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Classification of the Grasslands, Shrublands, Woodlands

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Classification of the Grasslands, Shrublands, Woodlands CLASSIFICATION OF THE GRASSLANDS, SHRUBLANDS, WOODLANDS, FORESTS AND ALPINE VEGETATION ASSOCIATIONS OF THE CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST PORTION OF THE BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS IN SOUTHCENTRAL MONTANA by Kristin Louise Williams A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana January 2012 ©COPYRIGHT by Kristin Louise Williams 2012 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Kristin Louise Williams This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citation, bibliographic style, and consistency and is ready for submission to The Graduate School. David W. Roberts Approved for the Department of Ecology David W. Roberts Approved for The Graduate School Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Kristin Louise Williams January 2012 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. David Roberts for the extreme patience, priceless assistance and thought-provoking ecological insights he provided throughout my program, without which my experience would neither have been as successful or rewarding. The time and efforts of Dr. Aaron Wells and Dr. Sabine Mellmann-Brown in designing and coordinating the study were similarly priceless. I am very appreciative for their help and support. Finally, it is impossible to conduct field surveys in remote and treacherous terrain without valiant, experienced and positive crew members. As such, I would also like to state my express appreciation to Lauren Healy, Micheal Jenson, Julia Pederson, Blake Hodgins, Garrett Dickman and Sabine Mellmann Brown for their hard work, good times and friendship. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 Geology and Soils ................................................................................................. 10 Climate .................................................................................................................. 13 Vegetation ............................................................................................................. 14 Multivariate Analysis .................................................................................................... 16 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................. 23 2. CLASSIFICATION OF SHRUBLAND ASSOCIATIONS OF THE BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS STUDY AREA AND COMPARISON TO EXISTING GRASSLAND AND SHRUBLAND HABITAT TYPE CLASSIFICATIONS .................................................................................................... 28 Contribution of Authors and Co-Authors ..................................................................... 28 Manuscript Information Page ....................................................................................... 29 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 30 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 30 Study Area ............................................................................................................ 33 Methods......................................................................................................................... 35 Study Design ......................................................................................................... 35 Plot Selection ........................................................................................................ 36 Vegetation Data .................................................................................................... 37 Plant Taxonomy Considerations ........................................................................... 38 Soil Data Collection .............................................................................................. 38 Environmental Site Data ....................................................................................... 40 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................ 42 Results ........................................................................................................................... 44 Vegetation Composition ....................................................................................... 44 Correlation of Environmental Variables ............................................................... 47 Cluster Analysis of Communities ......................................................................... 49 NMDS Ordination and Evaluation of Environmental Variables .................................................................................. 56 Grassland and Shrubland Association Descriptions ..................................................... 74 Cluster 1: Alyssum alyssoides/Balsamorhiza sagittata (ALAL3/BASA3) Association (n=2) ..................................................... 74 Vegetation ................................................................................................... 74 Enviornment ................................................................................................ 75 Other Classification .................................................................................... 75 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Cluster 2: Festuca idahoensis/Geranium viscosissimum (FEID/GEVI2) Association (n=4) ................................................. 77 Vegetation ................................................................................................... 77 Enviornment ................................................................................................ 77 Other Classification .................................................................................... 78 Cluster 3: Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana/ Festuca idahoensis (ARTRV/FEID) Association (n=3) ....................................... 80 Vegetation ................................................................................................... 80 Enviornment ................................................................................................ 80 Other Classification .................................................................................... 81 Cluster 4: Festuca idahoensis-Elymus spicatus (FEID-PSSP6) Association (n=11) ......................................................... 82 Vegetation ................................................................................................... 82 Enviornment ................................................................................................ 82 Other Classification .................................................................................... 83 Cluster 5: Elymus spicatus/Artemisia frigida (PSSP6/ARFR4) Association (n=4) .......................................................... 83 Vegetation ................................................................................................... 83 Enviornment ................................................................................................ 84 Other Classification .................................................................................... 84 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 86 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 91 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................. 93 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WOODLAND AND FORESTED VEGETATION ASSOCIATIONS OF THE BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS STUDY AREA AND COMPARISON WITH EXISTING WOODLAND AND FORESTED HABITAT TYPE CLASSIFICATIONS ...................................................................... 96 Contribution of Authors and Co-Authors ..................................................................... 96 Manuscript Information Page ....................................................................................... 97 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 98 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 99 Study Area .........................................................................................................
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