A History of Planetary Astronomy David Leverington Index More Information

Home , Aldrin (crater), Apianus (crater), Arzachel (crater), Baade (crater), Bridgman (crater), Capella (crater)

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-00461-9 - Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomy David Leverington Index More information

Name index

Abu’l Wefa (Abul Wafa) (940–998), 52 Aristotle (384–322 bc), 12, 16, 17, 21, 23, Acquaviva, Claudio (1543–1615), 85 25–27, 28, 31, 33, 35, 40, 42, 50, 53, Acuna,˜ Mario, 431 72–75, 77, 85, 86, 89, 90, 193n Adams, John Couch (1819–1892), 152n, Armstrong, Neil, 363, 365 168–171, 172, 174–177, 206, 224 Arrhenius, Svante Augustus (1859–1927), Adams, Walter S. (1876–1956), 281, 299, 343 307, 383 Arzachel, see Ibn al–Zarqalaˆ Adel, A., 317, 318 Aumann, H.H. (George), 373 Agucchi, Giovanni Battista (1570–1632), Auteroche, Chappe d’, 143, 144 91 Autolycus, 27 A’Hearn, Michael F., 497 Ainslie, Maurice, 324 Baade, Walter (1893–1960), 286, 339, 496 Airy, George Biddell (1801–1892), Babinet, Jacques, 176, 286 168–173, 175 Babington, Dr Humphrey, 112 Al Mansur (c. 711–775), 41 Backlund, Jons¨ Oskar (1846–1916), 195, Aldrin, Buzz, 363, 365 213 Alexander the Great (356–323 bc), 5, 25, Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 303 28 Bacon, Roger (c. 1220–1292), 42, 70 al-Sh¯atir, see Ibn al-Sh¯atir Badger, 316 Altenhoff, Wilhelm J., 497 Baldwin, J.M., 331 Alter, Dinsmore, 291 Baldwin, Ralf, 402 Altobelli, Ilario (1560–c. 1630), 75 Ball, Robert, 191, 219 Anaximander (c. 610–545 bc), 13–14, Ball, William (c. 1627–1690), 96 16 Banks, Joseph, 151 Andersson, Leif, 487 Barnard, Edward Emerson (1857–1923), Andre,´ Charles, 190 191, 192, 217, 253, 259, 260, 268, Antoniadi, Eugene` (1870–1944), 217, 276, 321–323, 402 277, 304, 305, 308, 324 Barnett, Miles, 301 Apian, Peter (or Apianus) (1495–1552), 136, Barr, 291 199 Baumgardner, Jeff, 369 Apollonius of Perga (c. 265–190 bc), 34, Becker, Tammy, 486 41 Becklin, Eric E., 374 Appleton, Edward (1892–1965), 301, 302 Beer, Wilhelm (1797–1850), 220, 221, 235 Apt, Jerome, 333 Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert (1542–1621), Aquinas, Thomas (1225–1274), 40, 42 84, 85, 88 Arago, Dominique Franc¸ois Jean Belopol’skii, Aristarkh A. (1854–1934), 278 (1786–1853), 171, 174, 196 Belton, Michael J.S., 332, 497 Archimedes (c. 287–212 bc) 18, 28, 72 Benedetti, Giovanni Battista (1530–1590), Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310–230 bc), 73 17–19, 21n, 28, 31, 45, 48 Bentley, Richard, 159

534

Name index

Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich (1777–1846), Bradley, James (1692–1762), 139, 140, 152n 203 Brahe, see Tycho Brahe Bernal, 295, 315 Brahic, Andre,´ 335 Bernard, A., 276, 282, 290, 305, 319, 341 Brahmagupta (c. 598–665), 41 Besanc¸on, 300 Brandes, Heinrich Wilhelm (1777–1834), Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784–1846), 203 168, 169n, 195, 196, 200, 209, 215, 220, Bredikhin, Fedor¨ Alexandrovich 507 (1831–1904), 200 Bethe, Hans (b. 1906), 285 Breit, Gregory, 302 Bhattacharyya, 331 Bremiker, Carl, 173 Biancani, Giuseppe (1566–1624), 91, 92, Bridgman, 298n 108 Broughton, Peter, 135n Bieberstein, C.W. von, 222 Brown, Ernest William (1866–1938), 300 Bieberstein, E.F.L.M. von, 222 Brown, Harrison, 370 Biela, Wilhelm von (1782–1856), 210 Brown, Kenneth, 370 Biermann, Ludwig (1907–1986), 344, 353 Brown, Robert, 428 Bigg, Keith, 320 Brunhes, Bernard (1867–1910), 357 Binder, A.B., 322 Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600), 77n, 84–86 Binzel, Richard, 492, 493 Buffham, W., 264 Birch, Peter, 329 Buffon, Compte de (or Leclerc, Blackett, P.M.S. (1897–1974), 355 Georges-Louis) (1707–1788), 159, 160, Bobrovnikoff, Nicholas Theodore 248, 249 (1896–1988), 341, 342 Buie, Marc, 497 Bode, Johann Elert (1747–1826), 151, 163, Bullen, 294 164 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm E. (1811–1899), Boltwood, Bertram (1870–1927), 284, 286 197 Bond, George Phillips (1825–1865), 248, Buridan, Jean (1297–1358), 48 249, 253, 255, 256, 257, 262 Burke, Bernard, 319 Bond, William Cranch (1789–1859), 253, Burney, Venetia, 273 255, 256, 262, 267 Burnight, Robert, 350 Bonnet, Charles, 162 Burton, A.C., 316 Borderies, Nicole, 336 Burton, C.E., 252 Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso (1608–1679), Bus, Schelte J. (Bobby), 497 116, 119 Butler, Brian, 380 Borri, 108 Butler, Paul, 511 Botham, J.H., 323 Bouguer, Pierre (1698–1758), 130n Caldwell, John, 458 Boulliau, Ismael (1605–1694), 95 Callippus of Cyzicus (c. 370–300 bc), Bourne, William, 70 23–24, 26, 27, 30, 31 Bouvard, Alexis (1767–1843), 166–170, Cameron, Alastair Graham W., 371, 372n 172, 177–180, 193 Camichel, Henri, 279 Bouvard, Eugene,` 170 Campani, Guiseppe, 96, 158 Bowell, Ted, 497 Campbell, Leon, 307, 327 Bower, Ernest, 273 Campbell, William Wallace (1862–1938), Boyer, Charles, 279 218, 243, 253, 261 Boyle, Robert, 113 Capella, Martianus, of Carthage Bradley, Francis, 211 (c. 365–440 ad), 53

535

Name index

Capra, Baldessar, 75 Clerke, Agnes M., 512 Carleton, N.P., 333 Coblentz, W. (1873–1962), 279, 306, 310, Carlson, Richard, 372 312 Carpenter, Roland, 280, 281 Cohen, 489 Carr, Michael, 424 Collins, Andy, 455 Carrigan, William, 270, 271 Collio, Marco Antonio, 122 Carrington, Richard Christopher Colombe, Ludovico delle (1565 – ?), 84 (1826–1875), 202, 232, 249 Comiers, Claud (d. 1693), 199 Cassen, Patrick, 433, 434 Common, Andrew Ainslie (1841–1903), Cassini, Gian (or Giovanni) Domenico (or 438n Jean Dominique) (1625–1712), 96–98, Conti, Cardinal Carlo, 86 100–102, 103, 104, 106, 129, 130, 137, Cook, Captain James, 145 138, 140, 155, 156, 234, 249, 252 Coolridge, 318 Cassini, Jacques (1677–1756), 216 Copeland, Ralf (1837–1905), 198, 211 Castelli, Benedetto (1578–1643), 83, 87 Copernicus, Nicolaus (Niklas Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810), 249 Koppernigk) (1473–1543), 40, 42, 44–48, Cesi, Federico (1585–1630), 91 52, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67n, 74–76, 78, 83, Challis, James (1803–1882), 170–173, 175, 84, 86, 88–90, 106, 110, 112 180, 268 Corliss, C.H., 319 Chamberlain, Joseph, 383 Cosimo, Grand Duke, 79, 81, 82 Chamberlin, Thomas, 288, 299 Cox, Allan, 357 Chandler, Seth Carlo (1846–1913), 229, Crabtree, William, 103 230 Critchfield, Charles, 285n Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Crommelin, Andrew Claude (1865–1939), (1910–1995), 289, 312 273 Chapelain, Jean (1595–1674), 94 Cruikshank, Dale P., 322, 332, 333, 478, Chapman, Sydney (1888–1970), 302, 353 487, 488, 490, 503 Charbonneau, David, 512 Curie, Pierre and Marie, 284 Charlois, Auguste Honore´ P. (1864–1910), Cusa, Nicholas of (1401–1464), 85n 187 Cyr, D.L., 402 Cheseaux,´ Jean Philippe Loys de Cysat, Johann Baptiste (c. 1586–1657), 70, (1718–1751), 134 86 Chladni, Ernst Florenz F. (1756–1827), 202, 203 D’Alembert, Jean-Baptiste L. (1717–1783), Christie, William Henry M. (1845–1922), 135, 140n 213 Dalrymple, Brent, 357 Christy, James W., 488 Daly, Reginald, 372 Clairaut, Alexis Claude (1713–1765), 130n, Danielson, Edward, 503 134–136 Dante (1265–1321), 42, 43 Clark, Alvan (1804–1887), 244, 508n d’Arrest, Heinrich Louis (1822–1875), 173, Clark, Alvan Graham (1832–1897), 508n 174 Clark, B.J., 283 Darwin, Charles Robert (1809–1882), 225, Clark, R.N., 333 244 Clarke, W.B., 207 Darwin, George Howard (1845–1912), 225, Clavius, Christopher K. (1537–1612), 81, 226, 284, 291 83, 84 Davis, Donald, 372 Cleomedes (fl. 1st c. ad), 51 Davis, J., 339

536

Name index

Dawes, William Rutter (1799–1868), 196, Dunham, Edward, 329 254, 256, 266 Dunham, Theodore, Jr. (1897–1984), 281, de Boer, 295 307, 317, 383 De Freycinet, 186 Dunkin, 213 De Plantade, 213 Dunthorne, Richard, 146 de Sitter, Willem (1872–1934), 300 Dyce, R., 277 de Vaucouleurs, 282, 283, 308, 401 Decuppis, 254 Eccles, William, 301 Dee, John, 70 Ecphantus (fl. 4th C. bc), 14, 17 Delaunay, Charles (1816–1872), 224, Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1882–1944), 299 285 Delisle, Joseph Nicolas (1688–1768), 136, Edgeworth, Kenneth, 340, 498 142, 143 Edlen,´ Bengt (1906–1993), 353 Dellinger, Howard (1886–1962), 303 Edmondson, Frank, 339 Delporte, Eugene, 337, 338 Eichhorn, Heinrich, 509 Delsemme, Armand, 345, 503 Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), 185, 284 Denning, William Frederic (1848–1931), Elliot, James, 329–331 218, 251, 263 Empedokles (c. 494–434 bc), 25 Dennison, 317 Encke, Johann Franz (1791–1865), 145, Descartes, Rene´ du Perron (1596–1650), 173, 193, 195, 212, 213, 254 93, 111–112 Engelmann, 252 Deslandres, Henri Alexandre (1853–1948), Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276–195 bc), 341 28–29 Di (or De) Vico, Francesco P. (1805–1848), Erman, George Adolf (1806–1877), 205, 210, 218, 254 207 Digges, Leonard, 70 Eucken, Arnold, 295, 297, 299 Digges, Thomas (c. 1546–1595), 49 Euclid (fl. c. 300 bc), 21 Diogenes Laertius (fl. 3rd C. ad), 21 Euctemon (fl. 430 bc), 24 Diogenes of Babylon (fl. 2nd C. bc), 36 Eudemus, 21, 23, 24 Divine, Neil T., 503 Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408–355 bc), 21–23, Divini, Eustachio (c. 1620–1664), 91, 92, 24, 26 96 Euler, Leonard (1707–1783), 128n, 135, Dixon, Jeremiah (1733–1779), 143 140n, 146, 227, 228, 230 Doell, Richard, 357 Evershed, John (1864–1956), 341 Dollfus, Audouin (b. 1924), 276, 304, 307, 325, 454 Fabri, Honore´ (1607–1688), 96 Donati, Giovanni Battista (1826–1873), Fabricius, Johann (1587–1616), 85 197 Faye, Herve´ (1814–1902), 182 Dorffel,¨ Georg Samuel (1643–1688), Feibelman, Walter, 323 119 Ferdinand, Archduke (1578–1637), 61, 62, Douglas, Alexander E. (1867–1962), 64, 111 341 Fernandez, Julio A., 498 Douglass, Andrew, 241, 242, 252 Filiis, Angelo de, 87 Drake, Frank, 320 Finlay, William Henry (b. 1849), 212 Drake, Stillman, 176 Finsen, 190, 495n Dugan, Raymond Smith, 345 Fitzgerald, George, 343, 344 Duncan, Martin J., 498 Fix, John, 487

537

Name index

Flammarion, Camille (1842–1925), 180n, Gillett, Fred, 373 218, 219, 236, 269, 304 Gilvarry, 339 Flamsteed, John (1646–1719), 106, Gingerich, Owen, 246 119–123, 128, 138, 152, 179, 213 Glaisher, James (b. 1809), 196, 232 Flaugergues, Honore,´ 213, 235 Gold, Thomas, 291, 360 Flemming, Friedrich, 168 Goldader, Jeffrey, 492 Flynn, Brian, 369 Goldreich, Peter, 277, 336, 455, 463, 482 Fontana, Francesco (c. 1580–1656), 91, 92, Goldstein, Richard M., 280, 281, 283 102–104, 108, 216 Goodricke, John (1764–1786), 507 Forbes, George, 269 Gould, 211, 212 Fountain, John, 325, 454 Gouy, A., 198 Fournier, 308 Graff, 322 Fowler, Alfred (1868–1940), 341 Graham, 230 Fowler, Ralph Howard (1889–1944), 312 Graham, George, 138 Frail, Dale, 510 Grassi, Orazio (1590–1654), 90 Franklin, Kenneth, 319 Green, Nathaniel, 237, 238 Fraunhofer, Joseph (1787–1826), 197 Green, Paul, 280 Frederick II, King of Denmark Green, S., 339 (1534–1588), 50, 54 Greenacre, 291 Fremlin, 371 Greenstein, Jesse L., 342 French, R.G., 327 Gregory, David (1659–1708), 159, 162 Friedman, Herbert (1916–2000), 350, 351 Gregory, James (1638–1675), 140 Fritsch, 218 Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618–1663), 91, 92, 96, 109 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), 67n, 71, Gruithuisen, Franz, 220, 222 72–90, 91–94, 98–100, 101, 107, 108, Guerin, Pierre, 323, 324, 457 112, 114, 115, 176, 177, 252 Guest, J. E., 380 Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812–1910), Guinan, Edward, 335 173–176, 256, 269 Gutenberg, Beno (1889–1960), 293 Gallet, Father Jean Charles (1637–1713), Guthnick, Paul (1879–1947), 321 121, 140 Gylden,´ 229 Gassendi, Pierre (1592–1655), 70, 91, 100, 103, 108, 109, 113 Hall, Asaph (1829–1907), 185, 228, 229, Gatewood, George, 509 241, 244, 245, 263 Gault, 380 Hall, Maxwell, 267, 331, 332 Gaultier, Joseph, 108 Halley, Edmond (1656–1742), 116, 118, Gauss, Karl (or Carl) Friedrich 120, 123, 124, 133–134, 136, 140–142, (1777–1855), 145, 164, 165, 209, 300 146, 202 Gautier, Alfred, 231 Hamilton Brown, Robert, 332, 333, 485, Gay–Lussac, 171 486 Gerstenkorn, 292 Hansen, Candy, 432 Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839–1903), 206 Hansen, Peter Andreas (1795–1874), 168, Gibson, Everett Jr., 419, 421 224, 225 Gilbert, Grove K., 223, 291, 365n Harch, Ann, 492 Gilbert, William (1540–1603), 67, 77n Hardie, Robert, 275 Gildemeister, 163 Harding, Karl Ludwig (1765–1834), 155n, Gill, Thomas, 274 163, 166, 183, 215

538

Name index

Harkness, William (1837–1903), 228 Hirst, George (1846–1915), 247, 248 Harrington, Robert S., 488 Hodgson, 232 Harriot, Thomas (1560–1621), 76, 85, 107, Hodierna, G. (1597–1660), 94 108 Hoffman, Christian G., 135 Hartmann, William K., 369, 372 Holden, Edward S. (1846–1914), 241 Hay, William Thompson (1888–1949), 323 Holmes, Arthur, 356 Hayes, S.H., 332 Hooke, Robert (1635–1703), 104, 109, Heaviside, Oliver (1850–1925), 301 116–118, 123, 124, 138, 158 Heinsius, Gottfried (1709–1769), 136 Horrocks (or Horrox), Jeremiah Heintz, 509 (1618–1641), 102, 103 Helin, Eleanor, 339, 340 Hough, George (1836–1909), 248, 251, 252 Hell, Maximilian, 143 Howard, W.E., 276 Hemmel, Heidi, 332 Hubbard, 211, 227 Hencke, Karl Ludwig (1793–1866), 186 Hubbard, William, 334, 335, 484, 489 Henry, Paul Pierre (1848–1905), 265 Hubble, Edwin Powell (1889–1953), 285, Henry, Prosper Mathieu (1849–1903), 265 286 Hepburn, P.H., 157 Hudson, Scott, 491 Heracleides of Pontus (c. 388–315 bc), 17, Huggins, William (1824–1910), 197, 198, 32, 36, 37, 48, 53 213, 218, 243, 249, 264, 265, 341 Herbig, George H., 374 Hulburt, E.O., 302 Hergenrother, Carl, 501 Hulsmeyer, Christian, 302n Hermite, 300 Humason, Milton La Salle (1891–1972), Herodotus (c. 484–425 bc), 12 274, 285, 286 Herrick, 339 Hunten, Donald, 458 Herrick, Edward C. (1811–1862), 211 Huntingdon, 313 Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750–1848), Hussey, Rev. T.J., 168, 169, 218 193 Huth, Johann S., 193 Herschel, John Frederick W. (1792–1871), Huygens, Christiaan (1629–1695), 92–97, 153n, 176, 180, 196, 220, 236, 250, 254, 101, 102, 104, 107n, 113, 129, 220n 266n Hvatum, Hein, 320 Herschel, William (1738–1822), 148–159, 161, 163–165, 200, 201, 213, 216–220, Ibn al-Sh¯atir(1304–1375), 42, 48 233–236, 250, 252, 254, 492 Ibn al-Zarqalaˆ (Arzachel) (1029–1087), Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf (1857–1894), 301 42 Herzberg, Gerhard, 318, 319, 342 Ibn Yunusˆ (d. 1009), 51 Hess, Harry (1906–1969), 356, 358, 359 Ingram, 317 Hevelius (or Hewelcke), Johannes (1611–1687), 91, 92, 94, 96, 102, 109, Jackson, 331, 332 110, 119, 193n, 220 Jacob, W.S., 256 Hicetas of Syracuse (fl. 5th C. bc), 17, 48 Jacobi, 226n Hind, John Russell (1823–1895), 173, 180, James, 318 186, 211 Janisch, 211 Hiorter, 232 Jansky, Karl Guthe (1905–1950), 320n Hipparchus (c. 185–120 bc), 30–32, 34, Janssen, Pierre Jules C. (1824–1907), 218, 47n, 51, 52 243, 264 Hippolytus, 13 Jeans, James Hopwood (1877–1946), 287, Hirayama, Kiyotsugu, 336 288

539

Name index

Jeffreys, Harold (1892–1989), 294–296, Kustner,¨ Karl Friedrich (1856–1936), 228, 299, 310, 311 229 Jewitt, David, 499, 501, 503 Kuzmin, A.D., 283 Johnson, T.H., 303 La Condamine, Charles-Marie de Kamienski, Michael (1880–1973), 196 (1701–1774), 130n Kaneda, E., 505 Lacaille, Nicolas-Louis de (1713–1762), Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 159, 160, 142 223, 224, 226, 235, 248 Lacques, P., 454 Kaplan, Lewis, 307, 308, 401, 402 Lagrange, Joseph Louis de (1736–1813), Kater, Henry (1777–1835), 254 129n, 190, 213 Keeler, James Edward (1857–1900), 241, Lalande, Joseph Jer´ omeˆ le Franc¸ois de 260, 261 (1732–1807), 134, 145, 151, 157, 163, Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) 164, 175, (1824–1907), 284 Lalande, Michel de, 176 Kempf, Paul (1856–1920), 277 Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728–1777), Kennelly, Arthur (1861–1939), 301 161, 236 Kepler, Johannes (Keppler) (1571–1630), 46, Lamont, John (1805–1879), 176, 231 49, 52, 55–70, 71, 74–76, 77n, 81–83, 85, Lampland, Carl Otto (1873–1951), 271, 88, 103n, 110–112, 118, 137, 141, 161, 272, 279, 306, 310, 312 199, 245 Lamy, Philippe, 507n Kiess, C.C. and H.K., 319 Langranus, see Van Langren, Michael Kirch, Gottfried (1639–1710), 119 Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de Kirchoff, Gustav Robert (1824–1887), (1749–1827), 129n, 146, 147, 151, 197 155–157, 160, 161, 166, 201, 223, 224 Kirkwood, Daniel (1814–1895), 186, 207, Larmor, Joseph, 301 216 Larson, Stephen M., 325, 332, 454, 505 Klein, Hermann, 222 Lassell, William (1799–1880), 180, 254, Klinkerfues, E.F. Wilhelm (1827–1884), 256, 262, 266 212 Lau, Hans-Emil, 270 Knight, John, 324 Le Gentil, Guillaume H. (1725–1792), 143, Koestler, Arthur (b. 1905), 47n 144 Komesaroff, Max, 320 Le Monnier, Pierre Charles (1715–1799), Korff, Serge, 303 152, 167 Korringa, 295 Le Verrier (or Leverrier), Urbain Jean Kothari, 312, 313 Joseph (1811–1877), 171–178, 181–184, Kowal, Charles T., 176, 338, 496 185, 191, 207–210, 269 Kozyrev, Nikolei, 291 Lebofsky, Larry, 334 Kreutz, Heinrich Carl F. (1854–1907), 212 Lecacheaux, Jean, 454 Kron, Erich, 342, 503 Ledger, Edmund, 191, 250, 251 Kronig, 295 Lehmann, Inge, 294 Kuhn, Werner, 295 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716), Kuiper, Gerard P. (1905–1973), 289, 290, 93 299, 305, 307, 309, 319, 325, 327, 328n, Leighton, Robert, 403 333, 339, 341, 349, 369, 458, 498 Lepaute, Mme Nicole, 135 Kunowsky, Georg, 235 Lescarbault, Edmond Modeste Kuppuswamy, 331 (1814–1894), 183, 184

540

Name index

Lespiault, 187 Martynov, 283 Leuschner, Armin O. (1868–1953), 273 Maskelyne, Nevil (1732–1811), 143, 145, Levy, David, 438 151, 220 Lexell, Anders Johan (1740–1784), 145, Mason, Charles (1728–1786), 143 151, 192, 193 Mason, Ronald, 358 Liais, Emmanuel (1826–1900), 184, 236, Massey, 315 242 Mastlin¨ (or Maestlin), Michael Liller, William C., 343 (1550–1631), 49, 50n, 55, 59, 68 Lippershey, Hans, 70 Matthews, Drummond, 358 Lissauer, Jack, 336 Matuyama, Motonori (1884–1958), 357 Liviander,¨ 331 Maunder, E. Walter (1851–1928), 218, 231 Locke, John (1792–1856), 205 Maupertuis, Perre Louis M. de Lohrmann, Wilhelm Gotthelf (1698–1759), 130n (1786–1840), 221, 222 Maurolyco, Francesco (1494–1575), 49 Lohse, J.G., 198 Mauvais, F.V., 176 Lomonsov, Mikhail Vasilievich Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–1879), 258, (1711–1765), 144, 216 260n, 283, 343 Lovell, Bernard, 361 Mayer, Cornell H., 282, 320 Lowell, Percival (1855–1916), 216–218, Mayer, Johann Tobias (1723–1762), 152 241–243, 244, 270–271, 273–275, 291, Mayer, Thomas, 146 304, 305, 307, 327 Mayor, Michel, 510, 511 Lugmair, Gunter, 372 Mayr, Simon (1570–1624), 75, 78n Luther, 187 McCrea, William Hunter (1904–1999), 289 Luu, Jane, 499, 501 McCrosky, Richard, 338 Lyapunov, A.M., 226 McCullough, 282 Lyman, 217 McEwen, H., 278 Lyot, Bernard (1897–1952), 276, 277, 282, McKay, David, 419, 421 290, 304, 305, 307, 478 McKinnon, William, 489 McLaughlin, Dean, 305 Mackay, Craig D., 333 McLennan, J.C., 316 Maclaurin, Colin (1698–1746), 161, 226n Mechain,´ Pierre-Franc¸ois A. (1744–1804), Madan, Henry, 245n 151, 193 Madler,¨ Johann Heinrich (1794–1874), Mecke, 316, 317 220–222, 235 Meech, Karen J., 497 Madras, Claudine, 492 Meeus, Jean, 80 Maestlin, Michael, see Mastlin¨ Mellan, Claud (1598–1688), 108, 109 Maggini (1890–1941), 324 Mellish, John, 402 Magini, Giovanni Antonio (1555–1617), Mendillo, Mike, 369 52, 81 Menzel, Donald Howard (1901–1976), 282, Malapert, 108 306, 307, 310–312, 316, 327, 332, 333, Maraldi, Giacomo Filippo (1665–1729), 382 104, 233, 234 Mersenne, Marin (1588–1647), 108 Marconi, Guglielmo (1874–1937), 301 Messier, Charles (1730–1817), 135, 136, Marcy, Geoffrey, 511 192, 209 Marius, Simon (1573–1624), 71 Meton (c. 460–400 bc), 3n, 24, 30 Marsden, Brian G., 213, 340, 499, 501 Meyer, Wilhelm, 211 Marth, Arthur (1828–1897), 259, 263 Micanzio, Fulgenzio (1570–1654), 108

541

Name index

Miles, 314 Opik,¨ Ernst Julius (1893–1985), 331, 347, Millis, Robert L., 329, 331, 505 402 Mink, Douglas, 329 Oresme, Nicole (1320–1382), 48 Mittlefehldt, David, 419 Oriani, Barnaba (1752–1832), 164 Mohn, 202 Orsini, Cardinal Alessandro (1593–1626), Mohorovii, Andrija (1857–1936), 294 89 Moll, 213 Orton, Glenn, 470 Molyneux, Samuel (1689–1728), 138, 139 Osiander, Andreas (1498–1552), 46 Montaigne, Jacques Leibax, 209 Ostro, Stephen, 491 Moore, Joseph H., 327, 332, 333 Owen, Tobias, 432, 490 Morabito, Linda, 434 Morgan, Tom, 368 Page, David, 381 Morrison, David, 487 Page, Thornton, 342 Moulton, Forest R., 288, 291, 322 Palisa, Johann (1829–1925), 337 Mueller, Steve, 489 Palitzsch, Johann Georg (1723–1788), 135, Muhleman, Duane, 380 136 Muller,¨ Gustav (1851–1925), 214, 277, 331 Parker, Eugene, 353, 354 Muller,¨ Johann, of Konigsberg¨ Parmenides of Elea (c. 504–450 bc), 15n (Regiomontanus) (1436–1476), 43 Parsons, Laurence (fourth Earl of Rosse) Munch,¨ Guido, 307, 308, 401, 402 (1840–1908), 247 Murray, Bruce, 370 Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662), 93, 300 Mydorge, Claude, 108 Patterson, 286 Payne (Payne-Gaposchkin), Cecilia, 312 Namiki, Noriyuki, 492 Peacock, George, 172 Nasmyth, James (1808–1890), 217, 248 Peale, Stanton, 432, 434 Ness, Norman, 431 Peirce, Benjamin (1809–1880), 176, 257, Neugebauer, Gerry, 374 270 Newcomb, Simon (1835–1909), 166, 185, Peiresc, Nicholas de (1580–1637), 99n, 220, 224, 228, 230, 299 108, 109 Newton, Hubert Anson (1830–1896), 202, Perrotin, Henri Joseph A. (b. 1845), 218, 206, 207 239, 265 Newton, Isaac (1642–1727), 93, 112–132, Peters, Carl Friedrich W. (1844–1894), 207 133, 136, 159, 181, 185, 199 Pettengill, G., 277 Nicholson, Seth B. (1891–1963), 277, Pettit, Edison, 277, 279n, 291 279n, 291 Phillips, John, 236 Nicolai, Friedrich, 168 Philolaus (c. 450–400 bc), 15–17, 25, 48n Niesten, Louis (1844–1920), 188, 191, 247 Piazzi, Giuseppe (1746–1826), 163–165 Nyren,´ 229 Picard, Jean (1620–1682), 101, 102, 106, 129, 138 O’Dell, Robert, 374 Pickering, Edward Charles (1846–1919), Offutt, Warren, 501 191, 241n, 508 Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm M. (1758–1840), Pickering, William Henry (1858–1938), 162, 163, 165, 166, 186, 193, 200, 204 241–242, 252, 262, 270, 271, 274, 278, Oldham, Richard (1858–1936), 293 290, 327 Olmsted, Denison (1791–1859), 203, Pilcher, Carl, 487 205–207 Pingre,´ Alexandre-Gui (1711–1796), 143, Oort, Jan Henrik (b. 1900), 348, 349 145

542

Name index

Planmann, Anders, 145 Reynaud, P., 273n Plato (c. 427–347 bc), 12, 17, 19–21, 25, 31 Reynolds, Ray, 433, 434 Pliny (23–79 ad), 15 Rheticus, Georg Joachim (1514–1576), Plutarch (46–120 ad), 16, 18 46 Poincare,´ Jules Henri (1854–1912), 226n Ricci, Ostilio (1540–1603), 72 Polemarchus, 23 Riccioli, Giovanni Battista (1598–1671), Pons, Jean Louis (1761–1831), 193, 209 91, 92, 96, 103, 109 Porco, Carolyn, 463 Ricco,` 217 Porter, William, 315 Richer, Jean (1630–1696), 106, 129 Potter, Drew, 368 Rittmann, Arnold, 295 Pound, James, 130 Roberts, James, 320 Price, Bob, 280 Roberval, Giles P. de (1602–1675), 94 Prince, 215, 217 Roche, Edouard Albert (1820–1883), 258 Pritchett, Carl (1837–1888), 247 Roeslin, Helisaeus (1544–1616), 54n Proctor, Richard Anthony (1837–1888), Romer,¨ Ole (1644–1710), 101, 102, 139 222, 250, 286 Roseveare, N.T., 246 Prosperin, 213 Ross, James, 356 Ptolemy of Alexandria (Claudius Rosse, fourth Earl of, see Parsons, Ptolemaeus) (c. 100–170 ad), 30, 34–39, Lawrence 40–42, 44, 46–48, 51, 52, 63, 65, 74, 75, Rudaux (d. 1947), 324 90 Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor Purcell, 350, 351 (1552–1612), 54, 62, 68, 83 Pythagoras (c. 580–500 bc), 14–15 Ruedy, 316 Ruggieri, Guido, 324 Queloz, Didier, 510, 511 Rumker,¨ Karl Ludwig C., 193 Quetelet, Lambert A.J. (1796–1874), 205, Runcorn, Stanley (1922–1995), 355 254 Russell, Henry Norris (1877–1957), 312, Quietanus, Remus, 70, 103n 318, 320, 345 Quinn, Thomas, 498 Sabine, Edward (1788–1883), 231 Rabe, Eugene, 298n Safronov, Viktor S., 290 Rabinowitz, David, 498 Sagan, Carl, 282, 382, 384 Radau, Jean Charles R. (b. 1835), 184 Samuelson, Robert, 458n Radhakrishnan, Venkataraman, 320 Saron, Jean Baptiste de (1730–1794), 151 Raff, Arthur (b. 1917), 358 Schaeberle, John M. (1853–1924), 241, 253, Ramsey, William H., 296, 298, 313, 314, 343 430 Schaer, 323 Ranyard, A.C., 244 Scheiner, Christoph (1573–1650), 71, 86, Ratcliffe, 302 87, 90, 91, 92, 108 Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt) Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio (1842–1919), 296 (1835–1910), 22–24, 27, 207, 215, 216, Regiomontanus, see Muller,¨ Johann 218, 237–241, 264, 407 Reid, William, 324 Schmidt, Johann F. Julius (1825–1884), 221, Reinhold, Erasmus (1511–1553), 48 222 Reinmuth, Karl (1892–1979), 337, 339 Schmitt, Harrison, 368 Reitsema, Harold, 332, 334, 336n, 484 Schonberg,¨ Cardinal Nicholas Reymarus, Nicolaus, see Ursus (1472–1537), 46

543

Name index

Schroter,¨ Johann Hieronymus Sosigenes, 21, 23 (1745–1816), 155n, 163, 166, 213, 214, Spencer Jones, Harold (1890–1960), 175, 216–220, 235, 249 300, 345 Schuler,¨ Wolfgang, 49 Spinrad, Hyron, 307, 308, 383, 401, 402 Schultz, 380 Spitzer, Lyman (1914–1997), 288 Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich (1789–1875), St Augustine (354–430), 40 183, 231, 247, 249, 254 St John, Edward (1857–1935), 307 Schwarzschild, Karl (1873–1916), 342–344, Steavenson, W.H., 278 503 Stebbins, Joel (1878–1966), 321 Scott, Captain Robert Falcon, 387n Stern, Alan, 369 Secchi, Angelo (1818–1878), 197, 207, 214, Stevenson, Thomas, 134 221, 236, 237n, 249, 253, 264, 265 Stewart, John Quincy, 345 Sedgwick, W.F., 287 Stone, Edward James (1833–1897), 181n See, T.J.J., 267 Stoney, George Johnstone (1826–1911), Sekanina, Zdenek, 505 244 Seleucus of Seleucia (fl. 2nd C. bc), 19 Stoyko, N., 300 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c.4bc –65ad), Streete, Thomas (1622–1689), 137 21 Strom, Robert, 380 Shain, Alex, 320 Stromgren,¨ Svante Elis (1870–1947), 346 Shao, Cheng-Yuan, 338 Struve, Otto Wilhelm (1819–1905), Shapley, Harlow (1885–1972), 273 266–268 Shaw, J. Scott, 335 Struve, Otto (1897–1963), 289 Shleicher, David, 505 Struve, Wilhelm (1793–1864), 196, 254 Shoemaker, Carolyn, 438 Stumpff, Peter, 497 Shoemaker, Eugene, 339, 438 Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745), 245, 246 Short, James (1710–1768), 157 Swings, Polydore F. (1906–1983), 342, 344, Showalter, Mark, 437, 463 345, 503 Sill, Godfrey, 387 Silvaggio, Peter, 333 Tacchini, Pietro (b. 1838), 217 Simplicius (fl. c. 530 ad), 21, 23, 24 Taylor, Frank, 303 Sizzi, Francesco (1585–1618), 84 Taylor, Geoffrey, 299 Slade, Martin, 380 Taylor, Gordon, 328 Slavinsky, 167 Terrile, Richard J., 332, 455, 456, 509 Slipher, E.C., 304 Thales of Miletus (c. 625–547 bc), 12–13, Slipher, Vesto Melvin (1875–1969), 14, 16, 18 272–275, 278, 281, 305, 307, 315–318, Tharp, Marie, 356 327 Tholen, David J., 334, 497 Sloanaker, 282, 320 Thollon, Louis (1829–1887), 198, 239 Smart, W.M., 175 Thury, Cesar-Franc¸ois´ Cassini de Smith, Bradford A., 332, 455, 509 (1714–1784), 143 Smith, Robert, 149 Tikhov, Gavril Adrianovich (1875–1960), Smith, William B., 280 305 Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio, 303 Timocharis, 31 Socrates (c. 470–399 bc), 19 Titius, Johann Daniel (1729–1796), 162, Soderblom, Lawrence, 486 163 Sola,´ J. Cornas, 324 Todd, David P., 269 Sorby, Henry (1826–1908), 377 Tokunaga, Alan, 332

544

Name index

Tombaugh, Clyde William (1906–1997), von Humboldt, Friedrich W.H. Alexander 272, 274, 275, 402 (1769–1859), 203, 231, 303 Torricelli, Evangelista (1608–1647), 104 von Oppolzer, Egon, 190 Tousey, 350, 351 von Oppolzer, Theodor (1841–1886), 207, Trask, Newell, 380 209, 212 Tremaine, Scott D., 336, 455, 463, 498 von Weizsacker,¨ Carl (b. 1912), 285, 289 Trout, Dan, 329 von Zach, Franz Xaver (1754–1832), 163, Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold (1827–1895), 164 256, 257, 324 Trumpler, Robert Julius (1886–1956), Wagman, Nicholas, 509 304 Walker, Alistair, 489 Tuttle, Charles W. (1829–1881), 255, Walker, Merle, 275 256 Walker, Richard, 325 Tuttle, Horace P. (1837–1923), 187 Walker, Sears Cooke (1805–1853), 175, Tuve, Merle, 302 176, 207 Twining, Alexander C. (1801–1884), 203 Ward, William, 372n Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), 48–54, 61, 62, Watanabe, 350, 351 64–66, 68, 69, 74–76, 83, 86, 89, 90, 101, Watson, James, 187 106, 137 Watson, William, 150, 151 Watson-Watt, Robert, 302 Urban VIII, Pope, 90 Wegener, Alfred (1880–1930), 303, 304, Urey, Harold (1893–1981), 290, 296–299, 355–356 305 Weiss, Edmund (1837–1917), 211 Ursus (Nicolaus Reymarus) (1550–1599), Welser, Marcus (1558–1614), 86, 87 54n Whipple, Fred Lawrence (b. 1906), 196, 273, 282, 298, 341, 344, 345, 382, 402, Vaisala, Yrjo, 339 498, 502, 503 Valz, Jean E. Benjamin, 168 Whiston, William (1667–1752), 115 Van Allen, James, 351–353 Wiechert, Emil (1861–1928), 293, 294 Van Biesbroeck, G., 338, 347 Wigner, 313 van de Kamp, Peter (b. 1901), 508, 509 Wild, Paul, 338 van den Bos, 190, 495n Wildt, Rupert (1905–1976), 281, 307, Van Langren, Michael (Langranus) 312–314, 316, 317 (1600–1675), 109 Williams, Arthur Stanley (1861–1938), Van Woerkom, Adrianus J.J., 347, 348 264 Vegard, Lars, 302 Williams, Elizabeth, 271 Very, Frank, 307 Williams, James, 340 Veverka, Joseph, 453n Williams, Stanley (1861–1938), 322 Vine, Frederick, 358 Winthrop, John (1714–1779), 143 Vinta, Belisario (1542–1613), 82 Witt, Gustav (1866–1946), 187 Vogel, Hermann Carl (1841–1907), 214, Wolf, Max Franz J.C. (1863–1932), 186 218, 243, 249, 508 Wolf, Rudolf (1816–1893), 184, 231 von Asten, Friedrich Emil (1842–1878), Wolszczan, Alex, 510 195, 213 Wren, Christopher (1631–1723), 91, 94, 95, von Ende, 163 123, 124 von Helmholtz, Hermann (1821–1894), Wright, Thomas of Durham (1711–1786), 284 159, 161, 166

545

Name index

Wright, W.H. (1871–1959), 279n, Young, Leslie, 490 309 Young, Louise, 387 Wurm, Karl, 344, 345 Zare, Richard, 420 Young, Andrew, 387 Zollner,¨ Johann C. Friedrich (1834–1882), Young, Charles Augustus (1834–1908), 214, 217, 249 241, 264 Zupus (or Zupo), Father Giovanni, 102

546

Subject index

Main references are in bold type

Alfonsine Tables, 42, 44, 48 diameter, 165, 191, 192n Almagest (Ptolemy), 35, 41, 46, 47, 74 discovery, 163–165 Arabs, 41, 42 orbit, 164–166 Assyrians, 4 Chiron (2060), 496–499 asteroids, 161–166, 186–192, 275, 322, 334, Eros (433), 187–190, 337, 494–496 336–341, 348, 491–502 Fides (37), 187 general Flora, 186 atmospheres, 191 Gaspra (951), 491, 492, 494 binary asteroids, 187 Hebe, 186 Centaurs, 496, 498, 501 Hermes, 339 C-types, 494 Icarus (1566), 339, 340, 491 families, 336 Ida (243), 492–494 Kirkwood gaps, 186, 187 Dactyl, 492–494 Koronis family, 493 Isis, 186 Kuiper belt, 340–341, 498–501 Juno, 166, 191, 192n Kuiper belt objects, 499–502 Maia (66), 187 1992 QB1, 499–500 Mathilde (253), 494 1993 FW, 499–500 Nessus (7066), 501 orbits, 188, 191 Pallas, 191 scattered disc objects, 501–502 albedo, 191, 192n 1996 TL66, 501 diameter, 165, 191, 192n S-types, 494 discovery, 165 total mass, 191 orbit, 165, 166 Trojans, 190 Patroclus (617), 190 Vulcanoids, 340 Phaethon (3200), 339 named Pholus (5145), 498, 499 Achilles (588), 190 Polyhymnia (33), 191 Adonis (2101), 338 Quetzalcoatl, 340 Aethra (132), 187, 188 Toro (1685), 340 Albert (719), 337 Vesta, 166, 191, 192 Amor (1221), 337, 338 Astronomia Nova (Kepler), 63, 68, 88n, Apollo (1862), 337, 338 110, 111 Astrea, 186 atmospheric refraction, 51, 136–138 Aten (2062), 340 Brucia (323), 186 Babylonians, 4–11, 12–14, 28, 30, 31 Castalia (4769), 491 Ceres albedo, 191, 192n calendar, 2–4, 21, 28, 42, 43, 103n

547

Subject index

comets, 50, 52, 90n, 192–202, 339, Great March Comet of 1843 (1843 I), 341–349, 496, 497, 502–507 200, 201, 211–213 general Great September Comet (1882 II), 195, composition, 341–342 198, 212, 213, 345 carbon, 198 Great Southern Comet of 1880 (1880 cyanogen, 198 I), 211–213 iron, 198 Grigg–Skjellerup, 506 sodium, 198, 199 Hale–Bopp, 503n density, 342–343 Halley, 133–136, 168, 193n–194n, 195, dirty snowball theory, 196, 344–345, 196, 341, 342, 345, 502–506 502, 506 bow shock, 504 effect of solar radiation pressure, inner coma, constituents, 505 199 ionopause, 504 heads, 341, 342 nucleus, 503–505 density, 196 Ikeya-Seki (1965 VIII), 342 Kreutz sungrazing, 211–213 Kohoutek, 504 nucleus, 200, 342–344, 348n Lexell, 192 composition, 344–345 Morehouse (1908 III), 341 jets, 195, 196 Mrkos (1957 V), 343 size, 345–346 of 1305, 134 orbits, 118–123, 133–136, 192–196, of 1456, 134 201, 202, 269, 346–349 of 1531, see Halley effect of Jupiter, 193, 202, 211 of 1607, see Halley effect of solar repulsive force, of 1664, 119 199–201 of 1680, 118–123, 133 resisting medium, 193–196, 212 of 1682, see Halley origin, 201–202, 346–349 of 1683, 133 Oort cloud, 348–349, 498 Shoemaker–Levy 9, 438–439 tails, 199–201, 341, 342, 343–344 Swift–Tuttle (1862 III), 197, 207 antitail, 199 Tago–Sato–Kosaka, 503 hydrocarbons in, 197, 201 Tebbutt (1861 II), 197 hydrogen in, 201 Tebbutt (1881 III), 197–198 individual Tempel (1864 II), 197 Arend-Roland (1957 III), 343 Tempel–Tuttle (1866 I), 197, 207–209 Bennett, 504 Tralles (1819 II), 196 Bester (1948 I), 342 Wells (1882 I), 198 Biela, 196, 209, 210 Borrelly, 506–507 De Revolutionibus (Copernicus), 44–47, Chiron, see asteroids 74, 89 comet 1887 I, 213 Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems Cunningham (1941 I), 342 (Galileo), 89, 90 Daniel (1907 IV), 341 Divine Comedy (Dante), 42, 43 Delavan, 347 Donati (1858 VI), 196, 345 earth, 7, 25, 26, 103n, 227–233, 292–304, Encke, 193, 195, 196, 213 350–360 Giacobini–Zinner, 502–503 age, 284–286 Great Comet of 1811, 200 atmosphere, 325

548

Subject index

constituents, 308 precession of perihelion, 7 pressure, 300, 309 radiation belts, 351–353 temperature, 300 radioactive heating, 296, 297 aurora, 232–233 rotation period, 299–300 bow shock, 354 seasons, 2, 24, 31, 32 continental drift, see plate tectonics spherical shape, 12, 15, 26 density, 126, 127, 250, 294 spin axis precession, see precession of diameter, 29 equinoxes earthquakes, 356, 358 spin rate, 146 equatorial bulge, 106, 129, 130, 147, 292 spins on its axis? 16–18, 26, 35, 44, 48, inclination of equatorial plane, see 74, 116 ecliptic, obliquity tidal friction, 299 internal structure, 292–296, 297 tides, 110 core, 293–297 volcanoes, 293, 356 crust, 292–294, 296, 356, 359 eclipses lithosphere, 359 lunar, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 16, 19, 26, 31, 32 mantle, 293–297, 356, 358, 359, 372 solar, 12, 13, 16, 27, 32 Mohoroviciˇ c´ discontinuity, 294 ecliptic Wiechert–Gutenberg discontinuity, obliquity, 14, 29, 106 293 Egyptians, 2, 4, 14, 27, 28, 31 internal temperature, 292 epicycles, 32–39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47 ionosphere, 300–303, 350–351 Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae D layer, 302 (Kepler), 69, 88n E or Heaviside layer, 301, 302 equant, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47, 52, 63, 64, 66 F layer, 302 ether, 111, 112, 115, 116, 118, 193n, 199, longitude determination, 99, 108, 109 202 longitude, 43 extra-solar system planets, 507–512 magnetic field, 354, 355, 357, 358, around 47 Ursae Majoris, 511 427 around 51 Pegasi, 510 magnetic storms, 231–233 around HD 209458, 512 magnetic variations, 230–233 around millisecond pulsar magnetopause, 354, 427 PSR B1257 + 12, 510 magnetosphere, 352, 353–355 mass, 126, 127 Galileo, dispute with the Church, 87–90 nutation of axis, 139, 140 gravity, 106, 110, 111, 114–118, 123–132 ocean ridges, 356–360 Greeks, 7, 12–32, 38, 40, 41 ocean trenches, 356, 358–360, 398n orbit, 66 Harmonice Mundi (Kepler), 69 eccentricity, effect of planetary heliacal perturbations, 146 rising, 8, 11, 27 origin of life, 13n setting, 9, 11 plate tectonics/continental drift, hippopede, 22 303–304, 355–360 polar ﬂattening, see equatorial bulge Indians, 41, 42 polar motion, 227–230 interplanetary magnetic field, 362, 383, precession of equinoxes, 28, 30, 47 130, 410, 504 131 Ishtar, 4

549

Subject index

Jupiter, 3, 5, 11, 103n, 247–254, 319–322, Callisto, 79, 80, 98, 125, 252, 253, 321, 426–451, 452, 507 325, 428, 443–445 albedo, 249 atmosphere, 445 atmosphere, 248–251, 430, 438, 440, craters, 434, 444 441 internal structure, 445 constituents, 428, 439–441 magnetic field, 445 pressure and temperature profile, 428, radioactive heating, 445 440, 441 sub-surface ocean, 445 aurorae, 249, 449 surface, 432 belts, 104 constituents, 444 bow shock, 426, 427, 429, 431 temperature, 429 bright zones, 250 Valhalla, 435, 443, 444 cloud layers, 441 water ice, 432 constituents, 312–319 dark transits, 252, 253 dark belts, 250 Europa, 80, 98, 252, 253, 310, 320, 325, dark spots, 248, 250–252 428, 445–448 density, 126, 127, 249, 310, 311 core, 448 edge (or limb) darkening, 249, 252 craters, 436 effect on cometary orbits, 135 Manann’an, 447 Great Red Spot (GRS), 105, 247, 248, Pwyll, 446, 447 250–252, 429–431, 435, 436, 479 ice ﬂoes, 436 helium abundance, 428, 440, 469 Conamara, 446, 448 internal heat, 248, 249, 310–312, 428, magnetic field, 448 440 palimpsests, 436 internal structure, 310–315, 430 sub-surface ocean, 448 liquid surface, 250, 252 surface, 432, 434 magnetic field, 320, 426, 427, 429, 449, age, 436, 447 468 triple bands, 436, 445–447 magnetopause, 426, 427, 429, 431 water ice, 432 magnetosphere, 426, 428, 429, 436, Ganymede, 80, 98, 252, 253, 321, 325, 443–445, 449 428, 441–443, 448 mass, 125, 127 atmosphere, 443 mountain, 251 core, 443 orbit, 17, 39 craters, 434, 443 inclination, 101 Galileo Regio, 434, 442, 443 polar ﬂattening, 104, 129, 130 ionosphere, 443 radiation belts, 319–320, 426–428, 440 magnetic field, 443 radio emission, 319–320 magnetosphere, 443 radioactive heating, 311 surface, 432, 434 red spot, see also Great Red Spot, 83n age, 443 Red Spot Hollow, 247 constituents, 443 rings, 431, 432, 437, 472 temperature, 429, 443 rotation period, 104, 248, 249, 251 tectonic activity, 442 satellites, 78–82, 84, 98–102, 108, 128, water ice, 432, 442, 443 321–322, 341 Io, 79, 80, 98, 252, 253, 310, 320–322, Adrastea, 437 325, 428, 432–434, 437, Amalthea, 254, 428, 432 448–451

550

Subject index

atmosphere, 428 Ares Vallis, 417, 422 core, 449 atmosphere, 234, 306–309, 325, 403 ﬂux tubes, 449 clouds, 308, 404 ionosphere, 428, 449 dust, 405–410, 415n magnetic field, 449 constituents, 305, 307, 308, 402, 404, surface, 432 408, 412, 413, 416 age, 433 oxygen, 243 constituents, 432, 437, 450 pressure, 307–309, 401, 402, 404, 412, temperature, 437, 449–451 415 volcanoes/geysers, 433, 434, 437, temperature, 412, 414, 416 444, 449 water vapour, 243 Loki, 437, 450 axial inclination, 234 Pele, 436, 437, 450–452 ‘canals’, 237–243, 304 Pillan Patera, 450–452 Chryse Planitia, 408, 409, 411, 412, 415, Prometheus, 433, 450, 451 417 Metis, 437 craters, 402–404, 424 self-luminous?, see Jupiter, internal heat density, 127, 294 South Equatorial Belt, 247 Hellas basin/plain, 404, 408 South Tropical Zone, 429 Hellespontus, 404 spectrum, 249 internal structure, 294, 298 spin axis inclination, 101 core, 403, 423 temperature, 310–312, 428, 429, 441 life, 235, 236, 242–244, 305, 403, 404, volcanoes, 248, 251 408, 410, 412–414, 420, 421 water, 107n magnetic field, 403, 410, 423 white spots, 248, 250–252, 320 meteorite ALH 84001, 419–421 wind velocity, 436, 440, 455, 456 mountains, 298 Nix Olympica, 239, 407 Kepler’s Olympus Mons, 406, 407, 424 laws orbit, 17, 22, 23, 27, 39, 52, 54, 61, 62–68 first, 67, 117, 123, 128 inclination, 64 second, 67, 118, 123, 124 longitude of aphelion, 64, 65 third, 61n, 69, 118, 123, 124, 128 longitude of the ascending node, 64 star, 75–76 plate tectonics, 408 theory of solar system forces polar caps, 104, 233–236, 238, 242–244, magnetism, 67 305, 306, 309, 404, 405, 408, 412, vortices, 67 415, 418 radiation belts, 403 Letters on Sunspots (Galileo), 87, 89 rotation period, 104, 235 life satellites, 82n in other solar systems, 85 Deimos, 244–245, 405, 417–418 in solar system, 107n Phobos, 244–245, 405, 406, 417–419 light seas, 236, 239, 242 aberration of, 138–140, 228 Solis Lacus, 305 finite velocity of, 101, 139 surface, 304–306 age, 403, 423, 424 Mars, 3, 10 11, 103n, 105, 106, 233–246, constituents, 413 287, 304–309, 400–425 images from, 412–414

551

Subject index

Mars (cont.) meteors (shooting stars) lava ﬂows, 423 heights, 203 magnetic particles, 413 showers, 202–211 temperature, 243, 306, 403, 415, 417 Geminids, 339 volcanic rocks, 422 Perseids (August meteors), 204–208 Syrtis Major, 104, 233, 235, 238 Leonids (November meteors), 203– Tharsis, 406, 407, 416 210 Utopia Planitia, 414 links to comets, 206–211 Valles Marineris, 408, 416 radiant, 203, 204 volcanoes, 298, 305, 403, 406, 407 orbits, 203, 205–211 water, 402–411, 415, 420, 422–424, 425n effect of Jupiter, 206 wind velocity, 409, 412, 415 effect of Saturn, 206 Mercury, 3, 9, 11, 213–216, 276–278, 287, effect of Uranus, 206, 209 288, 379–382 meteorites, 286, 296–298, 348, 377, 378 albedo, 214 composition, 197 atmosphere, 213–216, 277, 325, 380 Metonic cycle, 3, 28, 30 water vapour, 214 month axial inclination, 215 anomalistic, 7 Caloris Basin, 379, 381 intercalary, 3 craters, 379 synodic, 3, 5–7, 28, 30 density, 127, 294, 298n moon, 2–8, 16, 28, 36, 106–110, 111, diameter, 103 114–116, 129–131, 219–226, internal structure, 294 290–292, 325, 360–372 core, 382 age, 367 life, 235, 244 annual equation, 52 magnetic field, 382 Apennines, 365, 366 mass, 193n, 213 atmosphere, 106, 107, 220, 362, 368 orbit, 16, 17, 20, 23, 27, 36, 46, 53, 63, cometary impacts, 370 69, 181 craters, 109, 222, 223, 291, 367 eccentricity, 191 Linne,´ 221–222 inclination, 184, 185 density, 294 period, 184 diameter, 19 precession of perihelion, 182, 185, distance, 18, 19, 32 194 dust, 291 radius, 184 earthshine, 77 phases, 102 eclipses, 108, 109 rotation period, 215, 216, 276–277 evection (or second anomaly), 51, 52 surface, 214, 277–278 fire fountains, 367, 368 temperature, 278, 380, 381 Genesis rock, 366 transits, 69, 70, 85, 140–143, 181, 182, heat ﬂow, 367 213 highlands, 370 of 1677, 140–142 impact rocks, breccia, 363, 365, 368 of 1743, 142 inclination of orbital plane, 8, 51, 52 of 1753, 142, 143 internal structure, 294, 297 of 1845, 171 core, 360, 363, 367 water ice, 380 crust, 366, 367, 370, 372 weird terrain, 380 mantle, 367

552

Subject index

libration, 107, 108 motion in a circle, 111, 113–114 life, 107, 220, 290, 363 music of the spheres, 15 magnetic field, 360–362, 367 Mysterium Cosmographicum (Kepler), 59, maps, 108–110 61, 74, 111 maria, 361–364, 367, 370 Mare Imbrium, 364–366, 368, 369, Neptune, 166–180, 267–268, 270, 287, 380n 331–336, 469, 477–487, 489, 499, Mare Orientale, 370, 372, 380n 500 Sea of Crises (Mare Crisium), 368, atmosphere, 479, 480 369 constituents, 312, 314–319 Sea of Fertility (Mare Fecunditatis), D2 spot, 479, 480 368 density, 268, 314 Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis), 368, diameter, 267, 268 369 discovery, 173–174 Sea of Tranquillity (Mare Great Dark Spot (GDS), 479, 480 Tranquillitatis), 362, 363 helium abundance, 470 mascons, 362, 369 high-altitude cirrus, 480 meteorite impacts, 291, 362, 365–369, internal heat, 310, 481 372 internal structure, 310, 314, 315 mountains, 77, 84 magnetic field, 427, 468, 481 Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum), magnetopause, 427 361–363 mass, 267 orbital inclination, 107 naming the planet, 174 origin and development, 225–226, orbit, 176–179 291–292, 299, 367, 371–372 post-discovery events, 173–180 precession of apogee, 51 predicted orbit, 170–172, 176, 178 radioactive heating, 297 pre-discovery observations, 175, 176 regression of line of nodes, 5, 23, 51, 52, Galileo’s observation, 176–177 131, 140 rings, 334–336, 482–484 rock density, 362 rotation period, 267, 331–332, 480 secular acceleration, 146–147, 223–225, satellites, 332–334 299 Despina, 481n, 484 South Pole–Aitken basin, 369, 370 Galatea, 481n, 484 spherical shape, 26 Larissa, 481n, 482, 484 spin axis orientation, 107, 108 Naiad, 481n, 482 surface, 219–223, 290–291 Nereid, 333, 334, 481, 482 age, 363, 364, 366, 372 Proteus, 481, 482 dust, 361 Thalassa, 481n regolith, 367, 370 Triton, 267, 325, 332–334, 481, 482, ‘variation’, 52, 131–132 484–487, 489, 491, 498 variation in angular size, 27, 36, 44, 47, albedo, 485 48 atmosphere volcanic rock constituents, 478, 485 basalt, 362, 363, 367, 370 surface pressure, 485 KREEPy lavas, 365 craters, 486 volcanoes, 220, 222, 226, 291 density, 484 water, 107, 363, 370, 371 diameter, 484

553

Subject index

Neptune (cont.) Lowell, see Flagstaff discovery, 180 McDonald, 307 geysers/volcanoes, 485, 486 Meudon, 217, 276, 290, 304 polar cap, 485 Morrison, 247 surface, 487 Mount John, 335 constituents, 478, 487 Mount Wilson, 274, 278, 279n, 281, temperature, 478, 485 291, 307, 317, 338 Scooter, 479, 480 Munich, 231 shepherd satellites, 484 Nice, 187, 198, 239, 241 wind velocity, 481 Palermo, 163 Newton’s second law, 124 Palomar (Hale), 438, 496 Nile ﬂoods, 27, 28 Paramatta, 193 Paris, 96, 101, 233 observatories Perth, 329 optical Pic du Midi, 276, 304, 325, 454 Allegheny, 260, 323, 509 Potsdam, 214 Ann Arbor, 187 Pulkovo, 229, 267, 278 Athens, 221 Sproul, 508 Berlin, 173, 187, 228, 229, 254, 256 Tartu, 331 Bologna, 137 Uraniborg, 101 Brera, 215, 237 US Naval, 244, 269, 320, 325, 488 Brussels, 247, 254, 273 Van Vleck, 509 Cambridge (UK), 169, 172, 175 Vilna, 167 Cape (SA), 212 Washington, 227 Catalina, 325, 454 Yale, 322 Cerro Tololo (CTIO), 335 Yerkes, 323, 338 Cloudcroft, 501 radio Crimea, 291 Arecibo, 277, 281, 283 Dearborn, 247 Goldstone, 280 Dun Echt, 198 Haystack, 283 European Southern (ESO), 335 Millstone Hill, 280 Flagstaff (Lowell), 217, 241, 242, Owens Valley, 320 270–275, 291, 305–307, 315 Parkes, 320 Florence, 197 US Naval, 282 French Naval, 135 VLA, 458, 510 Gottingen,¨ 231 Greenwich, 232, 323 planets Harvard, 188, 229, 242, 252, 255, 267, densities, 124–127, 213 270, 271, 327, 328, 339, 508 distances of, 20, 47n, 56–58, 103 Heidelberg, 186, 337 forces keeping them in orbit, 59, 62, 63, Kavalur, 330 66, 67, 69n Kempshot, 267 anima motrix, 111 Kew, 232 magnetism, 111, 120–122 Kuiper Airborne (KAO), 328, 329, 497 vortices, 111–112, 115, 116, 118 120 Las Campana, 332 see also gravity Lick, 217, 218, 241, 243, 261, 304, 309, intramercurial, 182–185 332, 511 masses, 124–127

554

Subject index

numbers of satellites, 246 internal structure, 310–315 periods, 60, 69 magnetic field, 427, 452n, 453, 457, 458, trans-Neptunian, 269–275 468 velocities, 56, 59 magnetopause, 427, 453 Planet X, 271–274 magnetosphere, 452–454, 459 Pluto, 269–275, 288, 485, 487–491, mass, 125, 127 500–502 orbit, 17, 39 albedo, 487, 490 polar ﬂattening, 92, 158 atmosphere, 275, 490 radiation belts, 452, 453 constituents, 490 radioactive heating, 311 pressure, 491 rings, 83, 91–97, 155–156, 323–324, 457, Charon, 488–491 461, 472, 484 albedo, 490 A ring, 97, 157, 254, 255n, 257, 324, density, 491 453, 455, 456, 462–464, 473 diameter, 489 B ring, 97, 157, 254, 256, 257, 260, 324, surface constituents, 490 455, 457, 462–464, 473 density, 491 C ring, 256, 257, 259, 260, 323–324, diameter, 488, 490 457, 462, 473 mass, 275 possible pre-discovery observation, naming the planet, 273–274 158 orbit, 273–275 Cassini division, 97, 156, 157, 256, rotation period, 275 259, 456, 462–464, 473 spin axis orientation, 488, 490 D ring, 457 surface, 275 dimensions, 157 constituents, 487, 490 E ring, 323, 458 Prutenic Tables (Reinhold), 48 Encke division, 254, 463 Principia Philosophiae (Descartes), 111 F ring, 453, 455, 457, 462, 463 Principia (Newton), 123–132 fine structure, 456, 462 G ring, 454, 458 relativity particle sizes, 324 general theory, 185 rotation rate, 157 special theory, 285 spokes, 455, 457, 462, 463 Romans, 40 theory of, 257–260, 462, 463 Rudophine Tables (Kepler), 69, 137 velocities, 260, 261 rotation period, 159, 263, 264, 454 saros, 5,7 satellites, 324–326 341 Saturn, 3, 11, 91–98, 103n, 155–159, Atlas, 456 254–264, 322–326, 452–466, 508 Calypso, 455n atmosphere, 263, 264 Dione, 97, 259, 323, 325, 454, 459, bow shock, 453 460, 466 constituents, 311–318 Enceladus, 259, 260n, 459, 465–466 dark spots, 264 discovery, 158 density, 126, 127, 310, 311 Epimetheus, 453, 454, 466 effect on cometary orbits, 135 Helene, 454 equatorial current, 322 Hyperion, 259, 262, 459, 460 helium abundance, 470 Iapetus, 97, 158, 259–262, 453, 459, internal heat, 310–312, 455 460, 465

555

Subject index

Saturn (cont.) proplyds, 374, 375 Janus, 325, 454, 466 BN object, 374 Mimas, 259, 459, 462, 463 planetesimals, 288–290, 298, 341, 377, discovery, 158 378, 489, 498, 499 Pan, 463 protoplanets, 379 Pandora, 455 solar nebula, 377, 378, 389 Phoebe, 259, 262, 263 T Tauri stars, 373–374 Prometheus, 455 tidal theory, 287–288 Rhea, 97, 259, 325, 453, 459, 460 Vega dust cloud, 373 Telesto, 455n β-Pictoris dust cloud, 373, 374 Tethys, 97, 259, 260n, 325, 455n, 459, spacecraft (individual or series) 466 Apollo, 363–369, 371, 372 Titan, 93, 94, 125, 259, 261, 310, 324, Clementine, 369–370 325, 453, 458–459, 463 DS 1, 507 atmosphere, 458, 459, 464 Explorer, 351, 352, 354 constituents, 458, 459 Galileo, 438, 439–451, 452, 491–493 surface pressure, 458 Giotto, 502–506 temperature, 459 Hubble Space Telescope, 374, 375, 443, clouds, 464 450, 480n, 497, 507n, 512 surface, 459 ICE, 502, 503 temperature, 458, 459 IMP 1, 354 shepherd satellites, 455, 462, 463 IRAS, 373, 509 south equatorial belt, 98 IUE, 467n, 505 spectrum, 264 Luna, 354, 360–362, 368 temperature, 310–312 Lunar Orbiter 1, 362 water vapour, 264 Lunar Prospector, 370–371 white spots, 263, 322, 323 Magellan, 392n, 394–400 wind velocity, 455, 456 Mariner 2, 382–383 shepherd satellites, see also under Saturn Mariner 4, 402–403 and Uranus, 336 Mariner 5, 383, 386 Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) Mariner 6 and 7, 403–405 (Galileo), 77–82 Mariner 9, 405–411, 415n Sirius, 2, 27 Mariner 10, 379–382, 388n solar nebula, 428, 440, 469, 470, 509 Mars 2 and 3, 410 solar system Mars Global Surveyor, 422–425 age, 284–286 Mars Odyssey, 425n origin and evolution, 159–161, 284–290, NEAR, 494–495 294, 372–379, 441, 512 OAO-2, 503 bipolar outﬂows, 376 Pathfinder, 421–422 Buffon’s theory, 159–160 Phobos, 418–419 collision theory, 287 Pioneer 3 and 4, 353 condensing nebula, 286, 289–290, 295, Pioneer 10, 426–429 297, 299, 349 Pioneer 11, 426, 429–430, 452–454 Kant’s theory, 159–160 Pioneer Venus, 387–389 Laplace’s theory, 160–161 Ranger 7, 361 Orion Nebula Sakigake, 502

556

Subject index

Suisei, 502, 504, 505 Uranus, 148–155, 163, 264–266, 267, 287, Surveyor, 362 326–331, 466–477 Vega 1 and 2, 392–394, 502–503, 505 atmosphere, 470 Venera 4, 383 aurora, 467n Venera 7 and 8, 384–385 bow shock, 467 Venera 9 and 10, 385–387 clouds, 469, 470 Venera 11 and 12, 389–390 constituents, 312, 314–319 Venera 13 and 14, 390–391 density, 314 Venera 15 and 16, 391–392 diameter, 151 Viking, 411–418 discovery, 150, 151 Voyager 1, 430–435, 436, 454–460, 461, helium abundance, 470 462 internal heat, 310, 312, 471 Voyager 2, 430, 434, 435–437, 461–487 internal structure, 310, 314, 315 sun, 2, 3, 5–7, 16, 24, 28, 129, 130 magnetic field, 427, 467, 468 age, 284–285 magnetopause, 427 corona, 196n, 343, 351, 353 magnetosphere, 467 diameter, 19 mass, 154–155 distance, 18, 103, 106, 139, 140, 145, 181 naming the planet, 151–152 ﬂares, 302–303, 351 orbit, 151, 166–172, 178–180, 269–270, helium abundance, 428n 274–275 hydrogen, 312 polar ﬂattening, 155 parallax, 32, 105–106, 126, 127, 137, 138, pre-discovery observations, 152, 166– 140–145, 147, 181n, 228 167 rotation, 67, 85, 86 radiation belts, 467 solar wind, 353, 354, 368, 380, 390, 426, rings, 328–331, 455, 467, 471–474, 484 427, 429, 431, 449, 452, 453n, 504, discovery, 328–329 506, 507 rotation axis orientation, 265 sunspots, 85–87, 184, 232 rotation period, 264, 326–327, 467 period, 231 satellites ultraviolet radiation, 302, 350, 351 Ariel, 266, 467, 474, 475, 476 X-ray radiation, 302, 303, 350, 351 possible early observation, 155 Belinda, 471 telescopes (early), 70–71 Bianca, 471 Titius–Bode series or ‘law’, 162–163, 165, Cordelia, 471, 472 168, 170, 175 Cressida, 471 TraitedeM´ echanique´ Celeste´ (Laplace), Desdemona, 471 147 Juliet, 471 Tycho’s star, 49, 50 Miranda, 327–328, 467, 474, 476–477 Oberon, 265, 266, 474, 476 universe discovery, 153, 154 age, 285–286 orbits, 154 geocentric (earth-centred), 13, 17, 20, 26, Ophelia, 471, 472 35, 53, 54, 74, 75, 83, 85 Portia, 471 heliocentric (sun-centred), 17–19, 45–48, Puck, 471 74–76, 82–85, 88–90 Rosalind, 471 size, 36, 37 Titania, 265, 266, 474–476

557

Subject index

Uranus (cont.) magnetic field, 383 discovery, 153, 154 Maxwell Montes, 387, 388, 392, 395 orbits, 154 mountains, 103 Umbriel, 266, 467, 474, 476 orbit, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 27, 36, 46, 53, possible early observation, 155 69, 125 shepherd satellites, 455, 471 oxygen, 218 spectrum, 265 phases, 75, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89 temperature, 312, 470 Phoebe Regio, 390 wind velocity, 469 plains, 388, 390, 392, 396 Pomona Corona, 392 Venus, 3, 4, 9, 102, 216–219, 278–284, 287, radiation belts, 383 382–400 rotation period, 103–104, 218, 219, albedo, 217 278–281 Anahit Corona, 392 surface, 217, 218, 282, 283–284 Aphrodite Terra, 284, 388, 393, 395, 398 age, 392, 394 ashen light, 103, 386 craters, 283 atmosphere, 144, 217, 281–283, 325 images from, 386, 390–392 circumpolar collar, 388 temperature, 382–384 constituents, 281, 282, 383–390 tectonic activity, 392, 398 surface pressure, 282, 382–384 temperature, 279, 282 Beta Regio, 388, 392, 395, 398, 401 transits, 69, 70, 86, 102, 103, 105n, bow shock, 383 140–145 clouds of 1761, 141–144 cloud-top of 1769, 141, 142, 144–145 height, 283, 382 volcanic rock, 385, 390 temperature, 383, 386, 389 volcanoes, 390, 394, 396 constituents, 386–389, 393 pancake domes, 397, 400 layers, 385, 390, 393 Rhea Mons, 385, 388, 401 density, 127, 294 Theia Mons, 385, 388, 401 diameter, 103 water vapour, 217, 218 Diana Chasma, 387 wind velocity, 384, 393 impact craters, 392, 394, 396–398 Vulcan, 184–185 internal structure, 294, 385 lithosphere, 397 year Ishtar Terra, 388, 392, 395, 398 anomalistic, 6, 7 Lakshmi Planum, 388, 392 sidereal, 6, 7, 30 lava ﬂows, 396, 397, 399 tropical, 3, 14, 30, 31 life, 217, 219, 235, 244 lightning, 386, 393 zodiacal light, 185, 195, 196n

558