<I>Circinella</I>
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Plant Life MagillS Encyclopedia of Science
MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D. -
Syzygites Megalocarpus (Mucorales, Zygomycetes) in Illinois
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science received 12/8/98 (1999), Volume 92, 3 and 4, pp. 181-190 accepted 6/2/99 Syzygites megalocarpus (Mucorales, Zygomycetes) in Illinois R. L. Kovacs1 and W. J. Sundberg2 Department of Plant Biology, Mail Code 6509 Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 1Current Address: Salem Academy; 942 Lancaster Dr. NE; Salem, OR 97301 2Corresponding Author ABSTRACT Syzygites megalocarpus Ehrenb.: Fr. (Mucorales, Zygomycetes), which occurs on fleshy fungi and was previously unreported from Illinois, has been collected from five counties- -Cook, Gallatin, Jackson, Union, and Williamson. In Illinois, S. megalocarpus occurs on 23 species in 18 host genera. Fresh host material collected in the field and appearing uninfected can develop S. megalocarpus colonies after incubation in the laboratory. The ability of S. megalocarpus to colonize previously uninfected hosts was demonstrated by inoculation studies in the laboratory. Because the known distribution of potential hosts in Illinois is much broader than documented here, further attention to S. megalocarpus should more fully elucidate the host and geographic ranges of this Zygomycete in the state. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, the heretofore unmeasured warts on the zygosporangium were 4-6 µm broad and 5-8 µm high, providing additional informa- tion for circumscription of this genus. INTRODUCTION Syzygites (Mucorales, Zygomycetes) is a presumptive mycoparasite that occurs on fleshy fungi (Figs. 1-2) and contains a single species, S. megalocarpus Ehrenb.: Fr. (Hesseltine 1957). It is homothallic and forms erect sporangiophores which are dichotomously branched and bear columellate, multispored sporangia at their apices (Fries 1832, Hes- seltine 1957, Benny and O'Donnell 1978, O'Donnell 1979). -
Isolation of Mucorales from Biological Environment and Identification of Rhizopus Among the Isolates Using PCR- RFLP
Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences doi:10.34172/jsums.2019.17 2019;21(2):98-103 http://j.skums.ac.ir Original Article Isolation of Mucorales from biological environment and identification of Rhizopus among the isolates using PCR- RFLP Mahboobeh Madani1* ID , Mohammadali Zia2 ID 1Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 2Department of Basic Science, (Khorasgan) Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran *Corresponding Author: Mahboobeh Madani, Tel: + 989134097629, Email: [email protected] Abstract Background and aims: Mucorales are fungi belonging to the category of Zygomycetes, found much in nature. Culture-based methods for clinical samples are often negative, difficult and time-consuming and mainly identify isolates to the genus level, and sometimes only as Mucorales. Therefore, applying fast and accurate diagnosis methods such as molecular approaches seems necessary. This study aims at isolating Mucorales for determination of Rhizopus genus between the isolates using molecular methods. Methods: In this descriptive observational study, a total of 500 samples were collected from air and different surfaces and inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. Then, the fungi belonging to Mucorales were identified and their pure culture was provided. DNA extraction was done using extraction kit and the chloroform method. After amplification, the samples belonging to Mucorales were identified by observing 830 bp bands. For enzymatic digestion, enzyme BmgB1 was applied for identification of Rhizopus species by formation of 593 and 235 bp segments. Results: One hundred pure colonies belonging to Mucorales were identified using molecular methods and after enzymatic digestion, 21 isolates were determined as Rhizopus species. -
Structure and Life Cycle of Rhyzopus Taxonomic Position of Rhizopus Mycota Eumycotina Zygomycetes Mucorales Mucoraceae Rhizopus
COURSE: B.Sc Botany SEMESTER: II PAPER: Mycology and Phytopathology / BOT CC 203 TOPIC: Structure and life cycle of Rhyzopus FACULTY: Dr. Urvashi Sinha Email id: [email protected] Taxonomic position of Rhizopus Mycota Eumycotina Zygomycetes Mucorales Mucoraceae Rhizopus stolinifer General characters: 1. Common fungi growing on stale bread, therefore, also called Bread mould. 2. Lives as a saprophytes 3. Grows on damp decaying fruit, vegetables, pickles etc. 4. Under certain conditions it lives as facultative parasite on strawberry fruit causing leak and soft rot disease 5. This widespread genus includes at least eight species. Structure of thallus: 1. The vegetative plant body is eucarpic and consists of white cottony, much branched mycelium. 2. The mycelial plant body is differentiated into nodes and internodes 3. The internodal region is the aerial and arching hyphae, known as stolon, which when touches the substratum forms the nodal region. 4. The nodal region bears much branched rhizoid grows downward, inside the substratum for anchorage and absorption of food. 5. The hyphal wall is microfibrillar and consists mainly of chitin-chitosan. In addition to chitin- chitosan, other substances like proteins, lipids, purines and salts like calcium and magnesium are also present in the hyphal wall. 6. Inner to the cell wall, cell membrane is present which covers the protoplast. The protoplast contains many nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, oil droplets, vacuoles and other substances. The size of the vacuole enlarges with age by coalescence of smaller vacuoles. Reproduction in Rhizopus: Rhizopus Stolonifer reproduces by vegetative, asexual and sexual mode. 1. Vegetative reproduction: It takes by fragmentation. -
Mucormycosis: Botanical Insights Into the Major Causative Agents
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 June 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0218.v1 Mucormycosis: Botanical Insights Into The Major Causative Agents Naser A. Anjum Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 (India). e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] SCOPUS Author ID: 23097123400 https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23097123400 © 2021 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 June 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0218.v1 Abstract Mucormycosis (previously called zygomycosis or phycomycosis), an aggressive, liFe-threatening infection is further aggravating the human health-impact of the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, a great deal of mostly misleading discussion is Focused also on the aggravation of the COVID-19 accrued impacts due to the white and yellow Fungal diseases. In addition to the knowledge of important risk factors, modes of spread, pathogenesis and host deFences, a critical discussion on the botanical insights into the main causative agents of mucormycosis in the current context is very imperative. Given above, in this paper: (i) general background of the mucormycosis and COVID-19 is briefly presented; (ii) overview oF Fungi is presented, the major beneficial and harmFul fungi are highlighted; and also the major ways of Fungal infections such as mycosis, mycotoxicosis, and mycetismus are enlightened; (iii) the major causative agents of mucormycosis -
On Mucoraceae S. Str. and Other Families of the Mucorales
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 1982 Band/Volume: 35 Autor(en)/Author(s): Arx Josef Adolf, von Artikel/Article: On Mucoraceae s. str. and other families of the Mucorales. 10-26 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at On Mucoraceae s. str. and other families of the Mucorales J. A. VON ARX Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, Netherlands*) Summary. — The Mucoraceae are redefined and contain mainly the genera Mucor, Circinomucor gen. nov., Zygorhynchus, Micromucor comb, nov., Rhizomucor and Umbelopsis char, emend. Mucor s. str. contains taxa with black, verrucose, scaly or warty zygo- spores (or azygospores), unbranched or only slightly branched sporangiophores, spherical, pigmented sporangia with a clavate or obclavate columolla, and elongate, ellipsoidal sporangiospores. Typical species are M. mucedo, M. flavus, M. recurvus and M. hiemalis. Zygorhynchus is separated from Mucor by black zygospores with walls covered with conical, often furrowed protuberances, small sporangia with a spherical or oblate columella, and small, spherical or rod-shaped sporangio- spores. Some isogamous or agamous species are transferred from Mucor to Zygorhynchus. Circinomucor is introduced for Mucor circinelloides, M. plumbeus, M. race- mosus and their relatives. The genus is characterized by cinnamon brown zygospores covered with starfish-like projections, racemously or sympodially branched sporangiophores, spherical sporangia with a clavate or ovate columella and small, spherical or broadly ellipsoidal sporangiospores. Micromucor is based on Mortierclla subg. Micromucor and is close to Mucor. The genus is characterized by volvety colonies, small, light sporangia with an often reduced columella and small, subspherical sporangiospores. -
The Ecology of the Zygomycetes and Its Impact on Environmental Exposure
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector REVIEW 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02972.x The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on environmental exposure M. Richardson The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK and Regional Mycology Laboratory, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK Abstract Zygomycetes are unique among filamentous fungi in their great ability to infect a broader, more heterogeneous population of human hosts than other opportunistic moulds. Various members of the Zygomycetes have been implicated in zygomycosis, although those belonging to the family Mucoraceae are isolated more frequently than those of any other family. The environmental microbiology litera- ture provides limited insights into how common zygomycetes are in the environment, and provides a few clues about which ecological niches these fungi are found in. Mucorales are thermotolerant moulds that are supposedly ubiquitous in nature and widely found on organic substrates, including bread, decaying fruits, vegetable matter, crop debris, soil between growing seasons, compost piles, and animal excreta. The scientific and medical literature does not support this generalization. Sporangiospores released by mucorales range from 3 to 11 lm in diameter, are easily aerosolized, and are readily dispersed throughout the environment. This is the major mode of transmission. However, there are very few data concerning the levels of zygomycete sporangiospores in outdoor and indoor air, espe- cially in geographical areas where zygomycosis is particularly prevalent. Airborne fungal spores are almost ubiquitous and can be found on all human surfaces in contact with air, especially on the upper and lower airway mucosa. -
List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States
List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States For help in diagnosing and controlling plant diseases write to the extension plant pathologist at the college of agriculture of your state university or to your state experiment station. Bulletins, circulars, and spray schedules are available free from the bulletin room or mailing clerk. Alabama: Auburn University, Auburn 36849. Alaska: University of Alaska, College 99775; Experiment Station, Anchorage 99508. Arizona: University of Arizona, Tucson 85721. Arkansas: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; Cooperative Extension Service, P.O. Box 391, Little Rock 72203. California: University of California, Berkeley 94720; Riverside 92521; Davis 95616. Colorado: Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523. Connecticut: University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268; Connecticut Agricul tural Experiment Station, New Haven 06504. Delaware: University of Delaware, Newark 19711. 875 876 • US. Land-Grant Institutions/Agricultural Experiment Stations District of Columbia: University of the District of Columbia, Cooperative Extension Service, Washington, D.C. 20002. Aorida: University of Aorida, Gainesville 32611. Georgia: University of Georgia, Athens 30602; Agricultural Experiment Station, Experiment 30212; Coastal Plain Station, Tifton 31793. Hawaii: University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822. Idaho: University of Idaho, Extension Service, Boise 83709; Agricultural Experiment Station, Moscow 83843. Illinois: University of Illinois, Urbana 61801. Indiana: Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907. Iowa: Iowa State University, Ames 50011. Kansas: Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506. Kentucky: University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546. Louisiana: Louisiana State University, University Station, Baton Rouge 70803. Maine: University of Maine, Orono 04469. Maryland: University of Maryland, College Park 20742. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003. Michigan: Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824. -
A Monograph of Rhizopus
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at A monograph of Rhizopus Ru-yong Zheng1, Gui-qing Chen1, He Huang2 & Xiao-yong Liu3 1, 2, 3 Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China Zheng R. Y., Chen G. Q., Huang H. & Liu X. Y. (2007) A monograph of Rhi- zopus. ± Sydowia 59 (2): 273±372. A total of 312 Rhizopus strains comprising 187 strains isolated in China and 125 strains fromforeign countries have been studied, which include possibly all of the cultures derived fromtypes available now. The morphologyof the sporangial and zygosporic states, maximum growth temperature, mating compatibility, and molecular systematics were used as important reference for the classification of the genus. Seventeen taxa, ten species and seven varieties, are recognized in the genus Rhizopus in this study. These include: R. americanus, R. arrhizus var. arrhizus, R. arrhizus var. delemar, R. arrhizus var. tonkinensis, R. caespitosus, R. homo- thallicus, R. microsporus var. microsporus, R. microsporus var. azygosporus, R. microsporus var. chinensis, R. microsporus var. oligosporus, R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, R. microsporus var. tuberosus, R. niveus, R. reflexus, R. schip- perae, R. sexualis, and R. stolonifer. Seventy-two names of Rhizopus are treated as synonyms. Twenty-five species, eight varieties and one form are thought to be doubtful, and nine species and four varieties are excluded fromthe genus. Neo- types are designated for R. microsporus var. microsporus, R. microsporus var. oli- gosporus, R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, and R. stolonifer. In the taxa accepted, zygospores are found and studied in all the three homothallic species and five heterothallic species or varieties; while azygospores are found in two species and one variety. -
East Devon Pebblebed Heaths Providing Space for Nature Biodiversity Audit 2016 Space for Nature Report: East Devon Pebblebed Heaths
East Devon Pebblebed Heaths East Devon Pebblebed Providing Space for East Devon Nature Pebblebed Heaths Providing Space for Nature Dr. Samuel G. M. Bridgewater and Lesley M. Kerry Biodiversity Audit 2016 Site of Special Scientific Interest Special Area of Conservation Special Protection Area Biodiversity Audit 2016 Space for Nature Report: East Devon Pebblebed Heaths Contents Introduction by 22nd Baron Clinton . 4 Methodology . 23 Designations . 24 Acknowledgements . 6 European Legislation and European Protected Species and Habitats. 25 Summary . 7 Species of Principal Importance and Introduction . 11 Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Species . 25 Geology . 13 Birds of Conservation Concern . 26 Biodiversity studies . 13 Endangered, Nationally Notable and Nationally Scarce Species . 26 Vegetation . 13 The Nature of Devon: A Biodiversity Birds . 13 and Geodiversity Action Plan . 26 Mammals . 14 Reptiles . 14 Results and Discussion . 27 Butterflies. 14 Species diversity . 28 Odonata . 14 Heathland versus non-heathland specialists . 30 Other Invertebrates . 15 Conservation Designations . 31 Conservation Status . 15 Ecosystem Services . 31 Ownership of ‘the Commons’ and management . 16 Future Priorities . 32 Cultural Significance . 16 Vegetation and Plant Life . 33 Recreation . 16 Existing Condition of the SSSI . 35 Military training . 17 Brief characterisation of the vegetation Archaeology . 17 communities . 37 Threats . 18 The flora of the Pebblebed Heaths . 38 Military and recreational pressure . 18 Plants of conservation significance . 38 Climate Change . 18 Invasive Plants . 41 Acid and nitrogen deposition. 18 Funding and Management Change . 19 Appendix 1. List of Vascular Plant Species . 42 Management . 19 Appendix 2. List of Ferns, Horsetails and Clubmosses . 58 Scrub Clearance . 20 Grazing . 20 Appendix 3. List of Bryophytes . 58 Mowing and Flailing . -
Invasive Disease Due to Mucorales: a Case Report and Review of The
REVIEW ARTICLE CK Yeung VCC Cheng Invasive disease due to Mucorales: AKW Lie a case report and review of the KY Yuen literature ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ !"#$#%&'()*+, Objective. To review the mycology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, investigations, and treatment modalities of mucormycosis. Data sources. A local case of mucormycosis; MEDLINE and non-MEDLINE search of the literature. Study selection. Key words for the literature search were ‘mucormycosis’ and ‘Mucorales’; all available years of study were reviewed. Data extraction. Original articles, review papers, meta-analyses, and relevant book chapters were reviewed. Data synthesis. Mucormycosis is a fungal infection that is rare but increas- ingly recognised in the growing population of immunocompromised patients. It is caused by saprophytic non-septate hyphae of the order Mucorales. The pulmonary and disseminated forms commonly occur in patients with haematological malignancy, especially acute leukaemia and lymphoma, and those receiving treatment with immunosuppressive effects. The rhinocerebral form is more prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus, particularly those with the complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. The use of amphotericin B combined with surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. The prognosis largely depends on prompt correction of the underlying risk factors. New Key words: strategies to combat this life-threatening infection will result from better Amphotericin B; understanding of its pathogenesis. Diabetes mellitus; Conclusion. -
What Is the Fungal Diversity of Marine Ecosystems in Europe?
mycologist 20 (2006) 15– 21 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycol What is the Fungal Diversity of Marine Ecosystems in Europe? Eleanor T. LANDY*, Gerwyn M. JONES School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK abstract Keywords: Diversity In 2001 the European Register of Marine Species 1.0 was published (Costello et al. 2001 and Europe http://erms.biol.soton.ac.uk/, and latterly: http://www.marbef.org/data/stats.php) [Costello Fungi MJ, Emblow C, White R, 2001. European register of marine species: a check list of the marine Marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels 50, 463p.]. The lists of species (from fungi to mammals) were published as part of a European Union Concerted action project (funded by the European Union Marine Science and Technology (MAST) research programme) and the updated version (ERMS 2) is EU- funded through the Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (MARBEF) Framework project 6 Network of Excellence. Among these lists, a list of the fungi isolated and identified from coastal and marine ecosystems in Europe was included (Clipson et al. 2001) [Clipson NJW, Landy ET, Otte ML, 2001. Fungi. In@ Costelloe MJ, Emblow C, White R (eds), European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels 50: 15–19.]. This article deals with the results of compiling a new taxonomically correct and complete list of all fungi that have been reported occurring in European marine waters.