dari kebersihan rahim adalah agar kejelasan nasab anak dapat diketahui, dengan kata lain untuk menentapkan ayah dari anak tersebut, tidaklah bisa dijadikan alasan mempertahankannya sebagai ‘illat hukum ‘iddah. Sebab perkembangan dan kemajuan * Tulisan ini disarikan dari Buku “Telaah Hukum Perdata Islam, antara Nash Syariah, Fikih, dan Praktik Peradilan Agama”. ** Penulis adalah Hakim Pengadilan Agama Soreang-Jawa Barat, Penulis Buku “Telaah Hukum Perdata Islam, antara Nash Syariah, Fikih, dan Praktik Peradilan Agama” 1 Ahmad Baidowi, Tafsir Feminis: Kajian Perempuan dalam Al Quran dan Para Mufasir Kontemporer, cet.I (Bandung: Nuansa, 2005), h. 47 dst. 2 Muhammad Isna Wahyudi, Pembaharuan Hukum Perdata Islam, Pendekatan dan Penerapan, (Bandung: CV.Mandar Maju, 2014), h. 55 1 teknologi saat ini, telah menemukan cara yang akurat untuk mengetahui ayah dari seorang anak yang lahir yaitu melaui tes Deoxirybo Nucleic Acid (DNA), bahkan pelacakan asal usul keturunan melalui tes DNA ini dapat dijadikan sebagai alat bukti primer.3 Meski demikian, kewajiban ‘iddah tetap harus dipertahankan dengan beberapa pertimbangan yaitu bahwa ‘iddah bermanfaat untuk menjaga kehormatan dan kredibilitas seorang perempuan, karena ada perintah bagi suami untuk menempatkan istri yang ber’iddah dalam tempat tinggal suami, sehingga jika ia ternyata hamil selama masa tunggu itu, ia akan terlindungi dari fitnah. Selain itu, adanya ‘iddah dipandang betujuan pula untuk menjamin kesehatan ibu dan anak yang dapat dipahami bahwa suami berkewajiban menanggung nafkahnya serta anaknya bahkan hingga ihwal menyusui anak. Bahkan ‘iddah dipandang memiliki fungsi luar biasa dalam upaya mencegah penyebaran penyakit yang ditularkan melalui hubungan seks (sex-transmitted diseases).4 Masa ‘iddah berlaku tidak saja dalam kaitan perceraian tetapi juga kematian. Pada intinya, ‘iddah dalam kematian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan perasaan berbela sungkawa dan berkabung atas kematian, selain juga menjaga perasaan keluarga besar almarhum. Dalam talak raj’i, masa ‘iddah sejatinya merupaka kesempatan baik bagi istri maupun suami untuk berbenah diri agar dengan itu dapat bersatu kembali. Di sisi lain, esensi perkawinan sebagai mitsaqan ghalizhan, yaitu perjanjian yang kokoh dan sungguh-sungguh, tidaklah pantas jika kemudian dengan perceraian, seketika keagungan ikatan nikah itu putus, karenanya haruslah ada jeda berupa masa ‘iddah sebagai bentuk penghargaan terhadap kemuliaan ikatan perkawinan tersebut.5 Namun, tujuan-tujuan dan maksud mulai dari ‘iddah yang diatur dalam syariat itu, tidak akan pernah terwujud secara optimal, jika hanya diberlakukan sebatas kepada kaum perempuan. Untuk itu, kalangan feminis dengan tema perjuangan kesetaraan gender, berupaya melakukan rekonstruksi keberlakuan masa ‘iddah agar sedianya juga mengikat kamu laki-laki. Untuk tujuan itu dilakukanlah kajian-kajian kritis, dan menemukan kesimpulan bahwa berlakunya masa ‘iddah hanya bagi perempuan, ternyata terkait erat dengan tema gender yaitu peranan yang dibentuk secara sosial, dan lebih merupakan pengaruh budaya patriarkal yang memang kental pada bangsa Arab. Adapun terkait teks-teks al Quran ataupun ayat-ayat yang agaknya memang terkesan memberlakukan ‘iddah hanya bagi perempuan dan tidak memerintahkan pula berlaku bagi laki- laki, tidak lain karena al Quran turun dalam lingkup kebudayaan masyarakat Arab yang menjadikan Al Quran pun harus berkarakter dan bercorak yang sesuai dengan kerangka kebudayaan Arab kala itu dalam hal ini patriarki. Karenanya, tidaklah lantas, narasi al Quran yang 3 Lihat dalam Muhammad Isna Wahyudi, Ibid. h. 56 4 Javed Jamil, “Extraordinary Importance of Iddah in Family Health”, dalam M. Isna Wahyudi, ibid, h. 56-57 5 M. Isna Wahyudi, Ibid, h.59. 2 menentukan perempuan ber’iddah, seketika dimaknai bahwa Allah swt tidak menghendaki laki- laki ber’iddah pasca putusnya perkawinan.6 Dengan demikian, berlakunya masa ‘iddah bagi laki-laki ini, dalam pandangan atau konsep kesetaraan gender, lebih merupakan interpretasi terhadap al Quran sebagai pedoman hidup manusia yang melekat dengannya pengaruh-pengaruh sosial-budaya saat mana al Quran itu diturunkan. Demikian pula dalam kaitannya memaknai teks-teks al Quran, selalu dipandang dari kekuatan sosial budaya sehingga teks-teks itu selalu ‘takluk’ terhadap khitab-khitab yang hendak menyamakan hukum antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Hal ini diargumentasikan dengan dalih agar al Quran dapat diterima oleh ‘kekuasaan’ sosial budaya kala itu.7 Jikapun iya, bahwa konteks sosial-budaya berkaitan dengan suatu teks al Quran, seharusnya tidaklah hal itu menjadi yang utama yang patut disanjung-sanjung. Menurut hemat penulis, argumentasi sedemikian itu bertentangan dengan prinsip otentisitas al Quran sebagai kalamullah yang qadim. Seolah-olah ada ‘ketidakberdayaan’ al Quran untuk mengatur secara ideal kehidupan manusia. Padahal, al Quran sebagai mu’jizat terbesar, sedianya menjadi kekuatan yang sangat sempurna apalagi diamanahkan kepada manusia paling sempurna, Muhammad saw. Jika dianggap teks-teks al Quran dengan ‘narasi patriarkal’nya, sebagai sebuah kelemahannya atas kekuatan sosial budaya, atau dianggap sebagai ‘taktik’ agar kitab suci dan ajarannya dapat diterima, maka dengan sendirinya ia tidak merupakan mu’jizat yang seharusnya melemahkan yang lain, dan bertentangan pula dengan keyakinan bahwa al Quran merupakan kalamullah yang seharusnya berkuasa di atas segala-galanya, apalagi sekadar karakteristik sosial. Untuk itu, penulis hendak mengajak pembaca sekalian, untuk melihat dan memaknai al Quran sebagai teks suci yang otentik dan bersifat i’jaziy, yang artinya, dengan konstruksi tekstual berbahasa Arab sedemikian itu, al Quran sejatinya telah memberlakukan hukum dan menyampaikan ajaran Islam secara merdeka dengan segenap keadilan, termasuk pula (sebagian) keadilan yang diperjuangan feminis, tanpa ‘intimidasi’ apapun. Teks, kosa-kata, serta susunan kalimat yang digunakan al Quran, telah merupakan representasi kebenaran (haq min rabbika) dari Allah SWT, karenanya tidak akan pernah ada kekurangan, kelemahan, yang patut disandangkan kepadanya, sebab ia bukan karangan Jibril, bukan pula catatan Muhammad saw. Untuk tujuan itu, 6 Diarikan dari berbagai sumber, lihat selengkapnya dalam M. Isna Wahyudi, Ibid. 62 dst. 7 Pemahaman yang sedemikian itu agaknya dibangun atau bersesuaian dengan konsep hermeneutika sebagai sebuah wacana memahami kitab suci. Penafsiran yang ditawarkan adalah satu sisi mengukap metodologis yang manusiawi, karena tidak saja memperhatikan teks tetapi juga mempertimbangkan keberadaan konteks yang melingkupi teks tersebut baik konteks psikologis maupun konteks sosial. Di sisi lain, hermeneutika membuka jalan bagi upaya kontekstualisasi kitab suci sehingga dapat berdialog, dan operasional fungsional dalam berbagai ruang dan waktu yang berbeda, sebagaimana diidam dan dipegangi secara apologis oleh banyak kalangan umat beragama terhadap kitab sucinya masing-masing. Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Qurani, antara Teks, Konteks, dan Kontekstualisasi, cet 3, (Yogyakarta: Penerbit Qolam, 2003), h.131. bandingkan dengan Jazim Hamidi, Hermeneutika Hukum; Teori Penemuan Hukum Baru dengan Interpretasi Teks, (Yogyakarta; UII Press, 2005), h. 85 3 berikut akan dijelaskan perihal Al Quran sebagai kalam Allah SWT hingga menjadi al Quran berbahasa Arab (quranan ‘arabiyyan) yang diturunkan dan diwahyukan kepada Muhammad SAW. B. Dari Kalam Allah SWT yang Qadim ke Al Quran yang Berbahasa Arab Dalam sub ini, penulis akan memaparkan beberapa penjelasan yang menunjukkan Hal .(قرآنا عربيا) hubungan dari kalam Allah SWT hingga berbentuk al Quran berbahasa Arab ini selain diilhami oleh beberapa ayat Al
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