DOCSLIB.ORG

AN ANATOMICAL STUDY on the POSITION of MANDIBULAR FORAMEN in 100 DRY MANDIBLES Gopalakrishna

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AN ANATOMICAL STUDY on the POSITION of MANDIBULAR FORAMEN in 100 DRY MANDIBLES Gopalakrishna International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2016, Vol 4(1):1967-71. ISSN 2321-4287 Original Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.122 AN ANATOMICAL STUDY ON THE POSITION OF MANDIBULAR FORAMEN IN 100 DRY MANDIBLES Gopalakrishna. K *1, Deepalaxmi S 2, Somashekara S.C 3, Rathna B.S 4. *1,2 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Malabar Medical College and Research Centre, Modakkallur, Atholi, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. 3 Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Malabar Medical College and Research Centre, Modakkallur, Atholi, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. 4 Professor, Department of Anatomy, Malabar Medical College and Research Centre, Modakkallur, Atholi, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. ABSTRACT Background: Mandibular foramen is leading to mandibular canal through which inferior alveolar nerve and vessels will transmit and supply the teeth of lower jaw.Inferior alveolar nerve block is common anesthetic procedure prior to dental surgeries on lower jaw. Failure in mandibular anesthesia or injury to neurovascular bundle may be resulted by inaccurate localization of mandibular foramen. Hence this study is aimed to locate the mandibular foramen and its distances from different bone landmarks on internal surface of ramus of dry mandible of South Indian origin. Objective: Study to determine the precise position of mandibular foramen in 100 dry mandibles, which is essential for successful inferior alveolar nerve block prior to dental procedures. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 100 dentulous South Indian origin adult dry human mandibles of unknown sex and age. Distance of mandibular foramen from the mandibular notch, anterior border of the ramus of mandible, posterior border of the ramus of the mandible(angle of mandible), posterior border of the 3rd molar socket and meeting point of base with posterior border of ramus were measured. Further observation regarding the presence of accessory mandibular foramen was done. The observations were tabulated and descriptive statistics was used analyze the data. Result: In the present study, totally 100 mandibular foramina and 18 accessory foramina were observed in the 100 mandible. The mean distance of mandibular foramina to anterior border of ramus is 14.63±3.16 (R) mm and 15.31±3.11 mm(L), to posterior border is (R):12.34±3.10 mm and (L):13.51±3.92 mm, to mandibular notch is (R):21.23±4.56 mm and (L):21.16±3.12 mm, to angle of mandible (R):22.14±3.18 mm and (L):22.1±4.12 mm, to posterior border of 3rd molar socket is (R):14.37±3.16 mm and (L):19.26±2.57 mm. Conclusion: The present study on the precise location of mandibular foramen and on the incidence of accessory mandibular foramen will help the dental surgeons for more successful anesthesia and to perform safer surgeries on the ramus of mandible. KEY WORDS: Mandibular Foramen, Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block, Mandibular Notch. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Gopalakrishna. K, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Malabar Medical College and Research Centre, Modakkallur, Atholi, Kozhikode - 673315, Kerala, India. Ph: 09747059273 E-Mail: [email protected] Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: International Journal of Anatomy and Research ISSN 2321-4287 www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm Received: 28 Jan 2016 Accepted: 12 Feb 2016 Peer Review: 29 Jan 2016 Published (O): 29 Feb 2016 DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2016.122 Revised: None Published (P): 29 Feb 2016 Int J Anat Res 2016, 4(1):1967-71. ISSN 2321-4287 1967 Gopalakrishna. K et al. ANATOMICAL STUDY ON THE POSITION OF MANDIBULAR FORAMEN IN 100 DRY MANDIBLES. INTRODUCTION 2. Anterior border of the ramus of mandible Mandibular foramen is an irregular foramen 3. Posterior border of the ramus of the mandible located just above the center of the medial 4. Posterior border of the 3rd molar socket. surface of the ramus of the mandible. Mandibu- 5. Meeting point of base with posterior border lar foramen is leading to mandibular canal of ramus (Angle of mandible). through which inferior alveolar nerve and ves- Further observation was done for the presence sels will transmit and supply the teeth of lower of accessory mandibular foramen. The distances jaw [1]. Inferior alveolar nerve block is a com- from the mandibular foramen to various bone mon anesthetic procedure prior to dental sur- landmarks were recorded as an average of three geries on lower jaw. The success of this independent measurements. The mean and technique highly depends on the needle tip to standard deviation were calculated separately the MF at the time of anaesthetic injection [3]. for right and left sides and tabulated [8]. Failure in Mandibular anesthesia and injury to neurovascular bundle may be resulted by RESULTS inaccurate localization of mandibular foramen A total of 100 dentulous adult dry human man- or by marked variability in their location [2-4]. dibles were studied for the position of mandibu- Usually by palpation of lingual [5] or by using lar foramen. The minimum, maximum, average radiographs [6,7] the localization of foramen is and standard deviation values of the various done. Hence this study is aimed to locate the parameters which were studied on either side mandibular foramen and its distances from of the mandible are shown in Table 2. different bone landmarks on internal surface of The mean distance of mandibular foramen from, ramus of dry mandible. As the dry mandibles were obtained from Malabar medical college 1. Mandibular notch is 21.23mm on right side Calicut, the study gives the position of mandibu- and 21.16 mm on left side lar foramen in the local population. 2. Anterior border of the ramus of mandible is 14.63 mm on right side and 15.31 mm on left MATERIALS AND METHODS side This descriptive study was performed with the 3. Posterior border of the ramus of the mandible approbation by the Institutional Ethical Commit- is 12.34 mm on right side and 13.51 mm on left tee of Malabar Medical College and Research side Centre, Calicut (MMCRC/IEC/2013/ dated 4. Posterior border of the 3rd molar socket is 04.11.2013). A total of 100 dentulous adult dry 22.14 mm on right side and 19.26mm on left side human mandibles of unknown sex and age were 5. Angle of mandible is 22.14 mm on right side collected and studied in Department of Anatomy, and 22.10 mm on left side Malabar Medical College and Research, Calicut. Accessory mandibular foramina was observed Mandibles with sockets for third molar teeth, in the 15 mandible. those regular in shape, and devoid of deformi- Fig. 1: Showing the morphological features of the ties were selected. The damaged bones and mandible. those having pathological abnormalities were excluded. The mandibles were observed for the presence, prevalence rate and laterality of mandibular foramen. Magnifying lens, metallic probe, Vernier calipers of 1/20 mm accuracy were used for taking measurements. Irrespective of shape of lingula, the center of mandibular fora- men was taken as reference point. The position of the center of mandibular foramen was measured from various landmarks like, 1. Mandibular notch Int J Anat Res 2016, 4(1):1967-71. ISSN 2321-4287 1968 Gopalakrishna. K et al. ANATOMICAL STUDY ON THE POSITION OF MANDIBULAR FORAMEN IN 100 DRY MANDIBLES. Fig. 2: Showing the mandibular and accessory Table 3: The comparisons of results of different studies mandibular foramen. on mandibular foramen. Position of Prajnaparamitasa Varshasheno C.Lavanyavar Padmavat]hi G mandibular Side Present study manta et al [9] y et al [10] ma et al [11] et al [12] foramen Anterior border to Right 15.72±2.92 16.1 16.52 16.8±2.8 14.63±3.16 mandibular foramen Left 16.23±2.88 16.3 16.94 16.9±2.5 15.31±3.11 Posterior border to Right 13.29±1.74 11.7 13.35 11.7±2.0 12.34±3.10 mandibular foramen Left 12.73±2.04 11.3 13.46 12.1±2.4 13.51±3.92 Mandibular notch Right 22.70±3.00 23.6 23.39 22.0±3.0 21.23±4.56 to mandibular foramen Left 22.27±2.92 23.6 24.41 22.3±3.4 21.16±3.12 Angle of mandible Right 21.54±2.92 - - 22.6±3.4 22.14±3.18 to mandibular foramen Left 21.13±3.43 - - 22.2±2.9 22.1±4.12 Posterior border of Right - - 15.6 - 14.37±3.16 3rd molar socket to mandibular Left - - 18.7 - 19.26±2.57 foramen Table 1: General findings of present study on mandibular DISCUSSION foramen. The location of mandibular foramen is clinically Sl.No Findings Description Numbers Percent Total crucial in achieving inferior alveolar block. Sample size Failure of locate neurovascular bundle will Right 100 100% 100 1 (n=100) result due to inaccurate localization of mandibu- Bones mandible Left 100 100% lar foramen. In the present study, the location of the mandibular foramen and its distances Incidence of Right 100 100% 100 2 mandibular from different bony landmarks on mandibles of Foramina foramen. Left 100 100% South Indian origin was done. This study was Incidence compared with the studies done in other parts One per bone 18 - 18 3 accessory of India and also one study from Pakistan to Foramina foramen Two per bone 0 - know any geographical difference. According to Pragna Paramitha et al [9] study Table 2: Position of mandibular foramen from different bone landmarks. on 60 mandibles from North part of India, the mandibular foramen was located 15.75±2.92 mm Position of Mean Standard Max-Min Sl.No Side (R) and 16.23±2.88mm(L) from the anterior mandibular foramen (mm) deviation (mm) border, 13.29±1.74mm (R) and 12.73±2.04mm Anterior border to Right 14.63 3.16 12.4-21.5 (L) from the posterior border.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anatomy of Maxillary and Mandibular Local Anesthesia
    Anatomy of Mandibular and Maxillary Local Anesthesia Patricia L. Blanton, Ph.D., D.D.S. Professor Emeritus, Department of Anatomy, Baylor College of Dentistry – TAMUS and Private Practice in Periodontics Dallas, Texas Anatomy of Mandibular and Maxillary Local Anesthesia I. Introduction A. The anatomical basis of local anesthesia 1. Infiltration anesthesia 2. Block or trunk anesthesia II. Review of the Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial n. V) – the major sensory nerve of the head A. Ophthalmic Division 1. Course a. Superior orbital fissure – root of orbit – supraorbital foramen 2. Branches – sensory B. Maxillary Division 1. Course a. Foramen rotundum – pterygopalatine fossa – inferior orbital fissure – floor of orbit – infraorbital 2. Branches - sensory a. Zygomatic nerve b. Pterygopalatine nerves [nasal (nasopalatine), orbital, palatal (greater and lesser palatine), pharyngeal] c. Posterior superior alveolar nerves d. Infraorbital nerve (middle superior alveolar nerve, anterior superior nerve) C. Mandibular Division 1. Course a. Foramen ovale – infratemporal fossa – mandibular foramen, Canal -> mental foramen 2. Branches a. Sensory (1) Long buccal nerve (2) Lingual nerve (3) Inferior alveolar nerve -> mental nerve (4) Auriculotemporal nerve b. Motor (1) Pterygoid nerves (2) Temporal nerves (3) Masseteric nerves (4) Nerve to tensor tympani (5) Nerve to tensor veli palatine (6) Nerve to mylohyoid (7) Nerve to anterior belly of digastric c. Both motor and sensory (1) Mylohyoid nerve III. Usual Routes of innervation A. Maxilla 1. Teeth a. Molars – Posterior superior alveolar nerve b. Premolars – Middle superior alveolar nerve c. Incisors and cuspids – Anterior superior alveolar nerve 2. Gingiva a. Facial/buccal – Superior alveolar nerves b. Palatal – Anterior – Nasopalatine nerve; Posterior – Greater palatine nerves B.
    [Show full text]
  • Inferior Alveolar Nerve Trajectory, Mental Foramen Location and Incidence of Mental Nerve Anterior Loop
    Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017 Sep 1;22 (5):e630-5. CBCT anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve Journal section: Oral Surgery doi:10.4317/medoral.21905 Publication Types: Research http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.21905 Inferior alveolar nerve trajectory, mental foramen location and incidence of mental nerve anterior loop Miguel Velasco-Torres 1, Miguel Padial-Molina 1, Gustavo Avila-Ortiz 2, Raúl García-Delgado 3, Andrés Ca- tena 4, Pablo Galindo-Moreno 1 1 DDS, PhD, Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain 2 DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA 3 Specialist in Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology. Private Practice. Granada, Spain 4 PhD, Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain Correspondence: School of Dentistry, University of Granada 18071 - Granada, Spain [email protected] Velasco-Torres M, Padial-Molina M, Avila-Ortiz G, García-Delgado R, Catena A, Galindo-Moreno P. Inferior alveolar nerve trajectory, mental foramen location and incidence of mental nerve anterior loop. Med Oral Received: 07/03/2017 Accepted: 21/06/2017 Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017 Sep 1;22 (5):e630-5. http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v22i5/medoralv22i5p630.pdf Article Number: 21905 http://www.medicinaoral.com/ © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - pISSN 1698-4447 - eISSN: 1698-6946 eMail: [email protected] Indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded Journal Citation Reports Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed Scopus, Embase and Emcare Indice Médico Español Abstract Background: Injury of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is a serious intraoperative complication that may occur during routine surgical procedures, such as dental implant placement or extraction of impacted teeth.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Facial Skeletal Morphology: Nasal Bone, Maxilla, and Mandible
    Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2021, Article ID 5599949, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5599949 Research Article Analysis of Facial Skeletal Morphology: Nasal Bone, Maxilla, and Mandible Han-Sheng Chen ,1 Szu-Yu Hsiao ,2,3 and Kun-Tsung Lee 4,5 1Dental Department, Kaohsiung Municipal Siao-gang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 2School of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 3Department of Dentistry for Child and Special Needs, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 4Division of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 5Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Correspondence should be addressed to Kun-Tsung Lee; [email protected] Received 12 February 2021; Revised 29 March 2021; Accepted 4 May 2021; Published 25 May 2021 Academic Editor: Michael YC Chen Copyright © 2021 Han-Sheng Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The growth and development of facial bones are closely related to each other. The present study investigated the differences in the nasomaxillary and mandibular morphology among different skeletal patterns. Cephalograms of 240 participants were divided into 3 groups based on the skeletal pattern (Class I, Class II, and Class III). The dimensions of nasomaxilla (nasal bone length, nasal ridge length, nasal depth, palatal length, and maxillary height) and mandible (condylar length, ramus length, body length, symphysis length, and entire mandibular length) were measured. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation test were used for statistical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • MBB: Head & Neck Anatomy
    MBB: Head & Neck Anatomy Skull Osteology • This is a comprehensive guide of all the skull features you must know by the practical exam. • Many of these structures will be presented multiple times during upcoming labs. • This PowerPoint Handout is the resource you will use during lab when you have access to skulls. Mind, Brain & Behavior 2021 Osteology of the Skull Slide Title Slide Number Slide Title Slide Number Ethmoid Slide 3 Paranasal Sinuses Slide 19 Vomer, Nasal Bone, and Inferior Turbinate (Concha) Slide4 Paranasal Sinus Imaging Slide 20 Lacrimal and Palatine Bones Slide 5 Paranasal Sinus Imaging (Sagittal Section) Slide 21 Zygomatic Bone Slide 6 Skull Sutures Slide 22 Frontal Bone Slide 7 Foramen RevieW Slide 23 Mandible Slide 8 Skull Subdivisions Slide 24 Maxilla Slide 9 Sphenoid Bone Slide 10 Skull Subdivisions: Viscerocranium Slide 25 Temporal Bone Slide 11 Skull Subdivisions: Neurocranium Slide 26 Temporal Bone (Continued) Slide 12 Cranial Base: Cranial Fossae Slide 27 Temporal Bone (Middle Ear Cavity and Facial Canal) Slide 13 Skull Development: Intramembranous vs Endochondral Slide 28 Occipital Bone Slide 14 Ossification Structures/Spaces Formed by More Than One Bone Slide 15 Intramembranous Ossification: Fontanelles Slide 29 Structures/Apertures Formed by More Than One Bone Slide 16 Intramembranous Ossification: Craniosynostosis Slide 30 Nasal Septum Slide 17 Endochondral Ossification Slide 31 Infratemporal Fossa & Pterygopalatine Fossa Slide 18 Achondroplasia and Skull Growth Slide 32 Ethmoid • Cribriform plate/foramina
    [Show full text]
  • Variations in Mandibular Coronoid Process-A Morphometric Treatise
    Journal of Dental Specialities 2020;8(1):9–12 Content available at: https://www.ipinnovative.com/open-access-journals Journal of Dental Specialities Journal homepage: www.ipinnovative.com Original Research Article Variations in mandibular coronoid process-A morphometric treatise Sukhman Kahlon1, Gaurav Agnihotri1,* 1Dept. of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Article history: Introduction: The Coronoid process is a triangular upward projection from antero-superior part of ramus Received 08-08-2020 of mandible giving attachment to two important muscles of mastication. Accepted 27-09-2020 Aims: The aim of our study was to observe the variations in shape and size of coronoid process and Available online 23-11-2020 establish the morphometric profile in Indian population. Materials and Methods: The material for this study comprised of 500 adult human mandibles. The shape of coronoid process was observed and its height and length were measured. Keywords: Results: Three variants of coronoid process were observed (round, triangular and hook) with incidence Mandible percentage 46, 42 and 12 respectively. The mean value of height and length of coronoid process came out Coronoid process to be 60.62 mm and 12.53 mm respectively. Rounded Conclusions: This morphometric treatise provides valuable inputs relevant for anthropological Triangular comparisons, forensic investigations and reconstructive procedures. Hook. © This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods Coronoid process in Greek means “like a crown”.
    [Show full text]
  • Facial Bones
    skull Facial bones There are 14 Facial bones: • 2 Maxillary bones • 2 zygomatic Bone • 2 Lacrimal bones • 2 Nasal bones • 2 Inferior nasal conchae • 2 palatine bones • 1 Vomer • 1 Mandible (lower jaw) 14 Total Maxillae Maxillae Frontal process Zygomatic process Body Alveolar process Palatine process Submentovertical view Palatine process of maxilla Caldwell view PA with angle Alveolar process of maxilla Lateral Alveolar process of maxilllae Palatine Bones Palatine Bones Zygomatic bone waters view Frontal process of zygomatic Body of zygoma Temporal process of zygomatic bone Lacrimal Nasal bone Nasion Inferior nasal conchae( turbinates) Inferior nasal conchae PA Inferior nasal conche Vomer Vomer Submentovertical view Vomer Vomer nasal septum Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid PA Caldwell view PA with angle nasal septum Mandible Mandibular notch Coronoid Process Condoyle(head) Neck Alveolar process Mentum Ramus Angle[gonion] Mentum Mandible TMJ Mandibular notch Coronoid Process Condoyle(head) Neck Alveolar process Condyle or head Mentum Ramus Alveolar neck Angle[gonion] process of angle body Ramus of mandible mandible Caldwell view PA with angle Alveolar process of mandible Ramus Angle[gonion] Submentovertical view Ramus Mandibular condyle (head) Sinuses Lateral frontal sinuse ethmoid sinuse Sphinoid sinuse Maxillary sinuse Review Lateral sinuses TMJ frontal ethmoid Sphinoid sinuse maxillary angle body Sinuses waters view Mastoid air cells Maxillary sinus Waters view facial bones Frontal process of zygomatic Frontal sinuses Ethmoid sinus Body
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures
    Rhoton Yoshioka Atlas of the Facial Nerve Unique Atlas Opens Window and Related Structures Into Facial Nerve Anatomy… Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures and Related Nerve Facial of the Atlas “His meticulous methods of anatomical dissection and microsurgical techniques helped transform the primitive specialty of neurosurgery into the magnificent surgical discipline that it is today.”— Nobutaka Yoshioka American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Albert L. Rhoton, Jr. Nobutaka Yoshioka, MD, PhD and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., MD have created an anatomical atlas of astounding precision. An unparalleled teaching tool, this atlas opens a unique window into the anatomical intricacies of complex facial nerves and related structures. An internationally renowned author, educator, brain anatomist, and neurosurgeon, Dr. Rhoton is regarded by colleagues as one of the fathers of modern microscopic neurosurgery. Dr. Yoshioka, an esteemed craniofacial reconstructive surgeon in Japan, mastered this precise dissection technique while undertaking a fellowship at Dr. Rhoton’s microanatomy lab, writing in the preface that within such precision images lies potential for surgical innovation. Special Features • Exquisite color photographs, prepared from carefully dissected latex injected cadavers, reveal anatomy layer by layer with remarkable detail and clarity • An added highlight, 3-D versions of these extraordinary images, are available online in the Thieme MediaCenter • Major sections include intracranial region and skull, upper facial and midfacial region, and lower facial and posterolateral neck region Organized by region, each layered dissection elucidates specific nerves and structures with pinpoint accuracy, providing the clinician with in-depth anatomical insights. Precise clinical explanations accompany each photograph. In tandem, the images and text provide an excellent foundation for understanding the nerves and structures impacted by neurosurgical-related pathologies as well as other conditions and injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy Respect in Implant Dentistry. Assortment, Location, Clinical Importance (Review Article)
    ISSN: 2394-8418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17352/jdps CLINICAL GROUP Received: 19 August, 2020 Review Article Accepted: 31 August, 2020 Published: 01 September, 2020 *Corresponding author: Dr. Rawaa Y Al-Rawee, BDS, Anatomy Respect in Implant M Sc OS, MOMS MFDS RCPS Glasgow, PhD, MaxFacs, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Al-Salam Dentistry. Assortment, Teaching Hospital, Mosul, Iraq, Tel: 009647726438648; E-mail: Location, Clinical Importance ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-1121 Keywords: Anatomical structures; Dental implants; (Review Article) Basic implant protocol; Success criteria; Clinical anatomy Rawaa Y Al-Rawee1* and Mohammed Mikdad Abdalfattah2 https://www.peertechz.com 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Al-Salam Teaching Hospital. Mosul, Iraq 2Post Graduate Student in School of Dentistry, University of Leeds. United Kingdom, Ministry of Health, Iraq Abstract Aims: In this article; we will reviews critically important basic structures routinely encountered in implant therapy. It can be a brief anatomical reference for beginners in the fi eld of dental implant surgeries. Highlighting the clinical importance of each anatomical structure can be benefi cial for fast informations refreshing. Also it can be used as clinical anatomical guide for implantologist and professionals in advanced surgical procedures. Background: Basic anatomy understanding prior to implant therapy; it's an important fi rst step in dental implant surgery protocol specifi cally with technology advances and the popularity of dental implantation as a primary choice for replacement loosed teeth. A thorough perception of anatomy provides the implant surgeon with the confi dence to deal with hard or soft tissues in efforts to restore the exact aim of implantation whether function or esthetics and end with improving health and quality of life.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Mandibular and Maxillary Nerve Supplies and Their Clinical Relevance
    AOB-2674; No. of Pages 12 a r c h i v e s o f o r a l b i o l o g y x x x ( 2 0 1 1 ) x x x – x x x Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/aob Review A review of the mandibular and maxillary nerve supplies and their clinical relevance L.F. Rodella *, B. Buffoli, M. Labanca, R. Rezzani Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, V.le Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Mandibular and maxillary nerve supplies are described in most anatomy textbooks. Accepted 20 September 2011 Nevertheless, several anatomical variations can be found and some of them are clinically relevant. Keywords: Several studies have described the anatomical variations of the branching pattern of the trigeminal nerve in great detail. The aim of this review is to collect data from the literature Mandibular nerve and gives a detailed description of the innervation of the mandible and maxilla. Maxillary nerve We carried out a search of studies published in PubMed up to 2011, including clinical, Anatomical variations anatomical and radiological studies. This paper gives an overview of the main anatomical variations of the maxillary and mandibular nerve supplies, describing the anatomical variations that should be considered by the clinicians to understand pathological situations better and to avoid complications associated with anaesthesia and surgical procedures. # 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Osteometric and Radiological Study of the Mandibular Notch
    Int. J. Morphol., 37(2):491-497, 2019. Osteometric and Radiological Study of the Mandibular Notch Estudio Osteométrico y Radiológico de la Incisura Mandibular Ishwarkumar, S.1; Pillay, P.2; De Gama, B. Z.2 & Satyapal, K. S.2 ISHWARKUMAR, S.; PILLAY, P.; DE GAMA, B. Z. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Osteometric and radiological study of the mandibular notch. Int. J. Morphol., 37(2):491-497, 2019. SUMMARY: The mandibular notch is located on the superior margin, between two prominent processes of the mandibular ramus, the coronoid and condylar processes. The mandibular notch permits the entry of the masseteric artery, vein and nerve to the deep surface the masseteric muscle. Literary reports documented variations in both, the shape and size of the mandibular notch. Therefore, this study aimed to document the morphology and morphometry of the mandibular notch in the South African Black and Indian population groups and to determine their relationship to sex, age and race (if any). The morphometric and morphological parameters of the mandibular notch were measured and assessed in 149 digital panoramic radiographs and 51 dry mandible specimens (n=400) belonging to the South African Black African and Indian population groups. A combination of classification schemes by Mohammad et al. (2012) and Shakya et al. (2013) were adopted to assess the morphology of the mandibular notch. The morphometric parameter was measured using the Dicom x-ray viewer and a digital vernier caliper. Each of the morphometric and morphological parameters were statistically analyzed using SPSS, to determine if a relationship existed between the afore-mentioned parameters and sex, age and race.
    [Show full text]
  • Controversies on the Position of the Mandibular Foramen — Review of the Literature
    FOLIA MEDICA CRACOVIENSIA 61 Vol. LIII, 4, 2013: 61–68 PL ISSN 0015-5616 MARCIN LIPSKI1, Piotr Pełka2, SZYMON MAJEWSKI3, WERONIKA LIPSKA4, tomasz Gładysz5, klaudia Walocha1, Grażyna WiśnieWska3 CONTROVERSIES ON THE POSITION OF THE MANDIBULAR FORAMEN — REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Abstract: Foramen of mandible is the most important point considering the Halsted anesthesia. Position of this foramen seems to be stable, however there are lots of controversies regarded to its position. Based on the current literature authors revised datas from literature considering the location of the mandibular foramen. Key words: mandible, mandibular foramen, mandibular canal, canal of Serres. INTRODUCTION Local anaesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve both in adults as well as in chil- dren belongs to the most commonly performed anesthetic procedures in dental practice [1–5]. Knowledge of position of the foramen of mandible within the pte- rygomandibular space and its location on the ramus of mandible is essential for correct performing local anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve using classical Halsted’s method, performed for the first time in 1885 [5–7]. Halsted’s method is widely used, although it is estimated that in around 15–35% it is ineffectual [8–10]. In this technique to position the needle properly and to localize the fora- men of mandible one uses certain anatomical points placed intraorally, assuming that position of the mandibular foramen is invariable [5, 11]. Until now all studies considered to the position of the foramen of mandible were carried out according to the human race, age and sex [12–17]. Evaluation of the position was made by the help of estimation of orthopantomographic pictures of patients or dry mandibles [16–18].
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Human Mandibular Shape During the Terminal Pleistocene
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Changes in human mandibular shape during the Terminal Pleistocene-Holocene Levant Received: 3 May 2018 Ariel Pokhojaev 1,2,3, Hadas Avni1,2, Tatiana Sella-Tunis1,2,3, Rachel Sarig2,3 & Hila May 1,2 Accepted: 4 June 2019 The transition to food production, exploitation of ‘secondary’ products (e.g., milk), and advances in Published: xx xx xxxx cookware technology have afected all aspects of human life. The aim of the present study was to follow changes in mandibular form and shape throughout the terminal Pleistocene-Holocene Levant. The hemimandibles of four populations were included in this study: Natufan hunter-gatherers (n = 10), Pre-pottery Neolithic early farmers (n = 6), Chalcolithic farmers (n = 9), Roman-Byzantine (n = 16), and modern (n = 63) populations. A surface mesh of each mandible was reconstructed from CT or surface scans. Changes in mandibular form and shape were studied using the Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to examine diferences in size and shape between the studied populations. Our results reveal considerable temporal changes in mandibular shape throughout the Holocene Levant, mainly between the pre-agricultural population (the Natufan) and the succeeding ones, and between the post-industrial (the Modern) and the pre- industrial populations. A tendency for a reduction in mandibular size was identifed between the pre-agricultural population and the farmers. Most regions of the mandible underwent shape changes. In conclusion, substantial changes in mandibular shape occurred throughout the Holocene Levant, especially following the agricultural revolution. These changes can be explained by the “masticatory- functional hypothesis”.
    [Show full text]