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Characterization of the Dairy Production System in the Vina Division, Adamawa Region, Cameroon

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Characterization of the Dairy Production System in the Vina Division, Adamawa Region, Cameroon International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research Vol.9 (3), pp. 60-82, May 2021 Available online at https://www.journalissues.org/IJAPR/ https://doi.org/10.15739/IJAPR.21.008 Copyright © 2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article ISSN 2350-1561 Original Research Article Characterization of the dairy production system in the vina division, Adamawa Region, Cameroon Received 12 February, 2021 Revised 10 April, 2021 Accepted 20 April, 2021 Published 6 May, 2021 Hélène Carole Edima1*, The goal of this study is to characterise dairy production systems and identify Dazeck Doumba. F. R1,2. the barriers to their development in the Adamawa region. A questionnaire based on FAO's good milking practise was used to conduct the survey. Focus and group discussions and key informant interviews with milk producers in the Vina 3 Alim Amadou Division were used to collect qualitative information on people and cattle. According to the main findings, 94% of dairy farmers were Peulhs, 43% were 1Department of Food Science illiterate, and 63% had no dairy production training. 75% of dairy farmers also and Nutrition, National engaged in other agricultural activities. During the dry season, approximately School of Agro-industrial 93% of breeders sent their animals to pasture, with the remaining 97% Science, University of supplementing with feed. On all farms, milking was done manually by the Ngaoundéré, PO Box 455, shepherd (70%). The typological analysis identified three types of dairy farms. Cameroon. Group 1 is made up of 60% breeders who have had no training in milk 2Institute of Agricultural production. They have 95 ± 18% of the local cow (Goudali) and 5 ± 17% of a Research for Developpement, mixed breed. According to bovine herds, 45 ± 15 heads including 21 ± 8 cows are Wakwa Researche Center, used for milk production. In 98% of the farms, the daily milk production is 18 ± Cameroon. 16 L with regard to the environment, 96% of the farms are fenced but none has 3School of Science and an enclosure. Agricultural activity is practiced on 87% of farms. The dominant Veterinary Medecine; mode of reproduction is natural horsemanship and all breeders supplement the University of Ngaoundéré, feed of the animals during the dry season. In group 2, 82% have no training in Cameroon. dairy production. 91±30% of the livestock is made of local cows (Goudali) and 9±30% of mixed breeds. Their herd is large, with 41±25 head including 19±14 *Corresponding Author cows used for milk production in the rainy season. Their daily milk production Email: [email protected] is 6±3 L. According to the farm, 81% have an area of less than 10 Ha, 73%, are closed and engaged in agricultural activities. All farms in group 2 use natural riding as the only means of reproduction and food supplementation is only made in 82% of farms. The Group 3 is made up of rather educated breeders, 45% of whom have reached university, 45% trained in dairy production their livestock is made of 25±41% exotic breeds, 37±28 of mixed breed and 38±32% of local breeds. From a small number of cattle (23±13 heads) including 10±6 cows, their average daily milk production is 21±14 L. According to farms, 91% have an area of more than 10 Ha, are all fenced, and half have a barn. Natural riding is the sole mode of reproduction on 91% of farms. These findings reveal a diverse set of practises among the farms studied. This explains the ineffectiveness of the government's actions. Indeed, the government has always taken a global approach to support, but it appears that the support strategy for this sector must take the unique characteristics of each farm into account. Keywords: Dairy farming, demographics, herds, Adamawa, Cameroon INTRODUCTION Agriculture is a critical and priority sector of the employment, employing nearly 70% of the labour force, Cameroonian economy. It is the primary source of contributing 62% of the national GDP, and accounting for Int. J. Agric. Pol. Res. 61 51% of exports (Cameroon-Report, 2014). The dairy region (Cameroon). Adamawa is a transitional region industry is one of the largest agricultural sectors in the between southern forest Cameroon and the Sudanese country, accounting for approximately 4.8 % of national savannahs of northern Cameroon (Mbahe, 1998). It covers GDP (Dejo, 2017). Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, an area of 63,701 km2 (INS, 2011). (Figure 1). The Vina particularly Cameroon, are aiming for milk self-sufficiency. Division has 8 districts namely Ngaoundéré I (Mbideng), The latter has a large herd of dairy cattle as an asset. This is Ngaoundéré II (Mabanga), Ngaoundéré III (Dang), Ngan'ha, estimated in 2008 at 2.319.000 head including 1.115.900 Nyambaka, Martap, Mbé and Belel. dairy cows that produced 174.000 tonnes of fresh milk per year (MINEPIA, 2009). Despite this strategy, milk supply Human environment across the country is not predicted to match the estimate demand. Adamawa has various ethnic groups with different cultures As far as production is concerned, cattle farming in and traditions. These ethnic groups live nearby, in all the Cameroon relies on the extensive system (80-85%), the harmony that this diversity can allow. The most important semi-intensive system (20%) and the intensive system groups numerically are the Foulbes or Fulani or Peulh, the (5%) (ACDIC, 2006). The first two majority systems, have Gbaya, the Mbum, the Duru etc. (MESSINE, 2003). This their production constrained, by climatic fluctuations region, represents 5.1% of the cameroonian population and (climate change), environmental constraint (low edible reflecting a low population density (13.9 inhabitants/km2) biomass, invasion of Bokassa Grass (Chromoloema odorata, (INS, 2010). This low density, is coupled with a favourable and poor pastoral practice non-respect of load capacity), natural environment, which means that it is the best area resulting together in low cow production and a high cost of for animal production in fact there is little habitation with a production. lot of green space for breeding. This poses significant food security risk to low income households. To cope with this situation, a reform within the Survey structure and racial composition of the herd is essential. The dairy industry which was initially monopolized by the Sampling government through the dairy project from 1991 to 2002 (ACDIC, 2006), has rapidly evolved following its In order to integrate all different types of milk production liberalization and decontrol of prices leading to an informal systems of the Vina division, this study was carried out on market, while generating many opportunities for private 67 farms in the 11 zootechnical centers belonging to the 7 processors. This situation led to the appearance of “dairy sub-division of this division. These centres account for bars” in the town, as there are more than 20 of them in more than a third of the centres in this restricted are and downtown Ngaoundéré (Djibo, 2015). Consequently, global were chosen based on the recommendation of the Ministry demand for milk has gained prominence over the past few of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries of Cameroon decades due to increase of “dairy bars”, while limited (MINEPIA). The chosen centres were: Lahore Vina; increase in supply is observed. To fill the milk gap, a huge Ngaoundere; Margol; Dibi; Nyambaka; Likok; considerable amount of milk and dairy product is imported, BouhariMbang; Ngan-Ha; Lafia Didango; Idool and Tello. estimated at 23,686 tonnes in 2013 (INS, 2015). These led Their distributions are shown in Table 1 below. The visit to to a huge currency leak. To cope with this financial a farm was carried out under the following conditions: hemorrhage, Cameroon government undertook to reform the owner's availability to answer our the milk sector. To achieve this goal, understanding the questionnaires and structure and functionality of the milk sector is essential. the owner's willingness to show us around his However, many organizations and policy makers have farm. attempted to solve the problem (PAPA/ADFL, 2013); but the methodology used have been general flawed rather Investigative support than a holistic approach which is critical in the management of the overall dairy system. Thus, the current The survey was conducted using a questionnaire based on study aims to characterize the dairy production, system in the requirements of the Good Milking Practices (FAO, order to identify the constraints that hinder the 2012). This questionnaire was sub-divided into several development of the dairy industry in the Adamawa region. headings illustrated in appendices 1: the period of investigation coincided with the end of the dry season (February, March, April of which year 2020). A critical MATERIALS AND METHODS period for many livestock, is a period during which green grasses are scarce in pastures and small streams dry up. This study was carried out in order to establish a typology During this period, the animals go to pasture between 8 am of dairy farming systems based on functional traits and to and 9 am and do not return until late in the evening and the study the demographic parameters of the herds. milking operation takes place between 7 a.m. and 8 a.m. The herd structure was recorded and the structure of the Study area farm was established by observing the different infrastructures and the layout of the farm. The parameters The study was carried out in the Vina Division of Adamawa observed are illustrated in appendices 2: Edima et al. 62 Figure 1: Location of the study area Table 1. distribution of zootechnical centres by subdivisions and farms surveyed Subdivisions Zoo technical centers Number of farms surveyed Ngaoundere 1 Lahoré Vina* 4 Ngaoundere 2 Ngaoundere* 14 Ngaoundere 3 Dang 10 Margol* Nyambaka Dibi* 8 Galdi Kognoli Mangom Nyambaka* Martap BekaMangari 8 Likok* Lougga Makor Mandourou Martap SeboreDjangol Nganha Lafia Didango* MbangBouhari* MbangMberni 9 Ngangassao Ngan-Ha* Belel Idool* 7 BakariBaka Beka Modibo Belel Djilougou Tello* Tournigal Source: List of zootechnical centres in Vina, MINEPIA, 2017 Int.
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