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Right-To-Information Arenas

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Right-To-Information Arenas ʜ ʟɴɴ ʜʟ ɴɪ ɴ ʟɪɪʟ ɪɴ ʀɪɢʜ--ɪɴʀɪɴ ʀɴ:ʟʀɪɴɢ ʜ ʀɪɢʜ ɪɴʀɪɴ ɪɴ ʜɪʟ,ɴ ʟɴ ɴ ʀɢʏ ʙʀɪɪ ʀʟʟɪɴɪ ɴ ʜɪʙɪʜʀɴɢʀɴɴʜ ʟɴɴ ʜʟ ɴɪ ʀ ʜ ɢʀ ʀ ʜɪʟʜʏ,ʟɴɴ,ʙʀ DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/Ph.D. degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). is thesis is licensed under creative commons licence attribution-noncommercial-sharealike .International (CC BY-NC-SA .) I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Richard Glyde and the company Editage. Stefan Bauchowitz provided support with the use of LaTex I declare that my thesis consists of words. For a full description of the licence follow this link https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/.. ABSTRACT e Right to Information (RTI) – a right every individual has to access public information held by governments – is now established in more than countries. RTI laws set up a new logic in government: availability of public information is the principle and secrecy the exception. RTI laws create new public information arenas where several actors request, release and use public information for several purposes. In this work, I seek to explore why RTI arenas based on similar principles, work differently leading to different outputs.My explanation is based on a historical- institutionalist perspective arguing that origins of these laws and previous institutional structures matter. I argue that three factors help to shape these arenas: the level of participation in the policy-making process, the professionalisation of state bureaucracy and RTI enforcement institutions. e combination of these factors gives us three different kinds of arenas: functional, mixed and contested. I develop a conceptual framework, operating at a middle-range theory level, to analyse the role RTI laws, requesters, the state, and the existence of RTI enforcement institutions play in each configuration. I show how these arenas evolve and work, running a structured and focused comparison of three case studies: Uruguay, Chile and New Zealand. is work shows how these arenas ended up differing in outputs such as availability of public information and efficiency in processing RTI requests, as well as the existence of effective accountability mechanisms to resolve disputes about public information. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of this research, I have acquired many debts. I was careful to write them down, but it is very likely that the following list will not cover all of them nor I will be able to repay them. In this age, after all, we are always indebted to someone. A research project cannot be delivered without sponsors, to whom I am very grateful. Uruguayan citizens contributed to this research through the Carlos Quijano scholarship (Ministry of Education and Culture) and the Agency for Research and Innovation (ANII) scholarship.British taxpayers also contributed through the LSE government department scholarship. e LSE travel support scholarship, the LSE–Santander Travel Fund and the ECPR Ph.D. scholarship allowed me to carry out fieldwork research and take part in seminars and conferences related to this topic. In addition, Marcos Scrollini and Juana Martinez (my grandparents) contributed in decisive moments to this Ph.D. with part of their savings. Administrative staffmanaging these scholarships were very patient. In particular, Georgina Lazarini, Graciela Vernengo, Madeleine Both, Josephine Burchell and Imogen Withers were excellent liaisons within these institutions. Silvana Fumega and Andrew Ecclestone introduced me to this topic eight years ago. I am thankful for their encouragement and friendship throughout this process. Both provided comments that have improved my understanding of this field. Andrew and his wife Zia were kind enough to host me during part of my fieldwork in New Zealand. Rob Laking, Bob Gregory and Conrado Ramos trusted me to finish a Ph.D. I hope I have honoured this trust. Rob also provided extensive comments and kind support through this research. Coleen Laking was also kind enough to let me stay at their home when doing fieldwork. When I first arrived at this University, I had the privilege of meeting an exceptional cohort of Ph.D. students. In particular, I shared these joyful early days (and some not-so-joyful following years) with Gustavo Bonifaz, Laura Robbins, Feline Freier, Mohanad Hage Ali, Miran Nordelan, Sasha Person, Suzanne Morrison and Caroline Armstrong. It has been a long journey, and it was great to share this with them. When I looked for a physical space to work in at this University, I was drawn to a particular room known as H (technically H and today no longer existent). is room had a strange dynamic of its own. Jose Olivas was kind enough to welcome me and showed me the ropes of LSE academic and administrative life, among many other things. I am really thankful to him for all his help. In this room, I met people from different backgrounds who challenged my ideas, shared their thoughts (including in all sorts of off-topic conversations) such as Lila Caballero, Julio Gonzalez, Ting Luo, Ashikur Rahman, Matthew Whiting, Johaness Wolff, Ursula Durand, Marta Wojciechowska, Pinar Dinc, Ellie Knott, Randi Solhjell, Gisela Calderon, Kathleen Henehan, , Martin Williams, Kenneth Bunker, Ed Gareth, Maria Brock, Izabella Correa, Pon Souvannaseng, Joyce Suhjin Lee, Dominika Spyratou, Maria Kyriakidou, Paola Romero, Anahi Wiedenbrug, Holke Brammer and Kate Alexander. In H, Jurgen Braunstein and Ninfa Fuentes provided the most entertaining (and caustic) comments about academic and worldly matters through the time I was working in this Ph.D. I even managed to understand a bit of ‘quant’ political science thanks to Ignazio de Ferrari. Stefan Bauchowitz showed me the virtues of LaTeX and parsimony. Ben Worthy and Tom McClean kindly invited me to the workshops they organised at UCL, which played an important role in my understanding of RTI in Britain and elsewhere. Ben was also very generous in introducing me to new literature and sharing his thoughts on this matter, as well as connecting me with other academics in this field. I took part in panels at the Transparency Conference in New York (), Utrecht () and Paris (), as well as in a workshop at the University of Lausanne, kindly convened by Albert Meijer, Patrick Villeneuve and Martial Pasquier. I wish to thank the participants in these panels and the conveners who contributed to challenging my thinking around this topic and shared their insights on this matter. Exchanges with Greg Michener also helped me to understand more about this literature. In the context of these conferences (and beyond them), I had several exchanges with Marcos Mendiburu and Helen Darbishire. Marcos was always supportive of this research and generously provided comments on several chapters. Helen has been extremely supportive and I admire her professionalism and hard work in this field. I am also very thankful to the British NGO My Society, in particular to Tony Bowden, for sharing and explaining the virtues of what was then a fairly unknown software called Alaveteli. Gabriela Rodriguez (a software engineer and friend) and I set up the prototype using Alaveteli for the Uruguayan case study, also drawing on the previous work developed by David Cabo and Victoria Anderica with Access Info in Spain. Without this work, the Uruguayan case study would not have had access to any reliable data about FOI requests. Working with Gabriela, in those early days and now, has been fun, challenging and a privilege. In Uruguay, the FOI web portal quesabes.uy based on this software was finally made possible by DATA, a local NGO. Mariana Mas, Daniel Carranza, Fernando Uval and Victoria Esteves, dear friends and colleagues, made the push to launch the portal, adding their valuable expertise in policy, communications, design and software engineering. is initial collaboration led to more adventures together until today. I would also like to express my gratitude to a group of volunteers, including Juan Borchard, Martin Cedes and Javier Gomez, who spent time fixing bugs and helping with the usability of this website. Christian Schuster, my colleague in this Ph.D. programme, provided early comments on part of this work, which helped to frame my thinking. Nicolas Trajtenberg – also a Ph.D. student on a different journey – crossed his academic boundaries to discuss methodology in social sciences with me. Tim Davies - another Ph.D. student and dear colleague- provided comments on an initial paper on this matter. In Uruguay, I am particularly grateful for the advocacy work Edison Lanza (CAINFO) developed to support quesabes.uy, as well as for his assistance in the Uruguayan case study in terms of research and previous work we developed together. Tania da Rosa, also from CAINFO, shared her insights about RTI in the Uruguayan case study. Also in Uruguay, I want to thank Karen Van Rompaey for her assistance (and cheerful words) during this research, as well as Carolina Veiga for her assistance on several research matters. Civil servants working in RTI in government such as Virginia Pardo, Mariana Gatti and Gabriel Del Piazzo were also very kind in sharing their work and information. Pablo Landoni’s view also contributed when we developed an article on education and RTI for the Uruguayan case. At the University of the Republic, Pedro Narbondo, Conrado Ramos and Guillermo Fuentes allowed me to organise a workshop to share my ideas and provided very constructive feedback.
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