STEPHANIE J. SILVERMAN

Bora Laskin National Fellow in Human Rights Research SSHRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Adjunct Professor of Ethics, Society, and Law, Trinity College, [email protected] +1(647)778-8787 Citizenship: Canadian ______Education D. Phil in Political Theory Department of Politics and International Relations, St Antony’s College, University of Oxford 2007 – 2013 Full fees and maintenance grant from the Commonwealth Association Doctoral Thesis Title: The Normative Ethics of Immigration Detention in Liberal States Supervisors: Bridget Anderson and Matthew J. Gibney Examiners: Joseph H. Carens and Cathryn Costello Abstract: This thesis critiques the ethical and political propriety of practicing detention in the United Kingdom. Using a combination of normative theory, migration studies, and public policy studies, the thesis argues that a potential solution for combating the practical problems associated with growing, worsening detention systems as well as the moral dilemma of incarcerating non-citizens based on fear of absconding would be to open borders and eliminate immigration control. Given the reality of the sovereign right to control immigration, however, the thesis concedes that the more feasible normative answer is liberal states’ adoption of a new framework of minimum standards of treatment while simultaneously pressing for open borders as the long-term ethical goal.

Master of Arts in Political Science (High Distinction) 2005 – 2006

Certificate in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies Centre for Refugee Studies, York University 2005 – 2006

Honours Bachelor of Arts in International Relations and World Literature (High Distinction) 2001 - 2005 ______Academic Positions Social Sciences and Human Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Postdoctoral Research Fellow Project title: The Opportunities and Challenges of Alternatives to Immigration Detention Graduate School of Political and International Affairs, University of Ottawa 2015 – 2018, including one-year maternity leave

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Bora Laskin National Fellow in Human Rights Research Graduate School of Political and International Affairs, University of Ottawa 2015 – 2018, including one-year maternity leave

Adjunct Professor Ethics, Society, and Law Program, Trinity College, Toronto 2015 - ongoing

Research Associate Detention and Asylum Research Cluster, Refugee Research Network, Centre for Refugee Studies, York University 2012 – 2015

Postdoctoral Research Fellow Nathanson Centre on Transnational Human Rights, Crime, and Security, , York University 2013 – 2014 ______Academic Publications

Peer-reviewed Articles and Book Chapters (pending decision) The Absconding Justification: Unearthing and Challenging the Key Motivation for Immigration Detention, Law and Social Inquiry

(2016) ‘Imposter-Children’ in the UK Refugee Status Determination Process, Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 30 – 39

(2016) Detention-as-Spectacle, International Political Sociology, Advance Access Online published 22 September, with Cetta Mainwaring

(2016) Cracks Where the Light Gets in: Recent Legal Breakthroughs in Detention and Crimmigration in Canada, Metropolitics, Special Issue: This Is Not Where It Ends, published 07 December, with Petra Molnar

(2016) Troubling the Fields: Choice, Consent, and Coercion in the Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program, International Migration Vol. 54 No. 5, pp. 91 – 104, with Amrita Hari

(2016) Everyday Injustices: Barriers to Access to Justice for Immigration Detainees in Canada, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 109-127, with Petra Molnar

(2016) The Difference That Detention Makes: Reconceptualising the Boundaries of the Normative Debate on Immigration Control, in Emerging Trends in the Ethics of Immigration, edited by Alex Sager (London: Rowan and Littlefield)

3 (2016) Mothers Versus Texas: Ethical Problems With Local ‘Attrition Through Enforcement’ Ordinances In The United States, The Critique: Who is My Neighbour? published 15 January

(2015) Understanding Immigration Detention and Its Human Impact, with Amy Nethery, in Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy, in Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy and its Human Impact. (Abingdon: Routledge) Ed. Amy Nethery and Stephanie Silverman

(2014) In the Wake of Irregular Arrivals: Changes to the Canadian Immigration Detention System, Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 27 – 34

(2014) Detaining Immigrants and Asylum Seekers: A Normative Introduction, The Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 600 - 617

(2014) Internment in the United Kingdom During the Twentieth Century and Its Links to the Evolution of Immigration Detention, International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, Vol. 3, pp. 168 – 174

(2012) ‘Regrettable but Necessary’? The Rise of the UK Immigration Detention Estate and its Opposition, Politics & Policy Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1131 – 115

(2012) Why Immigration Detention is Unique, with Evelyne Massa, in Population, Space and Place, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 677 – 686

Edited Book and Special Journal Issues (2015; 2017 paperback edition) Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy and its Human Impact. (Abingdon: Routledge), co-edited with Amy Nethery  Reviewed in: Border Criminologies; Crimmigration.com; Global Justice: Theory, Practice, Rhetoric; Journal of Refugee Law; The London School of Economics Book Review; Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees

(2012) Immigration Detention, Special Issue of Population, Space and Place Vol. 18, No. 6, co-edited with Evelyne Massa

Refereed Working Papers (2016) Briefing: Immigration Detention in the UK, in Policy Briefings, edited by Madeleine Sumption (Oxford: Migration Observatory, also 2010, 2012)

(2016) Ending the Routine Use of Immigration Detention: The Moral Argument for Alternatives in the United States and Beyond, CARFMS/ACERMF Working Paper No 2016/1, pp. 1 - 30 (: The Canadian Association of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies), with Ben Lewis

4 (2015) Unshackled Discretion: Barriers to Procedural Justice in the Canadian Immigration Detention System, Detention and Asylum Research Cluster Working Paper No 1, pp. 1 - 28 (Toronto: Refugee Research Network), with Petra Molnar

(2013) Detention in Canada, in Detention and Asylum Research Cluster Papers, Edited by Jennifer Hyndman, Delphine Nakache (Toronto: Refugee Research Network)

(2013) Key Academic Research on Detention and Asylum Detention and Asylum Research Cluster Papers, Edited by Jennifer Hyndman, Delphine Nakache (Toronto: Refugee Research Network)

(2012) Return to the Isle of Man: The Implications of Internment for Understanding Immigration Detention in the UK, COMPAS Working Paper No 12 – 102, edited by Ali Rogers (Oxford: COMPAS)

(2010) Immigration Detention in America: A History of its Expansion and a Study of its Significance, COMPAS Working Paper No 10 – 80, edited by Ali Rogers (Oxford: Centre on Migration, Policy, and Society)

Reviews (2015) Tom Wong, Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control, Border Criminologies, published online January

(2014) Tings Chak, Undocumented: The Architecture of Migrant Detention, Transnational Social Review, Vol. 5, No. 3.

(2013) Dominique Moran, Nick Gill, and Deirdre Conlon, editors, Carceral Spaces: Mobility and Agency in Imprisonment and Migrant Detention, Social and Cultural Geography, Vol. 16, No 7

(2012) Alexandra Hall, Border Watch, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 46, No. 4

(2011) Anne McNevin, Contesting Citizenship: Irregular Migrants and New Frontiers of the Political, Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2

(2010) Ethan B. Kapstein, and Joel H. Rosenthal, editors, Ethics and International Relations, Political Studies Review Vol. 10, No. 2 ______Other Publications (2016) Rejecting ‘Nationality Swapping’ and ‘Imposter-Children’ in Refugee Politics, The New West: The Western Political Science Association Blog, published online 19 November.

(2016) We Must Not Close the Doors to Spontaneously Arriving Asylum Seekers, Centre for International Policy Studies Blog, published online 08 November

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(2016) The Difference that Immigration Detention Makes, Rowman & Littlefield International Blog, published online 12 October

(2016) Research Findings from Immigration Detention: Arguments for Increasing Access to Justice, CARFMS / ACERMF Blog, with Petra Molnar, published online 15 August

(2016) Excluded from Justice? Immigration Detainees in Canada, Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights Blog, with Petra Molnar, published online 04 April

(2015) What Are ‘Hotspots’? The Inevitable Rise of Detention in the Quest for Asylum Solutions in the EU, Centre for International Policy Studies Blog, published online 16 October

(2015) The Charter Strikes Back: A Step Forward for Refugee Rights in Canada, Centre for International Policy Studies Blog, published online 30 July

(2015) UK immigration detention: What sort of reform, and when?, The London School of Economics and Political Science British Politics and Policy Blog, published online 15 April

(2013) Questions over alternatives to detention programmes, Forced Migration Review Vol. 44, September

(2013) Changes to the Canadian Immigration Detention System Border Criminologies, published online July

(2012) Why Is There No Refuge for Roma Refugees?, The Huffington Post, with Efrat Arbel and Julianna Beaudoin, published online 21 December

(2012) Refugees are People, Too, The Huffington Post, with Jennifer Hyndman, published online 11 May; republished as ‘Why Immigration Detention Harms People and Doesn’t Work’, Fahamu Refugee Legal Aid Newsletter June 2012

(2008) Redrawing The Lines of Control: What Political Action Undertaken by Refugees in Border Detention Centres Can Tell Us About International Politics, Proceedings of the Dead/Lines: Contemporary Issues in Legal and Politics Theory Conference (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh)

(2008) How Long is Too Long? An Examination of the Practice of Long-term Immigration Detention in Canada, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Ethnic and Pluralism Studies Graduate Research Conference (Toronto: Harney Program in Ethnic, Immigration, and Pluralism Studies)

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______Research Funding (2015 – 2018) SSHRC Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Project: The Opportunities and Challenges of Alternatives to Immigration Detention Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa $80,000 individual grant (one-year maternity leave).

(2015) Bora Laskin National Fellowship in Human Rights Research Annual recipient of SSHRC-funded national competition $10,000 individual grant supplement.

(2015) Nomination, Alice Wilson Award Shortlisted for ‘most highly rated, recently awarded post-doctoral fellows who are pursuing research in Canada’ across SSHRC, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).

(2014 – 2019) Collaborator, SSHRC ‘Insight’ grant Project: Securitization of migration and asylum in Canada: A comparative analysis of policy consequences and human rights impact Department of Criminology, Ryerson University Co-applicants: Idil Atak, Graham Hudson, and Delphine Nakache (co- investigators); and Elspeth Guild and Francois Crepeau (collaborators) $200,000 group grant.

(2008 – 2011) Commonwealth Scholarship for Full-time Doctoral Studies $115,000 award for tuition fees, flights, and living expenses for three years of DPhil study at the University of Oxford funded by the Commonwealth Scholarship Fund.

Travel Grants (2017) Centre for Ethics Travel Grant $500 for conference registration fees and travel to Seattle

(2017) McGill University Travel Grant $800 for travel and accommodations in Montreal

(2017) Free University of Berlin Travel Grant $1500 for travel and accommodations in Berlin

(2017) American Philosophical Foundation $500 to support travel to Pacific Division Annual Meeting in Seattle

(2015) Le Centre de recherche METICES de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), l’Institut Wallon de l’Évaluation, de la Prospective et de la Statistique (IWEPS) and the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS) Travel Grant

7 $1400 for travel and accommodations in Brussels

(2015) Centre for Ethics Travel Grant $500 for conference registration fees and travel

(2013) Nathanson Centre on Transnational Human Rights, Crime and Security Travel Grant $1000 for conference registration fees and travel to Halifax

(2011) Carr and Stahl Travel Award and Norman Chester Fund $800 in University of Oxford-awarded grants to support travel to conferences

(2001 – 2005) Awards from the University of Toronto Dean’s List recognition awards for outstanding academic achievement Leadership Scholarships (Wasser, Gordon Cressy, and Innis Alumni) Arts and Science Students’ Union and Faculty Scholarship ______Invited International Conference Presentations (January 2018) The Moral and Political Philosophy of Immigration; Eastern Meeting of the APA; Savannah, Georgia.

(April 2017) Rethinking immigration detention, its harms, and Alternatives. American Philosophical Association Pacific Division Annual Conference; Seattle Westin, Washington

(April 2017) Unlocking Immigration Detention. Beyond Legality and Illegality: Migrant Vulnerability in Liberal and Illiberal Immigration Regimes; McGill University

(February 2017) Immigration Detention in Canada: Past, Present(s), and Possible Futures. Conference on Border Crossing and Medicine: Quarantine, Detention and Containment in History and the Present; Free University of Berlin

(August 2015) Illegalization of Absconders: Destitution, Mistrust, and Detention-as-Deterrence in the British Refugee Status Determination Process. European Consortium on Political Research Annual Conference; Université de Montreal

(August 2015) Imposter Children: A Study of the Risks, Harms, and Ethics of Immigration Detention and Age Assessments in the United Kingdom. Age Discrimination in Migration Policy Workshop; Glendon, York University

(April 2015) The Carrot and the Stick: Ways Forward for Alternatives to Detention in the U.S., the U.K., Canada, and Belgium. International Migration Politics in Europe and the US: Gender and Class Perspectives; l’Université Libre de Bruxelles

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Invited International Conference Participation - Other (November 2015) Discussant for ‘Migration Intermediaries’ panel with Victor Satzewich, Margaret Walton-Roberts, Anne McNevin, Jenna Hennebry, and Carla Angulo-Pasel. Governing Migration from the Margins; Balsillie School, Waterloo

(April 2015) Participant, Global Roundtable on Alternatives to Immigration Detention; the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, University Club of Toronto

Invited Seminars and Conferences - Canada (April 2017) Frames of Indefinite Detention: Grief and Disposability in the Normal State of Immigration Exceptions, Centre for Ethics and Centre de recherché en ethique Montreal Annual Meeting, University of Montreal

(March 2017) ‘Arbitrary, Indefinite, Inhumane: Navigating Canada’s Immigration Detention System’ Panel Discussion with Macdonald Scott and former detainees, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University

(January 2017) Ideas in the World: Access to Justice for Immigration Detainees in Canada, Victoria College, University of Toronto

(January 2016) ‘Solutions’ that Create Problems: How policies that are supposed to prevent asylum seekers from absconding encourage them to do so, Centre for Refugee Studies Seminar Series; York University

(January 2016) Understanding immigration and asylum, Humanities for Humanity Outreach Program; Trinity College, University of Toronto

(October 2015) The Secret Trial 5: Screening and Discussion, Docs for Change; Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto

(September 2015) Author Meets Critics: The Ethics of Immigration, with Joseph H. Carens, Audrey Macklin, and Ronald Beiner; Centre for Ethics, University of Toronto

(March 2015) The Social Justice of Immigration and Asylum, Ideas in the World; Victoria College, University of Toronto

(March 2014) Social, Financial, and Other Costs of Immigration Detention in Canada and Abroad: An Argument for Reform, The International Migration Network Special Lecture Series, Centre for International Policy Studies, University of Ottawa

(March 2014) Crimmigration: Criminalization and Detention of Non-Citizens in Canada, with Barbara Jackman and Deepan Budlakoti, University of Toronto Faculty of Law Seminar Series, Toronto

9 (November 2014) Beyond Detention, with Alice Edwards, The Centre for Refugee Studies Seminar Series, York University

(March 2013) Flight Risky: Is There a Morally Permissible Justification for Immigration Detention in Liberal, Democratic States?, The Nathanson Centre on Transnational Human Rights, Crime and Security Public Seminar Series, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University

(April 2013) Immigration Detention in Canada and abroad: What is the cost of liberty?, Couchiching Institute on Public Affairs’ ‘Conversations’ Public Seminar Series, Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement, Toronto

(February 2012) The Ethical Challenges of Immigration Detention in Liberal States, CERIS-CRS Seminar Series: Changes in Contemporary Refugee and Immigration Policy and Practice, York University, Toronto.

Faculty Discussant for Graduate Student Papers (April 2016) ‘Beyond Borders’, Joint Conference of the Centre de recherche en éthique (Montreal), and the Centre for Ethics; Centre for Ethics

(January 2013) ‘Immigration Law and Policy’, Seventh Annual Ethnic and Pluralism Graduate Research Conference, Munk School of Global Affairs, Toronto

(May 2013) ‘Theorizing Law and Culture’, Law, Culture, and Critique: 2013 Osgoode Forum, Oakham House, Toronto

Conference Presentations (June 2015) Detention as Spectacle: Observations from Malta and the United Kingdom, with Cetta Mainwaring, Innovations in Forced Migration, Glendon College, York University

(May 2015) Slipping from Consent to Coercion: A Study of the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program from an Ethical Perspective, with Amrita Hari, 15th Annual CARFMS Conference, Ryerson University

(May 2015) Discrepancy, Incongruence, and Injustice: Barriers to Procedural Justice for Immigration Detainees in Canada, with Petra Molnar, 15th Annual CARFMS Conference, Ryerson University

(July 2014) Penalization, Profit, and Detention-as-Spectacle: Observations from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malta, with Cetta Mainwaring, 23rd World Congress of Political Science, International Political Science Association, Palais des congress, Montreal

(June 2014) The Absconding Justification, Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association, Brock University

10 (May 2014) The Turn from Last to First Resort: Mandatory Detention of Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Canada and Australia, 14th Annual CARFMS Conference, Centre de recherche en droit public, University of Montreal

(May 2013) Beyond Burden-Sharing and Warehousing: Asylum Seekers in Immigration Detention, Immigration and Settlement: Precarious Futures?, Ryerson University

(May 2013) Outsourcing Detention: The Roles of Private Companies and the Military in Controlling Immigration, with Cetta Mainwaring, Precarious Futures?, Ryerson University

(May 2013) Immigration Detention Policy in Liberal, Democratic States: Welfare, Legal and Criminalization Concerns, Policy Research in Times of Austerity and Uncertainty, Ryerson University

(March 2013) Of age? Unaccompanied minors and the ethics of age assessments, 13th Annual CARFMS Conference, St. Mary’s University

(May 2012) Normative Theories of Immigration Control: The Role of Immigration Detention, Congress 2012 of the Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Waterloo

(May 2011) Immigration Control and the Non-Neutral State, Canadian Political Science Association Annual Conference, Wilfrid Laurier University

(March 2011) Child Matters: A Study of the Ethical and Practical Dilemmas of Detaining Child Immigrants in Canada, People and Politics: Interactions Between Citizens and the State in Canada, Mt. Allison University

(November 2010) With ‘An Open Heart and Open Arms’: Moral and Political Issues Relating to the Expansion of the U.S. Immigration Detention System, 2010 British Association for American Studies Postgraduate Conference, Rothermere American Institute, Oxford

(March 2008) Private Matters: A Feminist Critique of Detention Centres, Fifth Annual Postgraduate Migration Conference, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford ______Teaching Experience (2014-15 & 2015-16) TRN407YI: Community Research Partnerships in Ethics; Ethics, Society and Law Program, Trinity College Designed research course for 8 or 10 4th-year undergraduate students conducting original qualitative research, plus office hours

(2015-16 & 2016-17) TRN303H1S: The Ethics of Borders, Asylum, and Immigration; Ethics, Society and Law Program, Trinity College

11 Designed, lectured, and graded core course for 20 - 30 undergraduate students, including weekly 2-hour classes plus office hours ______Professional Service (2017 – present) International Advisor, International Detention Coalition International Advisory Committee (as an elected International Advisor, I provide guidance and counsel to the International Detention Coalition Secretariat across the four key areas of work, including input into the development and implementation of the IDC Strategic Plan.)

(2016 – ongoing) Editorial committee member, CARFMS Working Papers Series

(2015 – ongoing) Secretary, Executive Committee, Canadian Association of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies (as elected Secretary, my responsibilities include scheduling meetings, assisting with planning the research agenda and annual conference, and writing the newsletter)

(2015 – 2016) Faculty advisor, Ethics, Society, and Law Students Association, University of Toronto

(2016, 2017) Faculty organizer, Ethics, Society and Law / Trinity One, Undergraduate Research Poster Day, Seeley Hall, University of Toronto (39 student participants presenting original research posters; this initiative has since been adopted into the academic calendar)

(2015) Coordinator, Centre for Ethics Reading Group: ‘The Price of Rights’ (After soliciting a renewed membership, I led and organized monthly meetings and special events, including an Author Meets Critics of postgraduate students)

(2012 – ongoing) Convener and co-chair, Normative Theory of Immigration Control Working Group (25 political theorists; my responsibilities include organizing semi-monthly Skype workshops)

(2011 – ongoing) Convener and chair, The Detention Workshop (250+ international members; semimonthly email updates, and collaborative work including conference panels, national and international court briefs, policy reports, and academic research) Journal Referee Citizenship Studies; International Migration; Journal of Australian Studies; Journal on Migration and Human Security; Population, Space, and Place; Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Forced Migration; Research in Ethical Issues in Organisation; St Antony’s International Review

Manuscript Referee Edward Elgar Publishing; Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Criminology; Zed Books

12 Panel Organizer (February 2017) Are Refugees Welcome Here? Trump, Immigration, and Canadian Responses, 7-person rapid-response panel with Salina Abji, Idil Atak, Andrew Brouwer, Petra Molnar, Samer Muscati, and Ethel Tungohan; George Ignatieff Theatre, University of Toronto

(January 2016) Identifying and Analyzing Gaps in Protection for Asylum Seekers from the Middle East: Recent Research and Findings, with Alizee Bodson; 4-person panel for postgraduate students to analyze and disseminate recent fieldwork findings, Centre for Ethics, University of Toronto

(June 2015) Passages: Flight, interception, confinement, and deportation, with Cetta Mainwaring for the ‘Innovations in Forced Migration: Refugee Research Network Finale Conference’, panel w. Alison Mountz, Delphine Nakache, William Walters, and Keegan Williams, Glendon College, York University

(May 2015) Controlling Migration: The Roles of Non-State Actors, with Cetta Mainwaring, for the ‘8th Annual CARFMS Conference’, panel with Deirdre Conlon, Nancy Hiemstra, Alison Mountz, and Keegan Williams, Ryerson University

(June 2014) Deportation, Detention, and the Challenges of Governing Immigration and Border Control, with Cetta Mainwaring, for the ‘23rd World Congress of Political Science’, panel with Ingrid Eagly, Jasmine Habbib, Patti Lenard, and Emily Ryo, Palais des congress, Montreal

(May 2014) Roundtable on Detention and Asylum in Canada, for the ‘7th Annual CARFMS Conference’, panel with Efrat Arbel, Jennifer Hyndman, and Petra Molnar

(December 2012) Beyond the Camp: New Ways of Thinking about Immigration Detention, with Amy Nethery, for the ‘30th Anniversary Conference of the Refugee Studies Centre’, panel with Frank Arnold, Michael Flynn, Cetta Mainwaring, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.

Professional Affiliations The International Association for the Study of Forced Migration The Canadian and International Political Science Associations The Canadian Society for the Study of Practical Ethics The European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control The International Detention Coalition ______Administrative, Community, and Other Service Consultant for legal and non-governmental organizations: CARL - The Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers; The Canadian Council for Refugees; Downtown Legal Services (University of Toronto Pro Bono Legal Clinic); The End Immigration Detention Network; The Fondazione Leone

13 Moresssa; The International Detention Coalition; The Kosova Rehabilitation Centre for Torture Victims; Weil Gotshal & Manges, to file an amicus brief with the U.S. Supreme Court in the case, Turkmen v. Ashcroft; the Women’s Refugee Commission (US)

Consultant for the media: The Canadian Press; The Economist; Foreign Policy Magazine; The Globe and Mail; The Huffington Post (USA, Canada, UK); Macleans Magazine; The New Internationalist; Nexus Magazine; The ; Sun News Media Corp; Vice Media.

Community organizer in Toronto: Christie Street Refugee Welcome Centre; Walmer Road Food Bank; and The Mosaic Institute.