DOCSLIB.ORG

Copyright by Rhonda Leann Evans Case 2004

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Copyright by Rhonda Leann Evans Case 2004 Copyright by Rhonda Leann Evans Case 2004 The Dissertation Committee for Rhonda Leeann Evans Case Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Politics and Law of Anglo-American Antidiscrimination Regimes, 1945-1995 Committee: John C. Higley, Supervisor Gary P. Freeman H.W. Perry Sanford Levinson Jeffrey K. Tulis The Politics and Law of Anglo-American Antidiscrimination Regimes, 1945-1995 by Rhonda Leann Evans Case, B.A, J.D. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2004 To my Mom and Reed, and in memory of my Father Acknowledgements This dissertation is the product of considerable personal sacrifice not only on my part but, more importantly, on the part of the people I love most. I, therefore, humbly dedicate it to my mother and my husband, for their abiding love and support, and to my father, who sadly did not live to see the project’s completion. I also thank Marcella Evans, who made it easier for me to be so far away from home during such trying times. In addition, I benefited from the support of a tremendous circle of friends who were always there when I needed them: Tracy McFarland, Brenna Troncoso, Rosie and Scott Truelove, Anna O. Law, Holly Hutyera, Pam Wilkins Connelly, John Hudson, Jason Pierce, Emily Werlein, Greg Brown, and Lori Dometrovich. While in Australia and New Zealand, I benefited from the kindnesses of far too many people to list here, but I extend a special thanks to Imogen, Baghurst, Kerri Weeks, Sonia Palmieri, Robyn Lui, Ling Lee, and Peter Barger. I owe my dissertation advisor, John C. Higley, a special debt of both personal and professional gratitude for his continuous support, generosity, and patience. Dissertations also require considerable institutional support. I thank the members of my dissertation committee, Jeffrey K. Tulis, Gary P. Freeman, Sanford Levinson, and H.W. Perry, Jr. I also thank our departmental staff for all of their assistance over the years, including Debbie Coleman, Nancy Moses, Lauren Baker, Tara Broderick, Annette Carlile, Laura Leissner, Meagan Mulligan, Patrick Couture, Maria, Tway, and Barbara Zuckerman. While a student in the Department of Government at the University of Texas at Austin, I benefited from numerous funding programs. They include the Edward A. Clark Center for Australian and New Zealand Studies; the University Co-operative Society; Fulbright New Zealand; the Cullen Trust; and the McDonald Trust. In addition, I received grants from the v International Chapter of the P.E.O. Sisterhood; the Eisenhower World Affairs Institute; the Institute for the Study of World Politics; the International Council for Canadian Studies; and the University of Ottawa. My fieldwork was made easier by generous institutional support furnished by the Political Science Program within Australian National University’s Research School of Social Sciences and the Faculty of Law at Victoria University of Wellington. Finally, I extend a personal thanks to Sharon Jasneski and Suzy Ippolito at the University of Pittsburgh’s library storage facility; to Heidi Kuglin and Lotte Kellaway at Archives New Zealand; to Wendy Nesmith and her entire staff in the Interlibrary Loan Office at the University of Texas at Austin; and to the Hon. Robert McClelland and his staff. Last, but certainly not least, I extend my gratitude to a little wire-haired fox terrier named Sammy, whose boundless affection, joy, and enthusiasm for the simple things in life sustained me. Rhonda Evans Case Austin, Texas vi The Politics and Law of Anglo-American Antidiscrimination Regimes, 1945-1995 Publication No._____________ Rhonda Leann Evans Case, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2004 Supervisor: John C. Higley Since 1945, states have increasingly been called upon to use their power in order to enforce egalitarian norms. The Anglo-American countries have done so through the construction of antidiscrimination regimes. Given their common law foundations, this entailed a complex and politically fraught renegotiation of state-society relations. This dissertation provides an account of the origins and development of antidiscrimination regimes in the Anglo-American countries between 1945 and 1995 and it performs two main analytic tasks. First, it identifies and elaborates the component parts of antidiscrimination regimes, and second, it specifies the political processes through which those component parts change over time. I chart the development of an ideology of antidiscrimination, and through two case studies, I show the conditions under which political elites in Australia and New Zealand institutionalized its core tenets. vii Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................... x Chapter One: Introduction.......................................................................................1 The Political Significance of Antidiscrimination Regimes .................................3 The Political Dynamics of Antidiscrimination Regimes....................................9 Antidiscrimination Regimes and Political Science...........................................19 Research Design.............................................................................................23 Roadmap to Subsequent Chapters..................................................................25 Chapter Two: The Common Law ..........................................................................26 Patterns of Societal Discrimination ................................................................29 Public Accommodations ................................................................................32 Real Estate Transactions ................................................................................43 Employment Discrimination..........................................................................47 Critique of the Common Law ........................................................................49 Chapter Three: The Ideology of Antidiscrimination...............................................53 The American Antecedent..............................................................................54 Intellectual Foundations of Antidiscrimination Laws......................................60 The Post-World War II Wave of Antidiscrimination Lawmaking in the U.S., Canada, and Britain...............................................................................72 The United Nations .......................................................................................81 Conclusion.....................................................................................................85 Chapter Four: New Zealand...................................................................................87 Discrimination in Postwar New Zealand: 1945-1970.....................................89 Pressure for A Legislative Response to Racial Discrimination ........................98 The Race Relations Act 1971........................................................................106 Antidiscrimination Legislation for Women...................................................122 Amendments to the Human Rights Commission Act...................................133 The Human Rights Act 1993........................................................................136 viii Chapter Five: Australia.........................................................................................142 1945-1975: Why No Federal Antidiscrimination Laws? ...............................145 The Push for Racial Discrimination Legislation............................................154 A Human Rights Commission......................................................................165 Antidiscrimination Legislation for Women...................................................169 The Disability Discrimination Act................................................................173 Conclusion...................................................................................................176 Conclusion............................................................................................................178 Bibliography..........................................................................................................183 Vita .....................................................................................................................194 ix List of Tables Table 3.1: State Laws Prohibiting Racial Discrimination in Public Accommodations, 1865-1897...................................................................................................... 59 Table 3.2: State Laws Prohibiting Discrimination in Public Accommodations, 1945 to 1961................................................................................................................ 73 Table 3.3: State Laws Prohibiting Discrimination in Employment and Providing for State Enforcement ....................................................................................... 76 Table 3.4: Fair Employment Practices Legislation in Canada, 1951-1964 ................. 79 Table 3.5: Fair Accommodation Practices Legislation in Canada, 1954-1960........... 80 Table 3.6: Human Rights Codes in Canada, 1962-1987................................................ 80 Table 4.1: Race Relations Act Legislative Timeline ....................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NEW ZEALAND GAZR'l*IE
    No. 108 2483 THE NEW ZEALAND GAZR'l*IE Published by Authority WELLINGTON: THURSDAY, 31 OCTOBER 1974 Land Taken for the Auckland-Hamilton Motorway in the SCHEDULE City of Auckland NORTH AUCKlAND LAND DISTRICT ALL that piece of land containing 1 acre 3 roods 18.7 DENIS BLUNDELL, Governor-General perches situated in Block XIII, Whakarara Survey District, A PROCLAMATION and being part Matauri lHlB Block; as shown on plan PURSUANT to the Public Works Act 1928, I, Sir Edward M.O.W. 28101 (S.O. 47404) deposited in the office of the Denis Blundell, the Governor-General of New Zealand, hereby Minister of Works and Development at Wellington and proclaim and declare that the land first described in the thereon coloured blue. Schedule hereto and the undivided half share in the land Given under the hand of His Excellency the Governor­ secondly therein described, held by Melvis Avery, of Auck­ General and issued under the Seal of New Zealand, land, machinery inspector, are hereby taken for the Auckland­ this 23rd day of October 1974. Hamilton Motorway. [Ls.] HUGH WATT, Minister of Works and Development. SCHEDULE Goo SAVE THE QUEEN! NORTH AUCKLAND LAND DISTRICT (P.W. 33/831; Ak. D.O. 50/15/14/0/47404) ALL those pieces of land situated in the City of Auckland described as follows: A. R. P. Being Land Taken for Road and for the Use, Convenience, or 0 0 11.48 Lot 1, D.P. 12014. Enjoyment of a Road in Blocks Ill and VII, Te Mata 0 0 0.66 Lot 2, D.P.
    [Show full text]
  • SEPTEMBER 2005 Cataloguing It
    Oral history news Elayne retires from MOTAT Elayne Robertson worked with great NOHANZ enthusiasm at MOTAT in various Newsletter roles from 2001 to 2005. She found her metier in the Walsh Memorial Library and worked with the tenacity Volume 19, number 3 of a bloodhound researching the MOTAT photograph collection and SEPTEMBER 2005 cataloguing it. But really Elayne’s lasting achievement was the establishment EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE of the MOTAT Oral History section. In 2002 the new MOTAT Director, President: Jeremy Hubbard, took advice from Lesley Hall the existing staff and volunteers and approached Elayne. Executive Committee: Emma Dewson His faith was very well rewarded Linda Evans when Elayne immediately drew up Gillian Headifen equipment lists, plans, and budgets. Megan Hutching She recruited volunteers to carry out Alison Laurie interviews and brought all the Rachel Morley resources together, organised Rachael Selby training for us in interview Anne Thorpe techniques, machine operation and project planning. She was a model of Distance members of committee: how to do things and was unflagging Mary Donald (Auckland) in her energy which even extended Anna Green (Auckland) to assisting with organising the 2003 Marie Burgess (Gisborne) NOHANZ conference in Auckland. Ruth Greenaway (Christchurch) She and Ian gave many, many hours Jacqui Foley (Oamaru) of their weekends to the hard work Helen Frizzell (Dunedin) of copying and time coding, liaising with Alexander Turnbull Library and monitoring the output of the www.oralhistory.org.nz interviews as well as arranging and training staff. So it was with great sadness that we allowed Elayne to resign from the Newsletter: We seek news and Walsh Memorial Library and the Oral views from around the country about History Section.
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore Campus a Coup for Massey
    MasseyAuckland • Palmerston North • Wellington • Extramural News26 Haratua, May 2008 Issue 7 Rare kakariki take fl ight in new home Page 3 Future leader’s march with recent graduates during the procession following the ceremony to honour Mäori graduates. Graduation Palmerston North Writers’ Read in the capital Celebrating the collaboration with Singapore Polytechnic are, from left: Acting Vice-Chancellor Professor Ian Warrington, Principal of Singapore Polytechnic Page 6 Tan Hang Cheong, New Zealand High Commissioner to Singapore Martin Harvey, Senior Minister of State Lui and Dr Thomas Chai. On the table is a drink developed by Singapore Polytechnic and some Zespri gold and green kiwifruit. Singapore campus a coup for Massey A unique collaboration between Massey University and Education, Rear-Admiral Lui Tuck Yew, speaking at the Singapore Polytechnic will see the University’s fi rst offshore launch, said the collaboration was a strategic and timely campus developed. The venture, launched in Singapore last move given the value of the food and beverage industry in week, allows top polytechnic students to complete the fi nal Singapore reaching $SG17.6 billion ($NZ16.6 billion). two years of a Bachelor in Food Technology through Massey “Massey University’s Food Technology Institute is papers offered in Singapore. ranked among the top fi ve in the world,” Mr Yew said. “The To have the University’s food technology honours degree ministry has done a lot of groundwork and comparative selected from would-be providers all around the world is a studies before granting this degree tie-up and I am Graduation Wellington signifi cant achievement, Head of the Institute of Food Nutrition confi dent the programme will be of very high quality and and Palmerston North and Human Health Professor Richard Archer says.
    [Show full text]
  • Blair (ALP 8.0%)
    Blair (ALP 8.0%) Location South east Queensland. Blair includes the towns of Ipswich, Rosewood, Esk, Kilcoy and surrounding rural areas. Redistribution Gains Karana Downs from Ryan, reducing the margin from 8.9% to 8% History Blair was created in 1998. Its first member was Liberal Cameron Thompson, who was a backbencher for his entire parliamentary career. Thompson was defeated in 2007 by Shayne Neumann. History Shayne Neumann- ALP: Before entering parliament, Neumann was a lawyer. He was a parliamentary secretary in the Gillard Government and is currently Shadow Minister for Immigration. Robert Shearman- LNP: Michelle Duncan- Greens: Sharon Bell- One Nation: Bell is an estimating assistant in the construction industry. Majella Zimpel- UAP: Zimpel works in social services. Simone Karandrews- Independent: Karandrews is a health professional who worked at Ipswich Hospital. John Turner- Independent: Peter Fitzpatrick- Conservative National (Anning): John Quinn- Labour DLP: Electoral Geography Labor performs best in and around Ipswich while the LNP does better in the small rural booths. Labor’s vote ranged from 39.37% at Mount Kilcoy State School to 76.25% at Riverview state school near Ipswich. Prognosis Labor should hold on to Blair quite easily. Bonner (LNP 3.4%) Location Eastern suburbs of Brisbane. Bonner includes the suburbs of Mount Gravatt, Mansfield, Carindale, Wynnum, and Manly. Bonner also includes Moreton Island. Redistribution Unchanged History Bonner was created in 2004 and has always been a marginal seat. Its first member was Liberal Ross Vasta, who held it for one term before being defeated by Labor’s Kerry Rea. Rea only held Bonner for one term before being defeated by Vasta, running for the LNP.
    [Show full text]
  • Converging Currents Custom and Human Rights in the Pacific 
    September 2006, Wellington, New Zealand | STUDY PAPER 17 CoNvERgiNg CURRENTS Custom and human rights in the paCifiC The Law Commission is an independent, publicly funded, central advisory body established by statute to undertake the systematic review, reform and development of the law of New Zealand. its purpose is to help achieve law that is just, principled, and accessible, and that reflects the heritage and aspirations of the peoples of New Zealand. The Commissioners are: Right Honourable Sir geoffrey Palmer – President Dr Warren Young – Deputy President Honourable Justice Eddie Durie Helen Aikman qC The Manager of the Law Commission is Brigid Corcoran The office of the Law Commission is at 89 The Terrace, Wellington Postal address: Po Box 2590, Wellington 6001, New Zealand Document Exchange Number: sp 23534 Telephone: (04) 473–3453, Facsimile: (04) 914–4760 Email: [email protected] internet: www.lawcom.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand Cataloguing-in-Publication Data New Zealand. Law Commission. Custom and human rights in the Pacific / Law Commission. (Study paper, 1174-9776 ; 17) iSBN 1-877316-08-3 1. Customary law—oceania. 2. Human rights—oceania. 3. Civil rights—oceania. i. Title. ii. Series: Study paper (New Zealand. Law Commission) 340.5295—dc 22 Study Paper/Law Commission, Wellington 2006 iSSN 1174-9776 iSBN 1-877316-08-3 This study paper may be cited as NZLC SP17 This study paper is also available on the internet at the Commission’s website: www.lawcom.govt.nz <http://www.lawcom.govt.nz> LawCommissionStudyPaper He Poroporoaki The New Zealand Law Commission acknowledges with deep regret the passing of two notable Pacific leaders shortly before the printing of this study, the Maori queen and the King of Tonga.
    [Show full text]
  • Debate Recovery? Ch
    JANUARY 16, 1976 25 CENTS VOLUME 40/NUMBER 2 A SOCIALIST NEWSWEEKLY/PUBLISHED IN THE INTERESTS OF THE WORKING PEOPLE actions nee - DEBATE U.S. LEFT GROUPS DISCUSS VITAL ISSUES IN REVOLUTION. PAGE 8. RECOVERY? MARXIST TELLS WHY ECONOMIC UPTURN HAS NOT BROUGHT JOBS. PAGE 24. RUSSELL MEANS CONVICTED IN S.D. FRAME-UP. PAGE 13. Original murder charges against Hurricane Carter stand exposed and discredited. Now New Jersey officials seek to keep him' behind bars on new frame-up as 'accomplice/ See page 7. PITTSBURGH STRIKERS FIGHT TO SAVE SCHOOLS. PAGE 14. CH ACTION TO HALT COP TERROR a Ira me- IN NATIONAL CITY. PAGE 17. In Brief NO MORE SHACKLES FOR SAN QUENTIN SIX: The lation that would deprive undocumented workers of their San Quentin Six have scored a victory with their civil suit rights. charging "cruel and unusual punishment" in their treat­ The group's "Action Letter" notes, "[These] bills are ment by prison authorities. In December a federal judge nothing but the focusing on our people and upon all Brown THIS ordered an end to the use of tear gas, neck chains, or any and Asian people's ability to obtain and keep a job, get a mechanical restraints except handcuffs "unless there is an promotion, and to be able to fight off discrimination. But imminent threat of bodily harm" for the six Black and now it will not only be the government agencies that will be WEEK'S Latino prisoners. The judge also expanded the outdoor qualifying Brown people as to whether we have the 'right' to periods allowed all prisoners in the "maximum security" be here, but every employer will be challenging us at every MILITANT Adjustment Center at San Quentin.
    [Show full text]
  • A RETROSPECTIVE on the WOODHOUSE REPORT: the VISION, the PERFORMANCE and the FUTURE Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey Palmer QC*
    401 A RETROSPECTIVE ON THE WOODHOUSE REPORT: THE VISION, THE PERFORMANCE AND THE FUTURE Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey Palmer QC* The following is a revised version of the second Woodhouse Memorial Lecture given at both the Victoria University of Wellington and the University of Auckland in September 2018. It traces the history and policy iterations of New Zealand's accident compensation scheme that flowed from the 1967 Woodhouse Report (the Report), a Royal Commission report chaired by Sir Owen Woodhouse. It discusses the features of the Report and the determination it showed to get rid of the common law action for damages for personal injury. It analyses the degree to which the Report was not followed in the journey it took through the political decision-making system. There is a critical analysis of the delivery of benefits, the administration of the scheme and its financing. The performance in accident prevention and rehabilitation is briefly covered. The method of settling disputes in the scheme has seen an unwelcome return to legalism. The lecture concludes with a strong plea to remove the anomalies created by the accident compensation scheme between the vicitims of accident who receive earnings related-benefit and those who are dealt with under the Social Security Act 2018 under which they receive flat rate benefits. The lecture concludes with some lessons for policymakers. I INTRODUCTION This lecture is part of a Festschrift for Professor Gordon Anderson who has given sterling service to the Victoria University of Wellington. He has specialised in employment law and the regulation of labour and work.
    [Show full text]
  • (No. 23)Craccum-1976-050-023.Pdf
    A u rb la n d University Student Paper to make these points at all. He was In April and May of 197 2 the obviously sensitive about the fact short-lived Sunday Herald ran a that his articles conflicted with the series of four articles dealing with official fiction that ours is a classless the men who dominate New Zealand society, and was trying to salvage as commerce. The first article was much of the myth as possible. headed Elite Group has Reins on The formation of oligarchies Key Directorships, and it justified is a strong New Zealand characterist­ this title with the contention that ic - it doesn’t only happen in the “a large proportion of private assets business world. The situation could in New Zealand are under the almost be described as ‘Government control of a group which probably m M m by In-group’. This characteristic is numbers less than 300 people. more costy than sinister - not that Control of commerce in New it makes any difference. The effect Zealand seems to be exercised is more important than the motive, through large companies which have and the effect in this case is that the interlocking directorates. It is country is suffocating under the possible to construct a circular uninspired direction of a number of chain which leads from point A little in-groups. Practically every right through the economy back to institution and organisation in New point A.” W EALTH Zealand - whether it be a university The anonymous author selected administration or a students’ a company at random - New association, Federated Farmers or Zealand Breweries - and listed the the Federation of Labour - is run by connections that its directors had POWER with other companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Assessment Resource History for Achievement Standard 91002
    Exemplar for internal assessment resource History for Achievement Standard 91002 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard History Level 1 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard 91002 Demonstrate understanding of an historical event, or place, of significance to New Zealanders An annotated exemplar is an extract of student evidence, with a commentary, to explain key aspects of the standard. These will assist teachers to make assessment judgements at the grade boundaries. New Zealand Qualification Authority To support internal assessment from 2014 © NZQA 2014 Exemplar for internal assessment resource History for Achievement Standard 91002 Grade Boundary: Low Excellence For Excellence, the student needs to demonstrate comprehensive understanding of an 1. historical event, or place, of significance to New Zealanders. This involves including a depth and breadth of understanding using extensive supporting evidence, to show links between the event, the people concerned and its significance to New Zealanders. In this student’s evidence about the Maori Land Hikoi of 1975, some comprehensive understanding is demonstrated in comments, such as why the wider Maori community became involved (3) and how and when the prime minister took action against the tent embassy (6). Breadth of understanding is demonstrated in the wide range of matters that are considered (e.g. the social background to the march, the nature of the march, and the description of a good range of ways in which the march was significant to New Zealanders). Extensive supporting evidence is provided regarding the march details (4) and the use of specific numbers (5) (7) (8). To reach Excellence more securely, the student could ensure that: • the relevance of some evidence is better explained (1) (2), or omitted if it is not relevant • the story of the hikoi is covered in a more complete way.
    [Show full text]
  • The Banning of E.A.H. Laurie at Melbourne Teachers' College, 1944
    THE BANNING OF E.A.H. LAURIE AT MELBOURNE TEACHERS' COLLEGE, 1944. 05 Rochelle White DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES Fourth Year Honours Thesis Faculty of Arts, Victoria University. December, 1997 FTS THESIS 323.4430994 WHI 30001004875359 White, Rochelle The banning of E.A.H. Laurie at Melbourne Teachers' College, 1944 TABLE OF CONTENTS Synopsis i Disclaimer ii Acknowledgments iii Chapter 1: Introduction 1-3 Chapter 2: Background 4-14 Chapters: Events 15-23 Chapter 4: Was the ban warranted? 24-29 Chapters: Conclusion 30-31 Bibliography Appendix: Constitution Alteration (War Aims and Reconstruction ) Bill - 1942 SYNOPSIS This thesis examines the banning of a communist speaker. Lieutenant E.A.H. Laurie, at Melbourne Teachers' College in July, 1944 and argues that the decision to ban Laurie was unwarranted and politically motivated. The banning, which was enforced by the Minister for Public Instruction, Thomas Tuke Hollway, appears to have been based on Hollway's firm anti-communist views and political opportunism. A. J. Law, Principal of the Teachers' College, was also responsible for banning Laurie. However, Law's decision to ban Laurie was probably directed by Hollway and supported by J. Seitz, Director of Education. Students at the neighbouring Melbourne University protested to defend the rights of Teachers' College students for freedom of speech. The University Labor Club and even the University Conservative Club argued that Hollway should have allowed Laurie to debate the "Yes" case for the forthcoming 1944 Powers Referendum. The "Fourteen Powers Referendum" sought the transfer of certain powers from the States to the Commonwealth for a period of five years after the war, to aid post-war reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in New Zealand
    Acknowledgements: The New Zealand Law Foundation funded the three year research project and we are enormously grateful for their financial and moral support. We would like to thank the stakeholders who contributed to the research and to those experts who read individual chapters and provided feedback. We appreciate the work of Kyle Stutter of the New Zealand Human Rights Commission and Kirsty Whitby in the School of Social Sciences and Public Policy at AUT for money matters. Millie Wall patiently formatted the report and designed the cover. Heidi Jones and Anne-Marie Laure provided valuable research in the early stages of the project. Sir Geoffrey Palmer undertook the overall peer review and John Harvey proof read the report several times. Any errors of fact or grammatical imperfections are ours alone and will be corrected in web-based versions of the report. Contact details: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 1 Contents Summary of recommendations ............................................................................................. 9 Chapter One Human Rights ........................................................................................ 11 1 Introduction to human rights .................................................................................................. 11 1.1 A short history of the evolution and development of human rights in New Zealand. ... 12 1.1.1 1948 to 1968 – Period of inaction .................................................................................. 13 1.1.2 1968
    [Show full text]
  • Grantees Booklet 2010 Inside.Indd
    2010 Fulbright New Zealand Grantees Booklet The Fulbright Programme The Fulbright programme of international educational exchange was an initiative of American Senator J. William Fulbright from Arkansas, who in the aftermath of World War II believed that mutual understanding between different countries and cultures was crucial to ensure a peaceful future for the world. The Fulbright Act, an ingenious piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1946, directed proceeds from the sale of surplus war property, foreign loan repayments and reparations to fund the “promotion of international good will through the exchange of students in the fields of education, culture, and science.” In Senator Fulbright’s own words, the Fulbright programme aims “to bring a little more knowledge, a little more reason and a little more compassion into world affairs and thereby to increase the chance that nations will learn at last to live in peace and friendship.” New Zealand was the fifth country to sign up to the Fulbright programme by bilateral treaty with the United States of America, in 1948. Since then Fulbright New Zealand has sent more than 1,400 New Zealand graduate students, artists, academics and professionals to the US and welcomed more than 1,100 Americans on exchanges here. Fulbright New Zealand is jointly funded by the US and New Zealand governments with additional funding from award sponsors, private philanthropists and alumni donors. It is governed by a twelve member Board of Directors comprised of six New Zealanders and six Americans. The Fulbright programme has been described as one of the largest and most significant movements of scholars across the face of the earth and now operates in over 155 countries, funding around 8,000 exchanges per year for participants to study, research, teach or present their work in another country.
    [Show full text]