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The Politics of Truth, a Case Study of Knowledge Construction by The INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affectreproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Mi 48106-1346 USA The Politics of Truth: A Case Study of Knowledge Construction by the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, 1957-1988 Susan Lee McGrath A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto O Copyright by Susan Lee McGrath 1999 National Library Bibliotheque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your file Vorre reWence Our file Norre reMrenc;e The author has granted a non- L'autew a accorde me licence non exclusive Licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni Ia these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent &re imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The Politics of Truth: A Case Study of Knowledge Construction by the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, 195 7-1988 Susan Lee McGrath Ph.D. 1999 Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto Abstract This dissertation is a case study of knowledge construction by the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto (SPCMT) from its incorporation in 1957 to 1988 when the author became affiliated with the organization. An interactive and heuristic inquiy of texts and key informants has been conducted within a critical theoretical fiarnework. The study assumes a three pan model of society: civil society, the state and the economy. Civil society is defined as a crucial area of activity in which individual and collective actors contest the determination of needs and the allocation of resources. The Council is positioned as an association of civil society with a mandate of knowledge construction. Drawing on the work of jiirgen Haberrnas and Michel Foucault, the research traces the power relations in the process of knowledge construction and connects the interests of those who create the knowledge with the method and outcomes. A classification of three kinds of knowledge construction is utilized to analyze the major research works of the Council: positivist. interpretive and critical. The study locates these approaches as sequentially dominant for a period of approximately ten years each commencing in 1957. The forces of influence that contributed to the different eras of knowledge construction are traced. The study describes how the economy and the state have shaped the norms and resources of civil society and how a practice of resistance has developed. The tensions and contradictions among the three spheres are explored. Strategies that support the pursuit of an emancipatory approach to knowledge construction are identified. The research will be of particular interest to academics and activists who study and work with voluntary associations and organizations committed to social and economic justice. Acknowledgements The construction of this knowledge has been a participatory process, I have been fortunate to have been supported by many people. Members of my advisory committee have been a steady source of encouragement and advice. I have appreciated the consistent enthusiasm over these years of my chair David Hulchauski, his unwavering support and assistance has been much valued. Bill Lee encouraged me to enter the programme and bas been a constant friend, advisor and colleague. Don Bellamy generously shared his experiences, resources and editing skills. Adrienne Chambon has been a wise teacher and caring friend. She introduced me to Foucault and inspired my interest in critical inqujr. The members of the Dorothy Livesay Collective have been crucial to my successfiil completion of the doctoral programme. Ken Moffatt. Doma Bakes, Suzanne Dudziak, Frank Wang, Carol-Anne O'Brien, Catrina Brown, Xiaobei Chen and Jane McMichael provided valued critical feedback and encouragement. The Collective has been an important space within the Faculty of Social Work for critical debate and mutual support. I am grateful for the contributions and interest of my key informants: Marvyn Novick, Howard Buchbinder, Larry Hebb, Ed Pennington. David Thornley, Eilert Frerich, Andy Ranachan, John Gandy and Christa Freiler. John Gandy has been a valued advisor throughout my time in the programme. The staff of the Social Planning Council have been most helpful in tracking down materials and reports. I am particularly indebted to the archivist Mary Micallef and the librarian John Puusa. Executive Director Peter Clutterbuck, a skiff ed practitioner of independent social planning, has been a valued colleague and friend. Members of the Social Planning Network of Ontario have helped to refine the critique through thoughtful discussions and debates. I am particularly indebted to Joey Edwardh, Executive Director of the Halton Social Planning Council, Paula DeCoito, Executive Director of the Peel Social Planning Council and our consultant/advisor Mike Balkwill. Another location of critical dialogue has been the community development workgroup of Usha George, Bill Lee and Ken Moffatt. Our collective research and writing have been valued sources of learning. My colleagues on the research project between the Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture and the Faculty of Social Work at the University of Toronto have enriched my understanding of the practice of building community. Mulugeta Abai, Adrienne Chambon, Teresa Dremetsikas. BenZion Shapiro and Suzanne Dudziak have been skilled teachers. I have appreciated the confidence and encouragement of the faculty of the School of Social Work, Atkinson College, York University particularly the chair Saul Joel. The consistent support of family and friends has been crucial. Richard Zytaruk has always believed I would be successful and has been generous in his assistance. The affection and good humour of my daughters Melinda and Emily have nurtured me. Emily's computer skills have frequently rescued me. My mother Mary McGrath, my siblings Brian, John, Sandi and Nancy and my cousin Judith McGrath have been most encouraging. The friendships of Jane McMichael, Christa Freiler, Ken Moffatt and Mike Balkwill have sustained me. This research was funded by a National Welfare Fellowship, one of the last to be granted. I appreciated the support of HRDC consultant Evariste Thtriault. This research is dedicated to the memory of my brother-in-law Lee MacDonald, an enthusiastic and intuitive practitioner of a caring society. Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction and Methodology ...................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................... 1 Epistemological Approach ............................................3 Design and Method .................................................5 DataAnalysis ......................................................8 Document Analysis ................................... .. ........... 13 Analysis of Interviews .......................................... 15 Conclusion ....................................................... 16 Chapter 11: Conceptualizing Civil Society and the Practice of Knowledge Construction ... 19 introduction ...................................................... 19 Three Part Model of Society .........................................20 Civil society as a crucial terrain of activity ............................... 30 The SPCMT as a Knowledge Organization of Civil Society .................. 34 Three forms of knowledge construction ................................. 37 Conclusion ....................................................... 39 Chapter 111: Philosophical and Organizational Roots of the Council .................
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