Ayodhya and Babri Masjid

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ayodhya and Babri Masjid S UNDAY N EWSLETTER Sunday, July 21, 2019 Website:- www.theliberacy.com Mail:- [email protected] THE LIBERACY Facebook.com: fb/theliberacy Instagram:- @theliberacy The Liberal Democracy Twitter:- @theliberacy Ayodhya and Babri Masjid- Timeline:-In the Google Listening to Your Bedroom Talk? last decade of the 20th century, India faced many July 17, 2019:- Google has argument or some sensitive allegations and got inked developed itself as a tech topics that no one wants in black for its justice to giant since its establishment others to listen. In one au- minorities and caste sys- and has developed several dio file, we even got to lis- tem, and one of such cas- products including ten to a woman in some es includes the incident of Smartphones and its very emergency situation.” 6th December 1992, the own search engine. But can Google has said before in Ayodhya and Babri Mas- Google listen to your private its statement that it records jid incident. On the 6th of bedroom talks with its Hi- only 0.2% of the audio files December 1992, under the tech technologies? The an- coming to its database and political shadow of ma- swer is, Yes. Google. that too for the improve- jor… ment of voice recognition Continued on page 2 VRT News, a Belgian voice recognition feature. feature across all its devices broadcaster has claimed that Reportedly, VRT News was able and products. the conversation of the end- to listen to such 1000 recording After the leak in the infor- Classic Dreams of The users with Google speakers with the help of a whistleblower, mation of the company, Steerers. are being recorded and sent that was recorded by the compa- Google has launched an Indore:- On an invitation from the socie- to third party sub- ny via Speakers, Smartphone and investigation against the ty, Steerers group ar- contractors. These third- Assistant. contractor for violating its ranged an event at the party sub-contractors are They said, “We could listen to data policy and improving Classic Dreams on Sun- said to be transcribing the the recordings were people are its services. day 14th of July 2019. audio files for improving talking about porn or having an The event included vari- ous performances from different artists on Sing- ing, Poetry, Gazal, Story- Indian population to overtake China in 8 years. telling, Jokes, Dance and Painting. th The event started with the stan on 5 with a total popu- melodious voice of Gopi- June 19, 2019:- The World lation of 410 million and the ka Thakur… Population Prospectus 2019 total population of the world Continued on page 4 report of the United Nations will reach 11 billion by the presented a document that end of this century. says, India will be the most According to the report, Google Listening to populous country by 2027, India and Nigeria will to- Your Bedroom Talk? overtaking China. Agreeing to gether account 23% of the Population Boost July 17, 2019:- Google the report presented, the popu- total population and the re- has developed itself as lation on India will be 1.5 According to the report, the port points out that there will a tech giant since its billion by the end of this cen- world headcount will be major- be 41% of the world‟s total establishment and has tury and whereas, because of ly increased because of these 9 people accumulated, where developed several the birth control preventive Countries:- India, Nigeria, Pa- women give birth to 4 chil- products including measures by China, its total kistan, Congo, Ethiopia, Tan- dren in their lifetime and Smartphones and its count will decrease and re- zania, Indonesia, Egypt, and these countries are, India, very own search en- main at 1.1 billion. America. Indonesia, Pakistan, Mexico, gine. But can Google The UN report also points out By the end of this century, Philippines, and Egypt. listen to your private the increase in the age average India will rank 1, with a popu- The world fertility rate in lation of 1.5 billion, China on bedro…. of the world by 2050. By nd 1990 was 3.5%, which de- 2050 1/6th of the world will be 2 with a population of 1.1 creased to 2.5% in 2019 and billion, Nigeria on 3rd with 733 Continued on page 3 over the age of 65, whereas, in th is predicted to be 2.2% by 2019, it was 1/9th of the world. million people, US on 4 with 2050. 434 million people and Paki- P a g e 2 www.theliberacy.com THE LIBERACY Ayodhya and Babri Masjid- Timeline The Liberacy:- In the last decade of outside the Babri Masjid (Mosque), the 20th century, India faced many and at the end of the 9th day, on the allegations and got inked in black for its night of 22-23 December, some 60-70 justice to minorities and caste system, men thrashed inside the mosque and and one of such cases includes the placed the idols of Ram and Sita in- incident of 6th December 1992, the side the Mosque (as claimed by the Ayodhya and Babri Masjid incident. Muslim side). On the morning of 23 On the 6th of December 1992, under the December, 1949, they started an- political shadow of major Hindu in- nouncing on loudspeakers that the idols were miraculously produced clined political parties, around 150,000 Kar Sevaks (volunteers) gathered in inside the mosque and urged everyone Ayodhya (the birth place of Lord Rama) to come for Darshan (take blessing). and demolished the Babri Masjid (Babri On the verge of the producing tension, Mosque), which was supposedly built the government declared the land as Disputed. Then, Union Home Minis- by demolishing the temple of Lord Ram Hindu temple structure, brought by at his birth place (Ramkot) by Mughal Hanuman (god of monkey and a ter, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and emperors in 1528. devotee to Lord Rama) from Lanka. Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru ordered then Chief Minister of Lord Rama is considered as the 7th In 1810, a Scottish physician, Fran- the state, Govind Ballabh Pant and avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu and cis Buchanan recorded about the state Home Minister Lal Bahadur according to Ramayana (the holy book destruction of Ram temple and con- Shastri to get the idols removed from of Hindu religion), Ram was born to struction of a mosque on top of it in the inner courtyard after 26th January Queen Kaushalya and the King of Awadh (Ayodhya). 1950. CM ordered the Faizabad depu- Avadh (Ayodhya) Dasharatha, at the Jai Singh II (Sawai Jai Singh) started ty commissioner K K Nayar to get the same city of Ayodhya, about 9000 years purchasing the lands of Hindu reli- idols removed to which he declined, ago and now, the exact place of Lord gious places in North India in a way stating his inability to do so. Ram‟s birth is known as Ramcot. It is of protecting the temples from the 1950, 16th January:- Gopal Singh the exact place where Babri Masjid was foreign rulers. He purchased lands in supposedly built in 1528, under the Visharad filed a civil lawsuit in the Mathura, Varanasi and Ayodhya. Fizabad court, asking for the permis- wake of Mughal empire expansion in Combining there purchased Hindu India and was demolished on the 6th of sion to allow Hindus to worship Ram religious places he established and Sita at the disputed place. December 1992. „Jaisinghpuras‟. The documents of Documents available bearing nothing all the purchased lands are well 1950:- Nirmohi Akhara filed a law about the mosque or temple: Babar- preserved in Kapad-Dwar collection suit demanding the possession of the nama (Babur‟s diary) which runs in the city palace museum in Jaipur. Babri Mosque. through the life of Babur has no men- Professor R Nath, who examined the 1961, 18th December:- Sunni Central tion of either Ayodhya or a Mosque documents, has stated that the Ram Waqf Board, filed a lawsuit demand- build after demolishing any temple. Janmasthan in Ayodhya was ac- ing the possession of the land and the “Work until your Babur‟s grandson, Akbar in his court quired by Jai Singh II in 1717. The removal of the idols from the mosque documents, Ain-i-Akbari, also never documents also state that, during the premises. sweat is wet mentioned about a Mosque or a temple Muslim reign the people were re- 1964:- Establishment of Vishva Hindu in Ayodhya. stricted for religious practice like enough” Parishad (VHP) by M S Golwalkar The great Hindu poet, Tulsidas went to taking bath in the Saryu River, but and S S Apte in collaboration with Ayodhya in 1574 and began writing the establishment of Jaisinghpuras Swami Chinmayananda with an objec- Ramcharitmanas, has never mentioned removed those restrictions from the tive to protect Hindu religion. Hindus. anything about a mosque being built at 1980:- Establishment of Bharatiya the birth place of Ram (Ramcot) in Archaeological evidence shows Janta Party (BJP) on 6th April 1980 Ayodhya. different structures of Hindu and led the formation of a political face Documents claiming the demolished Buddhist construction after pre- for protecting the objective of VHP temples: The very first report of the dating the remains of mosque post and began the campaign for the con- Babri mosque appears in the book Sa- demolition. struction of Ram temple at the Ram hifa-I-Chihil Nasaih Bahadur Shahi Timeline: 1528:- The Babri Masjid Janmabhoomi (birth place of Lord which was written by the daughter of (Mosque) was built by Mir Baqi, Ram).
Recommended publications
  • Rajesh Kumar Gupta Page 48 AMAR CHITRA KATHA: the FIGURE OF
    International Journal of Movement Education and Social Science ISSN (Print): 2278-0793 IJMESS Vol. 7 Special Issue 1 (Jan-June 2018) www.ijmess.org ISSN (Online): 2321-3779 AMAR CHITRA KATHA: THE FIGURE OF RAM AND HINDU MASS MOBILIZATION relied heavily on the symbols of Ram and Ramyana Rajesh Kumar Gupta was Mahatma Gandhi. He brought the concept of Ram Rajya. For Gandhi, Ram Rajya was an ideal Abstract „republic‟ where values of justice, equality, idealism, In this paper I tried to explore how the popular renunciation and sacrifice are practiced. His idea of comics of Amar Chitra Katha based on Ram and Satyagraha was derived from Ramyana and Geeta. Ramyana the psychology of the comics reader in the The conceptual root of the application of the concept late influenced tweinteeth century. It also shows as of Ahimsa also lay in the Geeta and Ramyan in to how these comics laid the background of ugra which it was reared, to political action.2 Gandhi's Ram instead of benovelent Ram? This was the time imaginative invention and usage of symbols when, ugra Ram became the symbol of Hindu resonated in the minds and hearts of Indians.3 With Nationalism, he was utilised as a political figure the above examples of Baba Ramchandra and which was directly or indirectly linked with the Hindu- Mahatma Gandhi, I wish to emphasize that symbols Muslim conflicts, and it also sharpning the religious of Hindu epics and figure of Ram were utilized to identity for the construction of Ram temple in critique the colonial rule and the idea of Ram Rajya Ayodhya.
    [Show full text]
  • CJP Ayodhya Petition
    1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION I.A NO. _______ OF 2017 IN CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10866 -10867 OF 2010 IN THE MATTER OF: Mohammad Siddiq@ Hafiz Mohammad Siddiq Etc. etc Appellants Versus Mahant Suresh Dase & Ors. Etc Respondents Etc . AND IN THE MATTER OF: 1. Shyam Benegal, 103, Sangam, Pedder Road, B/h Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai – 400026 Applicant No. 1 2. Aparna Sen, Block 10, Apt 14 A&B, Bengal Silver Spring, 5 JBS Haldane Avenue EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 105 Applicant No.2 3. Anil Dharker, 15-B, Harmony Tower, Opp. Toyota Showroom, Worli, Dr. Moses Road, Acharya Chowk, Mumbai - 400018 Applicant No.3 4. Teesta Setalvad Nirant, Juhu Tara Road, Juhu, Mumbai – 400049 Applicant No. 4 5. Om Thanvi, A-304 Jansatta Apts, Sector 9, Vasundhara, Ghaziabad – 201012. UP Applicant No.5 6. Cyrus J. Guzder AFL Pvt. Ltd., AFL House, Lok Bharati Complex, Marol-Maroshi Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai – 400059 Applicant No.6 7. Aruna Roy, Village Tilonia, Ajmer District, Kishangarh, Rajasthan-305816 Applicant No.7 2 8. Ganesh N. Devy 188, II Main, I Cross, Narayanpur, DHARWAD 580 008, Applicant No.8 9. Dr. B.T. Lalitha Naik #22, 1st Main, 2nd Cross, Judicial Officer's Colony, Sanjaynagar, RMV 2nd Stage, Bangalore – 560094 Applicant No.9 10. Medha Patkar 6/6, Jangpura B, New Delhi - 110014 Applicant No.10 11. Kumar Ketkar, 29/6, Hundiwala Apartment, Ground Floor, Opp. Apollo Pharmacy, Kopri, Thane (East), Thane – 400603 Applicant No.11 12. Anand Patwardhan 27 Lokmanya Tilak Colony Marg, 2nd Floor, Street No.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Academic Freedom in India
    Academic Freedom In India: A Status Report, 2020 Nandini Sundar with Gowhar Fazili* There have been several structural concerns with academic freedom in the previous decades since independence (1947), especially during the Emergency (1975-77). However, the period since 2014 when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has seen an unprecedented assault on academic freedom as well as on academics. This is accurately reflected in the sharp downward decline in India’s position in an Academic Freedom Index. 1 However, no attempt to map academic freedom in India, including this one, can do justice to the vast diversity and unevenness in the higher education landscape. According to the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE), 2018-19, India has 993 universities, 39,931 colleges and 10,725 standalone institutions. Of these, 385 universities and 78% of the colleges are privately managed while 394 universities and 60.53% of the colleges are located in rural areas. 37.4 million persons (19.2 million male and 18.2 million female) are enrolled in higher education in India. The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education in India is 26.3% (18-23 years). Certain categories of citizens have less access to higher education – for instance, Scheduled Castes have a GER of 23% and Scheduled Tribes have a GER of 17.2% as compared to the national GER of 26.3%. Muslims constitute only 5.2% of the student population, compared to their overall percentage of about 14.2% in the population. The mix of public and private universities, central and state universities (funded by the federal government and by the state government respectively), ‘deemed universities’, ‘institutes of national importance’, state aided and ‘minority institutions’ (run by religious minorities under constitutional provisions), affects the nature of institutional autonomy and subsequently, academic freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and International Relations Haynes, Jeffrey
    LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities GI7076 Religion and International Relations Lecture and Seminar Programme, Spring Semester, 2015-16 Module leader: Professor Jeffrey Haynes Module teacher: Martin Ridley Email Address [email protected] Office TM1-33f Office hours 13.00-14.00 Email address: [email protected] Office: TM1-33f Office telephone number: 020 7133 5080 Introduction After September 11 2001 (9/11), the global community was concerned with cultivating better inter-civilisational relations between the Christian and Muslim worlds. This goal would require real, sustained, and meaningful global dialogue. The United Nations (UN) and the ‘citizen-civil’ sector agreed to work together to improve Muslim-Christian relations, to address their needs and help preserve their identity and cultural heritage using inter-faith dialogue to build peaceful coexistence and enhance life. In the context of ‘religion and international relations’, this puts great emphasis on a new dedicated UN body, the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC), created in 2005. How might UNAOC work towards the goal of enhancing life for people, especially Christians and Muslims most affected by inter-religious tensions and conflict, by refining strategies and social mechanisms in several dimensions? Critics contend that the UNAOC is a well-meaning, elite-sponsored, initiative that may struggle to achieve its goals. Is UNAOC provided with enough leadership, funds and/or infrastructural support, to make achievement
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Full Paper Template
    Volume: 4 Issues: 14 [March, 2019] pp.09-17] International Journal of Law, Government and Communication eISSN: 0128-1763 Journal website: www.ijgc.com RELIGION AND POLITICS: REPRESENTATION IN INDEPENDENT INDIAN DOCUMENTARIES Sukhmani Kaur Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Guru Nanak Dev University ([email protected]) Accepted date: 01-09-2018 Published date: 10-03-2019 To cite this document: Kaur, S. (2019). Religion and Politics: Representation in Independent Indian Documentaries. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 4 (14), 09-17. ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Among the most prominent threats to the secular and pluralistic fabric of India have been religious or caste fundamentalism and communal differences. Today, most of the chaos and disharmony the country is facing can be credited to the power-play of religion, vote and politics. The situation becomes more deplorable when humans are killed and assaulted, rapes are given communal colour, voices of dissent are suppressed, patriotism is questioned, and unity is disturbed—all in the name of religion, caste and community. This scenario has well been discussed in recent times on various media platforms. Arts and media have in their own way represented religion and related issues in myriad ways. Movies like Garam Hava, Tamas, Firaq had effectively depicted the tragedy and aftermath of communal tensions in situations like the Partition or Gujarat riots. However, what has remained mostly unexplored is the domain of documentaries in representing such sensitive issues. Since this form of cinema is direct, reality oriented, mostly informative or investigative and provides a valuable record for history, it provides an important sphere of research to find answers to certain subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • GIP076 Religion and International Relations London Metropolitan University
    GIP076 Religion and International Relations London Metropolitan University Lecture programme Section 1: Religion and international relations: Globalisation, conflict, order and religious fundamentalism 1. Religion and politics 2. Theorising about religion in international relations 3. Religion and globalisation 4. Religion and international conflict 5. Religion and international order 6. Religious ‘fundamentalism’ and international relations Section 2: Religion and international relations: Regional case studies 7. Islam and the West 8. The Roman Catholic Church as transnational actor 9. India’s international relations and Hindu nationalism 10. Confucianism and Buddhism in Pacific Asia 11. Conclusions Synopses of lectures and further reading 1. Religion and politics (7 February) This introductory lecture examines the relationship between religion and politics, both in domestic and international contexts. Reading J. Haynes, ‘Introduction’, in J.Haynes, Religion and International Relations, forthcoming (electronic copies available from Jeff) J. Haynes, Religion in Global Politics (Chapter 1) J. Haynes (ed.), Religion, Globalization and Political Culture in the Third World (Chapter 1) J. Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics J. Esposito & M. Watson (eds.), Religion and Global Order (Chapter 1) S. Hoeber Rudolph & J. Piscatori (eds.) Transnational Religion and Fading States (Chapter 1) P. Berger (ed.), The Desecularisation of the World C. Hallencreutz & D. Westerlund, ‘Introduction: Anti-secularist policies of religion’ in D. Westerlund (ed.), Questioning the Secular State S. Thomas, ‘Religion and international conflict’ in K. Dark (ed.), Religion and International Relations 2. Theorising about religion in international relations (14 February) This lecture examines the ways that various approaches – including, Realism, Liberal 1 Internationalism, and Neo-Marxism – understand the role of religion in contemporary international relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ramamurthy, Priti, Ed. Spotlight on Ramayana
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 426 010 SO 029 230 AUTHOR Wadley, Susan, Ed.; Ramamurthy, Priti, Ed. TITLE Spotlight on Ramayana: An Enduring Tradition. INSTITUTION American Forum for Global Education, New York, NY. SPONS AGENCY Collaborative for Humanities and Arts Teaching.; National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, DC. ISBN ISBN-09-44675-54-9 PUB DATE 1995-00-00 NOTE 368p.; Funding also provided by CHART, Collaboratives for Humanities and Arts Teaching. AVAILABLE FROM The American Forum for Global Education, 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005; (Tel: 212-742-8232; Fax: 212-742-8752; e-mail: [email protected] ($40, based on numbers for quantity). PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Foreign Countries; *Indians; *Instructional Materials; Literature; Multicultural Education; *Non Western Civilization; Secondary Education; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS *India; *Ramayana ABSTRACT This collection of lessons was developed by teachers in an institute focusing on teaching about India and the Ramayana. Essays providing background information are "The Oral Tradition and the Many 'Ramayanas'" (Philip Lutgendorf) and "Bringing Ramayana into the Classroom" (Hazel Sara Greenberg) .After an introduction by Susan Wadley, a Ramayana glossary, a piece called "The Ramayana! A 'Telling' of the Ancient Indian Epic," and maps of India, the sections include: (1) "How is Ramayana Part of the Great Storytelling Tradition?"; (2) "To What Extent Does Ramayana Introduce India and Its Culture?"; (3) "To What Degree Does Ramayana Help Us Comprehend Hindu Values and Religion?"; (4) "How Can Ramayana Help Us Gain an Understanding of Hindu Rituals?"; and (5)"How Does Ramayana Reflect Change Over Time and Space?" There are 25 units with lessons throughout the five sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Travails of the Nation Some Notes on Indian Documentaries
    CTTE19206.fm Page 175 Thursday, January 6, 2005 7:48 PM Third Text, Vol. 19, Issue 2, March, 2005, 175–185 Travails of the Nation Some Notes on Indian Documentaries 1. A voluminous literature Vinay Lal has grown up around what constitutes ‘documentaries’, and I suspect that the revival which documentaries are presently enjoying, in ThoughTaylorCTTE19206.sgm10.1080/0952882042000328098Third0000-0000Original2005192000000MarchVinayLalvlal@history.ucla.edu Text and& Article Francis (print)/0000-0000Francis 2005 Ltd Ltd (online) ‘Bollywood’ has become synonymous with Indian cinema to the countries such as the United States and India, uninitiated, there are an ample number of other traditions of film- will lead to further making in India, not least of which is a tradition of political documenta- speculation on the forms 1 ries. The Indian independence movement, led in the 1920s and 1930s that documentaries will take in the future. by Mohandas Gandhi, was the subject of the first concentrated phase of ‘Documentary’ became a documentary film-making. The bulk of these films, however, never movement in Britain in the received any public screening. The Cinematograph Act of 1918 intro- 1930s, and documentaries have ever since been duced censorship in India, and the Indian Cinematograph Committee of understood to be vehicles 1928, while urging the censors to curb their enthusiasm for bringing of social comment and change. The sense that films before the cutting-board, unequivocally reaffirmed the moral John Grierson conveyed necessity of censorship, especially in a country among whose natives, as 2 about the documentary, many British in India believed, passions reigned supreme. The various when apropos of Robert Flaherty’s Moana, he spoke regional censor boards did not only certify Indian films for exhibition of it as a ‘visual account of but also regulated the entry of foreign films into India and their public the daily life of a screenings.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography INDIAN CINEMA: GOVERNMENT REPORTS Report of the Film Enquiry Committee, New Delhi, Government of India Press, 1951 Report of the Film Enquiry Committee on Film Censorship, New Delhi, Gov- ernment of India, 1969 Report of the Indian Cinematograph Committee 1927–28, Calcutta, Govern- ment of India, Central Publications Branch, 1928 Report of the Working Group on National Film Policy, New Delhi, Govern- ment of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1980 NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS (SELECT ISSUES) Business Standard Economic Times Hindustan Times Frontline Indian Express Pioneer Sunday Times of India Vanity Fair FILM PERIODICALS, INCLUDING TRADE MAGAZINES (SELECT ISSUES) Filmindia Filmfare Indian Film Quarterly Indian Film Review Indian Film Quarterly Screen, Indian Express Publications Screen International Screen Digest 416 Bibliography WEBSITES Government Institutions www.lalitkala.gov.in (Lalit Kala Akademi) www.sahitya-akademi.org (Sahitya Akademi) http://www.gopio.org (People of Indian Origins) Educational Institutions http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk (Leeds Metropolitan University) Online Film Content http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2007/03/12/coventry-ritz-cinema Nirmal Puwar’s film Coventry Ritz Cinema, produced by AV Frontline http://www.youtube.com Online Periodicals and Entertainment-Related Journalism http://www.variety.com (Variety Entertainment Weekly) http://123india.santabanta.com/cinema (Indian-Punjabi website for enter- tainment services) http://www.rediff.com/movies/(portal for online service) www.screenindia.com
    [Show full text]
  • Amar Chitra Katha: the Figure of Ram and Hindu Mass Mobilization
    Amar Chitra Katha: The Figure of Ram and Hindu Mass Mobilization Rajesh Kumar Gupta ABSTRACT In this paper I tried to explore how the popular comics of Amar Chitra Katha based on Ram and Ramyana influenced the psychology of the comics reader in the late tweinteeth century. It also shows as to how these comics laid the background of ugra Ram instead of benovelent Ram? This was the time when, ugra Ram became the symbol of Hindu Nationalism, he was utilised as a political figure which was directly or indirectly linked with the Hindu-Muslim conflicts, and it also sharpning the religious identity for the construction of Ram temple in Ayodhya. Keywords:Amar Chitra Katha, Comics, Identity politics, Hinduism, and Communalism. I.INTRODUCTION This work explored on the theme of a political and cultural evolution of Ram, who evolved from a popular „benevolent‟ avatar to an ugra avatar in the late twentieth century. I have utilized the comic series of Amar Chitra Katha to track the role played by the comics in laying the background for the emergence of the figure of ugra Ram. What was the role played by comics in the construction of the image of ugra Ram which was different from the earlier popular image of „benevolent‟ Ram? What was the politics behind it? How did it influence the Hindu mobilization for the construction of a Ram temple in Ayodhya? These are the questions which I am going to investigate in this paper. During the colonial period, Baba Ramchandra was a prominent peasant leader in Oudh. He used the verses and stories from Ramyana and appealed to the peasants for their mobilization against the colonial rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Langlit ISSN 2349-5189 an International Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal UGC Approved Journal – Arts & Humanities – Sr
    IMPACT FACTOR – 4.23 ISSN 2349-5189 LangLit An International Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal UGC Approved Journal – Arts & Humanities – Sr. No. 6067 OTHERING AS SELF-IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION: A RELIGIOUS CONTEXT FROM INDIA SHRIKARUNAAKARAN .K PhD Research Scholar, EFL University, Hyderabad. ABSTRACT This paper explores the construction of the Hindu identity even as the Muslims are represented as the other. Focus of the time period is confined to the 1990s. The period constitutes a truly ruptural moment in contemporary Indian history. The paper draws on Anand Patwardhan’s documentary, Abdul Bismillah’s short story, Shahid Amin’s essay, and Arvind Narrain’s report. Patwardhan’s documentary “In the Name of God” (“Ram ke Nam”) speaks volumes of the religious tension unleashed. Abdul Bismillah’s story “Guest is God” uses sarcasm and irony to depict the prevalent prejudices. Shahid Amin’s essay contests the contemporary representation of the Muslims; Arvind Narrain’s report reveals the intentions and the disastrous consequences of the religious riots. The paper points up the violent ideological character built into the movement of the Hindu nationalism, and finally makes a case for an impartial representation of the Muslims in correspondence with reality. Keywords: Identity; Hindu Nationalism; Representation; Other; History; India. The construction of the new Hindu identity is set on making the non-Hindus, the Muslims in this case, as the other through and through, so much so that they are portrayed as aliens. The distinction is deliberately and vigorously retained to amass/mobilise and strengthen political constituencies, and achieve narrow political ambitions. Othering is defined as a process whereby the members of a subordinate community are labelled as the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Resources Against Communalism and Religious Fundamentalism in India
    Resources Against Communalism and Religious Fundamentalism in India Researched and compiled by Harsh Kapoor WLUML Research, Information & Documentation Unit Bibliographies and Resources Series April 1995 2 Preface India’s most noble commitments to secularism and democratic governence have been under the most brazen attack in the last fifteen years. The forces of Hindutva have been steadily undermining the painfuly accumulated secular achievements of the freedom movement and the Nehru period in independent India. Since Nehru’s death, successive governments have more or less allowed the communalist tendency in the country to go unchecked. They have been appeasing communal elements among majority (the Hindus) before and after the destruction of the mosque in Ayodhya, and at the same time encouraging the most communal reaction amongst Muslims, as is evident from the Congress government’s support of the Muslim Women’s Bill. They must do this for their survival because it is the only way for them to retain some measure of their once populist base, given the fact that that base has dwindled because of the governments manifest failure to solve the basic problems of economic deprivation of the majority of its population and social discrimination against its lowest castes and tribes. Communal politics thrives under these conditions and even avowedly secular governments and political parties too succumb to it. It would be an understatement to say that there is now a crisis. The crisis has set in deeply, communal forces are in power in some of the most politically important regions of the country, and the destruction of the mosque in Ayodhya has shown that these forces have no regard for the basic constitutional commitments of the country.
    [Show full text]