Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

A Collectanea of Indigenous Medicinal showing Antiulcer activity Kuldeep Singh, 1 Dr. Anuradha Mishra 2* 1Research Scholar, 2Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University- Lucknow- 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author: Kuldeep Singh, Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University- Lucknow- 226026 , India. ______

Abstract: Ulcer is a common disorder, mainly affecting the various parts of gastrointestinal tract. Ulcers can disrupt or breach the integrity of the intestinal mucosal layer lining the gastrointestinal tract. It is now evident that an imbalance between the aggressive and defensive factors may leads to peptic ulceration. Currently a large number of synthetic drugs are available to treat peptic ulcers and its associated complications, but these synthetic medications are either too costly or shows various side effects. Currently various medicinal plants and their polyherbal formulations are being used to treat peptic ulcers. In this review article some medicinal plants have been explored which may be used in ayurvedic as well as in modern medicine for the treatment and minimising the complications associated with peptic ulcers.

Keywords: Peptic ulcer, H.pylori, NSAIDs, Polyherbal formulations. ______

Introduction: Ulcers are the sores or breach on the skin or mucus membrane (Vimala G et al., 2014). The most common sites for ulcers are skin and gastrointestinal tract. There are various types of ulcers depending on their locations like peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer these are the most common types of ulcers. Some other but less common types of ulcers are Esophageal Ulcer, Bleeding Ulcer, Refractory Ulcer, Stress Ulcer, Chronic Leg Ulcer, Aphthous ulcer (Mehta D, 2016) . Some of the major risk factors of peptic ulcers are infection of H. pylori, alcohol, tobacco, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome etc. (Soreide K et al., 2015). Helicobacter pylori infection can cause hypochlorhydria. Due to hypochlorhydria there are chances of facilitation and survival and colonization of the bacteria into the stomach (Zaki M, 2013).

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An ulcer may be symptomatic or symptomatic, common symptoms include gnawing or burning pain in the middle or upper stomach between meals or at night includes bloating, heartburn, nausea or vomiting. In severe cases there may be dark or black stool due to bleeding, hemetemesis, weight loss, severe pain in the mid to upper abdomen. Ulcers can lead to serious complications like bleeding, perforations and gastric outlet obstruction (Roy S, 2016).

Peptic ulcer occurs due to an imbalance between the offensive factors and defensive factors, the offensive factors includes acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori and the defensive factors are mucin, prostaglandin, bicarbonate, nitric oxide, and growth factors (Hoogerwerf WA et al., 2001). H.pylori resides in between the mucous layer and the gastric epithelium and easily survives within the tough acidic conditions of the stomach (Kasper DL et al., 2005 ).

Taking NSAIDs can also lead to ulceration. Elderly and individuals having prior history of peptic ulcer are more susceptible for having peptic ulcers (Goldstein JL et al., 2015) . The NDSAIDs can damage the gastric mucosa due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), due to this inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, reduction in the mucosal blood flow, mucus and bicarbonate secretion and disruption of mucosal integrity occurs (Tripathi KD, 2013 ).

In modern medical science there are several approaches of peptic ulcer treatment is available, some of the major drugs that are used in this process are ranitidine, omeprazole, pipernzepine, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, sucralfate, amoxicillin e.t.c.(Bhala N et al., 2013 ).

Pharmacological studies:

The review work was carried out by thorough searching of different research articles from different online journals to review medicinal plants considered as gastro protective and healing agents on ulcers in ayurvedic resources and beside that to gather evidence for their effectiveness and biological mechanisms in modern investigation. We also have collected the literature of scientifically validated plants which are having significant antiulcer property.

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Ocimum sanctum Linn. :

Ocimum sanctum or Tulsi belongs to family Labiate, it plays a key role in a various ailments and have anti-carcinogenic, anthelmintic, antiseptic, anti-rheumatic, anti-stress, and antibacterial properties (Dharmani P et al., 2006 ). From the reports of various clinical trials it is evident now that it also useful in heart diseases (Sood S et al., 2005) and possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, it also found to inhibit to inhibit cyclooxygenase and lymphokines (Mediratta PK et al., 2013) . The aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum have showed significant anti-ulcer activity (Ghangale GR et al., 2009)

Fig. 1: Ocimum sanctum Linn

Buchanania lanzan Spreg : lanzan Spreg or popularly known as Char in hindi belongs to family , the dried powder of roots and leaves of Buchanania lanzan Spreg were extracted with ethanol methanol and the ethanol respectively, showed anti-ulcer activity (Wandre RA et al., 2013) and the methanolic extract possess antioxidant activity (Patra KC et al., 2011 ) analgesic and anti- inflammatory activity (Patsnaik AK et al., 2011), it also showed reduction in blood glucose level, lipid profile i.e. it possess antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities (Sushma N et al., 2013) .

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Fig. 2: Buchanania lanzan Spreg Excoecaria agallocha: Excoecaria agallocha , belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. It is a small tree which usually grows up to 15 m in height (Mondal S et al., 2016) . It has a significant impact on diabetes mellitus and exhibited antimicrobial, anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activity (Kaliamurthi S et al., 2016) and leaves shows significant anti-filarial activity (Chan EWC et al., 2016) and bark showed antiulcer activity on NSAID induced gastric ulcers in Albino rats (Thirunavukkarasu P et al., 2009), anti-diarrheal activity and wound healing and diuretic activity (Banerjee S et al., 2015 ).

Fig. 3: Excoecaria agallocha

Kielmeyera coriacea :

Kielmeyera coriacea belongs to genus Kielmeyera and family Calophyllaceae a species of the Cerrado, a savanna-like vegetation of Central Brazil (Caddah M K et al., 2012 ). Ethanolic extract

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and partitions of parts of K. coriacea showed a very strong antioxidant activity (Aquino FJTA et al., 2013) and many essential oils obtained from Kielmeyera coriacea exhibit cytotoxic activity (Cortez DAG et al., 2002 ), some of the other activity shown by Kielmeyera coriacea are schistosomasis, leishmaniasis, antimalarial, antifungal and antibacterial (Audi, EA et al. 2002). The hydroethanolic extract of Kielmeyera coriacea showed anti-ulcer activity when assessed using pylorus ligation method (Goulart YCF et al., 2005) .

Fig. 4: Kielmeyera coriacea Glycyrrhiza glabra : Glycyrrhiza glabra is commonly known as Mulethi in hindi and also called Yashtimadhu in , Glycyrrhiza is a genus of about 20 species belonging to family Fabaceae. Glycyrrhiza glabra have sweet flavor consisting compound glycyrrhizin as its primary active constituent. Commonly known as Mulethi in hindi and also called Yashtimadhu in ayurveda, Glycyrrhiza is a genus of about 20 species belonging to family Leguminosae. Glycyrrhiza glabra have sweet flavor consisting compound glycyrrhizin as its primary active constituent. Various studies suggests that the Glycyrrhiza glabra possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-ulcer, antitussive, antioxidant and antidiuretic activity. The roots of Licorice possess antidepressant, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and demulcent activity (Gupta BM, et al. 2018) .

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Fig. 5: Glycyrrhiza glabra

Aloe barbadensis miller: It is commonly known as Ghritkumari or Aloe vera, belongs to family Asphodelaceae and genus Aloe. Mainly the leaves of Aloe vera are used for its various therapeutic effects. The Aloe vera latex has anthraquinones, phenolic compounds, that are laxative in nature. Aloe vera shows like antiviral, antibacterial, wound healing and immunostimulative activities, antiulcer activities (Banik S et al., 2019), anti-aging agent, antitumor activity, anti-inflammatory activity, laxative effects. Apart from these activities some of the other uses of aloe vera are as an anthelmintic, aperients, carminative, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, stomachic and emmenagogue. The Aloe vera juice is used in skin care medicine, dyspepsia, amenorrhea, burns, colic, hyperadenosis, hepatopathy, constipation e.t.c. (Sahu PK et al ., 2013).

Fig. 6: Aloe barbadensis miller

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Jatropha curcas Linn :

Jatropha curcas Linn. belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. Extracts from different parts of the Jatropha have been used from a long time. various activities shown by Jatropha curcas Linn are analgesic, anticancer, anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cholinesterase activity, diuretic Aativity, haemostatic activity, hepatoprotective activity, insecticidal activity, larvicidal activity (Sharma SK et al., 2012 ). The leaves extract of Jatropha curcas Linn . also reported to have anti- HIV activity (Dahake R et al., 2013 ). It is evident from the study that the methanolic extract of Jatropha curcas possess significant antiulcer activity in aspirin induced gastric lesions in Wistar

rats (Jaikumar S et al., 2010 ).

Fig. 7: Jatropha curcas Linn

Azadirachta indica: Commonly known as neem belongs to family Maliaceae and genus is Azadirachta, neem is also called as arista in Sanskrit, a word that means reliver of sickness. Neem contains alkaloids, spooning, steroids, tannis, glycosides and flavonoids. Some of the activities are shown by Neem are antibacterial activity, antifungal, antimalarial, antitumor and antiviral activity, antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, male antifertility activity, diuretic, antipyretic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, antiulcer activity (Alzohairy MA (2016). It also shows antinephrotoxic activity, hepatoprotective activity, neuroprotective activity (More YW et al., 2015) .

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Fig. 8: Azadirachta indica

Ficus religiosa L. : It is a large perennial tree, it is known as Pipal in hindi belongs to family Moraceae, and genus is Ficus. Various activities shown by Ficus religiosa L. are antibacterial activity, anthelmintic activity, immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant activity, anthelmintic activity, wound-healing activity, Anticonvulsant activity, hypolipidemic activity, hypoglycemic activity, antiulcer activity (Chandrasekar SB et al., 2010), anti-inflammatory activity, anti- amnesic activity, antiasthmatic activity (Kaur A, et al., 2011) .

Fig. 9: Ficus religiosa L

Zingiber officinalis : Zingiber officinalis is commonly known as Gingrer or known as Adrak in hindi, belongs to family Zingiberaceae. Zingiber officinalis exhibits various activities like antioxidant, anti-migraine, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti thrombotic, analgesic, anti-proliferative, anti-osteoarthritic, hepatoprotective e.t.c. (Ghosh A K et al., 2011 ). Dried powdered rhizomes of Zinger roots has been used from ancient times as a remedy for

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gastrointestinal problems including peptic ulceration despite the fact that promotes gastric secretions (Priyanka (2015) .

Fig. 10: Zingiber officinalis Table. 1: Medicinal plants with their major active constituents

Sr. Medicinal Plant Family Part(s)Used Major active constituents Reference No. 1 Occimum Labiate Leaves, Seeds Eugenol, alkaloids, tannins, Rajesh et al., (2013) Sanctmum L. saponins, Cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids.

2 Buchanania Anacardiaceae Leaves Celidinol, Vomicine, Banerjee S et al., (2015) lanzan Spreg Epinitol, quercetin, gallic acid, tannins, alkaloids, saponins 3 Excoecaria Euphorbiaceae Leaves, Stems 3α,18-dihydroxy-3β,20- Surjushe A et al., 2008) Agallocha L. epoxybeyer-15-ene, flavanoids, tannins, steroids, phenols, glycosides Kielmeyera Clusiaceae Leaves, Alpha-copaene, (E)-hex-2- Martins CM et al., coriacea enal, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (2015) 4 Stems, Roots terpenoids, triterpinoids, flavanoids, tannins. 5 Glycyrrhiza glabra Fabaceae Stems Glycyrrhizin, liquiritic acid, Snafi AEA (2018 a) tannins, flavonoids L. [45] 6 Aloe barbadensis Asphodelaceae Leaves Anthraquinones, tannins Sharma V et al., (2013) flavanoids, alkaloids, miller [46]

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7 Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Leaves, Fruits Oleic and Linoleic acids, Fragoso JPL et al., terpenoids, saponins, (2017) Linn alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, steroids, phenols 8 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Leaves, Nimbidin, Azadirachitin, Sharma P et al., (2011) Nimbin, Nimbolide, steroids, [48] Fruits, Bark phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides,terpenoids, flavon oids and tannins 9 Ficus religiosa L . Moraceae Leaves, Bark, Flavonoids, terpenoids, Snafi AEA (2017 b) tannins, glycosides, [49] Seeds, Fruits saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, methionine, phenols, terpenoids 10 Zingiber officinalis Zingiberaceae Rhizome Zingiberene, alkaloids, Syafitri DM et al., 2018) [50] tannins, flavanoids, pholobotannins, terpenoids, glycosides

Discussion:

The herbal medicines are being used from ancient times for the treatment of various diseases. It is now evident that various plants possess antiulcer properties. This review article includes some medicinal plants which have antiulcer properties. Here we have discussed some of their important chemical constituents and some other activities shown by these medicinal plants apart from antiulcer activity. The chemical constituents like alkaloid, flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins are mainly responsible for their antiulcer properties.

Conclusion:

According to the old hypothesis, peptic ulceration is primarily related to hyper secretion of gastric acid and the overall reduction of gastric acid secretion, now a days the treatment of ulcer targets the potentiating the defensive factors along with lowering of acid secretion. This article reviews some of the herbal drugs having significant antiulcer activity on various animal models.

It is now evident from various experimental data that various herbal drugs are quite effective in the gastric ulcer treatment but a very few have reached up to clinical trial level and very few

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have been marketed. Therefore it can be concluded that the benefits of these research are not reaching up to the mankind. Hence the researchers need to take more active interest in standardization of such potential herbal drugs to be clinically effective and competitive.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors offer their sincere thanks, to chancellor, Vice chancellor and Dean R&D, Integral University for providing technical support and assigning communication reference no: IU/R&D/2020-MCN000963, for further communication.

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